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Stroope C, Nettersheim FS, Coon B, Finney AC, Schwartz MA, Ley K, Rom O, Yurdagul A. Dysregulated cellular metabolism in atherosclerosis: mediators and therapeutic opportunities. Nat Metab 2024; 6:617-638. [PMID: 38532071 PMCID: PMC11055680 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-024-01015-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence over the past decades has revealed an intricate relationship between dysregulation of cellular metabolism and the progression of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. However, an integrated understanding of dysregulated cellular metabolism in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and its potential value as a therapeutic target is missing. In this Review, we (1) summarize recent advances concerning the role of metabolic dysregulation during atherosclerosis progression in lesional cells, including endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, macrophages and T cells; (2) explore the complexity of metabolic cross-talk between these lesional cells; (3) highlight emerging technologies that promise to illuminate unknown aspects of metabolism in atherosclerosis; and (4) suggest strategies for targeting these underexplored metabolic alterations to mitigate atherosclerosis progression and stabilize rupture-prone atheromas with a potential new generation of cardiovascular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Stroope
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Felix Sebastian Nettersheim
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Brian Coon
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, OMRF, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Alexandra C Finney
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Martin A Schwartz
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Departments of Cell Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Immunology Center of Georgia (IMMCG), Augusta University Immunology Center of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Oren Rom
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Arif Yurdagul
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA.
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Hewedy WA, Abdulmalek SA, Ghareeb DA, Habiba ES. AMPK-mediated autophagy is involved in the protective effect of canagliflozin in the vitamin D3 plus nicotine calcification model in rats. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:873-888. [PMID: 37522915 PMCID: PMC10791829 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02627-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular events. A mutual interplay between inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy is implicated in its development. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the potential protective effects of canagliflozin in a vitamin D3 plus nicotine (VDN) model of VC, and to explore potential mechanisms. VC was induced by VDN in adult male Wistar rats on day one. Then, rats were randomly assigned into three groups to receive canagliflozin (10 mg or 20 mg/kg/day) or its vehicle for 4 weeks. Age-matched normal rats served as a control group. After euthanization, aorta and kidneys were harvested for biochemical and histopathological evaluation of calcification. Aortic markers of oxidative stress, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, runt-related transcription factor (Runx2) and bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2) levels were determined. Additionally, the protein expression of autophagic markers, LC3 and p62, and adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) were also assessed in aortic homogenates. Canagliflozin dose-dependently improved renal function, enhanced the antioxidant capacity of aortic tissues and reduced calcium deposition in rat aortas and kidneys. Both doses of canagliflozin attenuated ALP and osteogenic markers while augmented the expression of autophagic markers and AMPK. Histopathological examination of aortas and kidneys by H&E and Von Kossa stain further support the beneficial effect of canagliflozin. Canagliflozin could alleviate VDN-induced vascular calcification, in a dose dependent manner, via its antioxidant effect and modulation of autophagy. Further studies are needed to verify whether this effect is a member or a class effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa A Hewedy
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
- Al-Moassat Medical Campus, Elhadara, Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, 21561, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Shaymaa A Abdulmalek
- Bio-Screening and Preclinical Trial Lab, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Doaa A Ghareeb
- Bio-Screening and Preclinical Trial Lab, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Esraa S Habiba
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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3
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Wang X, Wang Z, He J. Similarities and Differences of Vascular Calcification in Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2024; 17:165-192. [PMID: 38222032 PMCID: PMC10788067 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s438618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Presently, the mechanism of occurrence and development of vascular calcification (VC) is not fully understood; a range of evidence suggests a positive association between diabetes mellitus (DM) and VC. Furthermore, the increasing burden of central vascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) may be due, at least in part, to VC. In this review, we will review recent advances in the mechanisms of VC in the context of CKD and diabetes. The study further unveiled that VC is induced through the stimulation of pro-inflammatory factors, which in turn impairs endothelial function and triggers similar mechanisms in both disease contexts. Notably, hyperglycemia was identified as the distinctive mechanism driving calcification in DM. Conversely, in CKD, calcification is facilitated by mechanisms including mineral metabolism imbalance and the presence of uremic toxins. Additionally, we underscore the significance of investigating vascular alterations and newly identified molecular pathways as potential avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiabo Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongqun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianqiang He
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, People’s Republic of China
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Hashmi S, Shah PW, Aherrahrou Z, Aikawa E, Aherrahrou R. Beyond the Basics: Unraveling the Complexity of Coronary Artery Calcification. Cells 2023; 12:2822. [PMID: 38132141 PMCID: PMC10742130 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is mainly associated with coronary atherosclerosis, which is an indicator of coronary artery disease (CAD). CAC refers to the accumulation of calcium phosphate deposits, classified as micro- or macrocalcifications, that lead to the hardening and narrowing of the coronary arteries. CAC is a strong predictor of future cardiovascular events, such as myocardial infarction and sudden death. Our narrative review focuses on the pathophysiology of CAC, exploring its link to plaque vulnerability, genetic factors, and how race and sex can affect the condition. We also examined the connection between the gut microbiome and CAC, and the impact of genetic variants on the cellular processes involved in vascular calcification and atherogenesis. We aimed to thoroughly analyze the existing literature to improve our understanding of CAC and its potential clinical and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satwat Hashmi
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan;
| | - Pashmina Wiqar Shah
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, Universität zu Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (P.W.S.); (Z.A.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, University Heart Centre Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Zouhair Aherrahrou
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, Universität zu Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (P.W.S.); (Z.A.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, University Heart Centre Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Rédouane Aherrahrou
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, Universität zu Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (P.W.S.); (Z.A.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, University Heart Centre Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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5
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Molinuevo MS, Cortizo AM, Sedlinsky C. Effects of advanced glycation end-products, diabetes and metformin on the osteoblastic transdifferentiation capacity of vascular smooth muscle cells: In vivo and in vitro studies. J Diabetes Complications 2023; 37:108626. [PMID: 37839167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2023.108626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Our objective was to study the vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) osteoblastic transdifferentiation in AGE exposed cells or those from diabetic animals, and its response to metformin treatment. METHODS VSMC were obtained from non-diabetic rats, grown with or without AGE; while VSMC of in vivo-ex vivo studies were obtained from non-diabetic control animals (C), diabetic (D), C treated with metformin (M) and D treated with metformin (D-M). We studied the osteoblastic differentiation by evaluating alkaline phosphatase (ALP), type I collagen (Col) and mineral deposit. RESULTS In vitro, AGE increased proliferation, migration, and osteoblastic differentiation of VSMC. Metformin cotreatment prevented the AGE induced proliferation and migration. Both AGE and metformin stimulated the expression of ALP and Col. AGE induced mineralization was prevented by metformin. VSMC from D expressed a higher production of Col and ALP. Those from D-M showed an ALP increase vs C and M, and a partial decrease vs D. Cultured in osteogenic medium, ALP, Col and mineralization increased in D vs C, remained unchanged in M, and were prevented in D-M animals. CONCLUSION Both AGE and DM favor VSMC differentiation towards the osteogenic phenotype and this effect can be prevented by metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Silvina Molinuevo
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Osteopatías y Metabolismo Mineral UNLP-CICPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 50 y 115, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Ana María Cortizo
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Osteopatías y Metabolismo Mineral UNLP-CICPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 50 y 115, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Claudia Sedlinsky
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Osteopatías y Metabolismo Mineral UNLP-CICPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 50 y 115, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
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Zaongo SD, Chen Y. Metformin may be a viable adjunctive therapeutic option to potentially enhance immune reconstitution in HIV-positive immunological non-responders. Chin Med J (Engl) 2023; 136:2147-2155. [PMID: 37247620 PMCID: PMC10508460 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Incomplete immune reconstitution remains a global challenge for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment in the present era of potent antiretroviral therapy (ART), especially for those individuals referred to as immunological non-responders (INRs), who exhibit dramatically low CD4 + T-cell counts despite the use of effective antiretroviral therapy, with long-term inhibition of viral replication. In this review, we provide a critical overview of the concept of ART-treated HIV-positive immunological non-response, and also explain the known mechanisms which could potentially account for the emergence of immunological non-response in some HIV-infected individuals treated with appropriate and effective ART. We found that immune cell exhaustion, combined with chronic inflammation and the HIV-associated dysbiosis syndrome, may represent strategic aspects of the immune response that may be fundamental to incomplete immune recovery. Interestingly, we noted from the literature that metformin exhibits properties and characteristics that may potentially be useful to specifically target immune cell exhaustion, chronic inflammation, and HIV-associated gut dysbiosis syndrome, mechanisms which are now recognized for their critically important complicity in HIV disease-related incomplete immune recovery. In light of evidence discussed in this review, it can be seen that metformin may be of particularly favorable use if utilized as adjunctive treatment in INRs to potentially enhance immune reconstitution. The approach described herein may represent a promising area of therapeutic intervention, aiding in significantly reducing the risk of HIV disease progression and mortality in a particularly vulnerable subgroup of HIV-positive individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yaokai Chen
- Division of Infectious diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing 400036, China
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Wan W, Zhang L, Lin Y, Rao X, Wang X, Hua F, Ying J. Mitochondria-derived peptide MOTS-c: effects and mechanisms related to stress, metabolism and aging. J Transl Med 2023; 21:36. [PMID: 36670507 PMCID: PMC9854231 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-03885-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
MOTS-c is a peptide encoded by the short open reading frame of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene. It is significantly expressed in response to stress or exercise and translocated to the nucleus, where it regulates the expression of stress adaptation-related genes with antioxidant response elements (ARE). MOTS-c mainly acts through the Folate-AICAR-AMPK pathway, thereby influencing energy metabolism, insulin resistance, inflammatory response, exercise, aging and aging-related pathologies. Because of the potential role of MOTS-c in maintaining energy and stress homeostasis to promote healthy aging, especially in view of the increasing aging of the global population, it is highly pertinent to summarize the relevant studies. This review summarizes the retrograde signaling of MOTS-c toward the nucleus, the regulation of energy metabolism, stress homeostasis, and aging-related pathological processes, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wan
- grid.412455.30000 0004 1756 5980Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi China ,Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Lieliang Zhang
- grid.412455.30000 0004 1756 5980Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi China ,Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Lin
- grid.412455.30000 0004 1756 5980Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi China ,Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuqing Rao
- grid.412455.30000 0004 1756 5980Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi China ,Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Xifeng Wang
- grid.412604.50000 0004 1758 4073Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi China
| | - Fuzhou Hua
- grid.412455.30000 0004 1756 5980Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi China ,Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Ying
- grid.412455.30000 0004 1756 5980Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi China ,Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi People’s Republic of China
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Déglise S, Bechelli C, Allagnat F. Vascular smooth muscle cells in intimal hyperplasia, an update. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1081881. [PMID: 36685215 PMCID: PMC9845604 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1081881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Arterial occlusive disease is the leading cause of death in Western countries. Core contemporary therapies for this disease include angioplasties, stents, endarterectomies and bypass surgery. However, these treatments suffer from high failure rates due to re-occlusive vascular wall adaptations and restenosis. Restenosis following vascular surgery is largely due to intimal hyperplasia. Intimal hyperplasia develops in response to vessel injury, leading to inflammation, vascular smooth muscle cells dedifferentiation, migration, proliferation and secretion of extra-cellular matrix into the vessel's innermost layer or intima. In this review, we describe the current state of knowledge on the origin and mechanisms underlying the dysregulated proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells in intimal hyperplasia, and we present the new avenues of research targeting VSMC phenotype and proliferation.
