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Lee J, Song Y, Kim YA, Kim I, Cha J, Lee SW, Ko Y, Kim CS, Kim S, Lee S. Characterization of a new selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator with anorexigenic activity. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7844. [PMID: 38570726 PMCID: PMC10991430 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58546-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity, a worldwide epidemic, leads to various metabolic disorders threatening human health. In response to stress or fasting, glucocorticoid (GC) levels are elevated to promote food intake. This involves GC-induced expression of the orexigenic neuropeptides in agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) via the GC receptor (GR). Here, we report a selective GR modulator (SGRM) that suppresses GR-induced transcription of genes with non-classical glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) such as Agrp-GRE, but not with classical GREs, and via this way may serve as a novel anti-obesity agent. We have identified a novel SGRM, 2-O-trans-p-coumaroylalphitolic acid (Zj7), a triterpenoid extracted from the Ziziphus jujube plant, that selectively suppresses GR transcriptional activity in Agrp-GRE without affecting classical GREs. Zj7 reduces the expression of orexigenic genes in the ARC and exerts a significant anorexigenic effect with weight loss in both high fat diet-induced obese and genetically obese db/db mouse models. Transcriptome analysis showed that Zj7 represses the expression of a group of orexigenic genes including Agrp and Npy induced by the synthetic GR ligand dexamethasone (Dex) in the hypothalamus. Taken together, Zj7, as a selective GR modulator, showed beneficial metabolic activities, in part by suppressing GR activity in non-classical GREs in orexigenic genes. This study demonstrates that a potential anorexigenic molecule may allow GRE-specific inhibition of GR transcriptional activity, which is a promising approach for the treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junekyoung Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Yeonghun Song
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Young A Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Intae Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Jooseon Cha
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Su Won Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Yoonae Ko
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Chong-Su Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Natural Information Sciences, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, 02748, Korea
| | - Sanghee Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
| | - Seunghee Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
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Takahashi M, Khan S, Cline MA, Tachibana T. Possible role of neuropeptide Y on zymosan- and lipopolysaccharide-induced change in gastrointestinal feed passage via the medulla oblongata in chicks. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 289:111565. [PMID: 38147959 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Zymosan is a fungi-derived pathogen-associated molecular pattern. It activates the immune system and induces the reduction of feed passage rate in the gastrointestinal tract of vertebrates including birds. However, the mechanism mediating the zymosan-induced inhibition of feed passage in the gastrointestinal tract remains unknown. Since the medulla oblongata regulates the digestive function, it is plausible that the medulla oblongata is involved in the zymosan-induced inhibition of feed passage. The present study was performed to identify the genes that were affected by zymosan within the medulla oblongata of chicks (Gallus gallus) using an RNA sequencing approach. We found that mRNAs of several bioactive molecules including neuropeptide Y (NPY) were increased with an intraperitoneal (IP) injection of zymosan. The increase of mRNA expression of NPY in the medulla oblongata was also observed after the IP injection of lipopolysaccharide, derived from gram-negative bacteria. These results suggest that medullary NPY is associated with physiological changes during fungal and bacterial infection. Furthermore, we found that intracerebroventricular injection of NPY and its receptor agonists reduced the feed passage from the crop. Additionally, the injection of NPY reduced the feed passage from the proventriculus to lower digestive tract. NPY also suppressed the activity of duodenal activities of amylase and trypsin. The present study suggests that fungi- and bacteria-induced activation of the immune system may activate the NPY neurons in the medulla oblongata and thereby reduce the digestive function in chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Takahashi
- Department of Agrobiological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Sakirul Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Mark A Cline
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 24061 Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Tetsuya Tachibana
- Department of Agrobiological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan.
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Sulu C, Senel GB, Koca O, Alaylioglu M, Demir AN, Durcan E, Ak DG, Dursun E, Konukoglu D, Ozkaya HM, Karadeniz D, Kadioglu P. The relations of circulating agouti-related peptide and leptin with altered sleep architecture in patients with active Cushing's disease: a pilot study. J Endocrinol Invest 2024; 47:167-178. [PMID: 37306895 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate sleep architecture of patients with Cushing's disease (CD) and to explore whether agouti-related peptide (AgRP) and/or leptin play a permissive role in sleep alterations in patients with active CD. METHODS We performed polysomnography on 26 patients with active CD and age 26 age- and sex-matched control subjects. Blood samples were obtained from all participants for the analyzes of AgRP and leptin. The laboratory and sleep-related parameters were compared. RESULTS The groups were similar in age, gender, and body mass index. The CD group had reduced sleep efficiency (71.6 ± 12.1% vs. 78.8 ± 12.6%, p = 0.042) and increased wake after sleep onset (WASO%) (24.7 ± 13.1% vs. 17.4 ± 11.6%, p = 0.040) as compared to control group. Seventeen patients with CD (65.4%) and 18 control subjects (69.2%) had obstructive sleep apnea. Serum AgRP (13.2 ± 7.4 pg/ml vs. 9 ± 3.1, p = 0.029), leptin (59.5 mcg/l, [IQR] 32.6-94.6 vs. 25.3 mcg/l, [IQR] 12.9-57.5, p = 0.007) were higher in CD group. AgRP and leptin correlated negatively with total sleep time, sleep efficiency, stage N2 sleep (%), and positively with WASO%. In multiple regression analyses, serum cortisol (ß = - 0.359, p = 0.042) and AgRP (ß = - 0.481, p = 0.01) were significant predictor of sleep efficiency. AgRP was also significant predictor of WASO% (ß = 0.452 and p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Active CD carries an increased risk of impaired sleep efficiency and continuity which may worsen health-related quality of life. Elevated circulating AgRP and, to a lesser extent, leptin may be associated with decreased sleep efficiency and continuity in patients with CD. Patients with CD who have subjective sleep symptoms should be screened with polysomnography.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sulu
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Kocamustafapasa Street No:53, Fatih, 34098, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - G B Senel
- Sleep and Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - O Koca
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M Alaylioglu
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A N Demir
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Kocamustafapasa Street No:53, Fatih, 34098, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - E Durcan
- Department of Endocrinology, Bagcilar Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - D G Ak
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - E Dursun
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - D Konukoglu
- Department of Biochemistry, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - H M Ozkaya
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Kocamustafapasa Street No:53, Fatih, 34098, Istanbul, Turkey
- Pituitary Center, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - D Karadeniz
- Sleep and Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - P Kadioglu
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Kocamustafapasa Street No:53, Fatih, 34098, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Pituitary Center, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Yoshimura M, Flynn BP, Kershaw YM, Zhao Z, Ueta Y, Lightman SL, Conway-Campbell BL. Phase-shifting the circadian glucocorticoid profile induces disordered feeding behaviour by dysregulating hypothalamic neuropeptide gene expression. Commun Biol 2023; 6:998. [PMID: 37775688 PMCID: PMC10541449 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05347-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we demonstrate, in rodents, how the timing of feeding behaviour becomes disordered when circulating glucocorticoid rhythms are dissociated from lighting cues; a phenomenon most commonly associated with shift-work and transmeridian travel 'jetlag'. Adrenalectomized rats are infused with physiological patterns of corticosterone modelled on the endogenous adrenal secretory profile, either in-phase or out-of-phase with lighting cues. For the in-phase group, food intake is significantly greater during the rats' active period compared to their inactive period; a feeding pattern similar to adrenal-intact control rats. In contrast, the feeding pattern of the out-of-phase group is significantly dysregulated. Consistent with a direct hypothalamic modulation of feeding behaviour, this altered timing is accompanied by dysregulated timing of anorexigenic and orexigenic neuropeptide gene expression. For Neuropeptide Y (Npy), we report a glucocorticoid-dependent direct transcriptional regulation mechanism mediated by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Taken together, our data highlight the adverse behavioural outcomes that can arise when two circadian systems have anti-phasic cues, in this case impacting on the glucocorticoid-regulation of a process as fundamental to health as feeding behaviour. Our findings further highlight the need for development of rational approaches in the prevention of metabolic dysfunction in circadian-disrupting activities such as transmeridian travel and shift-work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Yoshimura
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK
- Department of Physiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Benjamin P Flynn
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Yvonne M Kershaw
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Zidong Zhao
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Yoichi Ueta
- Department of Physiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Stafford L Lightman
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Becky L Conway-Campbell
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK.
