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Morrow NM, Morissette A, Mulvihill EE. Immunomodulation and inflammation: Role of GLP-1R and GIPR expressing cells within the gut. Peptides 2024; 176:171200. [PMID: 38555054 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are peptide hormones produced by enteroendocrine cells in the small intestine. Despite being produced in the gut, the leveraging of their role in potentiating glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, also known as the incretin effect, has distracted from discernment of direct intestinal signaling circuits. Both preclinical and clinical evidence have highlighted a role for the incretins in inflammation. In this review, we highlight the discoveries of GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R)+ natural (TCRαβ and TCRγδ) and induced (TCRαβ+CD4+ cells and TCRαβ+CD8αβ+) intraepithelial lymphocytes. Both endogenous signaling and pharmacological activation of GLP-1R impact local and systemic inflammation, the gut microbiota, whole-body metabolism, as well as the control of GLP-1 bioavailability. While GIPR signaling has been documented to impact hematopoiesis, the impact of these bone marrow-derived cells in gut immunology is not well understood. We uncover gaps in the literature of the evaluation of the impact of sex in these GLP-1R and GIP receptor (GIPR) signaling circuits and provide speculations of the maintenance roles these hormones play within the gut in the fasting-refeeding cycles. GLP-1R agonists and GLP-1R/GIPR agonists are widely used as treatments for diabetes and weight loss, respectively; however, their impact on gut homeostasis has not been fully explored. Advancing our understanding of the roles of GLP-1R and GIPR signaling within the gut at homeostasis as well as metabolic and inflammatory diseases may provide targets to improve disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadya M Morrow
- The University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, H-3229A, Ottawa, Ontario KIY 4W7, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Arianne Morissette
- The University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, H-3229A, Ottawa, Ontario KIY 4W7, Canada
| | - Erin E Mulvihill
- The University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, H-3229A, Ottawa, Ontario KIY 4W7, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada; Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Montreal Diabetes Research Group, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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2
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Ramasamy I. Physiological Appetite Regulation and Bariatric Surgery. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1347. [PMID: 38546831 PMCID: PMC10932430 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13051347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity remains a common metabolic disorder and a threat to health as it is associated with numerous complications. Lifestyle modifications and caloric restriction can achieve limited weight loss. Bariatric surgery is an effective way of achieving substantial weight loss as well as glycemic control secondary to weight-related type 2 diabetes mellitus. It has been suggested that an anorexigenic gut hormone response following bariatric surgery contributes to weight loss. Understanding the changes in gut hormones and their contribution to weight loss physiology can lead to new therapeutic treatments for weight loss. Two distinct types of neurons in the arcuate hypothalamic nuclei control food intake: proopiomelanocortin neurons activated by the anorexigenic (satiety) hormones and neurons activated by the orexigenic peptides that release neuropeptide Y and agouti-related peptide (hunger centre). The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus integrates hormonal inputs from the gut and adipose tissue (the anorexigenic hormones cholecystokinin, polypeptide YY, glucagon-like peptide-1, oxyntomodulin, leptin, and others) and orexigeneic peptides (ghrelin). Replicating the endocrine response to bariatric surgery through pharmacological mimicry holds promise for medical treatment. Obesity has genetic and environmental factors. New advances in genetic testing have identified both monogenic and polygenic obesity-related genes. Understanding the function of genes contributing to obesity will increase insights into the biology of obesity. This review includes the physiology of appetite control, the influence of genetics on obesity, and the changes that occur following bariatric surgery. This has the potential to lead to the development of more subtle, individualised, treatments for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra Ramasamy
- Department of Blood Sciences, Conquest Hospital, Hastings TN37 7RD, UK
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3
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Mohamed EL Kafoury B, Ebrahim AT, Abd-El Hamid Ali MS, Shaker Mehanna N, Ibrahim Ramadan GES, Ezzat Morsy W. Short chain fatty acids and GIT hormones mitigate gut barrier disruption in high fat diet fed rats supplemented by synbiotics. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2023; 16:139-163. [DOI: 10.3233/mnm-230026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
High fat diet (HFD) predisposes to many metabolic changes; it may disrupt gut barrier integrity and gut microbiota composition. Synbiotic supplementation may promote host’s metabolic health by selective activation of the healthy microorganisms. This study aimed to probe the interaction between synbiotic supplementation, gut microbiota and gut hormones in HFD states. Twenty-seven adult male albino rats, 3 groups, group I: control, group II: HFD received HFD for 12 weeks and group III: synbiotic-supplemented HFD received synbiotic in the last 6 weeks. The anthropometric measurments were measured. Liver transaminases, lipid profile, parameters of insulin resistance, serum serotonin, glucagon like polypeptide-1 (GLP-1), oxidant/antioxidant markers (MDA/GPx), zonulin levels and quantitative cecal short chain fatty acids (SCFA) were assessed. Samples of liver and colon were employed for histopathological studies. Compared to HFD group, synbiotic led to a significant reduction in anthropometric measurements, liver enzymes, atherogenic index, HOMA-IR and MDA denoting improved dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and oxidative state. Moreover, synbiotic supplementation decreased serum zonulin and increased both serum serotonin, GLP-1 and cecal SCFAs. Synbiotic supplementation ameliorated the metabolic derangements and the disturbed integrity of the intestinal barrier induced by HFD. As synbiotics can increase gut hormones (serum GLP-1&serotonin) and SCFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asmaa Tarek Ebrahim
- Assistant Lecturer of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Manal Said Abd-El Hamid Ali
- Assistant Professor of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Assistant Professor of Physiology, Armed Forces College of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nayra Shaker Mehanna
- Professor of Dairy and Food Microbiology, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Wessam Ezzat Morsy
- Assistant Professor of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Assistant Professor of Physiology, Armed Forces College of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
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4