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Sutton NR, Malhotra R, Hilaire C, Aikawa E, Blumenthal RS, Gackenbach G, Goyal P, Johnson A, Nigwekar SU, Shanahan CM, Towler DA, Wolford BN, Chen Y. Molecular Mechanisms of Vascular Health: Insights From Vascular Aging and Calcification. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:15-29. [PMID: 36412195 PMCID: PMC9793888 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.317332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death worldwide, especially beyond the age of 65 years, with the vast majority of morbidity and mortality due to myocardial infarction and stroke. Vascular pathology stems from a combination of genetic risk, environmental factors, and the biologic changes associated with aging. The pathogenesis underlying the development of vascular aging, and vascular calcification with aging, in particular, is still not fully understood. Accumulating data suggests that genetic risk, likely compounded by epigenetic modifications, environmental factors, including diabetes and chronic kidney disease, and the plasticity of vascular smooth muscle cells to acquire an osteogenic phenotype are major determinants of age-associated vascular calcification. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying genetic and modifiable risk factors in regulating age-associated vascular pathology may inspire strategies to promote healthy vascular aging. This article summarizes current knowledge of concepts and mechanisms of age-associated vascular disease, with an emphasis on vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia R. Sutton
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rajeev Malhotra
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Cynthia Hilaire
- Division of Cardiology, Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, 1744 BSTWR, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260 USA
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Roger S. Blumenthal
- Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease; Baltimore, MD
| | - Grace Gackenbach
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Parag Goyal
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Adam Johnson
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Sagar U. Nigwekar
- Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Catherine M. Shanahan
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Dwight A. Towler
- Department of Medicine | Endocrine Division and Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Brooke N. Wolford
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Yabing Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Research Department, Veterans Affairs Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Phadwal K, Koo E, Jones RA, Forsythe RO, Tang K, Tang Q, Corcoran BM, Caporali A, MacRae VE. Metformin protects against vascular calcification through the selective degradation of Runx2 by the p62 autophagy receptor. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:4303-4316. [PMID: 36166694 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Vascular calcification is associated with aging, type 2 diabetes, and atherosclerosis, and increases the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. It is an active, highly regulated process that resembles physiological bone formation. It has previously been established that pharmacological doses of metformin alleviate arterial calcification through adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-activated autophagy, however the specific pathway remains elusive. In the present study we hypothesized that metformin protects against arterial calcification through the direct autophagic degradation of runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2). Calcification was blunted in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) by metformin in a dose-dependent manner (0.5-1.5 mM) compared to control cells (p < 0.01). VSMCs cultured under high-phosphate (Pi) conditions in the presence of metformin (1 mM) showed a significant increase in LC3 puncta following bafilomycin-A1 (Baf-A; 5 nM) treatment compared to control cells (p < 0.001). Furthermore, reduced expression of Runx2 was observed in the nuclei of metformin-treated calcifying VSMCs (p < 0.0001). Evaluation of the functional role of autophagy through Atg3 knockdown in VSMCs showed aggravated Pi-induced calcification (p < 0.0001), failure to induce autophagy (punctate LC3) (p < 0.001) and increased nuclear Runx2 expression (p < 0.0001) in VSMCs cultured under high Pi conditions in the presence of metformin (1 mM). Mechanistic studies employing three-way coimmunoprecipitation with Runx2, p62, and LC3 revealed that p62 binds to both LC3 and Runx2 upon metformin treatment in VSMCs. Furthermore, immunoblotting with LC3 revealed that Runx2 specifically binds with p62 and LC3-II in metformin-treated calcified VSMCs. Lastly, we investigated the importance of the autophagy pathway in vascular calcification in a clinical setting. Ex vivo clinical analyses of calcified diabetic lower limb artery tissues highlighted a negative association between Runx2 and LC3 in the vascular calcification process. These studies suggest that exploitation of metformin and its analogues may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for clinical intervention through the induction of AMPK/Autophagy Related 3 (Atg3)-dependent autophagy and the subsequent p62-mediated autophagic degradation of Runx2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Phadwal
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eve Koo
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ross A Jones
- Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rachael O Forsythe
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Keyi Tang
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Qiyu Tang
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Brendan M Corcoran
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrea Caporali
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Vicky E MacRae
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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11
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Bu Y, Peng M, Tang X, Xu X, Wu Y, Chen AF, Yang X. Protective effects of metformin in various cardiovascular diseases: Clinical evidence and AMPK-dependent mechanisms. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:4886-4903. [PMID: 36052760 PMCID: PMC9549498 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin, a well-known AMPK agonist, has been widely used as the first-line drug for treating type 2 diabetes. There had been a significant concern regarding the use of metformin in people with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) due to its potential lactic acidosis side effect. Currently growing clinical and preclinical evidence indicates that metformin can lower the incidence of cardiovascular events in diabetic patients or even non-diabetic patients beyond its hypoglycaemic effects. The underlying mechanisms of cardiovascular benefits of metformin largely involve the cellular energy sensor, AMPK, of which activation corrects endothelial dysfunction, reduces oxidative stress and improves inflammatory response. In this minireview, we summarized the clinical evidence of metformin benefits in several widely studied cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, ischaemic/reperfusion injury and arrhythmia, both in patients with or without diabetes. Meanwhile, we highlighted the potential AMPK-dependent mechanisms in in vitro and/or in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhi Bu
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Fish of Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mei Peng
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Fish of Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinyi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Fish of Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Fish of Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yifeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Fish of Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Alex F Chen
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Fish of Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute for Developmental and Regenerative Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Fish of Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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12
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Jiang H, Li L, Zhang L, Zang G, Sun Z, Wang Z. Role of endothelial cells in vascular calcification. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:895005. [PMID: 35928939 PMCID: PMC9343736 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.895005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is active and regulates extraosseous ossification progress, which is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Endothelial cells (ECs) line the innermost layer of blood vessels and directly respond to changes in flow shear stress and blood composition. Together with vascular smooth muscle cells, ECs maintain vascular homeostasis. Increased evidence shows that ECs have irreplaceable roles in VC due to their high plasticity. Endothelial progenitor cells, oxidative stress, inflammation, autocrine and paracrine functions, mechanotransduction, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), and other factors prompt ECs to participate in VC. EndMT is a dedifferentiation process by which ECs lose their cell lineage and acquire other cell lineages; this progress coexists in both embryonic development and CVD. EndMT is regulated by several signaling molecules and transcription factors and ultimately mediates VC via osteogenic differentiation. The specific molecular mechanism of EndMT remains unclear. Can EndMT be reversed to treat VC? To address this and other questions, this study reviews the pathogenesis and research progress of VC, expounds the role of ECs in VC, and focuses on the regulatory factors underlying EndMT, with a view to providing new concepts for VC prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lihua Li
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Guangyao Zang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhen Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhongqun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongqun Wang,
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13
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Metformin: Expanding the Scope of Application-Starting Earlier than Yesterday, Canceling Later. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042363. [PMID: 35216477 PMCID: PMC8875586 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Today the area of application of metformin is expanding, and a wealth of data point to its benefits in people without carbohydrate metabolism disorders. Already in the population of people leading an unhealthy lifestyle, before the formation of obesity and prediabetes metformin smooths out the adverse effects of a high-fat diet. Being prescribed at this stage, metformin will probably be able to, if not prevent, then significantly reduce the progression of all subsequent metabolic changes. To a large extent, this review will discuss the proofs of the evidence for this. Another recent important change is a removal of a number of restrictions on its use in patients with heart failure, acute coronary syndrome and chronic kidney disease. We will discuss the reasons for these changes and present a new perspective on the role of increasing lactate in metformin therapy.