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Michel A, Kokten T, Saber-Cherif L, Umoret R, Alberto JM, Helle D, Julien A, Daval JL, Guéant JL, Bossenmeyer-Pourié C, Pourié G. Folate and Cobalamin Deficiencies during Pregnancy Disrupt the Glucocorticoid Response in Hypothalamus through N-Homocysteinilation of the Glucocorticoid Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9847. [PMID: 37372992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin B9 (folate)/B12 (cobalamin) deficiency is known to induce brain structural and/or functional retardations. In many countries, folate supplementation, targeting the most severe outcomes such as neural tube defects, is discontinued after the first trimester. However, adverse effects may occur after birth because of some mild misregulations. Various hormonal receptors were shown to be deregulated in brain tissue under these conditions. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is particularly sensitive to epigenetic regulation and post-translational modifications. In a mother-offspring rat model of vitamin B9/B12 deficiency, we investigated whether a prolonged folate supplementation could restore the GR signaling in the hypothalamus. Our data showed that a deficiency of folate and vitamin B12 during the in-utero and early postnatal periods was associated with reduced GR expression in the hypothalamus. We also described for the first time a novel post-translational modification of GR that impaired ligand binding and GR activation, leading to decrease expression of one of the GR targets in the hypothalamus, AgRP. Moreover, this brain-impaired GR signaling pathway was associated with behavioral perturbations during offspring growth. Importantly, perinatal and postnatal supplementation with folic acid helped restore GR mRNA levels and activity in hypothalamus cells and improved behavioral deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Michel
- Inserm UMRS 1256 NGERE-Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure, University of Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Tunay Kokten
- Inserm UMRS 1256 NGERE-Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure, University of Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Lynda Saber-Cherif
- Inserm UMRS 1256 NGERE-Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure, University of Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Rémy Umoret
- Inserm UMRS 1256 NGERE-Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure, University of Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Marc Alberto
- Inserm UMRS 1256 NGERE-Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure, University of Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Déborah Helle
- Inserm UMRS 1256 NGERE-Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure, University of Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Amélia Julien
- Inserm UMRS 1256 NGERE-Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure, University of Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Luc Daval
- Inserm UMRS 1256 NGERE-Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure, University of Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Louis Guéant
- Inserm UMRS 1256 NGERE-Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure, University of Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France
- National Center of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, University Regional Hospital of Nancy, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Carine Bossenmeyer-Pourié
- Inserm UMRS 1256 NGERE-Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure, University of Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Grégory Pourié
- Inserm UMRS 1256 NGERE-Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure, University of Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France
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Cardamom ( Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton) Seeds Intake Increases Energy Expenditure and Reduces Fat Mass in Mice by Modulating Neural Circuits That Regulate Adipose Tissue Lipolysis and Mitochondrial Oxidative Metabolism in Liver and Skeletal Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043909. [PMID: 36835337 PMCID: PMC9960522 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardamom seed (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton; EC) is consumed in several countries worldwide and is considered a nutraceutical spice since it exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic activities. In obese individuals, EC intake also favors weight loss. However, the mechanism for these effects has not been studied. Here, we identified that EC modulates the neuroendocrine axis that regulates food intake, body weight, mitochondrial activity, and energy expenditure in mice. We fed C57BL/6 mice with diets containing 3%, 6%, or 12% EC or a control diet for 14 weeks. Mice fed the EC-containing diets gained less weight than control, despite slightly higher food intake. The lower final weight of EC-fed mice was due to lesser fat content but increased lean mass than control. EC intake increased lipolysis in subcutaneous adipose tissue, and reduced adipocyte size in subcutaneous, visceral, and brown adipose tissues. EC intake also prevented lipid droplet accumulation and increased mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle and liver. Accordingly, fasting and postprandial oxygen consumption, as well as fasting fat oxidation and postprandial glucose utilization were higher in mice fed with EC than in control. EC intake reduced proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA content in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, without an impact on neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA. These neuropeptides control food intake but also influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axes. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) mRNA expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and circulating triiodothyronine (T3) were lower in EC-fed mice than in control. This effect was linked with decreased circulating corticosterone and weight of adrenal glands. Our results indicate that EC modulates appetite, increases lipolysis in adipose tissue and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in liver and skeletal muscle, leading to increased energy expenditure and lower body fat mass. These metabolic effects were ascribable to the modulation of the HPT and HPA axes. LC-MS profiling of EC found 11 phenolic compounds among which protocatechuic acid (23.8%), caffeic acid (21.06%) and syringic acid (29.25%) were the most abundant, while GC-MS profiling showed 16 terpenoids among which costunolide (68.11%), ambrial (5.3%) and cis-α-terpineol (7.99%) were identified. Extrapolation of mice-to-human EC intake was performed using the body surface area normalization equation which gave a conversion equivalent daily human intake dose of 76.9-308.4 mg bioactives for an adult of 60 kg that can be obtained from 14.5-58.3 g of cardamom seeds (18.5-74.2 g cardamom pods). These results support further exploration of EC as a coadjuvant in clinical practice.
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Demori I, Grasselli E. The Role of the Stress Response in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease: A Psychoneuroendocrineimmunology-Based Perspective. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030795. [PMID: 36771500 PMCID: PMC9921904 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel term metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), which has been proposed to describe the major cause of hepatic disease, pinpoints the coexistence of multiple metabolic disturbances and liver steatosis, giving rise to different phenotypic manifestations. Within the psychoneuroendocrineimmunological (PNEI) network that regulates body-mind interactions, the stress response plays a pervasive role by affecting metabolic, hormonal, immune, and behavioral balance. In this perspective, we focus on chronic psychosocial stress and high levels of cortisol to highlight their role in MAFLD pathogenesis and worsening. From a PNEI perspective, considering the stress response as a therapeutic target in MAFLD allows for simultaneously influencing multiple pathways in the development of MAFLD, including dysmetabolism, inflammation, feeding behaviors, gut-liver axis, and dysbiosis, with the hope of better outcomes.
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Li M, Zhang J, Yang G, Zhang J, Han M, Zhang Y, Liu Y. Effects of Anterior Pituitary Adenomas' Hormones on Glucose Metabolism and Its Clinical Implications. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2023; 16:409-424. [PMID: 36816815 PMCID: PMC9937076 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s397445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas have recently become more common and their incidence is increasing yearly. Functional pituitary tumors commonly secrete prolactin, growth hormones, and adrenocorticotropic hormones, which cause diseases such as prolactinoma, acromegaly, and Cushing's disease, but rarely secrete luteinizing, follicle-stimulating, thyroid-stimulating, and melanocyte-stimulating hormones. In addition to the typical clinical manifestations of functional pituitary tumors caused by excessive hormone levels, some pituitary tumors are also accompanied by abnormal glucose metabolism. The effects of these seven hormones on glucose metabolism are important for the treatment of diabetes secondary to pituitary tumors. This review focuses on the effects of hormones on glucose metabolism, providing important clues for the diagnosis and treatment of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
- First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
- First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guimei Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
- First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
- First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minmin Han
- Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
- First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Yi Zhang, Department of Pharmacology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China, Email
| | - Yunfeng Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
- Yunfeng Liu, Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 18703416196, Email
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Roles of Ghrelin and Leptin in Body Mass Regulation under Food Restriction Based on the AMPK Pathway in the Red-Backed Vole, Eothenomys miletus, from Kunming and Dali Regions. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233333. [PMID: 36496854 PMCID: PMC9739273 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenotype plasticity of animals' physiological characteristics is an important survival strategy to cope with environmental changes, especially the change in climate factors. Small mammals that inhabit seasonally changing environments often face the stress of food shortage in winter. This study measured and compared the thermogenic characteristics and related physiological indicators in the adenosine-5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway in Eothenomys miletus between Kunming (KM, n = 18) and Dali (DL, n = 18) under food restriction and refeeding. The results showed that food restriction and the region have significant effects on body mass, the resting metabolic rate (RMR), hypothalamic neuropeptide gene expression, ghrelin levels in the stomach and serum, serum leptin level and the activity of AMPK, and malonyl CoA and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT-1) activity. Food restriction reduced the body mass, the gene expression of neuropeptide proopiomelanocortin (POMC), cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcription peptide (CART), and leptin level. However, the ghrelin concentration and AMPK activity increased. After refeeding, there was no difference in these physiological indexes between the food restriction and control groups. Moreover, the physiological indicators also showed regional differences, such as the body mass, POMC and CART gene expression, ghrelin concentration in the stomach and serum, and AMPK activity in DL changed more significantly. All these results showed that food restriction reduces energy metabolism in E. miletus. After refeeding, most of the relevant physiological indicators can return to the control level, indicating that E. miletus has strong phenotypic plasticity. Ghrelin, leptin, and the AMPK pathway play an important role in the energy metabolism of E. miletus under food restriction. Moreover, regional differences in physiological indicators under food restriction may be related to the different temperatures or food resources in different regions.
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Nishiyama M, Iwasaki Y, Makino S. Animal Models of Cushing's Syndrome. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6761324. [PMID: 36240318 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous Cushing's syndrome is characterized by unique clinical features and comorbidities, and progress in the analysis of its genetic pathogenesis has been achieved. Moreover, prescribed glucocorticoids are also associated with exogenous Cushing's syndrome. Several animal models have been established to explore the pathophysiology and develop treatments for Cushing's syndrome. Here, we review recent studies reporting animal models of Cushing's syndrome with different features and complications induced by glucocorticoid excess. Exogenous corticosterone (CORT) administration in drinking water is widely utilized, and we found that CORT pellet implantation in mice successfully leads to a Cushing's phenotype. Corticotropin-releasing hormone overexpression mice and adrenal-specific Prkar1a-deficient mice have been developed, and AtT20 transplantation methods have been designed to examine the medical treatments for adrenocorticotropic hormone-producing pituitary neuroendocrine tumors. We also review recent advances in the molecular pathogenesis of glucocorticoid-induced complications using animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Nishiyama
- Health Care Center, Kochi University, Kochi city, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku city, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Iwasaki
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku city, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka city, Mie 510-0293Japan
| | - Shinya Makino
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku city, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Gyomeikan Hospital, Osaka city, Osaka 554-0012Japan
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Li JX, Cummins CL. Fresh insights into glucocorticoid-induced diabetes mellitus and new therapeutic directions. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2022; 18:540-557. [PMID: 35585199 PMCID: PMC9116713 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-022-00683-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid hormones were discovered to have use as potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive therapeutics in the 1940s and their continued use and development have successfully revolutionized the management of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. However, long-term use of glucocorticoids is severely hampered by undesirable metabolic complications, including the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. These effects occur due to glucocorticoid receptor activation within multiple tissues, which results in inter-organ crosstalk that increases hepatic glucose production and inhibits peripheral glucose uptake. Despite the high prevalence of glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycaemia associated with their routine clinical use, treatment protocols for optimal management of the metabolic adverse effects are lacking or underutilized. The type, dose and potency of the glucocorticoid administered dictates the choice of hypoglycaemic intervention (non-insulin or insulin therapy) that should be provided to patients. The longstanding quest to identify dissociated glucocorticoid receptor agonists to separate the hyperglycaemic complications of glucocorticoids from their therapeutically beneficial anti-inflammatory effects is ongoing, with selective glucocorticoid receptor modulators in clinical testing. Promising areas of preclinical research include new mechanisms to disrupt glucocorticoid signalling in a tissue-selective manner and the identification of novel targets that can selectively dissociate the effects of glucocorticoids. These research arms share the ultimate goal of achieving the anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids without the metabolic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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12
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Haque N, Tischkau SA. Sexual Dimorphism in Adipose-Hypothalamic Crosstalk and the Contribution of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor to Regulate Energy Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147679. [PMID: 35887027 PMCID: PMC9322714 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There are fundamental sex differences in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of energy balance that account for this asymmetry will assist in developing sex-specific therapies for sexually dimorphic diseases such as obesity. Multiple organs, including the hypothalamus and adipose tissue, play vital roles in the regulation of energy homeostasis, which are regulated differently in males and females. Various neuronal populations, particularly within the hypothalamus, such as arcuate nucleus (ARC), can sense nutrient content of the body by the help of peripheral hormones such leptin, derived from adipocytes, to regulate energy homeostasis. This review summarizes how adipose tissue crosstalk with homeostatic network control systems in the brain, which includes energy regulatory regions and the hypothalamic–pituitary axis, contribute to energy regulation in a sex-specific manner. Moreover, development of obesity is contingent upon diet and environmental factors. Substances from diet and environmental contaminants can exert insidious effects on energy metabolism, acting peripherally through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Developmental AhR activation can impart permanent alterations of neuronal development that can manifest a number of sex-specific physiological changes, which sometimes become evident only in adulthood. AhR is currently being investigated as a potential target for treating obesity. The consensus is that impaired function of the receptor protects from obesity in mice. AhR also modulates sex steroid receptors, and hence, one of the objectives of this review is to explain why investigating sex differences while examining this receptor is crucial. Overall, this review summarizes sex differences in the regulation of energy homeostasis imparted by the adipose–hypothalamic axis and examines how this axis can be affected by xenobiotics that signal through AhR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazmul Haque