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Brubaker PL. The Molecular Determinants of Glucagon-like Peptide Secretion by the Intestinal L cell. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6717959. [PMID: 36156130 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal L cell secretes a diversity of biologically active hormones, most notably the glucagon-like peptides, GLP-1 and GLP-2. The highly successful introduction of GLP-1-based drugs into the clinic for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity, and of a GLP-2 analog for patients with short bowel syndrome, has led to the suggestion that stimulation of the endogenous secretion of these peptides may serve as a novel therapeutic approach in these conditions. Situated in the intestinal epithelium, the L cell demonstrates complex relationships with not only circulating, paracrine, and neural regulators, but also ingested nutrients and other factors in the lumen, most notably the microbiota. The integrated input from these numerous secretagogues results in a variety of temporal patterns in L cell secretion, ranging from minutes to 24 hours. This review combines the findings of traditional, physiological studies with those using newer molecular approaches to describe what is known and what remains to be elucidated after 5 decades of research on the intestinal L cell and its secreted peptides, GLP-1 and GLP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Brubaker
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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5
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da Silva EM, Yariwake VY, Alves RW, de Araujo DR, Andrade-Oliveira V. Crosstalk between incretin hormones, Th17 and Treg cells in inflammatory diseases. Peptides 2022; 155:170834. [PMID: 35753504 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells constantly crosstalk with the gut microbiota and immune cells of the gut lamina propria. Enteroendocrine cells, secrete hormones, such as incretin hormones, which participate in host physiological events, such as stimulating insulin secretion, satiety, and glucose homeostasis. Interestingly, evidence suggests that the incretin pathway may influence immune cell activation. Consequently, drugs targeting the incretin hormone signaling pathway may ameliorate inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases, cancer, and autoimmune diseases. In this review, we discuss how these hormones may modulate two subsets of CD4 + T cells, the regulatory T cells (Treg)/Th17 axis important for gut homeostasis: thus, preventing the development and progression of inflammatory diseases. We also summarize the main experimental and clinical findings using drugs targeting the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) signaling pathways and their great impact on conditions in which the Treg/Th17 axis is disturbed such as inflammatory diseases and cancer. Understanding the role of incretin stimulation in immune cell activation and function, might contribute to new therapeutic designs for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, autoimmunity, and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor Yuji Yariwake
- Department of Immunology - Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil
| | - Renan Willian Alves
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Brazil
| | | | - Vinicius Andrade-Oliveira
- Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil; Department of Immunology - Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil; Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Brazil.
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6
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Chen Y, Xu YN, Ye CY, Feng WB, Zhou QT, Yang DH, Wang MW. GLP-1 mimetics as a potential therapy for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:1156-1166. [PMID: 34934197 PMCID: PMC9061743 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00836-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), as a severe form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is characterized by liver steatosis, inflammation, hepatocellular injury and different degrees of fibrosis. The pathogenesis of NASH is complex and multifactorial, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have been implicated as major risk factors. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is one of the most successful drug targets of T2DM and obesity, and its peptidic ligands have been proposed as potential therapeutic agents for NASH. In this article we provide an overview of the pathophysiology and management of NASH, with a special focus on the pharmacological effects and possible mechanisms of GLP-1 mimetics in treating NAFLD/NASH, including dual and triple agonists at GLP-1R, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor or glucagon receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Ying-na Xu
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Chen-yu Ye
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Wen-bo Feng
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Qing-tong Zhou
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - De-hua Yang
- grid.419093.60000 0004 0619 8396The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research and The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China ,Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, 572025 China
| | - Ming-wei Wang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China ,grid.419093.60000 0004 0619 8396The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research and The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China ,Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, 572025 China ,grid.440637.20000 0004 4657 8879School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210 China
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7
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Fernandes MF, Tomczewski MV, Duncan RE. Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Secretion Is Inhibited by Lysophosphatidic Acid. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084163. [PMID: 35456981 PMCID: PMC9025735 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) potentiates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). While dozens of compounds stimulate GLP-1 secretion, few inhibit. Reduced GLP-1 secretion and impaired GSIS occur in chronic inflammation. Lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs) are bioactive phospholipids elevated in inflammation. The aim of this study was to test whether LPA inhibits GLP-1 secretion in vitro and in vivo. GLUTag L-cells were treated with various LPA species, with or without LPA receptor (LPAR) antagonists, and media GLP-1 levels, cellular cyclic AMP and calcium ion concentrations, and DPP4 activity levels were analyzed. Mice were injected with LPA, with or without LPAR antagonists, and serum GLP-1 and DPP4 activity were measured. GLUTag GLP-1 secretion was decreased ~70–90% by various LPAs. GLUTag expression of Lpar1, 2, and 3 was orders of magnitude higher than Lpar4, 5, and 6, implicating the former group in this effect. In agreement, inhibition of GLP-1 secretion was reversed by the LPAR1/3 antagonist Ki16425, the LPAR1 antagonists AM095 and AM966, or the LPAR2 antagonist LPA2-antagonist 1. We hypothesized involvement of Gαi-mediated LPAR activity, and found that intracellular cyclic AMP and calcium ion concentrations were decreased by LPA, but restored by Ki16425. Mouse LPA injection caused an ~50% fall in circulating GLP-1, although only LPAR1 or LPAR1/3 antagonists, but not LPAR2 antagonism, prevented this. GLUTag L-cell and mouse serum DPP4 activity was unchanged by LPA or LPAR antagonists. LPA therefore impairs GLP-1 secretion in vitro and in vivo through Gαi-coupled LPAR1/3 signaling, providing a new mechanism linking inflammation with impaired GSIS.