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14
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Ala M, Ala M. Metformin for Cardiovascular Protection, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Osteoporosis, Periodontitis, Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome, Neurodegeneration, Cancer, Inflammation and Senescence: What Is Next? ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:1747-1770. [PMID: 34927008 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is accompanied by several complications. Higher prevalence of cancers, cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease (CKD), obesity, osteoporosis, and neurodegenerative diseases has been reported among patients with diabetes. Metformin is the oldest oral antidiabetic drug and can improve coexisting complications of diabetes. Clinical trials and observational studies uncovered that metformin can remarkably prevent or alleviate cardiovascular diseases, obesity, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), osteoporosis, cancer, periodontitis, neuronal damage and neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), tuberculosis, and COVID-19. In addition, metformin has been proposed as an antiaging agent. Numerous mechanisms were shown to be involved in the protective effects of metformin. Metformin activates the LKB1/AMPK pathway to interact with several intracellular signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms. The drug modifies the biologic function of NF-κB, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, SIRT1/PGC-1α, NLRP3, ERK, P38 MAPK, Wnt/β-catenin, Nrf2, JNK, and other major molecules in the intracellular signaling network. It also regulates the expression of noncoding RNAs. Thereby, metformin can regulate metabolism, growth, proliferation, inflammation, tumorigenesis, and senescence. Additionally, metformin modulates immune response, autophagy, mitophagy, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and apoptosis and exerts epigenetic effects. Furthermore, metformin protects against oxidative stress and genomic instability, preserves telomere length, and prevents stem cell exhaustion. In this review, the protective effects of metformin on each disease will be discussed using the results of recent meta-analyses, clinical trials, and observational studies. Thereafter, it will be meticulously explained how metformin reprograms intracellular signaling pathways and alters molecular and cellular interactions to modify the clinical presentations of several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moein Ala
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), 1416753955 Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahan Ala
- School of Dentistry, Golestan University of Medical Sciences (GUMS), 4814565589 Golestan, Iran
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15
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De Broe ME, Jouret F. Does metformin do more benefit or harm in chronic kidney disease patients? Kidney Int 2021; 98:1098-1101. [PMID: 33126974 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc E De Broe
- Laboratory Physiopathology, University of Antwerp, Liège, Belgium.
| | - François Jouret
- Research Department of Pathophysiology, Department Nephrology, University Hospital of Liège, Antwerpen, Belgium.
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16
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Lu Y, Yuan T, Min X, Yuan Z, Cai Z. AMPK: Potential Therapeutic Target for Vascular Calcification. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:670222. [PMID: 34046440 PMCID: PMC8144331 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.670222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is an urgent worldwide health issue with no available medical treatment. It is an active cell-driven process by osteogenic differentiation of vascular cells with complex mechanisms. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) serves as the master sensor of cellular energy status. Accumulating evidence reveals the vital role of AMPK in VC progression. AMPK is involved in VC in various ways, including inhibiting runt-related transcription factor 2 signaling pathways, triggering autophagy, attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress and dynamic-related protein 1-mediated mitochondrial fission, and activating endothelial nitric oxide synthase. AMPK activators, like metformin, are associated with reduced calcification deposits in certain groups of patients, indicating that AMPK is a potential therapeutic target for VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tan Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinjia Min
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhejun Cai
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Jiaxing, China
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17
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Hu CT, Shao YD, Liu YZ, Xiao X, Cheng ZB, Qu SL, Huang L, Zhang C. Oxidative stress in vascular calcification. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 519:101-110. [PMID: 33887264 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC), which is closely associated with significant mortality in cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and/or diabetes mellitus, is characterized by abnormal deposits of hydroxyapatite minerals in the arterial wall. The impact of oxidative stress (OS) on the onset and progression of VC has not been well described. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases, xanthine oxidases, myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitric oxide synthases (NOSs), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and paraoxonases (PONs) are relevant factors that influence the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, excess ROS-induced OS has emerged as a critical mediator promoting VC through several mechanisms, including phosphate balance, differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), inflammation, DNA damage, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Because OS is a significant regulator of VC, antioxidants may be considered as novel treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Ting Hu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China; Research Lab for Clinical & Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China; Departments of Medical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Duo Shao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China; Research Lab for Clinical & Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China; Departments of Stomatology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Zhang Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China; Research Lab for Clinical & Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China; Departments of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Xiao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China; Research Lab for Clinical & Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China; Departments of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe-Bin Cheng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China; Research Lab for Clinical & Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China; Departments of Stomatology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shun-Lin Qu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Huang
- Research Lab for Clinical & Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chi Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Rodríguez C, Muñoz M, Contreras C, Prieto D. AMPK, metabolism, and vascular function. FEBS J 2021; 288:3746-3771. [PMID: 33825330 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a cellular energy sensor activated during energy stress that plays a key role in maintaining energy homeostasis. This ubiquitous signaling pathway has been implicated in multiple functions including mitochondrial biogenesis, redox regulation, cell growth and proliferation, cell autophagy and inflammation. The protective role of AMPK in cardiovascular function and the involvement of dysfunctional AMPK in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease have been highlighted in recent years. In this review, we summarize and discuss the role of AMPK in the regulation of blood flow in response to metabolic demand and the basis of the AMPK physiological anticontractile, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiatherogenic actions in the vascular system. Investigations by others and us have demonstrated the key role of vascular AMPK in the regulation of endothelial function, redox homeostasis, and inflammation, in addition to its protective role in the hypoxia and ischemia/reperfusion injury. The pathophysiological implications of AMPK involvement in vascular function with regard to the vascular complications of metabolic disease and the therapeutic potential of AMPK activators are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Rodríguez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Muñoz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Contreras
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Prieto
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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19
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Ma WQ, Sun XJ, Zhu Y, Liu NF. Metformin attenuates hyperlipidaemia-associated vascular calcification through anti-ferroptotic effects. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 165:229-242. [PMID: 33513420 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death that involves metabolic dysfunction resulting from iron-dependent excessive lipid peroxidation. Elevated plasma levels of free fatty acids are tightly associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in patients with obesity, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. Metformin (Met) is an antidiabetic drug with beneficial cardiovascular disease effects. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of Met on ferroptosis induced by lipid overload and the effects of these changes on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) calcification. We developed a hyperlipidaemia-related vascular calcification in vivo model with rats fed a high-fat diet combined with vitamin D3 plus nicotine, and palmitic acid (PA), the most abundant long-chain saturated fatty acid in plasma, was used to induce lipid overload and develop an oxidative stress-related calcification model in vitro. The results showed that Met inhibits hyperlipidaemia-associated calcium deposition in the rat aortic tissue. In vitro, treatment of VSMCs with PA stimulates ferroptosis concomitant with increased calcium deposition in VSMCs, while pretreatment with Met attenuates these effects. Furthermore, PA also promotes the protein expression of the extracellular matrix protein periostin (POSTN) and its secretion into the extracellular environment. More importantly, upregulation of POSTN increased the sensitivity of cells to ferroptosis. Mechanistically, upregulation of POSTN suppresses SLC7A11 expression through the inhibition of p53 in VSMCs, which contributes to a decrease in glutathione synthesis and therefore triggers ferroptosis. Interestingly, overexpression of p53 attenuates the inhibitory effect of POSTN on SLC7A11 expression, accompanied by increased Gpx4 expression. Furthermore, p53 knockdown suppresses Met-mediated anti-ferroptosis effects in PA-treated VSMCs, which may be related to the downregulation of SLC7A11 expression. In addition, supplementation of VSMCs with Met enhances the antioxidative capacity of VSMCs through Nrf2 signalling activation. Collectively, targeting POSTN in VSMCs may provide a new strategy for vascular calcification prevention or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qi Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Xue-Jiao Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Nai-Feng Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
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20
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Boraldi F, Lofaro FD, Quaglino D. Apoptosis in the Extraosseous Calcification Process. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010131. [PMID: 33445441 PMCID: PMC7827519 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extraosseous calcification is a pathologic mineralization process occurring in soft connective tissues (e.g., skin, vessels, tendons, and cartilage). It can take place on a genetic basis or as a consequence of acquired chronic diseases. In this last case, the etiology is multifactorial, including both extra- and intracellular mechanisms, such as the formation of membrane vesicles (e.g., matrix vesicles and apoptotic bodies), mitochondrial alterations, and oxidative stress. This review is an overview of extraosseous calcification mechanisms focusing on the relationships between apoptosis and mineralization in cartilage and vascular tissues, as these are the two tissues mostly affected by a number of age-related diseases having a progressively increased impact in Western Countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Boraldi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (F.D.L.); (D.Q.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Francesco Demetrio Lofaro
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (F.D.L.); (D.Q.)
| | - Daniela Quaglino
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (F.D.L.); (D.Q.)