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA;
| | - Shelley A. Tischkau
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA;
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA
- Correspondence:
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13
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Schroeder K, Dumenci L, Sarwer DB, Noll JG, Henry KA, Suglia SF, Forke CM, Wheeler DC. The Intersection of Neighborhood Environment and Adverse Childhood Experiences: Methods for Creation of a Neighborhood ACEs Index. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137819. [PMID: 35805478 PMCID: PMC9265402 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated methods for creating a neighborhood adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) index, a composite measure that captures the association between neighborhood environment characteristics (e.g., crime, healthcare access) and individual-level ACEs exposure, for a particular population. A neighborhood ACEs index can help understand and address neighborhood-level influences on health among individuals affected by ACEs. Methods entailed cross-sectional secondary analysis connecting individual-level ACEs data from the Philadelphia ACE Survey (n = 1677) with 25 spatial datasets capturing neighborhood characteristics. Four methods were tested for index creation (three methods of principal components analysis, Bayesian index regression). Resulting indexes were compared using Akaike Information Criteria for accuracy in explaining ACEs exposure. Exploratory linear regression analyses were conducted to examine associations between ACEs, the neighborhood ACEs index, and a health outcome—in this case body mass index (BMI). Results demonstrated that Bayesian index regression was the best method for index creation. The neighborhood ACEs index was associated with higher BMI, both independently and after controlling for ACEs exposure. The neighborhood ACEs index attenuated the association between BMI and ACEs. Future research can employ a neighborhood ACEs index to inform upstream, place-based interventions and policies to promote health among individuals affected by ACEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Schroeder
- Department of Nursing, Temple University College of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Levent Dumenci
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Temple University College of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA;
| | - David B. Sarwer
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Obesity Research and Education, Temple University College of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA;
| | - Jennie G. Noll
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Kevin A. Henry
- Department of Geography and Urban Studies, Temple University College of Liberal Arts, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA;
| | - Shakira F. Suglia
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Christine M. Forke
- Master of Public Health Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Center for Violence Prevention, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - David C. Wheeler
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
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14
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Brix LM, Häusl AS, Toksöz I, Bordes J, van Doeselaar L, Engelhardt C, Narayan S, Springer M, Sterlemann V, Deussing JM, Chen A, Schmidt MV. The co-chaperone FKBP51 modulates HPA axis activity and age-related maladaptation of the stress system in pituitary proopiomelanocortin cells. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 138:105670. [PMID: 35091292 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC)-mediated negative feedback of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the body's physiological stress response system, is tightly regulated and essential for appropriate termination of this hormonal cascade. Disturbed regulation and maladaptive response of this axis are fundamental components of multiple stress-induced psychiatric and metabolic diseases and aging. The co-chaperone FK506 binding protein 51 (FKBP51) is a negative regulator of the GC receptor (GR), is highly stress responsive, and its polymorphisms have been repeatedly associated with stress-related disorders and dysfunctions in humans and rodents. Proopiomelanocortin (Pomc)-expressing corticotropes in the anterior pituitary gland are one of the key cell populations of this closed-loop GC-dependent negative feedback regulation of the HPA axis in the periphery. However, the cell type-specific role of FKBP51 in anterior pituitary corticotrope POMC cells and its impact on age-related HPA axis disturbances are yet to be elucidated. Here, using a combination of endogenous knockout and viral rescue, we show that male mice lacking FKBP51 in Pomc-expressing cells exhibit enhanced GR-mediated negative feedback and are protected from age-related disruption of their diurnal corticosterone (CORT) rhythm. Our study highlights the complexity of tissue- and cell type-specific, but also cross-tissue effects of FKBP51 in the rodent stress response at different ages and extends our understanding of potential targets for pharmacological intervention in stress- and age-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea M Brix
- Research Group Neurobiology of Stress Resilience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), 80804 Munich, Germany.
| | - Alexander S Häusl
- Research Group Neurobiology of Stress Resilience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Irmak Toksöz
- Research Group Neurobiology of Stress Resilience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Joeri Bordes
- Research Group Neurobiology of Stress Resilience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Lotte van Doeselaar
- Research Group Neurobiology of Stress Resilience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Clara Engelhardt
- Research Group Neurobiology of Stress Resilience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Sowmya Narayan
- Research Group Neurobiology of Stress Resilience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Margherita Springer
- Research Group Neurobiology of Stress Resilience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Vera Sterlemann
- Research Group Neurobiology of Stress Resilience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Jan M Deussing
- Research Group Molecular Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Alon Chen
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany; Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Neurobiology, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mathias V Schmidt
- Research Group Neurobiology of Stress Resilience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany.
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15
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Mermer A, Demirci S, Tatar G. Synthesis of novel pancreatic lipase inhibitors: Biological investigation and in silico studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:931-940. [PMID: 35068360 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1950573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The targeted compounds which are Schiff base derivatives were prepared by reaction of 6-(4-phenyl-piperazin-1-yl)pyridine-3-ylamine with 2-hydroxy and 2,6-dichloro benzaldehyde. These compounds were isolated, purified and then spectrally characterized via FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR, LC MS TOF, and TGA analysis where strong proofs confirmed the formation of the targeted product. The biological activity, which is pancreatic porcine lipase inhibition, of the compounds was investigated and Orlistat was used as standard drug. The compound 3 was found to be as potent as orlistat against PL enzyme with an IC50 value of 0.50 μM. The molecular docking studies were performed for both obtained compounds and orlistat against active side of porcine pancreatic lipase. Also, MM/PBSA binding free energy and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation analyzes were performed for pancreatic porcine lipase with compound 3, which showed potent inhibition according to the results of in vitro studies. Furthermore, The ADME and toxicity analysis of the compounds were examined using web-based online platforms, SwissADME and pkCSM. In the light of biological activity and in silico studies, the compound 3 can be a potential drug candidate with further studies.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Mermer
- Experimental Medicine Research and Application Center, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Uskudar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serpil Demirci
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational High School of Health Services, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Gizem Tatar
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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16
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Li JC, Hall MA, Shalev I, Schreier HMC, Zarzar TG, Marcovici I, Putnam FW, Noll JG. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis attenuation and obesity risk in sexually abused females. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 129:105254. [PMID: 34022589 PMCID: PMC8217375 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) confers elevated risks for obesity in females. Mechanisms that explain this link remain unclear. This study tracked serum basal cortisol levels with body mass index (BMI) from childhood into adulthood to test whether hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis attenuation accounts for elevated obesity risks for sexually abused females. METHODS Data drew from six timepoints of a longitudinal study of the impact of CSA on development. Participants were females aged 6-16 years at time of study enrollment with substantiated CSA and demographically matched non-abused peers. Analyses included only participants who did not have obesity at study enrollment. Main outcomes were BMI growth trajectories across ages 6-27 (n = 150; 66 abused, 84 comparisons) and early adulthood obesity status (ages 20-27; n = 133; 62 abused, 71 comparison). HPA axis functioning indicators were intercept and linear slope parameters extracted from multilevel growth trajectories of serum basal cortisol levels across development. Racial-ethnic minority status, parity, steroid medication use, depression history and disordered eating history were covaried. RESULTS While controlling for covariates, multilevel modeling indicated that high initial serum basal cortisol levels in childhood and attenuated cortisol growth rate over time (i.e., HPA axis attenuation) were associated with accelerated BMI accumulation (p < .01). Attenuated cortisol growth rate mediated the effect of CSA on accelerated BMI accumulation and on elevated adulthood obesity rates (p < .05). CONCLUSION This work establishes a mechanistic association between HPA axis attenuation and obesity, suggesting that trauma treatments for abuse survivors should include interventions that reduce health consequences associated with dysregulated stress physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinda C. Li
- College of Health and Human Development, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, 325 Health and Human Development Building, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Molly A. Hall
- College of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 115 Henning Building, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Idan Shalev
- College of Health and Human Development, Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Hannah M. C. Schreier
- College of Health and Human Development, Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania, State University, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Tomás González Zarzar
- College of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 115 Henning Building, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Isabel Marcovici
- College of Health and Human Development, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, 325 Health and Human Development Building, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Frank W. Putnam
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 101 Manning Dr # 1, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jennie G. Noll
- College of Health and Human Development, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, 325 Health and Human Development Building, University Park, PA, USA
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17
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Hu X, Li X, Xiao C, Kong L, Zhu Q, Song Z. Effects of Dietary Energy Level on Performance, Plasma Parameters, and Central AMPK Levels in Stressed Broilers. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:681858. [PMID: 34124230 PMCID: PMC8192699 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.681858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the effects of diets with different energy levels on the growth performance, plasma parameters, and central AMPK signaling pathway in broilers under dexamethasone (DEX)-induced stress. A total of 216 1-day-old male broiler chickens were allocated to groups fed with high (HED), National Research Council-recommended (control), or low (LED) energy diets. At 10 days old, chickens were treated with or without dexamethasone (DEX, 2 mg/kg body weight) for 3 consecutive days. HED increased broiler average daily gain (ADG) at 10 days old, compared with the LED (P < 0.05), while average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion rate (FCR) decreased as the dietary energy level increased (P < 0.05). Chickens fed a HED had higher total protein (TP) content, albumin (ALB), glucose (GLU), total cholesterol (TCHO), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, compared with the control group (P < 0.05). At 13 days old, DEX decreased ADG and increased FCR in broilers fed with different energy diets (P < 0.05). The DEX-HED group had a higher ADFI than non-DEX treated HED group chickens. In addition, TP, ALB, triglycerides (TG), TCHO, HDL, and LDL content levels in the DEX group were higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). The uric acid (UA) content of the LED group was higher than that of the HED group (P < 0.05). Further, gene expression levels of liver kinase B1, AMP-activated protein kinase α1, neuropeptide Y, and GC receptor in the hypothalamus were increased in chickens treated with DEX (P < 0.05). There was a trend toward interaction between plasma TCHO and hypothalamic LKB1 expression (0.05 < P < 0.1). In conclusion, this study suggests that HED improves growth performance, plasma glucose and total cholesterol at 10 days old broilers, but had no significant effect on performance, plasma parameters, and central AMPK in stressed broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyi Hu
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Xianlei Li
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Chuanpi Xiao
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Linglian Kong
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Qidong Zhu
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Zhigang Song
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
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18
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Hu X, Kong L, Xiao C, Zhu Q, Song Z. The AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway is involved in regulation of food intake in the hypothalamus of stressed chickens. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 258:110979. [PMID: 33991669 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.110979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) can stimulate the appetite and AMPK in broilers. The activation of hypothalamic mTOR has been proposed as an important anorexigenic signal. However, inhibitory effect of AMPK activity on appetite and AMPK downstream signaling pathway under stress has not been reported. In this study, we performed an intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, in GC-treated birds to explore the regulatory mechanism on appetite and AMPK downstream signaling pathway. A total of 48 7-day-old broilers, which had received an icv cannula, were randomly subjected to one of two treatments: subcutaneous injection of dexamethasone (DEX) or saline. After 3 days of continuous DEX injection, chicks of each group received an icv injection with either compound C (6 μg/2 μL) or vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide, 2 μL). The results showed that body weight gain was reduced by the DEX treatment. Compared with the control, icv injection of compound C reduced feed intake at 0.5-1.5 h. In the DEX-treated group, the inhibitory effect of compound C on appetite remained apparent at 0.5-1 h. The DEX treatment increased the gene expression of liver kinase B1 (LKB1), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and decreased p-mTOR protein level. In stressed broilers, inhibition of AMPK relieved the decreased mTOR activity. A significant interaction was noted in DEX and compound C on protein expression of phospho-AMPK. Taken together, in stressed broilers, the central injection of compound C could inhibit central AMPK activity and reduce appetite, in which the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway might be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyi Hu
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Linglian Kong
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Chuanpi Xiao
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China; Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux 5030, Belgium
| | - Qidong Zhu
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Zhigang Song
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China.