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8
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Yeo E, Brubaker PL, Sloboda DM. The intestine and the microbiota in maternal glucose homeostasis during pregnancy. J Endocrinol 2022; 253:R1-R19. [PMID: 35099411 PMCID: PMC8942339 DOI: 10.1530/joe-21-0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
It is now well established that, beyond its role in nutrient processing and absorption, the intestine and its accompanying gut microbiome constitute a major site of immunological and endocrine regulation that mediates whole-body metabolism. Despite the growing field of host-microbe research, few studies explore what mechanisms govern this relationship in the context of pregnancy. During pregnancy, significant maternal metabolic adaptations are made to accommodate the additional energy demands of the developing fetus and to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes. Recent data suggest that the maternal gut microbiota may play a role in these adaptations, but changes to maternal gut physiology and the underlying intestinal mechanisms remain unclear. In this review, we discuss selective aspects of intestinal physiology including the role of the incretin hormone, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and the role of the maternal gut microbiome in the maternal metabolic adaptations to pregnancy. Specifically, we discuss how bacterial components and metabolites could mediate the effects of the microbiota on host physiology, including nutrient absorption and GLP-1 secretion and action, and whether these mechanisms may change maternal insulin sensitivity and secretion during pregnancy. Finally, we discuss how these pathways could be altered in disease states during pregnancy including maternal obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Yeo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Patricia L Brubaker
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Deborah M Sloboda
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Correspondence should be addressed to D M Sloboda:
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9
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Xiao Y, Tan C, Nie X, Li B, You M, Lan Y, Tang L. Rise in Postprandial GLP-1 Levels After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: Involvement of the Vagus Nerve-Spleen Anti-inflammatory Axis in Type 2 Diabetic Rats. Obes Surg 2022; 32:1077-1085. [PMID: 35044600 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-021-05877-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The mechanism underlying postprandial glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) changes after metabolic surgery remains mostly unclarified. This investigation aimed to address whether the vagus nerve-spleen anti-inflammatory axis is involved in the rise in postprandial GLP-1 levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats following metabolic surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS T2DM rat model was established with a high-fat diet and a low dose of streptozotocin and subjected to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and splenic denervation. A mixed-meal tolerance test for postprandial GLP-1 response was performed. TNF-α in the plasma, spleen, and ileum was measured by ELISA, and alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) expression in the spleen was analyzed by Western blot. RESULTS Postprandial GLP-1 improvement by RYGB was accompanied by the reduction of TNF-α levels in spleen and ileum and up-regulation of splenic α7nAChR in T2DM rats. Splenic denervation abrogates a rise in postprandial GLP-1 levels in response to the mixed-meal challenge, along with higher TNF-α levels in spleen and ileum and down-regulation of splenicα7nAChR, compared with denervated sham rats. CONCLUSION Our results reveal that the vagus nerve-spleen anti-inflammatory axis mediates the rise of postprandial GLP-1 response after RYGB through lowering TNF-α contents in the intestinal tissue in T2DM rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xiao
- Department of Day Surgery Center, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, 412000, China
| | - Chang Tan
- Department of Gynecology, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, 412000, China
| | - Xiaoya Nie
- Department of General Medicine, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, No. 116 Changjiang Road, Zhuzhou, 412000, China
| | - Baifeng Li
- Department of Day Surgery Center, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, 412000, China
| | - Miao You
- Department of Day Surgery Center, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, 412000, China
| | - Yunyun Lan
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, No.116 Changjiang Road, Zhuzhou, 412000, China.
| | - Liang Tang
- Department of General Medicine, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, No. 116 Changjiang Road, Zhuzhou, 412000, China.