- Interuniversity Consortium for Biotechnologies (CIB), Italy
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21
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Yao H, Sun Z, Zang G, Zhang L, Hou L, Shao C, Wang Z. Epidemiological Research Advances in Vascular Calcification in Diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2021; 2021:4461311. [PMID: 34631895 PMCID: PMC8500764 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4461311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is the transformation of arterial wall mesenchymal cells, particularly smooth muscle cells (SMCs), into osteoblast phenotypes by various pathological factors. Additionally, vascular transformation mediates the abnormal deposition of calcium salts in the vascular wall, such as intimal and media calcification. Various pathological types have been described, such as calcification and valve calcification. The incidence of vascular calcification in patients with diabetes is much higher than that in nondiabetic patients, representing a critical cause of cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes. Because basic research on the clinical transformation of vascular calcification has yet to be conducted, this study systematically expounds on the risk factors for vascular calcification, vascular bed differences, sex differences, ethnic differences, diagnosis, severity assessments, and treatments to facilitate the identification of a new entry point for basic research and subsequent clinical transformation regarding vascular calcification and corresponding clinical evaluation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Yao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhen Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Guangyao Zang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lina Hou
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chen Shao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhongqun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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22
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Chen JY, Wang YX, Ren KF, Wang YB, Fu GS, Ji J. The influence of substrate stiffness on osteogenesis of vascular smooth muscle cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 197:111388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Qiu X, Xu Q, Xu T, Wan P, Sheng Z, Han Y, Yao L. Metformin alleviates β-glycerophosphate-induced calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells via AMPK/mTOR-activated autophagy. Exp Ther Med 2020; 21:58. [PMID: 33365058 PMCID: PMC7716633 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of metformin on β-glycerophosphate-induced calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and the possible mechanisms underlying this. Using an established VSMC calcification model, VSMCs were first treated with β-glycerophosphate, before metformin, 3-methyladenine and compound C were added to the cell cultures in different combinations. Calcium deposition in the cells was examined by Alizarin Red S staining and using the O-cresolphthalein complexone method. To assess the occurrence of autophagy, autophagosomes inside the cells were studied using a transmission electron microscope and green fluorescent microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) puncta were examined using a fluorescent microscope. Additionally, protein expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), LC3II/I, beclin 1 and 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway-associated proteins were determined by western blot analysis. Metformin increased the number of autophagosomes, green fluorescent LC3 puncta and the levels of LC3II/I, beclin 1, α-SMA and phosphorylated (p)-AMPK in the VSMCs that were treated with β-glycerophosphate when compared to controls; whereas, calcium deposition and the expression levels of RUNX2 and p-mTOR were found to be decreased. Treating the VSMCs with 3-methyladenine or compound C reversed the effects of metformin. The results of the present study suggested that metformin may alleviate β-glycerophosphate-induced calcification of VSMCs, which may be attributed to the activation of AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway-dependent autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Qiu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P.R. China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Qing Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Tianhua Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P.R. China
| | - Pengzhi Wan
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P.R. China
| | - Zitong Sheng
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P.R. China
| | - Yiran Han
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P.R. China
| | - Li Yao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P.R. China
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24
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Oe Y, Mitsui S, Sato E, Shibata N, Kisu K, Sekimoto A, Miyazaki M, Sato H, Ito S, Takahashi N. Lack of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Accelerates Ectopic Calcification in Uremic Mice Fed an Adenine and High Phosphorus Diet. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 191:283-293. [PMID: 33159888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ectopic calcification is a risk of cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, and impaired endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is involved in the CKD complications. However, whether eNOS dysfunction is a cause of ectopic calcification in CKD remains to be elucidated. To address this issue, we investigated the role of eNOS in ectopic calcification in mice with renal injury caused by an adenine and high-phosphorus (Ade + HP) diet. DBA/2J mice, a calcification-sensitive strain, were fed Ade + HP for 3 weeks. Expression levels of eNOS-related genes were reduced significantly in their calcified aorta. C57BL/6J is a calcification-resistant strain, and wild-type mice showed mild calcified lesions in the aorta and kidney when given an Ade + HP diet for 4 weeks. In contrast, a lack of eNOS led to the development of severe aortic calcification accompanied by an increase in runt-related transcription factor 2, an osteochondrogenic marker. Increased renal calcium deposition and the tubular injury score were remarkable in mice lacking eNOS-fed Ade + HP. Exacerbation of ectopic calcification by a lack of eNOS is associated with increased oxidative stress markers such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases. In conclusion, eNOS is critically important in preventing ectopic calcification. Therefore, the maintenance of eNOS is useful to reduce cardiovascular disease events and to improve prognosis in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Oe
- Department of Community Medical Support, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Shohei Mitsui
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Emiko Sato
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Naoko Shibata
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Kisu
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akiyo Sekimoto
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mariko Miyazaki
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sato
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Sadayoshi Ito
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takahashi
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan.
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25
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Extracellular Nucleotides Regulate Arterial Calcification by Activating Both Independent and Dependent Purinergic Receptor Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207636. [PMID: 33076470 PMCID: PMC7589647 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Arterial calcification, the deposition of calcium-phosphate crystals in the extracellular matrix, resembles physiological bone mineralization. It is well-known that extracellular nucleotides regulate bone homeostasis raising an emerging interest in the role of these molecules on arterial calcification. The purinergic independent pathway involves the enzymes ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases (NPPs), ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases), 5′-nucleotidase and alkaline phosphatase. These regulate the production and breakdown of the calcification inhibitor—pyrophosphate and the calcification stimulator—inorganic phosphate, from extracellular nucleotides. Maintaining ecto-nucleotidase activities in a well-defined range is indispensable as enzymatic hyper- and hypo-expression has been linked to arterial calcification. The purinergic signaling dependent pathway focusses on the activation of purinergic receptors (P1, P2X and P2Y) by extracellular nucleotides. These receptors influence arterial calcification by interfering with the key molecular mechanisms underlying this pathology, including the osteogenic switch and apoptosis of vascular cells and possibly, by favoring the phenotypic switch of vascular cells towards an adipogenic phenotype, a recent, novel hypothesis explaining the systemic prevention of arterial calcification. Selective compounds influencing the activity of ecto-nucleotidases and purinergic receptors, have recently been developed to treat arterial calcification. However, adverse side-effects on bone mineralization are possible as these compounds reasonably could interfere with physiological bone mineralization.
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Regulation of Vascular Calcification by Reactive Oxygen Species. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9100963. [PMID: 33049989 PMCID: PMC7599480 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is the deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals in the medial or intimal layers of arteries that is usually associated with other pathological conditions including but not limited to chronic kidney disease, atherosclerosis and diabetes. Calcification is an active, cell-regulated process involving the phenotype transition of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from contractile to osteoblast/chondrocyte-like cells. Diverse triggers and signal transduction pathways have been identified behind vascular calcification. In this review, we focus on the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the osteochondrogenic phenotype switch of VSMCs and subsequent calcification. Vascular calcification is associated with elevated ROS production. Excessive ROS contribute to the activation of certain osteochondrogenic signal transduction pathways, thereby accelerating osteochondrogenic transdifferentiation of VSMCs. Inhibition of ROS production and ROS scavengers and activation of endogenous protective mechanisms are promising therapeutic approaches in the prevention of osteochondrogenic transdifferentiation of VSMCs and subsequent vascular calcification. The present review discusses the formation and actions of excess ROS in different experimental models of calcification, and the potential of ROS-lowering strategies in the prevention of this deleterious condition.
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27
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Chakrabarti A, Goldstein DR, Sutton NR. Age-associated arterial calcification: the current pursuit of aggravating and mitigating factors. Curr Opin Lipidol 2020; 31:265-272. [PMID: 32773466 PMCID: PMC7891872 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The incidence of arterial calcification increases with age, can occur independently of atherosclerosis and hyperlipidemia, contributes to vessel stiffening, and is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Here, we provide an up-to-date review of how aging leads to arterial calcification and discuss potential therapies. RECENT FINDINGS Recent research suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction (impaired efficiency of the respiratory chain, increased reactive oxygen species production, and a high mutation rate of mitochondrial DNA), cellular senescence, ectonucleotidases, and extrinsic factors such as hyperglycemia promote age-determined calcification. We discuss the future potential impact of antilipidemics, senolytics, and poly(ADP-ribose)polymerases inhibitors on age-associated arterial calcification. SUMMARY Understanding how mechanisms of aging lead to arterial calcification will allow us to pinpoint prospective strategies to mitigate arterial calcification, even after the effects of aging have already begun to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurba Chakrabarti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Shi J, Yang Y, Cheng A, Xu G, He F. Metabolism of vascular smooth muscle cells in vascular diseases. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 319:H613-H631. [PMID: 32762559 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00220.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are the fundamental component of the medial layer of arteries and are essential for arterial physiology and pathology. It is becoming increasingly clear that VSMCs can alter their metabolism to fulfill the bioenergetic and biosynthetic requirements. During vascular injury, VSMCs switch from a quiescent "contractile" phenotype to a highly migratory and proliferative "synthetic" phenotype. Recent studies have found that the phenotype switching of VSMCs is driven by a metabolic switch. Metabolic pathways, including aerobic glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and amino acid metabolism, have distinct, indispensable roles in normal and dysfunctional vasculature. VSMCs metabolism is also related to the metabolism of endothelial cells. In the present review, we present a brief overview of VSMCs metabolism and how it regulates the progression of several vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, systemic hypertension, diabetes, pulmonary hypertension, vascular calcification, and aneurysms, and the effect of the risk factors for vascular disease (aging, cigarette smoking, and excessive alcohol drinking) on VSMC metabolism to clarify the role of VSMCs metabolism in the key pathological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Shi
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Anying Cheng
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fan He
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Abstract
Matrix mineralization can be divided into physiological mineralization and pathological mineralization. There is a consensus among existing studies that matrix vesicles (MVs) are the starting sites of bone mineralization, and each component of MVs serves a certain function in mineralization. In addition, ectopic MVs pathologically promote undesired calcification, the primary focus of which is the promotion of vascular calcification. However, the specific mechanisms of the actions of MVs in bone-vascular axis cross-talk have not been fully elucidated. This review summarizes the latest research in this field and explores the roles of MVs in the bone-vascular axis with the aim of generating new ideas for the prevention and treatment of vascular calcification and bone metabolic disease.