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Hagiwara D, Tochiya M, Azuma Y, Tsumura T, Hodai Y, Kawaguchi Y, Miyata T, Kobayashi T, Sugiyama M, Onoue T, Takagi H, Ito Y, Iwama S, Suga H, Banno R, Arima H. Arginine vasopressin-Venus reporter mice as a tool for studying magnocellular arginine vasopressin neurons. Peptides 2021; 139:170517. [PMID: 33647312 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Arginine vasopressin (AVP) synthesized in the magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamus is transported through their axons and released from the posterior pituitary into the systemic circulation to act as an antidiuretic hormone. AVP synthesis and release are precisely regulated by changes in plasma osmolality. Magnocellular AVP neurons receive innervation from osmosensory and sodium-sensing neurons, but previous studies showed that AVP neurons per se are osmosensitive as well. In the current study, we made AVP-Venus reporter mice and showed that Venus was expressed exclusively in AVP neurons and was upregulated under water deprivation. In hypothalamic organotypic cultures from the AVP-Venus mice, Venus-labeled AVP neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei survived for 1 month, and Venus expression was upregulated by forskolin. Furthermore, in dissociated Venus-labeled magnocellular neurons, treatment with NaCl, but not with mannitol, decreased Venus fluorescence in the soma of the AVP neurons. Thus, Venus expression in AVP-Venus transgenic mice, as well as in primary cultures, faithfully showed the properties of intrinsic AVP expression. These findings indicate that AVP-Venus mice as well as the primary hypothalamic cultures could be useful for studying magnocellular AVP neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Hagiwara
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Masayoshi Tochiya
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Azuma
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Tsumura
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hodai
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yohei Kawaguchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takashi Miyata
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kobayashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Mariko Sugiyama
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takeshi Onoue
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takagi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ito
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shintaro Iwama
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Suga
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Banno
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan; Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arima
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
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20
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Appetite problem in cancer patients: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2021; 27:100336. [PMID: 33607591 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2021.100336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study aims to review the current evidence regarding appetite problem in cancer patients, mainly focusing on pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. INTRODUCTION Anorexia is the common symptom of malnutrition in cancer patients. Recently, the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanism of the appetite problem in cancer patients has been increasing that give impact to rigorous research to find the therapies for improving appetite in cancer patients. DISCUSSION The development of anorexia in cancer patients is a complex process that involves many cytokines, receptors, chemical mediators/substances, hormones, and peptides. Growth and differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) and toll-like receptor (TLR-4) have recently been found to be implicated in the pathogenesis of anorexia. To help diagnose the appetite problem in cancer patients, several questionnaires can be used, starting from well-known questionnaires such as Functional Assessment of Anorexia Cachexia Therapy (FAACT), Visual Analog Scale (VAS), European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC-QLQ30). Several drugs with different mechanisms of action have been studied to help in improving appetite in cancer patients. New repurposed agents such as anamorelin, mirtazapine, thalidomide, and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) have shown a beneficial effect in improving appetite and quality of life in cancer patients, however more phase 3 clinical trial studies is still needed. CONCLUSION The pathophysiology of appetite problems in cancer patients is a complex process that involves many factors. Several drugs that target those factors have been studied, however more phase 3 clinical trial studies are needed to confirm the findings from previous studies.
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21
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Gopalakrishnan S, Kannan NN. Only time will tell: the interplay between circadian clock and metabolism. Chronobiol Int 2020; 38:149-167. [PMID: 33345624 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2020.1842436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In most organisms ranging from cyanobacteria to humans, the endogenous timekeeping system temporally coordinates the behavioral, physiological, and metabolic processes with a periodicity close to 24 h. The timing of these daily rhythms is orchestrated by the synchronized oscillations of both the central pacemaker in the brain and the peripheral clocks located across multiple organs and tissues. A growing body of evidence suggests that the central circadian clock and peripheral clocks residing in the metabolically active tissues are incredibly well coordinated to confer coherent metabolic homeostasis. The interplay between nutrient metabolism and circadian rhythms can occur at various levels supported by the molecular clock network, multiple systemic mechanisms, and the neuroendocrine signaling pathways. While studies suggest the reciprocal regulation between circadian clock and metabolism, it is important to understand the precise mechanisms and the underlying pathways involved in the cross-talk among circadian oscillators and diverse metabolic networks. In addition to the internal synchronization of the metabolic rhythms, feeding time is considered as a potential external synchronization cue that fine tunes the timing of the circadian rhythms in metabolic peripheral clocks. A deeper understanding of how the timing of food intake and the diet composition drive the tissue-specific metabolic rhythms across the body is concomitantly important to develop novel therapeutic strategies for the metabolic disorders arising from circadian misalignment. This review summarizes the recent advancements in the circadian clock regulation of nutrient metabolism and discusses the current understanding of the metabolic feedback signals that link energy metabolism with the circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Gopalakrishnan
- Chronobiology Laboratory, School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) , Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Nisha N Kannan
- Chronobiology Laboratory, School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) , Thiruvananthapuram, India
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Werdermann M, Berger I, Scriba LD, Santambrogio A, Schlinkert P, Brendel H, Morawietz H, Schedl A, Peitzsch M, King AJF, Andoniadou CL, Bornstein SR, Steenblock C. Insulin and obesity transform hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis stemness and function in a hyperactive state. Mol Metab 2020; 43:101112. [PMID: 33157254 PMCID: PMC7691554 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Metabolic diseases are an increasing problem in society with the brain-metabolic axis as a master regulator of the human body for sustaining homeostasis under metabolic stress. However, metabolic inflammation and disease will trigger sustained activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. In this study, we investigated the role of metabolic stress on progenitor cells in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Methods In vitro, we applied insulin and leptin to murine progenitor cells isolated from the pituitary and adrenal cortex and examined the role of these hormones on proliferation and differentiation. In vivo, we investigated two different mouse models of metabolic disease, obesity in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice and obesity achieved via feeding with a high-fat diet. Results Insulin was shown to lead to enhanced proliferation and differentiation of both pituitary and adrenocortical progenitors. No alterations in the progenitors were noted in our chronic metabolic stress models. However, hyperactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis was observed and the expression of the appetite-regulating genes Npy and Agrp changed in both the hypothalamus and adrenal. Conclusions It is well-known that chronic stress and stress hormones such as glucocorticoids can induce metabolic changes including obesity and diabetes. In this article, we show for the first time that this might be based on an early sensitization of stem cells of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Thus, pituitary and adrenal progenitor cells exposed to high levels of insulin are metabolically primed to a hyper-functional state leading to enhanced hormone production. Likewise, obese animals exhibit a hyperactive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis leading to adrenal hyperplasia. This might explain how stress in early life can increase the risk for developing metabolic syndrome in adulthood. Insulin enhances proliferation and differentiation of adrenocortical and pituitary progenitors. Obesity leads to hyperactivation and priming of the HPA axis. Obesity leads to overexpression of appetite-regulating genes in the hypothalamus. Obesity leads to a decrease in the expression of appetite-regulating genes in the adrenal gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Werdermann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstraße 74, Dresden, 01307, Germany.
| | - Ilona Berger
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstraße 74, Dresden, 01307, Germany.
| | - Laura D Scriba
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstraße 74, Dresden, 01307, Germany.
| | - Alice Santambrogio
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstraße 74, Dresden, 01307, Germany; Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Pia Schlinkert
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstraße 74, Dresden, 01307, Germany.
| | - Heike Brendel
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstraße 74, Dresden, 01307, Germany.
| | - Henning Morawietz
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstraße 74, Dresden, 01307, Germany.
| | - Andreas Schedl
- University of Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, iBV, Parc Valrose, Nice, 06108, France.
| | - Mirko Peitzsch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstraße 74, Dresden, 01307, Germany.
| | - Aileen J F King
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Cynthia L Andoniadou
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstraße 74, Dresden, 01307, Germany; Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstraße 74, Dresden, 01307, Germany; Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Charlotte Steenblock
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstraße 74, Dresden, 01307, Germany.