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10
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Zhou M, Wang L, Zhou L, Chang X, Zhu X. Novel Insight into the Mechanism of Metabolic Surgery Causing the Diversity in Glycemic Status in Type 2 Diabetes. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2022; 130:484-492. [PMID: 34979572 DOI: 10.1055/a-1708-3214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic surgery results in diverse glycemic status in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), including hyperglycemia without remission, significant amelioration of hyperglycemia with partial remission, complete restoration of euglycemia, or with prolonged remission, hyperglycemia recurrence in relapses after remission, or post-bariatric hypoglycemia. Unfortunately, it is not known how metabolic surgery leads to this diverse consequence. Here, we discuss the diversity of glycemic status associated with metabolic surgery and the potential mechanisms of T2D remission. We also highlight the relationship between the change in low-grade inflammation and T2D remission after metabolic surgery. We hypothesize that the level of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines controls the efficacy of metabolic surgery in patients with T2D. This hypothesis may provide further insight into the mechanism of the beneficial effects of metabolic surgery patients with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnostics, North University of Hebei, Zhangjiakou, China.,Department of Blood Transfusion, Forth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Department of Day Care Unit, Gansu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lujin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnostics, North University of Hebei, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Xiaotong Chang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnostics, North University of Hebei, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnostics, North University of Hebei, Zhangjiakou, China
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11
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Neuro-immune-metabolism: The tripod system of homeostasis. Immunol Lett 2021; 240:77-97. [PMID: 34655659 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Homeostatic regulation of cellular and molecular processes is essential for the efficient physiological functioning of body organs. It requires an intricate balance of several networks throughout the body, most notable being the nervous, immune and metabolic systems. Several studies have reported the interactions between neuro-immune, immune-metabolic and neuro-metabolic pathways. Current review aims to integrate the information and show that neuro, immune and metabolic systems form the triumvirate of homeostasis. It focuses on the cellular and molecular interactions occurring in the extremities and intestine, which are innervated by the peripheral nervous system and for the intestine in particular the enteric nervous system. While the interdependence of neuro-immune-metabolic pathways provides a fallback mechanism in case of disruption of homeostasis, in chronic pathologies of continued disequilibrium, the collapse of one system spreads to the other interacting networks as well. Current review illustrates this domino-effect using diabetes as the main example. Together, this review attempts to provide a holistic picture of the integrated network of neuro-immune-metabolism and attempts to broaden the outlook when devising a scientific study or a treatment strategy.
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12
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Hyun CK. Molecular and Pathophysiological Links between Metabolic Disorders and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179139. [PMID: 34502047 PMCID: PMC8430512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable epidemiological evidence indicating comorbidity between metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, as well as common pathophysiological features shared by these two categories of diseases, the relationship between their pathogenesis at molecular levels are not well described. Intestinal barrier dysfunction is a characteristic pathological feature of IBD, which also plays causal roles in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory metabolic disorders. Increased intestinal permeability is associated with a pro-inflammatory response of the intestinal immune system, possibly leading to the development of both diseases. In addition, dysregulated interactions between the gut microbiota and the host immunity have been found to contribute to immune-mediated disorders including the two diseases. In connection with disrupted gut microbial composition, alterations in gut microbiota-derived metabolites have also been shown to be closely related to the pathogeneses of both diseases. Focusing on these prominent pathophysiological features observed in both metabolic disorders and IBD, this review highlights and summarizes the molecular risk factors that may link between the pathogeneses of the two diseases, which is aimed at providing a comprehensive understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying their comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Kee Hyun
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang 37554, Gyungbuk, Korea
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13
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Khan S, Luck H, Winer S, Winer DA. Emerging concepts in intestinal immune control of obesity-related metabolic disease. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2598. [PMID: 33972511 PMCID: PMC8110751 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22727-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal immune system is an important modulator of glucose homeostasis and obesity-associated insulin resistance. Dietary factors, the intestinal microbiota and their metabolites shape intestinal immunity during obesity. The intestinal immune system in turn affects processes such as intestinal permeability, immune cell trafficking, and intestinal hormone availability, impacting systemic insulin resistance. Understanding these pathways might identify mechanisms underlying treatments for insulin resistance, such as metformin and bariatric surgery, or aid in developing new therapies and vaccination approaches. Here, we highlight evolving concepts centered on intestinal immunity, diet, and the microbiota to provide a working model of obesity-related metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Khan
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (TGHRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Helen Luck
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (TGHRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shawn Winer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel A Winer
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (TGHRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.