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30
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Li S, Shi Y, Liu P, Song Y, Liu Y, Ying L, Quan K, Yu G, Fan Z, Zhu W. Metformin inhibits intracranial aneurysm formation and progression by regulating vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype switching via the AMPK/ACC pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:191. [PMID: 32546267 PMCID: PMC7298751 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01868-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotype plays an important role in intracranial aneurysm (IA) formation and progression. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Metformin is a 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) agonist that has a protective effect on vasculature. The present study investigated whether metformin modulates VSMC phenotype switching via the AMPK/acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) pathway during IA pathogenesis. Methods Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 80) were used to establish an elastase-induced IA model. The effects of metformin on AMPK activation and VSMC phenotype modulation were examined. We also established a platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB-induced VSMC model and analyzed changes in phenotype including proliferation, migration, and apoptosis as well as AMPK/ACC axis activation under different doses of metformin, AMPK antagonist, ACC antagonist, and their combinations. Results Metformin decreased the incidence and rupture rate of IA in the rat model and induced a switch in VSMC phenotype from contractile to synthetic through activation of the AMPK/ACC pathway, as evidenced by upregulation of VSMC-specific genes and decreased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. AMPK/ACC axis activation inhibited the proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of VSMCs, in which phenotypic switching was induced by PDGF-BB. Conclusions Metformin protects against IA formation and rupture by inhibiting VSMC phenotype switching and proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. Thus, metformin has therapeutic potential for the prevention of IA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sichen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Road Middle, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China.,Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Road Middle, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China.,Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Peixi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Road Middle, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China.,Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaying Song
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 160 Pujian Rd, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Road Middle, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China.,Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingwen Ying
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Quan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Road Middle, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China.,Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Road Middle, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China.,Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Road Middle, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China.,Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Road Middle, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China. .,Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Ghosh S, Luo D, He W, Chen J, Su X, Huang H. Diabetes and calcification: The potential role of anti-diabetic drugs on vascular calcification regression. Pharmacol Res 2020; 158:104861. [PMID: 32407954 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) has been well-established as an independent and strong predictor of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) as well as major cardiac adverse events (MACE). VC is associated with increased mortality in patients with CVD. Pathologically, VC is now believed to be a multi-directional active process ultimately resulting in ectopic calcium deposition in vascular beds. On the other hand, prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is gradually increasing thus making the current population more prone to future CVD. Although the mechanisms involved in development and progression of VC in DM patients are not fully understood, a series of evidences demonstrated positive association between DM and VC. It has been highlighted that different cellular pathways are involved in this process. These intermediates such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), various interleukins (ILs) and different cell-signaling pathways are over-expressed in DM patients leading to development of VC. Thus, considering the burden and significance of VC it is of great importance to find a therapeutic approach to prevent or minimize the development of VC in DM patients. Over the past few years various anti diabetic drugs (ADDs) have been introduced and many of them showed desired glucose control. But no study demonstrated the effects of these medications on regression of VC. In this review, we will briefly discuss the current understanding on DM and VC and how commonly used ADDs modulate the development or progression of VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sounak Ghosh
- Cardiovascular Department, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China; Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongling Luo
- Cardiovascular Department, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wanbing He
- Cardiovascular Department, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China; Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Su
- Tungwah Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Dongguan, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Cardiovascular Department, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China; Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Deng M, Su D, Xu S, Little PJ, Feng X, Tang L, Shen A. Metformin and Vascular Diseases: A Focused Review on Smooth Muscle Cell Function. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:635. [PMID: 32457625 PMCID: PMC7227439 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin has been used in diabetes for more than 60 years and has excellent safety in the therapy of human type 2 diabetes (T2D). There is growing evidence that the beneficial health effects of metformin are beyond its ability to improve glucose metabolism. Metformin not only reduces the incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in T2D patients, but also reduces the burden of atherosclerosis (AS) in pre-diabetes patients. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) function is an important factor in determining the characteristics of the entire arterial vessel. Its excessive proliferation contributes to the etiology of several types of CVD, including AS, restenosis, and pulmonary hypertension. Current studies show that metformin has a beneficial effect on VSMCs function. Therefore, this review provides a timely overview of the role and molecular mechanisms by which metformin acts through VSMCs to protect CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingying Deng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Dan Su
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Suowen Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.,Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Feng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Liqin Tang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Aizong Shen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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Zhou DM, Ran F, Ni HZ, Sun LL, Xiao L, Li XQ, Li WD. Metformin inhibits high glucose-induced smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:5352-5361. [PMID: 32208365 PMCID: PMC7138554 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the protective effects and mechanism of action of metformin on high glucose-induced smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were subjected to a series of concentrations (0-10 mM) of metformin. CCK-8, wound healing, and transwell assays were performed. Correlations between metformin concentration and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and miR-142-3p levels were assessed. In addition, miR-142-3p mimic and siRNA were used to investigate VSMC migration in the presence or absence of metformin. In the high-glucose condition, metformin decreased cell growth and inhibited cell migration. HMGB1 gene expression correlated negatively with metformin concentration, whereas miR-142-3p expression correlated positively with metformin concentration. In addition, mimic-induced miR-142-3p elevation resulted in decreased HMGB1 and LC3II levels and elevated p62 levels in the high-glucose condition, whereas miR-142-3p knockdown had the reverse effects, and metformin abolished those effects. Metformin inhibits high glucose–induced VSMC hyperproliferation and increased migration by inducing miR-142-3p-mediated inhibition of HMGB1 expression via the HMGB1-autophagy related pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ming Zhou
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Ran
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hai-Zhen Ni
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li-Li Sun
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lun Xiao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen-Dong Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu, China
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Targeting vascular smooth muscle cell dysfunction with xanthine derivative KMUP-3 inhibits abdominal aortic aneurysm in mice. Atherosclerosis 2020; 297:16-24. [PMID: 32059119 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Inflammation, oxidative stress, matrix degradation, medial calcification and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) loss are prominent features in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). VSMC phenotypic switch to a proinflammatory state and VSMC apoptosis could be targetable mechanisms implicated in the pathogenesis of AAA formation. Herein, we investigated the hypothesis that a xanthine derivative (KMUP-3) might suppress AAA through inhibition of VSMC phenotypic switch and apoptosis. METHODS In vitro, VSMC calcification was induced using β-glycerophosphate. In vivo, AAA was induced using angiotensin II (1000 ng/kg per minute) infusion for 4 weeks in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. RESULTS As determined by alizarin red S staining and calcium content measurements, KMUP-3 suppressed VSMC calcification. During VSMC calcification, KMUP-3 inhibited mTOR and β-catenin upregulation, essential for VSMC phenotypic switch, while it enhanced AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation that protects against VSMC phenotypic switch. Moreover, KMUP-3 attenuated VSMC apoptosis with an increased Bcl-2/Bax ratio and reduced activated caspase-3 expression. During AAA formation, treatment with KMUP-3 inhibited phosphorylated mTOR expression and increased phosphorylated AMPK expression in the medial layer. In addition, KMUP-3 treatment suppressed aortic dilatation together with reduction in proinflammatory cytokines and infiltrating macrophages, attenuation of medial VSMC apoptosis and mitigation of reactive oxygen species generation, matrix-degrading proteinase activities, elastin breakdown and vascular calcification. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with KMUP-3 inhibits aneurysm growth possibly through its interference with signaling pathways involved in VSMC phenotypic switch and apoptosis. These findings provide a proof-of-concept validation for VSMC dysfunction as a potential therapeutic target in AAA.
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Chao CT, Yeh HY, Tsai YT, Chuang PH, Yuan TH, Huang JW, Chen HW. Natural and non-natural antioxidative compounds: potential candidates for treatment of vascular calcification. Cell Death Discov 2019; 5:145. [PMID: 31754473 PMCID: PMC6853969 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-019-0225-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is highly prevalent in patients with advanced age, or those with chronic kidney disease and diabetes, accounting for substantial global cardiovascular burden. The pathophysiology of VC involves active mineral deposition by transdifferentiated vascular smooth muscle cells exhibiting osteoblast-like behavior, building upon cores with or without apoptotic bodies. Oxidative stress drives the progression of the cellular phenotypic switch and calcium deposition in the vascular wall. In this review, we discuss potential compounds that shield these cells from the detrimental influences of reactive oxygen species as promising treatment options for VC. A comprehensive summary of the current literature regarding antioxidants for VC is important, as no effective therapy is currently available for this disease. We systematically searched through the existing literature to identify original articles investigating traditional antioxidants and novel compounds with antioxidant properties with regard to their effectiveness against VC in experimental or clinical settings. We uncovered 36 compounds with antioxidant properties against VC pathology, involving mechanisms such as suppression of NADPH oxidase, BMP-2, and Wnt/β-catenin; anti-inflammation; and activation of Nrf2 pathways. Only two compounds have been tested clinically. These findings suggest that a considerable opportunity exists to harness these antioxidants for therapeutic use for VC. In order to achieve this goal, more translational studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ter Chao
- Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital BeiHu Branch, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Yuan Yeh
- School of Big Data Management, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - You-Tien Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Huan Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hang Yuan
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jenq-Wen Huang
- Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Wen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Wei M, Gan L, Liu Z, Liu L, Chang JR, Yin DC, Cao HL, Su XL, Smith WW. Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide MOTS-c Attenuates Vascular Calcification and Secondary Myocardial Remodeling via Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway. Cardiorenal Med 2019; 10:42-50. [PMID: 31694019 DOI: 10.1159/000503224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vascular calcification (VC) is a complex, regulated process involved in many disease entities. So far, there are no treatments to reverse it. Exploring novel strategies to prevent VC is important and necessary for VC-related disease intervention. OBJECTIVE In this study, we evaluated whether MOTS-c, a novel mitochondria-related 16-aa peptide, can reduce vitamin D3 and nicotine-induced VC in rats. METHODS Vitamin D3 plus nicotine-treated rats were injected with MOTS-c at a dose of 5 mg/kg once a day for 4 weeks. Blood pressure, heart rate, and body weight were measured, and echocardiography was performed. The expression of phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the angiotensin II type 1 (AT-1) and endothelin B (ET-B) receptors was determined by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Our results showed that MOTS-c treatment significantly attenuated VC. Furthermore, we found that the level of phosphorylated AMPK was increased and the expression levels of the AT-1 and ET-B receptors were decreased after MOTS-c treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide evidence that MOTS-c may act as an inhibitor of VC by activating the AMPK signaling pathway and suppressing the expression of the AT-1 and ET-B receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lu Gan
- Department of Gynecology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Li Liu
- Ultrasound Diagnostics Department, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Jin-Rui Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Da-Chuan Yin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hui-Ling Cao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xing-Li Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China, .,Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China,
| | - Wanli W Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Liao S, Li D, Hui Z, McLachlan CS, Zhang Y. Chronic dosing with metformin plus bosentan decreases in vitro pulmonary artery contraction from isolated arteries in adults with pulmonary hypertension. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res 2019; 11:189-195. [PMID: 31579458 PMCID: PMC6759611 DOI: 10.15171/jcvtr.2019.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) specific drug therapy using bosentan has significantly improved quality of life and survival, although PAH is still an incurable disease. Recent studies suggest metformin may have additional treatment benefits in PAH. We therefore investigated in vitro pulmonary artery reactivity after combination therapy of bosentan and metformin in PAH patients as compared with bosentan monotherapy in a prospective, randomized study.