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Méndez-Hernández R, Escobar C, Buijs RM. Suprachiasmatic Nucleus-Arcuate Nucleus Axis: Interaction Between Time and Metabolism Essential for Health. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28 Suppl 1:S10-S17. [PMID: 32538539 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, time and metabolism are tightly coupled variables; this relationship can be illustrated by numerous examples, such as the circadian variation in food intake or the circadian response to a glucose bolus. We review evidence that the interaction between the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the arcuate nucleus plays a key role in the execution of these functions. The nuclei are reciprocally connected via different projections, and this interaction provides an ideal anatomical framework to modify the temporal output of the hypothalamus to metabolic organs as a consequence of the feedback from the periphery. The suprachiasmatic nucleus-arcuate nucleus relationship is essential to integrate metabolic information into the circadian system and thus adapt circadian rhythms in core body temperature, locomotor activity, food intake, and circulating molecules such as glucose and corticosterone. With the rise in obesity-associated diseases in the world population, gaining knowledge about this relationship, and the consequences of disturbing this liaison, is essential to understand the pathogenesis of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Méndez-Hernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carolina Escobar
- Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ruud M Buijs
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
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Yang M, Ding Q, Zhang M, Moon C, Wang H. Forebrain overexpression of type 1 adenylyl cyclase promotes molecular stability and behavioral resilience to physical stress. Neurobiol Stress 2020; 13:100237. [PMID: 33344693 PMCID: PMC7739041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to cope with stress is essential for emotional stability and mental health. It is also hypothesized that factors promoting resilience to stress may offer treatment strategies for maladaptive disorders such as anxiety and depression. Here, we find that physical restraint reduces the expression of type 1 adenylyl cyclase (Adcy1), a neurospecific synaptic enzyme that positively regulates the cAMP signaling cascade. Conversely, an increase of forebrain Adcy1 expression in transgenic mouse (i.e., Adcy1 tg mouse) predisposes individuals to molecular stability and behavioral resilience. Transgenic overexpression of Adcy1 prevents the physical restraint-induced down-regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Further, Adcy1 tg mice maintain regular locomotive activity in novelty exploration and voluntary wheel running following physical restraint. Adcy1 tg mice show higher corticosterone and lower basal glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression, along with a higher MR (mineralocorticoid receptor) to GR ratio in the hippocampus. Further, Adcy1 tg mice show reduced immobility under acute physical stress conditions in the forced swimming test and are more sensitive to the antidepressant desipramine. Our results demonstrate a novel function of Adcy1 in stress coping and suggest Adcy1 as a potential target to antagonize stress vulnerability and promote antidepressant efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyoung Yang
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, South Korea
| | - Qi Ding
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, South Korea
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Physiology, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Sridhar SNC, Palawat S, Paul AT. Design, synthesis, evaluation, and molecular modeling studies of indolyl oxoacetamides as potential pancreatic lipase inhibitors. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2020; 353:e2000048. [PMID: 32484265 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A series of indolyl oxoacetamide analogs was synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for their pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity using porcine pancreatic lipase (type II) and 4-nitrophenyl butyrate. Compound 8d exhibited a potent inhibition, with an IC50 value of 4.53 µM, followed by 8c (IC50 = 5.12 µM), compared with the standard drug, orlistat (IC50 = 0.99 µM). Furthermore, analogs 8c and 8d exhibited a reversible competitive inhibition, similar to orlistat. Molecular docking studies of the compounds 7a-f and 8a-f were in agreement with the in vitro results, wherein 8d exhibited a potential MolDock score of -163.052 kcal/mol. A 10-ns molecular dynamics simulation of 8d complexed with pancreatic lipase confirmed the role of π-π stacking and π-cation interactions with the lid domain and Arg 256, respectively, in stabilizing the ligand at the active site (maximum observed root mean square deviation ≈ 2 Å). The present study led to the identification of novel indolyl oxoacetamides (8a-d) as potential pancreatic lipase inhibitory leads that might further result in enhanced potency through lead optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N C Sridhar
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS Pilani), Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Saksham Palawat
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS Pilani), Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Atish T Paul
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS Pilani), Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
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Effects of corticosterone within the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus on food intake and body weight in male rats. Mol Metab 2020; 36:100972. [PMID: 32229097 PMCID: PMC7132090 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Few weight-reducing medications are available, and these have limited efficacy. Cushing's Syndrome (caused by elevated glucocorticoid levels) and obesity have similar metabolic features. Though circulating glucocorticoid levels are not elevated in obesity, tissue-specific glucocorticoid levels have been implicated in the development of the metabolic phenotype of obesity. Tissue glucocorticoid levels are regulated by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type1 (11βHSD1), which increases the local concentration of active glucocorticoids by the production of corticosterone from 11-dehydrocorticosterone. 11βHSD1 is expressed in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC), a major weight and appetite-regulating centre, and therefore represents a target for novel anti-obesity therapeutic agents. Thus, we sought to investigate the effect of chronic alterations of ARC corticosterone levels (mediated by 11βHSD1) on food intake and body weight in adult male rats. METHODS Recombinant adeno-associated virus particles bearing sense 11βHSD1 (rAAV-S11βHSD1) and small interfering 11βHSD1 (rAAV-si11βHSD1), respectively, were stereotactically injected into the ARC (bilaterally) of adult male Wistar rats. rAAV-GFP was injected into control groups of male Wistar rats. Food intake and body weight were measured three times a week for 70 days. Terminal brain, plasma and intrascapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) samples were taken for measurement of mRNA expression and hormone levels. RESULTS Compared to controls, rAAV-S11βHSD1 injection resulted in higher ARC corticosterone levels, hyperphagia and increased weight gain. Conversely, rAAV-si11βHSD1 injection (compared to controls) resulted in lower ARC corticosterone levels, higher iBAT uncoupling protein-1 mRNA expression and less weight gain despite similar food intake. CONCLUSIONS Therefore ARC corticosterone, regulated by 11βHSD1, may play a role in food intake and body weight regulation. These data have important implications for the development of centrally-acting 11βHSD1 inhibitors, which are currently being developed for the treatment of obesity, metabolic disorders, and other conditions.
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Grannell A, De Vito G, Murphy JC, le Roux CW. The influence of skeletal muscle on appetite regulation. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2019; 14:267-282. [PMID: 31106601 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2019.1618185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fat-free mass, of which skeletal muscle is amajor component, correlates positively with energy intake at energy balance. This is due to the effects of metabolically active tissue on energy expenditure which in itself appears to signal to the brain adrive to eat to ensure cellular energy homeostasis. The mechanisms responsible for this drive to eat are unknown but are likely to be related to energy utilization. Here muscle imparts an indirect influence on hunger. The drive to eat is also enhanced after muscle loss secondary to intentional weight loss. The evidence suggests loss of both fat mass and skeletal muscle mass directly influences the trajectory and magnitude of weight regain highlighting their potential role in long-termappetite control. The mechanisms responsible for the potential direct drive to eat stemming from muscle loss are unknown. AREAS COVERED The literature pertaining to muscle and appetite at energy balance and after weight loss was examined. Aliterature search was conducted to identify studies related to appetite, muscle, exercise, and weight loss. EXPERT OPINION Understanding the mechanisms which link energy expenditure and muscle loss to hunger has the potential to positively impact both the prevention and the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Grannell
- a Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
- b MedFit Proactive Healthcare, Blackrock , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Giuseppe De Vito
- c School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - John C Murphy
- b MedFit Proactive Healthcare, Blackrock , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Carel W le Roux
- a Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
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Page-Wilson G, Peters JB, Panigrahi SK, Jacobs TP, Korner J, Otten M, Bruce JN, Wardlaw SL. Plasma Agouti-Related Protein and Cortisol Levels in Cushing Disease: Evidence for the Regulation of Agouti-Related Protein by Glucocorticoids in Humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:961-969. [PMID: 30597030 PMCID: PMC6364508 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Glucocorticoids regulate energy balance, in part by stimulating the orexigenic neuropeptide agouti-related protein (AgRP). AgRP neurons express glucocorticoid receptors, and glucocorticoids have been shown to stimulate AgRP gene expression in rodents. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether there is a relationship between plasma AgRP and hypothalamic AgRP in rats and to evaluate the relationship between cortisol and plasma AgRP in humans. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated plasma AgRP levels prior to transsphenoidal surgery in 31 patients with Cushing disease (CD) vs 31 sex- and body mass index-matched controls from a separate study. We then prospectively measured plasma AgRP, before and 6 to 12 months after surgery, in a subgroup of 13 patients with CD. Plasma and hypothalamic AgRP were measured in adrenalectomized rats with and without corticosterone replacement. RESULTS Plasma AgRP was stimulated by corticosterone in rats and correlated with hypothalamic AgRP expression. Plasma AgRP levels were higher in patients with CD than in controls (139 ± 12.3 vs 54.2 ± 3.1 pg/mL; P < 0.0001). Among patients with CD, mean 24-hour urine free cortisol (UFC) levels were 257 ± 39 μg/24 hours. Strong positive correlations were observed between plasma AgRP and UFC (r = 0.76; P < 0.0001). In 11 of 13 patients demonstrating surgical cure, AgRP decreased from 126 ± 20.6 to 62.5 ± 8.0 pg/mL (P < 0.05) postoperatively, in parallel with a decline in UFC. CONCLUSIONS Plasma AgRP levels are elevated in CD, are tightly correlated with cortisol concentrations, and decline with surgical cure. These data support the regulation of AgRP by glucocorticoids in humans. AgRP's role as a potential biomarker and as a mediator of the adverse metabolic consequences of CD deserves further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Page-Wilson
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Gabrielle Page-Wilson, MD, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 650 West 168th Street, Black Building 2006, New York, New York 10032. E-mail:
| | - Jane B Peters
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Sunil K Panigrahi
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Thomas P Jacobs
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Judith Korner
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Marc Otten
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Sharon L Wardlaw
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
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Sridhar SNC, Palawat S, Paul AT. Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modelling studies of indole glyoxylamides as a new class of potential pancreatic lipase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2019; 85:373-381. [PMID: 30658237 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of eighteen indole glyoxylamide analogues were synthesized, characterized and evaluated for their pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity. Porcine pancreatic lipase (Type II) was used with 4-nitrophenyl butyrate (as substrate) for the in vitro assay. Compound 8f exhibited competitive inhibition against pancreatic lipase with IC50 value of 4.92 µM, comparable to that of the standard drug, orlistat (IC50 = 0.99 µM). Compounds 7a-i and 8a-i were subjected to molecular docking into the active site of human PL (PDB ID: 1LPB) wherein compound 8f possessed a potential MolDock score of -153.037 kcal/mol. Molecular dynamics simulation of 8f complexed with pancreatic lipase, confirmed the role of aromatic substitution in stabilizing the ligand through hydrophobic interactions (maximum observed RMSD = 3.5 Å).
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Affiliation(s)
- S N C Sridhar
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS Pilani), Pilani campus, Pilani 333 031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Saksham Palawat
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS Pilani), Pilani campus, Pilani 333 031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Atish T Paul
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS Pilani), Pilani campus, Pilani 333 031, Rajasthan, India.