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Hsu CC, Li Y, Hsu CT, Cheng JT, Lin MH, Cheng KC, Chen SW. Etanercept Ameliorates Cardiac Fibrosis in Rats with Diet-Induced Obesity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14040320. [PMID: 33916242 PMCID: PMC8067047 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet-induced obesity (DIO) is considered the main risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Increases in the plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is associated with DIO. Etanercept, a TNF-α inhibitor, has been shown to alleviate cardiac hypertrophy. To investigate the effect of etanercept on cardiac fibrosis in DIO model, rats on high fat diet (HFD) were subdivided into two groups: the etanercept group and vehicle group. Cardiac injury was identified by classic methods, while fibrosis was characterized by histological analysis of the hearts. Etanercept treatment at 0.8 mg/kg/week twice weekly by subcutaneous injection effectively alleviates the cardiac fibrosis in HFD-fed rats. STAT3 activation seems to be induced in parallel with fibrosis-related gene expression in the hearts of HFD-fed rats. Decreased STAT3 activation plays a role in the etanercept-treated animals. Moreover, fibrosis-related genes are activated by palmitate in parallel with STAT3 activation in H9c2 cells. Etanercept may inhibit the effects of palmitate, but it is less effective than a direct inhibitor of STAT3. Direct inhibition of STAT3 activation by etanercept seems unlikely. Etanercept has the ability to ameliorate cardiac fibrosis through reduction of STAT3 activation after the inhibition of TNF-α and/or its receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chen Hsu
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei City 110, Taiwan;
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Gerontology and Health Care Management, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Guishan, Taoyuan City 613, Taiwan;
| | - Yingxiao Li
- Department of Nursing, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien City 970, Taiwan;
| | - Chao-Tien Hsu
- Department of Pathology, I-Shou University Medical Center, Yanchao District, Kaohsiung City 824, Taiwan;
| | - Juei-Tang Cheng
- Department of Medical Research, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan City 710, Taiwan;
| | - Mang-Hung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Gerontology and Health Care Management, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Guishan, Taoyuan City 613, Taiwan;
| | - Kai-Chun Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Tajen University, Pingtung 907, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (K.-C.C.); (S.-W.C.); Tel.: +886-8-762-4002 (K.-C.C.); +886-6-6336999 (S.-W.C.)
| | - Shang-Wen Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Chi-Mei Medical Center Liouying, Tainan City 736, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (K.-C.C.); (S.-W.C.); Tel.: +886-8-762-4002 (K.-C.C.); +886-6-6336999 (S.-W.C.)
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15
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GI inflammation Increases Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter Sglt1. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102537. [PMID: 31126070 PMCID: PMC6566487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A correlation between gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation and gut hormones has reported that inflammatory stimuli including bacterial endotoxins, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 induces high levels of incretin hormone leading to glucose dysregulation. Although incretin hormones are immediately secreted in response to environmental stimuli, such as nutrients, cytokines, and LPS, but studies of glucose-induced incretin secretion in an inflamed state are limited. We hypothesized that GI inflammatory conditions induce over-stimulated incretin secretion via an increase of glucose-sensing receptors. To confirm our hypothesis, we observed the alteration of glucose-induced incretin secretion and glucose-sensing receptors in a GI inflammatory mouse model, and we treated a conditioned media (Mϕ 30%) containing inflammatory cytokines in intestinal epithelium cells and enteroendocrine L-like NCI-H716 cells. In GI-inflamed mice, we observed that over-stimulated incretin secretion and insulin release in response to glucose and sodium glucose cotransporter (Sglt1) was increased. Incubation with Mϕ 30% increases Sglt1 and induces glucose-induced GLP-1 secretion with increasing intracellular calcium influx. Phloridzin, an sglt1 inhibitor, inhibits glucose-induced GLP-1 secretion, ERK activation, and calcium influx. These findings suggest that the abnormalities of incretin secretion leading to metabolic disturbances in GI inflammatory disease by an increase of Sglt1.
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16
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Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an enteroendocrine hormone that controls insulin secretion, intestinal function, and food intake. Recently in Nature, He et al. (2019) reported that gut intraepithelial T cells regulate GLP-1 bioavailability by capturing it on GLP-1 receptors and impacting L-cell numbers. This study delineates a novel endocrine-immune axis through which intestinal immune cells regulate whole-body metabolism.