Methods: Adult patients with PAH associated with congenital heart defects (PAH-CHD) were randomised to receive bosentan (initially at 62.5 mg twice daily for 4 weeks and then 125 mg twice daily) for 3 months with or without the combination treatment of metformin (500 mg twice daily). Vessel reactivity of isolated pulmonary arteries was examined using a wire myograph.
Results: Phenylephrine (PE)-induced contractions of arteries in patients received combination therapy were significantly attenuated at concentrations of 3 × 10-7 M, 10-6 M and 3 × 10-6 M, compared to those received bosentan monotherapy. After denudation, PE-induced contractions at concentrations of 3 × 10-6 M and 10-5 M were significantly decreased in the combination therapy group. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor compound C abrogated the inhibitory effects of metformin on PE-induced contractility. AMPK and eNOS phosphorylation in the pulmonary arteries of patients treated with combination therapy was increased compared to monotherapy (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: Adding metformin to bosentan therapy in patients with PAH-CHD decreased in vitro pulmonary artery contraction induced by PE, which is possibly related to increased AMPK phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutan Liao
- Rural Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongsheng Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zheng Hui
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Craig S McLachlan
- Rural Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yang Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Haddadi NS, Shakiba S, Afshari K, Haj-Mirzaian A, Vesaghati S, Gharagozlou S, Foroumadi R, Shafaroodi H, Ostadhadi S, Dehpour A. Possible Involvement of Nitric Oxide in the Antipruritic Effect of Metformin on Chloroquine-Induced Scratching in Mice. Dermatology 2019; 236:151-159. [DOI: 10.1159/000501583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Metformin ameliorates non-histamine-mediated itch. We have recently reported that the nitric oxide (NO) pathway is involved in chloroquine (CQ)-induced scratching behavior. Here we investigated the involvement of the NO pathway in the antipruritic effect of metformin on CQ-induced itch. Methods: Metformin (5–200 mg/kg, given intraperitoneally [i.p.]) was injected 4 h before CQ (400 µg/site, given intradermally [i.d.]) or compound 48/80 (100 µg/site, i.d.). A nonspecific nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 1 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.), or an NO precursor, L-arginine (10 and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered 30 min before injection of CQ. A neural NOS (nNOS) inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole (7-NI; 1 and 10 nmol/site, i.d.) was concurrently administered with CQ. The scratching behavior was recorded for 30 min following the injection of CQ. We studied the changes in skin and spinal nitrite levels after treatments. Results: Our results showed that metformin (100 and 200 mg/kg) significantly reduced the CQ-induced scratching behavior but not the compound 48/80-induced scratching behavior. L-Arginine inhibited the antipruritic effect of metformin, while L-NAME and 7-NI significantly potentiated the inhibitory effects of a subeffective dose of metformin on the CQ-induced scratching behavior. The skin but not the spinal nitrite level was significantly increased after CQ administration. The elevated cutaneous nitrite level was reversed by effective doses of either metformin or 7-NI, but not by the subeffective doses of metformin + 7-NI. Conclusion: Acute injection of metformin significantly inhibits CQ-induced scratching behavior. This effect is mediated through inhibition of the NO pathway, especially by inhibiting the dermal nNOS enzyme.
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Yan Z, Zhu S, Tian X, Ye Z, Zhai D, Zhu Z, Wei D, Zhu Q, Lu Z, Cao X. Metformin protects bone mass in ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene particle-induced osteolysis by regulating osteocyte secretion. J Bone Miner Metab 2019; 37:399-410. [PMID: 30032440 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-018-0939-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Metformin, an anti-hyperglycemic agent used for type 2 diabetes, has recently been found to have more effects apart from glucose regulation. We found that, in ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene particle-induced osteolysis mouse models, metformin had bone protect property and reduced the negative regulator of bone formation sclerostin (SOST) and Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1), and increased osteoprotegerin (OPG) secretion and the ratio of OPG/Receptor Activator for Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand (RANKL). In vitro, we established a 3D co-culture system in which metformin affects osteoblasts and osteoclasts through mature osteocytes secretion. Metformin (50 μM) significantly decreased SOST and DKK1 mRNA expression, stimulating alkaline phosphatase activity and proliferation of osteoblast, and increased OPG secretion and the ratio of OPG/RANKL, inhibiting osteoclastogenesis. Moreover, the effect on OPG was reversed by adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase inhibitor, Compound C. Our finding suggests that metformin induces differentiation and mineralization of osteoblasts, while inhibits osteoclastogenesis via mature osteocytes secretion. Therefore, the drug might be beneficial for not only diabetes but also in other bone disorders by acting on mature osteocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxi Tian
- Emergency Department of Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Zichen Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacogenomics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongsheng Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacogenomics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Zhu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Wei
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingsheng Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Zifan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacogenomics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaorui Cao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.
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Babic M, Schuchardt M, Tölle M, van der Giet M. In times of tobacco-free nicotine consumption: The influence of nicotine on vascular calcification. Eur J Clin Invest 2019; 49:e13077. [PMID: 30721530 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking remains the most important avoidable cause of global mortality. Even though the number of cigarette smokers declines in first world countries, the uses of alternative nicotine delivery products increase and may even surpass the sells of cigarettes. In this light, the explicit role of nicotine in the development of cardiovascular diseases should be elucidated. OBJECTIVES This narrative review attempts to connect current literature about possible effects of nicotine on the environment of the vasculature to the pathogenesis of vascular calcification, focusing on the tunica media of the vessel wall. METHODS For this review, papers found on Pubmed and Medline until December 2018 by searching for the keywords nicotine, vascular calcification, oxidative stress, osteoblastic transdifferentiation and matrix degradation were considered. RESULTS Nicotine creates an environment that probably facilitates and maybe even induces osteogenic transdifferentiation of VSMC by inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and reactive oxygen species. This process is believed to be a key event in calcification of the tunica media of the vessel wall. Furthermore, nicotine could lead to the formation of nucleation sites for hydroxyapatite by facilitating matrix vesicles and extracellular matrix degradation. CONCLUSIONS There is a growing body of evidence implicating that nicotine alone could impair vascular function and lead to vascular calcification. Further research is necessary to elucidate the explicit influence of nicotine on arteriosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milen Babic
- Department of Nephrology, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mirjam Schuchardt
- Department of Nephrology, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Tölle
- Department of Nephrology, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus van der Giet
- Department of Nephrology, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Li KX, Du Q, Wang HP, Sun HJ. Death-associated protein kinase 3 deficiency alleviates vascular calcification via AMPK-mediated inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 852:90-98. [PMID: 30851272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is a critical feature of chronic kidney disease (CKD), diabetes, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Death-associated protein kinase 3 (DAPK3) is involved in vascular remodeling in hypertension. However, it remains to be clarified whether DAPK3 controls vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotypic transition into an osteogenic cell phenotype, which is an important process for VC. In vivo VC was induced in rats by vitamin D3 and nicotine. VSMCs were incubated with calcifying media containing β-glycerophosphate and Ca2+ to induce VC in vitro. Herein, we demonstrated increased expression of DAPK3 in the aortas of VC rats and VSMCs cultured in calcifying media. Knockdown of DAPK3 significantly inhibited calcifying media-induced VSMC mineralization and retarded the phenotypic transformation of VSMCs into osteogenic cells. Silencing of DAPK3 suppressed endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) related protein expressions, but upregulated the phosphorylation level of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in calcified VSMCs. Moreover, pretreatment with AMPK inhibitor Compound C abolished DAPK3 shRNA-mediated inhibition of ERS in VSMCs. In vivo, DAPK inhibitor significantly prevented calcium deposition in the aortas of VC rats. The present results revealed that DAPK3 modulated VSMC calcification through AMPK-mediated ERS signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Xue Li
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China
| | - Qiong Du
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China
| | - Hui-Ping Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Hai-Jian Sun
- Department of Basic Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.