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Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is the main cellular energy sensor. Activated following a depletion of cellular energy stores, AMPK will restore the energy homoeostasis by increasing energy production and limiting energy waste. At a central level, the AMPK pathway will integrate peripheral signals (mostly hormones and metabolites) through neuronal networks. Hypothalamic AMPK is directly implicated in feeding behaviour, brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis and browning of white adipose tissue (WAT). It also participates in other metabolic functions: glucose and muscle metabolisms, as well as hepatic function. Numerous anti-obesity and/or antidiabetic agents, such as nicotine, metformin and liraglutide, are known to induce their effects through a modulation of AMPK pathway, either at central or at peripheral levels. Moreover, the weight-gaining side effects of antipsychotic drugs, such as olanzapine, are also mediated by hypothalamic AMPK. Therefore, considering hypothalamic AMPK as a therapeutic target in metabolic diseases appears as an interesting strategy due to its implication in feeding and energy expenditure, the two sides of the energy balance equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel López
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Juszczak GR, Stankiewicz AM. Glucocorticoids, genes and brain function. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 82:136-168. [PMID: 29180230 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The identification of key genes in transcriptomic data constitutes a huge challenge. Our review of microarray reports revealed 88 genes whose transcription is consistently regulated by glucocorticoids (GCs), such as cortisol, corticosterone and dexamethasone, in the brain. Replicable transcriptomic data were combined with biochemical and physiological data to create an integrated view of the effects induced by GCs. The most frequently reported genes were Errfi1 and Ddit4. Their up-regulation was associated with the altered transcription of genes regulating growth factor and mTORC1 signaling (Gab1, Tsc22d3, Dusp1, Ndrg2, Ppp5c and Sesn1) and progression of the cell cycle (Ccnd1, Cdkn1a and Cables1). The GC-induced reprogramming of cell function involves changes in the mRNA level of genes responsible for the regulation of transcription (Klf9, Bcl6, Klf15, Tle3, Cxxc5, Litaf, Tle4, Jun, Sox4, Sox2, Sox9, Irf1, Sall2, Nfkbia and Id1) and the selective degradation of mRNA (Tob2). Other genes are involved in the regulation of metabolism (Gpd1, Aldoc and Pdk4), actin cytoskeleton (Myh2, Nedd9, Mical2, Rhou, Arl4d, Osbpl3, Arhgef3, Sdc4, Rdx, Wipf3, Chst1 and Hepacam), autophagy (Eva1a and Plekhf1), vesicular transport (Rhob, Ehd3, Vps37b and Scamp2), gap junctions (Gjb6), immune response (Tiparp, Mertk, Lyve1 and Il6r), signaling mediated by thyroid hormones (Thra and Sult1a1), calcium (Calm2), adrenaline/noradrenaline (Adcy9 and Adra1d), neuropeptide Y (Npy1r) and histamine (Hdc). GCs also affected genes involved in the synthesis of polyamines (Azin1) and taurine (Cdo1). The actions of GCs are restrained by feedback mechanisms depending on the transcription of Sgk1, Fkbp5 and Nr3c1. A side effect induced by GCs is increased production of reactive oxygen species. Available data show that the brain's response to GCs is part of an emergency mode characterized by inactivation of non-core activities, restrained inflammation, restriction of investments (growth), improved efficiency of energy production and the removal of unnecessary or malfunctioning cellular components to conserve energy and maintain nutrient supply during the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz R Juszczak
- Department of Animal Behavior, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Jastrzebiec, ul. Postepu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland.
| | - Adrian M Stankiewicz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Jastrzebiec, ul. Postepu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
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Balsevich G, Petrie GN, Hill MN. Endocannabinoids: Effectors of glucocorticoid signaling. Front Neuroendocrinol 2017; 47:86-108. [PMID: 28739508 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
For decades, there has been speculation regarding the interaction of cannabinoids with glucocorticoid systems. Given the functional redundancy between many of the physiological effects of glucocorticoids and cannabinoids, it was originally speculated that the biological mechanisms of cannabinoids were mediated by direct interactions with glucocorticoid systems. With the discovery of the endocannabinoid system, additional research demonstrated that it was actually the opposite; glucocorticoids recruit endocannabinoid signaling, and that the engagement of endocannabinoid signaling mediated many of the neurobiological and physiological effects of glucocorticoids. With the development of advances in pharmacology and genetics, significant advances in this area have been made, and it is now clear that functional interactions between these systems are critical for a wide array of physiological processes. The current review acts a comprehensive summary of the contemporary state of knowledge regarding the biological interactions between glucocorticoids and endocannabinoids, and their potential role in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Balsevich
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Gavin N Petrie
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Matthew N Hill
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy and Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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Fungal endophytes associated with Viola odorata Linn. as bioresource for pancreatic lipase inhibitors. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:385. [PMID: 28774309 PMCID: PMC5543550 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1893-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background As per the recent statistical reports of World Health Organisation (WHO), 13% of total global population is obese. Orlistat remains to be the only drug approved for the long term treatment of obesity. Recent findings highlighted severe adverse effects of orlistat that included hepatotoxicity, gall stones, kidney stones and acute pancreatitis. Therefore, search for new drug is required. The investigations based on endophytic natural products would prove pivotal in the global fight against this health issue. Methods Obesity is associated with lipid metabolism involving pancreatic lipase enzyme. The inhibition of pancreatic lipase is demonstrated by using the extracts of endophytes isolated from Viola odorata Linn. In addition, endophytes were identified using ITS based rDNA sequencing. Results Present study involves the isolation and identification of 27 endophytes from V. odorata. All the endophytes were evaluated for lipase inhibitory activities. The extracts of seven endophytes exhibited lipase inhibitory activity with IC50 < 10 μg/mL. The extract of VOLF4 (Aspergillus sp.) displayed promising lipase inhibitory activity (IC50 3.8 μg/mL). Conclusion The present study demonstrates that V. odorata harbors endophytic community with potent lipase inhibitory activity. VOLF4 is the potential endophyte. The extract of VOLF4 can be used to develop the potential drug to treat obesity.
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Liu L, Wang X, Jiao H, Lin H. Glucocorticoids induced high fat diet preference via activating hypothalamic AMPK signaling in chicks. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 249:40-47. [PMID: 28263818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) stimulate appetite, contributing to enhanced fat deposition. Our present study was conducted to determine whether GCs could evoke an appetite specifically for fat-rich diets in chicks. Chicks were subjected to a subcutaneous injection of corticosterone (CORT, 2mg/kg body weight/day) or corn oil (control), and food preference was tested. The results showed that CORT-chicks consumed more high-fat diet (HFD) compared with controls. In HFD-fed chicks, hypothalamic phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA levels were increased by CORT treatment. Activating AMPK with 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside, an AMPK activator, via intracerebroventricular injection further enhanced the CORT-induced HFD consumption and concurrently up-regulated NPY mRNA levels and phosphorylated AMPKα and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase levels. The dramatic increase in HFD consumption and upregulation of NPY mRNA levels and phospho-AMPKα levels induced by peripheral CORT injection was not altered by intracerebroventricular infusion of compound C (4-16μg), an AMPK inhibitor. In conclusion, CORT challenge caused a HFD preference by enhancing the AMPK pathway in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Hongchao Jiao
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Hai Lin
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China.
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Dodd GT, Andrews ZB, Simonds SE, Michael NJ, DeVeer M, Brüning JC, Spanswick D, Cowley MA, Tiganis T. A Hypothalamic Phosphatase Switch Coordinates Energy Expenditure with Feeding. Cell Metab 2017; 26:375-393.e7. [PMID: 28768176 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Beige adipocytes can interconvert between white and brown-like states and switch between energy storage versus expenditure. Here we report that beige adipocyte plasticity is important for feeding-associated changes in energy expenditure and is coordinated by the hypothalamus and the phosphatase TCPTP. A fasting-induced and glucocorticoid-mediated induction of TCPTP, inhibited insulin signaling in AgRP/NPY neurons, repressed the browning of white fat and decreased energy expenditure. Conversely feeding reduced hypothalamic TCPTP, to increase AgRP/NPY neuronal insulin signaling, white adipose tissue browning and energy expenditure. The feeding-induced repression of hypothalamic TCPTP was defective in obesity. Mice lacking TCPTP in AgRP/NPY neurons were resistant to diet-induced obesity and had increased beige fat activity and energy expenditure. The deletion of hypothalamic TCPTP in obesity restored feeding-induced browning and increased energy expenditure to promote weight loss. Our studies define a hypothalamic switch that coordinates energy expenditure with feeding for the maintenance of energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garron T Dodd
- Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Zane B Andrews
- Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Stephanie E Simonds
- Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Natalie J Michael
- Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Michael DeVeer
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Jens C Brüning
- Max Plank Institute for Metabolism Research, Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Gleueler Str. 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 26, 50924 Cologne, Germany; Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany; National Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Land Str. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - David Spanswick
- Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Michael A Cowley
- Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Tony Tiganis
- Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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López M. EJE PRIZE 2017: Hypothalamic AMPK: a golden target against obesity? Eur J Endocrinol 2017; 176:R235-R246. [PMID: 28232370 PMCID: PMC5425938 DOI: 10.1530/eje-16-0927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a cellular gauge that is activated under conditions, such as low energy, increasing energy production and reducing energy waste. Centrally, the AMPK pathway is a canonical route regulating energy homeostasis, by integrating peripheral signals, such as hormones and metabolites, with neuronal networks. Current evidence links hypothalamic AMPK with feeding, brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis and browning of white adipose tissue (WAT), as well as muscle metabolism, hepatic function and glucose homeostasis. The relevance of these data is interesting from a therapeutic point of view as several agents with potential anti-obesity and/or antidiabetic effects, some currently in clinical use, such as nicotine, metformin and liraglutide are known to act through AMPK, either peripherally or centrally. Furthermore, the orexigenic and weight-gaining effects of the worldwide use of antipsychotic drugs (APDs), such as olanzapine, are also mediated by hypothalamic AMPK. Overall, this evidence makes hypothalamic AMPK signaling an interesting target for the drug development, with its potential for controlling both sides of the energy balance equation, namely feeding and energy expenditure through defined metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel López
- Department of PhysiologyNeurObesity Group, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence should be addressed to M López;
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López M, Tena-Sempere M. Estradiol effects on hypothalamic AMPK and BAT thermogenesis: A gateway for obesity treatment? Pharmacol Ther 2017; 178:109-122. [PMID: 28351720 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In addition to their prominent roles in the control of reproduction, estrogens are important modulators of energy balance, as evident in conditions of deficiency of estrogens, which are characterized by increased feeding and decreased energy expenditure, leading to obesity. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a ubiquitous cellular energy gauge that is activated under conditions of low energy, increasing energy production and reducing energy wasting. Centrally, the AMPK pathway is a canonical route regulating energy homeostasis, by integrating peripheral signals, such as hormones and metabolites, with neuronal networks. As a result of those actions, hypothalamic AMPK modulates feeding, as well as brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis and browning of white adipose tissue (WAT). Here, we will review the central actions of estrogens on energy balance, with particular focus on hypothalamic AMPK. The relevance of this interaction is noteworthy, because some agents with known actions on metabolic homeostasis, such as nicotine, metformin, liraglutide, olanzapine and also natural molecules, such as resveratrol and flavonoids, exert their actions by modulating AMPK. This evidence highlights the possibility that hypothalamic AMPK might be a potential target for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel López
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos II, Spain.