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17
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Gut peptide and neuroendocrine regulation of hepatic lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:326-334. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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18
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Parker A, Vaux L, Patterson AM, Modasia A, Muraro D, Fletcher AG, Byrne HM, Maini PK, Watson AJM, Pin C. Elevated apoptosis impairs epithelial cell turnover and shortens villi in TNF-driven intestinal inflammation. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:108. [PMID: 30728350 PMCID: PMC6365534 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1275-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial monolayer, at the boundary between microbes and the host immune system, plays an important role in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), particularly as a target and producer of pro-inflammatory TNF. Chronic overexpression of TNF leads to IBD-like pathology over time, but the mechanisms driving early pathogenesis events are not clear. We studied the epithelial response to inflammation by combining mathematical models with in vivo experimental models resembling acute and chronic TNF-mediated injury. We found significant villus atrophy with increased epithelial cell death along the crypt-villus axis, most dramatically at the villus tips, in both acute and chronic inflammation. In the acute model, we observed overexpression of TNF receptor I in the villus tip rapidly after TNF injection and concurrent with elevated levels of intracellular TNF and rapid shedding at the tip. In the chronic model, sustained villus atrophy was accompanied by a reduction in absolute epithelial cell turnover. Mathematical modelling demonstrated that increased cell apoptosis on the villus body explains the reduction in epithelial cell turnover along the crypt-villus axis observed in chronic inflammation. Cell destruction in the villus was not accompanied by changes in proliferative cell number or division rate within the crypt. Epithelial morphology and immunological changes in the chronic setting suggest a repair response to cell damage although the villus length is not recovered. A better understanding of how this state is further destabilised and results in clinical pathology resembling IBD will help identify suitable pathways for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimée Parker
- Gut Health and Food Safety Research Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Vaux
- Gut Health and Food Safety Research Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Angela M Patterson
- Gut Health and Food Safety Research Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Amisha Modasia
- Gut Health and Food Safety Research Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alexander G Fletcher
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Helen M Byrne
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philip K Maini
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Carmen Pin
- Gut Health and Food Safety Research Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom. .,Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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19
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Ebbesen MS, Kissow H, Hartmann B, Grell K, Gørløv JS, Kielsen K, Holst JJ, Müller K. Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Is a Marker of Systemic Inflammation in Patients Treated with High-Dose Chemotherapy and Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2019; 25:1085-1091. [PMID: 30731250 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2019.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is challenged by side effects that may be propagated by chemotherapy-induced mucositis, resulting in bacterial translocation and systemic inflammation. Because gastrointestinal damage appears as an early event in this cascade of reactions, we hypothesized that markers reflecting damage to the intestinal barrier could serve as early predictive markers of toxicity. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a well-known regulator of blood glucose, has been found to promote intestinal growth and repair in animal studies. We investigated fasting GLP-1 plasma levels in 66 adults undergoing ASCT for lymphoma and multiple myeloma. GLP-1 increased significantly after chemotherapy, reaching peak levels at day +7 post-transplant (median, 8 pmol/L [interquartile range, 4 to 12] before conditioning versus 10 pmol/L [interquartile range, 6 to 17] at day +7; P = .007). The magnitude of the GLP-1 increase was related to the intensity of conditioning. GLP-1 at the day of transplantation (day 0) was positively associated with peak C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (46 mg/L per GLP-1 doubling, P < .001) and increase in days with fever (32% per GLP-1 doubling, P = .0058). Patients with GLP-1 above the median at day 0 had higher CRP levels from days +3 to +10 post-transplant than patients with lower GLP-1 (P ≤ .041) with peak values of 238 versus 129 mg/L, respectively. This study, which represents the first clinical investigation of fasting GLP-1 in relation to high-dose chemotherapy, provides evidence that GLP-1 plays a role in regulation of mucosal defenses. Fasting GLP-1 levels may serve as an early predictor of systemic inflammation and fever in patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Schou Ebbesen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Hannelouise Kissow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kathrine Grell
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Katrine Kielsen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute for Inflammation Research, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus Müller
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute for Inflammation Research, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Toll-like receptor 4 is necessary for glucose-dependent glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in male mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 510:104-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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21
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Filippello A, Urbano F, Di Mauro S, Scamporrino A, Di Pino A, Scicali R, Rabuazzo AM, Purrello F, Piro S. Chronic Exposure to Palmitate Impairs Insulin Signaling in an Intestinal L-cell Line: A Possible Shift from GLP-1 to Glucagon Production. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3791. [PMID: 30487448 PMCID: PMC6321596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are characterized by insulin resistance and impaired glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion/function. Lipotoxicity, a chronic elevation of free fatty acids in the blood, could affect insulin-signaling in many peripheral tissues. To date, the effects of lipotoxicity on the insulin receptor and insulin resistance in the intestinal L-cells need to be elucidated. Moreover, recent observations indicate that L-cells may be able to process not only GLP-1 but also glucagon from proglucagon. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic palmitate exposure on insulin pathways, GLP-1 secretion and glucagon synthesis in the GLUTag L-cell line. Cells were cultured in the presence/absence of palmitate (0.5 mM) for 24 h to mimic lipotoxicity. Palmitate treatment affected insulin-stimulated GLP-1 secretion, insulin receptor phosphorylation and IRS-1-AKT pathway signaling. In our model lipotoxicity induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK 44/42) activation both in insulin stimulated and basal conditions and also up-regulated paired box 6 (PAX6) and proglucagon expression (Gcg). Interestingly, palmitate treatment caused an increased glucagon secretion through the up-regulation of prohormone convertase 2. These results indicate that a state of insulin resistance could be responsible for secretory alterations in L-cells through the impairment of insulin-signaling pathways. Our data support the hypothesis that lipotoxicity might contribute to L-cell deregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Filippello
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy.
| | - Francesca Urbano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy.
| | - Stefania Di Mauro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Scamporrino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy.
| | - Antonino Di Pino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy.
| | - Roberto Scicali
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy.
| | - Agata Maria Rabuazzo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy.
| | - Francesco Purrello
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Piro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy.