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Ma WQ, Sun XJ, Wang Y, Zhu Y, Han XQ, Liu NF. Restoring mitochondrial biogenesis with metformin attenuates β-GP-induced phenotypic transformation of VSMCs into an osteogenic phenotype via inhibition of PDK4/oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 479:39-53. [PMID: 30170182 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial abnormalities have long been observed in the development of vascular calcification. Metformin, a member of the biguanide class of antidiabetic drugs, has recently received attention owing to new findings regarding its protective role in cardiovascular disease. Since the precise control of mitochondrial quantity and quality is critical for the survival and function of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis may be a potential protective factor for VSMCs against osteoblast-like phenotypic transition. However, limited studies have been reported in this area. Here, we investigated the role of metformin in the phenotypic transformation of VSMCs, as well as its intracellular signal transduction pathways. We demonstrated that supplementation with metformin restored the β-glycerophosphate (β-GP)-mediated impairment of mitochondrial biogenesis in VSMCs, as evidenced by an increased mitochondrial DNA copy number, a restored mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and upregulated mitochondrial biogenesis-related gene expression, whereas the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor compound C suppressed these effects. We also observed that overexpression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4), an important mitochondrial matrix enzyme in cellular energy metabolism, exacerbated β-GP-induced oxidative stress and subsequent apoptosis in VSMCs but that these effects were suppressed by dichloroacetate, a widely reported PDK4 inhibitor. More importantly, enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis attenuated the β-GP-induced phenotypic transformation of VSMCs into an osteogenic phenotype through inhibition of the PDK4/oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis pathway, whereas disruption of mitochondrial biogenesis by zidovudine aggravated β-GP-induced apoptosis in VSMCs. In addition, inhibition of autophagy by small interfering RNA targeting Atg5 reduced mitochondrial biogenesis in VSMCs. In summary, we uncovered a novel mechanism by which metformin attenuates the phenotypic transformation of VSMCs into an osteogenic phenotype via inhibition of the PDK4/oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis pathway, and mitochondrial homeostasis is involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qi Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Xue-Jiao Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Xi-Qiong Han
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Nai-Feng Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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Lu Y, Wang Y, Weng T, Chen Z, Sun X, Wei J, Cai Z, Xiang M. Association between Metformin Use and Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 2 Diabetic Patients. J Diabetes Res 2019; 2019:9484717. [PMID: 31192264 PMCID: PMC6525896 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9484717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with coronary artery calcification (CAC) which is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events. Metformin is the first-line antidiabetic medication. We aimed to investigate the association between metformin use and CAC. METHODS We included 369 patients with T2DM in this cross-sectional study. CAC scores, clinical characteristics, and antidiabetic drug prescription information of the patients were acquired. Baseline parameters were balanced for metformin and nonmetformin users using the propensity score matching (PSM) strategy. RESULTS Among the 369 subjects who met our inclusion criteria, 288 subjects were included for further analysis after PSM. Metformin prescription rather than other antidiabetic medications was related to lower CAC scores (OR [95% CI] = 0.55 [0.34-0.90]; P = 0.018). Further multivariable logistic regression analysis demonstrated that metformin was negatively associated with CAC severity (OR [95% CI] = 0.58 [0.34-0.99]; P = 0.048), which was independent of age, BMI, eGFR, gender, cigarette smoking, duration of diabetes, hypertension, statin prescription, and number of nonmetformin antidiabetic agents. A subgroup analysis revealed a significant association between metformin and CAC scores in smokers (OR [95% CI] = 0.38 [0.16-0.93]; P = 0.035), but the association was not observed in never-smokers (OR [95% CI] = 0.72 [0.34-1.51]; P = 0.383). CONCLUSIONS Metformin usage was independently associated with lower CAC scores in T2DM patients. The negative correlation between CAC scores and metformin was most prominent in patients with a history of cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, #88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Yidong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, #88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Ting Weng
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, #88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Zexin Chen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiujuan Sun
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia Wei
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhejun Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, #88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, and The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Meixiang Xiang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, #88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
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Metformin prevents the development of severe chronic kidney disease and its associated mineral and bone disorder. Kidney Int 2018; 94:102-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Al-Dwairi A, Alqudah M, Al-Shboul O, Alfaqih M, Alomari D. Metformin exerts anti-inflammatory effects on mouse colon smooth muscle cells in vitro. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:985-992. [PMID: 30116349 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic incurable condition characterized by relapsing inflammation of the gut. Intestinal smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are affected structurally and functionally during IBD due to excessive production of different inflammatory mediators. Metformin is a widely used antidiabetic agent known to exert several anti-inflammatory effects in different tissues independently from its hypoglycemic effect. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of metformin on expression and secretion of different cytokines and chemokines from mouse colon SMCs (CSMCs) following induction of inflammation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro. CSMCs from male BALB/c mice were isolated and cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium and treated with LPS (1 µg/ml) and 0, 5, 10 or 20 mM metformin for 24 h. Expression and secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1α (IL-1α), macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), T cell activation gene-3 (TCA-3) and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) was evaluated by ELISA. LPS-treated CSMCs demonstrated significantly increased expression of TNF-α, IL-1α, M-CSF, TCA-3 and SDF-1 when compared with the control group (P<0.05). Co-treatment with metformin (5 and 10 mM) significantly reduced their expression by ~20-40% when compared with LPS treatment alone (P<0.05). Furthermore, secretion of TNF-α, IL-1α, M-CSF and TCA-3 into the conditioned media was significantly decreased by metformin (5 and 10 mM; P<0.05). In addition, metformin decreased levels of LPS-induced nuclear factor-κB phosphorylation. These data suggest that metformin may provide beneficial anti-inflammatory effects on CSMCs and it may be utilized as an adjunct therapy for patients suffering from IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Al-Dwairi
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Alqudah
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Othman Al-Shboul
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Mahmoud Alfaqih
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Dana Alomari
- Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
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Liu F, Chu C, Wei Q, Shi J, Li H, Dong N. Metformin ameliorates TGF-β1-induced osteoblastic differentiation of human aortic valve interstitial cells by inhibiting β-catenin signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 500:710-716. [PMID: 29679571 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Osteoblastic differentiation of aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs) is the central process in the development of calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). Metformin is a widely used first-line antidiabetic drug, and recently, pleiotropic benefits of metformin beyond hypoglycemia have been reported in the cardiovascular system. Here, we examined the effect of metformin on the osteoblastic differentiation of human AVICs. Our results showed that metformin ameliorated TGF-β1-induced production of osteogenic proteins Runx2 and osteopontin as well as calcium deposition in the cultured human AVICs. Experiments using AICAR, Compound C and AMPKα siRNA showed that the beneficial effect of metformin on TGF-β1-induced osteoblastic differentiation of human AVICs was mediated by AMPKα. Moreover, metformin inhibited the TGF-β1-induced activation of β-catenin, and β-catenin siRNA blocked TGF-β1-induced osteoblastic differentiation of AVICs. Smad2/3 and JNK were phosphorylated to promote the TGF-β1-induced activation of β-catenin and osteoblastic differentiation of AVICs, and metformin also alleviated TGF-β1-induced activation of Smad2/3 and JNK. In conclusion, our results suggest a beneficial effect of metformin based on the prevention of osteoblastic differentiation of human AVICs via inhibition of β-catenin, which indicates the therapeutic potential of metformin for CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayuan Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Chong Chu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Qinyu Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Jiawei Shi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Huadong Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China.
| | - Nianguo Dong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China.