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos II, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Spain; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC)/Hospital Reina Sofía, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; FiDiPro Program, Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
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Blasiak A, Gundlach AL, Hess G, Lewandowski MH. Interactions of Circadian Rhythmicity, Stress and Orexigenic Neuropeptide Systems: Implications for Food Intake Control. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:127. [PMID: 28373831 PMCID: PMC5357634 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Many physiological processes fluctuate throughout the day/night and daily fluctuations are observed in brain and peripheral levels of several hormones, neuropeptides and transmitters. In turn, mediators under the “control” of the “master biological clock” reciprocally influence its function. Dysregulation in the rhythmicity of hormone release as well as hormone receptor sensitivity and availability in different tissues, is a common risk-factor for multiple clinical conditions, including psychiatric and metabolic disorders. At the same time circadian rhythms remain in a strong, reciprocal interaction with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Recent findings point to a role of circadian disturbances and excessive stress in the development of obesity and related food consumption and metabolism abnormalities, which constitute a major health problem worldwide. Appetite, food intake and energy balance are under the influence of several brain neuropeptides, including the orexigenic agouti-related peptide, neuropeptide Y, orexin, melanin-concentrating hormone and relaxin-3. Importantly, orexigenic neuropeptide neurons remain under the control of the circadian timing system and are highly sensitive to various stressors, therefore the potential neuronal mechanisms through which disturbances in the daily rhythmicity and stress-related mediator levels contribute to food intake abnormalities rely on reciprocal interactions between these elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Blasiak
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrew L Gundlach
- Neuropeptides Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkville, VIC, Australia; Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Grzegorz Hess
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian UniversityKrakow, Poland; Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of SciencesKrakow, Poland
| | - Marian H Lewandowski
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University Krakow, Poland
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García-Luna C, Soberanes-Chávez P, de Gortari P. Prepuberal light phase feeding induces neuroendocrine alterations in adult rats. J Endocrinol 2017; 232:15-28. [PMID: 27729464 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Feeding patterns are important factors in obesity evolvement. Time-restricted feeding schedules (tRF) during resting phase change energy homeostasis regulation, disrupting the circadian release of metabolism-regulating hormones, such as leptin, insulin and corticosterone and promoting body weight gain. Thyroid (HPT) and adrenal (HPA) axes exhibit a circadian regulation and are involved in energy expenditure, thus studying their parameters in tRF paradigms will elucidate their role in energy homeostasis impairments under such conditions. As tRF in young animals is poorly studied, we subjected prepuberal rats to a tRF either in light (LPF) or in darkness phase (DPF) and analyzed HPT and HPA response when they reach adulthood, as well as their arcuate (ARC) and paraventricular (PVN) hypothalamic nuclei neurons' sensitivity to leptin in subsets of 10-week-old animals after fasting and with i.p. leptin treatment. LPF group showed high body weight and food intake, along with increased visceral fat pads, corticosterone, leptin and insulin serum levels, whereas circulating T4 decreased. HPA axis hyperactivity was demonstrated by their high PVN Crf mRNA expression; the blunted activity of HPT axis, by the decreased hypophysiotropic PVN Trh mRNA expression. Trh impaired expression to the positive energy balance in LPF, accounted for their ARC leptin resistance, evinced by an increased Npy and Socs3 mRNA expression. We concluded that the hyperphagia of prepuberal LPF animals could account for the HPA axis hyperactivity and for the HPT blocked function due to the altered ARC leptin signaling and impaired NPY regulation on PVN TRH neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- C García-Luna
- Department of Neurosciences ResearchMolecular Neurophysiology Laboratory, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - P Soberanes-Chávez
- Department of Neurosciences ResearchMolecular Neurophysiology Laboratory, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - P de Gortari
- Department of Neurosciences ResearchMolecular Neurophysiology Laboratory, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
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Leon-Mercado L, Herrera Moro Chao D, Basualdo MDC, Kawata M, Escobar C, Buijs RM. The Arcuate Nucleus: A Site of Fast Negative Feedback for Corticosterone Secretion in Male Rats. eNeuro 2017; 4:ENEURO.0350-16.2017. [PMID: 28275717 PMCID: PMC5334455 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0350-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Variations in circulating corticosterone (Cort) are driven by the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), mainly via the sympathetic autonomic nervous system (ANS) directly stimulating Cort release from the adrenal gland and via corticotropin-releasing hormone targeting the adenohypophysis to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Cort feeds back through glucocorticoid receptors (GRs). Here we show in male Wistar rats that PVN neurons projecting to the adrenal gland do not express GRs, leaving the question of how the ANS in the PVN gets information about circulating Cort levels to control the adrenal. Since the arcuate nucleus (ARC) shows a less restrictive blood-brain barrier, expresses GRs, and projects to the PVN, we investigated whether the ARC can detect and produce fast adjustments of circulating Cort. In low Cort conditions (morning), local microdialysis in the ARC with type I GR antagonist produced a fast and sustained increase of Cort. This was not observed with a type II antagonist. At the circadian peak levels of Cort (afternoon), a type II GR antagonist, but not a type I antagonist, increased Cort levels but not ACTH levels. Antagonist infusions in the PVN did not modify circulating Cort levels, demonstrating the specificity of the ARC to give Cort negative feedback. Furthermore, type I and II GR agonists in the ARC prevented the increase of Cort after stress, demonstrating the role of the ARC as sensor to modulate Cort release. Our findings show that the ARC may be essential to sense blood levels of Cort and adapt Cort secretion depending on such conditions as stress or time of day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Leon-Mercado
- Departamento De Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniela Herrera Moro Chao
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - María del Carmen Basualdo
- Departamento De Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mitsuhiro Kawata
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
- School of Health Sciences, Bukkyo University, Kyoto 603-8301, Japan
| | - Carolina Escobar
- Departamento De Anatomía, Facultad De Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ruud M. Buijs
- Departamento De Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
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González-García I, Tena-Sempere M, López M. Estradiol Regulation of Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1043:315-335. [PMID: 29224101 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-70178-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Physiologically, estrogens carry out a myriad of functions, the most essential being the regulation of the reproductive axis. Currently, it is also dogmatic that estrogens play an important role modulating energy balance and metabolism. In this sense, it is well known that low estrogens levels, occurring due to ovarian insufficiency, in conditions such as menopause or ovariectomy (OVX), are associated with increased food intake and decreased energy expenditure, leading to weight gain and obesity at long term. Concerning energy expenditure, the main effect of estradiol (E2) is on brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis. Thus, acting through a peripheral or a central action, E2 activates brown fat activity and increases body temperature, which is negatively associated with body weight. Centrally, the hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) mediates the E2 action on BAT thermogenesis. In this chapter, we will summarize E2 regulation of BAT thermogenesis and how this can influence energy balance and metabolism in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael González-García
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain. .,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. .,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain. .,Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC)/Hospital Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain. .,FiDiPro Program, Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Miguel López
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain. .,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Kapritsou M, Papathanassoglou ED, Bozas E, Korkolis DP, Konstantinou EA, Kaklamanos I, Giannakopoulou M. Comparative Evaluation of Pain, Stress, Neuropeptide Y, ACTH, and Cortisol Levels Between a Conventional Postoperative Care Protocol and a Fast-Track Recovery Program in Patients Undergoing Major Abdominal Surgery. Biol Res Nurs 2016; 19:180-189. [PMID: 28198198 DOI: 10.1177/1099800416682617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fast-track (FT) postoperative protocol in oncological patients after major abdominal surgery reduces complications and length of postoperative stay compared to the conventional (CON) protocol. However, stress and pain responses have not been compared between the two protocols. OBJECTIVES To compare stress, pain, and related neuropeptidic responses (adrenocorticotropic hormone [ACTH], cortisol, and neuropeptide Y [NPY]) between FT and CON protocols. METHOD A clinical trial with repeated measurements was conducted (May 2012 to May 2014) with a sample of 63 hepatectomized or pancreatectomized patients randomized into two groups: FT ( n = 29) or CON ( n = 34). Demographic and clinical data were collected, and pain (Visual Analog Scale [VAS] and Behavioral Pain Scale [BPS]) and stress responses (3 self-report questions) assessed. NPY, ACTH, and cortisol plasma levels were measured at T1 = day of admission, T2 = day of surgery, and T3 = prior to discharge. RESULTS ACTHT1 and ACTHT2 levels were positively correlated with self-reported stress levels (ρ = .43 and ρ = .45, respectively, p < .05) in the FT group. NPY levels in the FT group were higher than those in the CON group at all time points ( p ≤ .004); this difference remained significant after adjusting for T1 levels through analysis of covariance for age, gender, and body mass index ( F = .003, F = .149, F = .015, respectively, p > .05). CONCLUSIONS Neuropeptidic levels were higher in the FT group. Future research should evaluate this association further, as these biomarkers might serve as objective indicators of postoperative pain and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kapritsou
- 1 Hellenic Anticancer Institute, Saint Savvas Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Evangelos Bozas
- 3 Pediatric Research Laboratory, Department of Nursing, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Ioannis Kaklamanos
- 4 Department of Nursing, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Synthesis, evaluation and molecular modelling studies of 2-(carbazol-3-yl)-2-oxoacetamide analogues as a new class of potential pancreatic lipase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 25:609-620. [PMID: 27908755 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A series of twenty four 2-(carbazol-3-yl)-2-oxoacetamide analogues were synthesized, characterized and evaluated for their pancreatic lipase (PL) inhibitory activity. Porcine PL was used against 4-nitrophenyl butyrate (method A) and tributyrin (methods B and C) as substrates during the PL inhibition assay. Compounds 7e, 7f and 7p exhibited potential PL inhibitory activity (IC50 values of 6.31, 8.72 and 9.58μM, respectively in method A; and Xi50 of 21.85, 21.94 and 26.2, respectively in method B). Further, inhibition kinetics of 7e, 7f and 7p against PL, using method A, revealed their competitive nature of inhibition. A comparison of the inhibition profiles of the top three compounds in methods B and C, provided a preliminary idea of covalent bonding of the compounds with Ser 152 of PL. Molecular docking studies of the compounds 7a-x into the active site of human PL (PDB ID: 1LPB) was in agreement with the in vitro results, and highlighted probable covalent bond formation with Ser 152 apart from hydrophobic interactions with the lid domain. Molecular dynamics simulation of 7e complexed with PL, further confirmed the role of aromatic groups in stabilising the ligand (RMSD ⩽4Å). The present study led to the identification of 2-(carbazol-3-yl)-2-oxoacetamide analogues 7a-x as a new class of potential PL inhibitors.