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22
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Chen S, Wei W, Chen M, Qin X, Qiu L, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Cao Q, Ying Z. TNF Signaling Impacts Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Expression and Secretion. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:153-161. [PMID: 30021757 PMCID: PMC6192833 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have implicated tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. However, the role of its primary receptor, TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1), in homeostatic regulation of glucose metabolism is still controversial. In addition to TNFα, lymphotoxin α (LTα) binds to and activates TNFR1. Thus, TNFα and LTα together are known as TNF. To delineate the role of TNF signaling in glucose homeostasis, the present study ascertained how TNF signaling deficiency affects major regulatory components of glucose homeostasis. To this end, normal diet-fed male TNFR1 deficient mice (TNFR1-/-), TNFα/LTα/LTβ triple deficient mice (TNF/LT∆3), and their littermate controls were subjected to intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, insulin tolerance test, and oral glucose tolerance test. The present results showed that TNFR1-/- and TNF/LT∆3 mice versus their controls had comparable body weight, tolerance to intraperitoneal glucose, and sensitivity to insulin. However, their tolerance to oral glucose was significantly increased. Additionally, glucose-induced insulin secretion assessments revealed that TNFR1 or TNF/LT deficiency significantly increased oral but not intraperitoneal glucose-induced insulin secretion. Consistently, qPCR and immunohistochemistry analyses showed that TNFR1-/- and TNF/LT∆3 mice versus their controls had significantly increased ileal expression of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), one of the primary incretins. Their oral glucose-induced secretion of GLP-1 was also significantly increased. These data collectively suggest that physiological TNF signaling regulates glucose metabolism primarily through effects on GLP-1 expression and secretion and subsequently insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufang Chen
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
- Department of Bile Pancreatic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Minjie Chen
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Xiaobo Qin
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Lianglin Qiu
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Qi Cao
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Zhekang Ying
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
- Address for correspondence and reprint:Zhekang Ying PhD, 20 Penn St. HSFII S022, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA, or , Tel: 410-328-2063; Fax: 410-328-1048
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23
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Bessac A, Cani PD, Meunier E, Dietrich G, Knauf C. Inflammation and Gut-Brain Axis During Type 2 Diabetes: Focus on the Crosstalk Between Intestinal Immune Cells and Enteric Nervous System. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:725. [PMID: 30364179 PMCID: PMC6191495 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut-brain axis is now considered as a major actor in the control of glycemia. Recent discoveries show that the enteric nervous system (ENS) informs the hypothalamus of the nutritional state in order to control glucose entry in tissues. During type 2 diabetes (T2D), this way of communication is completely disturbed leading to the establishment of hyperglycemia and insulin-resistance. Indeed, the ENS neurons are largely targeted by nutrients (e.g., lipids, peptides) but also by inflammatory factors from different origin (i.e., host cells and gut microbiota). Inflammation, and more particularly in the intestine, contributes to the development of numerous pathologies such as intestinal bowel diseases, Parkinson diseases and T2D. Therefore, targeting the couple ENS/inflammation could represent an attractive therapeutic solution to treat metabolic diseases. In this review, we focus on the role of the crosstalk between intestinal immune cells and ENS neurons in the control of glycemia. In addition, given the growing evidence showing the key role of the gut microbiota in physiology, we will also briefly discuss its potential contribution and role on the immune and neuronal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Bessac
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory INSERM/UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1220, Université Paul Sabatier, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive et Nutrition, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrice D Cani
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory INSERM/UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Etienne Meunier
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5089, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Gilles Dietrich
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory INSERM/UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1220, Université Paul Sabatier, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive et Nutrition, Toulouse, France
| | - Claude Knauf
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory INSERM/UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1220, Université Paul Sabatier, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive et Nutrition, Toulouse, France
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24
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Kamareddine L, Robins WP, Berkey CD, Mekalanos JJ, Watnick PI. The Drosophila Immune Deficiency Pathway Modulates Enteroendocrine Function and Host Metabolism. Cell Metab 2018; 28:449-462.e5. [PMID: 29937377 PMCID: PMC6125180 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells (EEs) are interspersed between enterocytes and stem cells in the Drosophila intestinal epithelium. Like enterocytes, EEs express components of the immune deficiency (IMD) innate immune pathway, which activates transcription of genes encoding antimicrobial peptides. The discovery of large lipid droplets in intestines of IMD pathway mutants prompted us to investigate the role of the IMD pathway in the host metabolic response to its intestinal microbiota. Here we provide evidence that the short-chain fatty acid acetate is a microbial metabolic signal that activates signaling through the enteroendocrine IMD pathway in a PGRP-LC-dependent manner. This, in turn, increases transcription of the gene encoding the endocrine peptide Tachykinin (Tk), which is essential for timely larval development and optimal lipid metabolism and insulin signaling. Our findings suggest innate immune pathways not only provide the first line of defense against infection but also afford the intestinal microbiota control over host development and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Kamareddine