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Salimi F, Jafari-Nodooshan S, Zohourian N, Kolivand S, Hamedi J. Simultaneous anti-diabetic and anti-vascular calcification activity of Nocardia sp. UTMC 751. Lett Appl Microbiol 2018; 66:110-117. [PMID: 29223135 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-amylase can act as a significant player in causing hyperglycaemia, leading to protein glycation, which is the main complication in this condition, besides causing vascular calcification (VC), an important vascular failure caused due to this. In order to find a natural source of the biocompounds with inhibitory effects on α-amylase, 15 fermentation broth extracts of actinobacteria (FBEA) (200 μg ml-1 ) have been screened. Finally, the effects of the most efficient FBE have been investigated on osteopontin (OPN, a VC marker) mRNA level in the vascular smooth muscle cells under the calcification conditions, and the chemical constituents of the most efficient FBE were analysed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The tested FBEA showed anti-amylase (7·2-21%) and anti-denaturation (7·5-37%) activities. Among the tested FBEA, Nocardia sp. UTMC 751 FBE showed the highest anti-amylase activity (21%). This treatment group also displayed the minimum fructosamine and the maximum thiol groups content. In addition, this FBE reduced the mRNA level of the OPN (fourfold). The GC-MS analysis demonstrated the existence of three volatile and known antioxidants including pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3-(2-methylpropyl)-, pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3-(phenylmethyl)- and methyl ester of 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid in the FBE of Nocardia sp. UTMC 751. The results indicated that Nocardia sp. UTMC 751 is a considerable source of bioactive compounds that are effective against the direct and indirect pathological targets involved in diabetes. This study highlights the significant potential of rare Actinomycetes in producing pharmaceutically important biocompounds. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Actinobacteria are one of the best natural libraries for discovering drugs. Various commercial drugs have been developed against infectious and metabolic disorders from actinobacteria; however, there is no report on their simultaneous inhibitory effect against diabetes, a life-threatening disease, and its related pathological processes, like inflammation and vascular calcification (VC). In this research, after several screening, Nocardia sp. UTMC 751 was introduced as the first microbial source exhibiting a simultaneous inhibitory activity on the targets, including hyperglycaemia and protein glycation, and other involved pathological processes like inflammation and VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Salimi
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbial Technology and Products Research Center, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Jafari-Nodooshan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - N Zohourian
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbial Technology and Products Research Center, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Kolivand
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - J Hamedi
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbial Technology and Products Research Center, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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48
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Cheng HM, Wang JJ, Chen CH. The Role of Vascular Calcification in Heart Failure and Cognitive Decline. Pulse (Basel) 2017; 5:144-153. [PMID: 29761090 DOI: 10.1159/000484941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is heterogeneous and triggered by multiple mechanisms. It has been implicated in the development of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and cognitive function impairment. Understanding the pathophysiology of vascular calcification may help us improve the management of HFpEF, atherosclerosis, accelerated arterial stiffness, hypertension, and cognitive dysfunction. Currently, there are no effective strategies for treating accelerated arterial stiffness. This may indicate that once arterial stiffness or vascular calcification has developed, it may be less likely to stop the ongoing pathophysiology. Therefore, earlier intervention targeting the probable pathways of vascular calcification may benefit the patients with vascular calcification and related pathological conditions. In this review, we briefly discuss the proposed pathophysiological roles of vascular calcification in the development of heart failure and cognitive decline, the animal models used to study the link between vascular calcification and cardiovascular diseases, and the possible corresponding management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Min Cheng
- Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Department of Medical Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, ROC.,Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, ROC.,Department of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, ROC
| | - Jiun-Jr Wang
- Department of School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chen-Huan Chen
- Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Department of Medical Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, ROC.,Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, ROC.,Department of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, ROC
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49
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De Broe M, Kajbaf F, Lalau JD. Renoprotective Effects of Metformin. Nephron Clin Pract 2017; 138:261-274. [DOI: 10.1159/000481951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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50
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Goldberg RB, Aroda VR, Bluemke DA, Barrett-Connor E, Budoff M, Crandall JP, Dabelea D, Horton ES, Mather KJ, Orchard TJ, Schade D, Watson K, Temprosa M. Effect of Long-Term Metformin and Lifestyle in the Diabetes Prevention Program and Its Outcome Study on Coronary Artery Calcium. Circulation 2017; 136:52-64. [PMID: 28476766 PMCID: PMC5526695 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.025483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the reduced incidence of coronary heart disease with intensive risk factor management, people with diabetes mellitus and prediabetes remain at increased coronary heart disease risk. Diabetes prevention interventions may be needed to reduce coronary heart disease risk. This approach was examined in the DPP (Diabetes Prevention Program) and the DPPOS (Diabetes Prevention Program Outcome Study), a long-term intervention study in 3234 subjects with prediabetes (mean±SD age, 64±10 years) that showed reduced diabetes risk with lifestyle and metformin compared with placebo over 3.2 years. METHODS The DPPOS offered periodic group lifestyle sessions to all participants and continued metformin in the originally randomized metformin group. Subclinical atherosclerosis was assessed in 2029 participants with coronary artery calcium (CAC) measurements after an average of 14 years of follow-up. The CAC scores were analyzed continuously as CAC severity and categorically as CAC presence (CAC score >0) and reported separately in men and women. RESULTS There were no CAC differences between lifestyle and placebo intervention groups in either sex. CAC severity and presence were significantly lower among men in the metformin versus the placebo group (age-adjusted mean CAC severity, 39.5 versus 66.9 Agatston units, P=0.04; CAC presence, 75% versus 84%, P=0.02), but no metformin effect was seen in women. In multivariate analysis, the metformin effect in men was not influenced by demographic, anthropometric, or metabolic factors; by the development of diabetes mellitus; or by use/nonuse of statin therapy. CONCLUSIONS Metformin may protect against coronary atherosclerosis in prediabetes and early diabetes mellitus among men. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00038727.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald B Goldberg
- From Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (R.B.G.); MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC (V.R.A.); National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Washington, DC (D.A.B.); University of California, San Diego (E.B.-C.); Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles (M.B.); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY (J.P.C.); University of Colorado Denver (D.D.); Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA (E.S.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (K.J.M.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA (T.J.O.); University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque (D.S.); University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine (K.W.); and George Washington University Biostatistics Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rockville, MD (M.T.).
| | - Vanita R Aroda
- From Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (R.B.G.); MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC (V.R.A.); National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Washington, DC (D.A.B.); University of California, San Diego (E.B.-C.); Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles (M.B.); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY (J.P.C.); University of Colorado Denver (D.D.); Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA (E.S.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (K.J.M.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA (T.J.O.); University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque (D.S.); University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine (K.W.); and George Washington University Biostatistics Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rockville, MD (M.T.)
| | - David A Bluemke
- From Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (R.B.G.); MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC (V.R.A.); National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Washington, DC (D.A.B.); University of California, San Diego (E.B.-C.); Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles (M.B.); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY (J.P.C.); University of Colorado Denver (D.D.); Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA (E.S.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (K.J.M.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA (T.J.O.); University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque (D.S.); University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine (K.W.); and George Washington University Biostatistics Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rockville, MD (M.T.)
| | - Elizabeth Barrett-Connor
- From Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (R.B.G.); MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC (V.R.A.); National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Washington, DC (D.A.B.); University of California, San Diego (E.B.-C.); Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles (M.B.); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY (J.P.C.); University of Colorado Denver (D.D.); Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA (E.S.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (K.J.M.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA (T.J.O.); University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque (D.S.); University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine (K.W.); and George Washington University Biostatistics Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rockville, MD (M.T.)
| | - Matthew Budoff
- From Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (R.B.G.); MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC (V.R.A.); National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Washington, DC (D.A.B.); University of California, San Diego (E.B.-C.); Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles (M.B.); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY (J.P.C.); University of Colorado Denver (D.D.); Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA (E.S.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (K.J.M.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA (T.J.O.); University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque (D.S.); University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine (K.W.); and George Washington University Biostatistics Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rockville, MD (M.T.)
| | - Jill P Crandall
- From Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (R.B.G.); MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC (V.R.A.); National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Washington, DC (D.A.B.); University of California, San Diego (E.B.-C.); Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles (M.B.); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY (J.P.C.); University of Colorado Denver (D.D.); Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA (E.S.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (K.J.M.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA (T.J.O.); University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque (D.S.); University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine (K.W.); and George Washington University Biostatistics Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rockville, MD (M.T.)
| | - Dana Dabelea
- From Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (R.B.G.); MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC (V.R.A.); National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Washington, DC (D.A.B.); University of California, San Diego (E.B.-C.); Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles (M.B.); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY (J.P.C.); University of Colorado Denver (D.D.); Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA (E.S.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (K.J.M.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA (T.J.O.); University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque (D.S.); University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine (K.W.); and George Washington University Biostatistics Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rockville, MD (M.T.)
| | - Edward S Horton
- From Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (R.B.G.); MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC (V.R.A.); National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Washington, DC (D.A.B.); University of California, San Diego (E.B.-C.); Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles (M.B.); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY (J.P.C.); University of Colorado Denver (D.D.); Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA (E.S.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (K.J.M.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA (T.J.O.); University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque (D.S.); University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine (K.W.); and George Washington University Biostatistics Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rockville, MD (M.T.)
| | - Kieren J Mather
- From Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (R.B.G.); MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC (V.R.A.); National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Washington, DC (D.A.B.); University of California, San Diego (E.B.-C.); Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles (M.B.); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY (J.P.C.); University of Colorado Denver (D.D.); Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA (E.S.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (K.J.M.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA (T.J.O.); University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque (D.S.); University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine (K.W.); and George Washington University Biostatistics Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rockville, MD (M.T.)
| | - Trevor J Orchard
- From Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (R.B.G.); MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC (V.R.A.); National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Washington, DC (D.A.B.); University of California, San Diego (E.B.-C.); Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles (M.B.); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY (J.P.C.); University of Colorado Denver (D.D.); Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA (E.S.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (K.J.M.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA (T.J.O.); University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque (D.S.); University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine (K.W.); and George Washington University Biostatistics Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rockville, MD (M.T.)
| | - David Schade
- From Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (R.B.G.); MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC (V.R.A.); National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Washington, DC (D.A.B.); University of California, San Diego (E.B.-C.); Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles (M.B.); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY (J.P.C.); University of Colorado Denver (D.D.); Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA (E.S.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (K.J.M.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA (T.J.O.); University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque (D.S.); University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine (K.W.); and George Washington University Biostatistics Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rockville, MD (M.T.)
| | - Karol Watson
- From Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (R.B.G.); MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC (V.R.A.); National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Washington, DC (D.A.B.); University of California, San Diego (E.B.-C.); Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles (M.B.); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY (J.P.C.); University of Colorado Denver (D.D.); Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA (E.S.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (K.J.M.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA (T.J.O.); University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque (D.S.); University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine (K.W.); and George Washington University Biostatistics Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rockville, MD (M.T.)
| | - Marinella Temprosa
- From Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL (R.B.G.); MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC (V.R.A.); National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Washington, DC (D.A.B.); University of California, San Diego (E.B.-C.); Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles (M.B.); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY (J.P.C.); University of Colorado Denver (D.D.); Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA (E.S.H.); Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (K.J.M.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA (T.J.O.); University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque (D.S.); University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine (K.W.); and George Washington University Biostatistics Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rockville, MD (M.T.)
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