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Dexamethasone Alters the Appetite Regulation via Induction of Hypothalamic Insulin Resistance in Rat Brain. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:7483-7496. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0251-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Briski KP, Alenazi FSH, Shakya M, Sylvester PW. Hindbrain A2 noradrenergic neuron adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase activation, upstream kinase/phosphorylase protein expression, and receptivity to hormone and fuel reporters of short-term food deprivation are regulated by estradiol. J Neurosci Res 2016; 95:1427-1437. [PMID: 27618227 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Estradiol (E) mitigates acute and postacute adverse effects of 12 hr-food deprivation (FD) on energy balance. Hindbrain 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) regulates hyperphagic and hypothalamic metabolic neuropeptide and norepinephrine responses to FD in an E-dependent manner. Energy-state information from AMPK-expressing hindbrain A2 noradrenergic neurons shapes neural responses to metabolic imbalance. Here we investigate the hypothesis that FD causes divergent changes in A2 AMPK activity in E- vs. oil (O)-implanted ovariectomized female rats, alongside dissimilar adjustments in circulating metabolic fuel (glucose, free fatty acids [FFA]) and energy deficit-sensitive hormone (corticosterone, glucagon, leptin) levels. FD decreased blood glucose in oil (O)- but not E-implanted ovariectomized female rats and elevated and reduced glucagon levels in O and E, respectively. FD decreased circulating leptin in O and E, but increased corticosterone and FFA concentrations in E only. Western blot analysis of laser-microdissected A2 neurons showed that glucocorticoid receptor type II and very-long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 3 protein profiles were amplified in FD/E vs. FD/O. A2 total AMPK protein was elevated without change in activity in FD/O, whereas FD/E exhibited increased AMPK activation along with decreased upstream phosphatase expression. The catecholamine biosynthetic enzyme dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DβH) was increased in FD/O but not FD/E A2 cells. The data show discordance between A2 AMPK activation and glycemic responses to FD; sensor activity was refractory to glucose decrements in FD/O but augmented in FD/E despite stabilized glucose and elevated FFA levels. E-dependent amplification of AMPK activity may reflect adaptive conversion to fatty acid oxidation and/or glucocorticoid stimulation. FD augmentation of A2 DβH protein profiles in FD/O but not FD/E animals suggests that FD may correspondingly regulate NE synthesis vs. metabolism/release in the absence vs. presence of E. Mechanisms underlying translation of E-contingent A2 neuron responses to FD into regulatory signaling remain to be determined. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen P Briski
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana
| | - Fahaad S H Alenazi
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana
| | - Manita Shakya
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana
| | - Paul W Sylvester
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana
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Early Life Stress Increases Metabolic Risk, HPA Axis Reactivity, and Depressive-Like Behavior When Combined with Postweaning Social Isolation in Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162665. [PMID: 27611197 PMCID: PMC5017766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-life stress is associated with depression and metabolic abnormalities that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Such associations could be due to increased glucocorticoid levels. Periodic maternal separation in the neonate and rearing in social isolation are potent stressors that increase hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis activity. Moreover, social isolation promotes feed intake and body weight gain in rats subjected to periodic maternal separation; however, its effects on metabolic risks have not been described. In the present study, we evaluated whether periodic maternal separation, social isolation rearing, and a combination of these two stressors (periodic maternal separation + social isolation rearing) impair glucose homeostasis and its relation to the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and depressive-like behavior. Periodic maternal separation increased basal corticosterone levels, induced a passive coping strategy in the forced swimming test, and was associated with a mild (24%) increase in fasting glucose, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. Rearing in social isolation increased stress reactivity in comparison to both controls and in combination with periodic maternal separation, without affecting the coping strategy associated with the forced swimming test. However, social isolation also increased body weight gain, fasting glucose (120%), and insulin levels in rats subjected to periodic maternal separation. Correlation analyses showed that stress-induced effects on coping strategy on the forced swimming test (but not on metabolic risk markers) are associated with basal corticosterone levels. These findings suggest that maternal separation and postweaning social isolation affect stress and metabolic vulnerability differentially and that early-life stress-related effects on metabolism are not directly dependent on glucocorticoid levels. In conclusion, our study supports the cumulative stress hypothesis, which suggests that metabolic risk markers arise when vulnerable individuals are exposed to social challenges later in life.
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Hypothalamic AMPK as a Regulator of Energy Homeostasis. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:2754078. [PMID: 27547453 PMCID: PMC4980534 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2754078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated in energy depletion conditions, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) acts as a cellular energy sensor and regulator in both central nervous system and peripheral organs. Hypothalamic AMPK restores energy balance by promoting feeding behavior to increase energy intake, increasing glucose production, and reducing thermogenesis to decrease energy output. Besides energy state, many hormones have been shown to act in concert with AMPK to mediate their anorexigenic and orexigenic central effects as well as thermogenic influences. Here we explore the factors that affect hypothalamic AMPK activity and give the underlying mechanisms for the role of central AMPK in energy homeostasis together with the physiological effects of hypothalamic AMPK on energy balance restoration.
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López M, Nogueiras R, Tena-Sempere M, Diéguez C. Hypothalamic AMPK: a canonical regulator of whole-body energy balance. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2016; 12:421-32. [PMID: 27199291 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2016.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has a major role in the modulation of energy balance. AMPK is activated in conditions of low energy, increasing energy production and reducing energy consumption. The AMPK pathway is a canonical route regulating energy homeostasis by integrating peripheral signals, such as hormones and metabolites, with neuronal networks. Current evidence has implicated AMPK in the hypothalamus and hindbrain with feeding, brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and browning of white adipose tissue, through modulation of the sympathetic nervous system, as well as glucose homeostasis. Interestingly, several potential antiobesity and/or antidiabetic agents, some of which are currently in clinical use such as metformin and liraglutide, exert some of their actions by acting on AMPK. Furthermore, the orexigenic and weight-gain effects of commonly used antipsychotic drugs are also mediated by hypothalamic AMPK. Overall, this evidence suggests that hypothalamic AMPK signalling is an interesting target for drug development, but is this approach feasible? In this Review we discuss the current understanding of hypothalamic AMPK and its role in the central regulation of energy balance and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel López
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain
| | - Rubén Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC)/Hospital Reina Sofía, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- FiDiPro Program, Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain
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Shibata M, Banno R, Sugiyama M, Tominaga T, Onoue T, Tsunekawa T, Azuma Y, Hagiwara D, Lu W, Ito Y, Goto M, Suga H, Sugimura Y, Oiso Y, Arima H. AgRP Neuron-Specific Deletion of Glucocorticoid Receptor Leads to Increased Energy Expenditure and Decreased Body Weight in Female Mice on a High-Fat Diet. Endocrinology 2016; 157:1457-66. [PMID: 26889940 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Agouti-related protein (AgRP) expressed in the arcuate nucleus is a potent orexigenic neuropeptide, which increases food intake and reduces energy expenditure resulting in increases in body weight (BW). Glucocorticoids, key hormones that regulate energy balance, have been shown in rodents to regulate the expression of AgRP. In this study, we generated AgRP-specific glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-deficient (knockout [KO]) mice. Female and male KO mice on a high-fat diet (HFD) showed decreases in BW at the age of 6 weeks compared with wild-type mice, and the differences remained significant until 16 weeks old. The degree of resistance to diet-induced obesity was more robust in female than in male mice. On a chow diet, the female KO mice showed slightly but significantly attenuated weight gain compared with wild-type mice after 11 weeks, whereas there were no significant differences in BW in males between genotypes. Visceral fat pad mass was significantly decreased in female KO mice on HFD, whereas there were no significant differences in lean body mass between genotypes. Although food intake was similar between genotypes, oxygen consumption was significantly increased in female KO mice on HFD. In addition, the uncoupling protein-1 expression in the brown adipose tissues was increased in KO mice. These data demonstrate that the absence of GR signaling in AgRP neurons resulted in increases in energy expenditure accompanied by decreases in adiposity in mice fed HFD, indicating that GR signaling in AgRP neurons suppresses energy expenditure under HFD conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Shibata
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Banno
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Mariko Sugiyama
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takashi Tominaga
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takeshi Onoue
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Taku Tsunekawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Azuma
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hagiwara
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Wenjun Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ito
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Motomitsu Goto
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Suga
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Sugimura
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yutaka Oiso
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arima
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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50
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Prommer EE. Palliative Pharmacotherapy: State-of-the-Art Management of Symptoms in Patients With Cancer. Cancer Control 2015; 22:403-11. [PMID: 26678967 DOI: 10.1177/107327481502200406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced cancer produces multiple symptoms as patients progress through their disease trajectory. Identifying, measuring, and providing therapy for uncontrolled symptoms becomes important because disease-altering therapies may be no longer possible. Symptoms other than pain that cause distress in patients with cancer include delirium, dyspnea, anorexia, nausea, and fatigue. Precise management of these symptoms can lead to the best possible quality of life and lessen distress. This article reviews current management strategies of these symptoms. METHODS The epidemiology, mechanisms, assessment, and therapies of common symptoms in the advanced cancer population are reviewed. RESULTS Identifiable approaches facilitate symptom management in advanced illness. CONCLUSIONS Using a systematic approach to symptoms in advanced illness can improve the quality of life and lessen distress among patients with cancer and their families, friends, and caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Prommer
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA.
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