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - William P Robins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Cristin D Berkey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John J Mekalanos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Paula I Watnick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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25
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Brubaker PL. Glucagon‐like Peptide‐2 and the Regulation of Intestinal Growth and Function. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:1185-1210. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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Laverdure R, Mezouari A, Carson MA, Basiliko N, Gagnon J. A role for methanogens and methane in the regulation of GLP-1. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2018; 1:e00006. [PMID: 30815543 PMCID: PMC6353219 DOI: 10.1002/edm2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome has emerged as a potential regulator of metabolism. However, the precise mechanisms of how microorganisms may influence physiology remain largely unknown. Interestingly, GI microorganisms, including methanogens, are localized within the same regions as the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secreting L cells. GLP-1 plays key roles appetite and glucose regulation. Furthermore, both methane and GLP-1 levels are altered in obese humans with metabolic disease. We predict that high-fat diet-induced obesity alters the abundance of GI methanogens and that methane may play a role in the GLP-1 secretory response from the L cell. METHODS To demonstrate this, GLP-1 secretion response and faecal methanogens were examined in mice given a high-fat diet for 14 weeks. In addition, the direct effect of methane on GLP-1 secretion was assessed in two L-cell models (NCI-H716 and GLUTag). RESULTS High-fat diet caused a significant increase in both GLP-1 secretion and faecal methanogen content. There was a direct correlation between GLP-1 secretion response and faecal methanogen levels. In L cells, methane stimulated GLP-1 secretion and enhanced intracellular cAMP content. CONCLUSION These results indicate that alterations in the methanogen communities occurring in obesity may play a vital role in directly enhancing GLP-1 secretion, and that methane can directly stimulate the secretion of GLP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Laverdure
- Department of BiologyLaurentian UniversitySudburyONCanada
| | - Ania Mezouari
- Department of BiologyLaurentian UniversitySudburyONCanada
| | - Michael A. Carson
- Department of BiologyLaurentian UniversitySudburyONCanada
- Vale Living with Lakes CentreLaurentian UniversitySudburyONCanada
| | - Nathan Basiliko
- Department of BiologyLaurentian UniversitySudburyONCanada
- Vale Living with Lakes CentreLaurentian UniversitySudburyONCanada
| | - Jeffrey Gagnon
- Department of BiologyLaurentian UniversitySudburyONCanada
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27
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Enteroendocrine L Cells Sense LPS after Gut Barrier Injury to Enhance GLP-1 Secretion. Cell Rep 2017; 21:1160-1168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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28
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Winer DA, Winer S, Dranse HJ, Lam TKT. Immunologic impact of the intestine in metabolic disease. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:33-42. [PMID: 28045403 DOI: 10.1172/jci88879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes are associated with increased chronic low-grade inflammation and elevated plasma glucose levels. Although inflammation in the fat and liver are established features of obesity-associated insulin resistance, the intestine is emerging as a new site for immunologic changes that affect whole-body metabolism. Specifically, microbial and dietary factors incurred by diet-induced obesity influence underlying innate and adaptive responses of the intestinal immune system. These responses affect the maintenance of the intestinal barrier, systemic inflammation, and glucose metabolism. In this Review we propose that an understanding of the changes to the intestinal immune system, and how these changes influence systemic immunity and glucose metabolism in a whole-body integrative and a neuronal-dependent network, will unveil novel intestinal pathologic and therapeutic targets for diabetes and obesity.
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Larsen MP, Torekov SS. Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A Predictor of Type 2 Diabetes? J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017:7583506. [PMID: 29082261 PMCID: PMC5610892 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7583506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incretin effect is impaired in patients with type 2 diabetes. AIM To assess the relation between the incretin hormone GLP-1 and the prediabetic subtypes: impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and the combined IFG/IGT to investigate whether a low GLP-1 response may be a predictor of prediabetes in adults. METHOD 298 articles were found using a broad search phrase on the PubMed database and after the assessment of titles and abstracts 19 articles were included. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Studies assessing i-IFG/IFG and i-IGT/IGT found both increased, unaltered, and reduced GLP-1 levels. Studies assessing IFG/IGT found unaltered or reduced GLP-1 levels. When assessing the five studies with the largest sample size, it clearly suggests a decreased GLP-1 response in IFG/IGT subjects. Several other factors (BMI, glucagon, age, and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA)), including medications (metformin), may also influence the secretion of GLP-1. CONCLUSION This review suggests that the GLP-1 response is a variable in prediabetes possibly due to a varying GLP-1-secreting profile during the development and progression of type 2 diabetes or difference in the measurement technique. Longitudinal prospective studies are needed to assess whether a reduced GLP-1 response is a predictor of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Ploug Larsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Signe Sørensen Torekov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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Tian L, Jin T. The incretin hormone GLP-1 and mechanisms underlying its secretion. J Diabetes 2016; 8:753-765. [PMID: 27287542 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a cell type-specific post-translational product of proglucagon. It is encoded by the proglucagon gene and released primarily from intestinal endocrine L-cells in response to hormonal, neuronal, and nutritional stimuli. In addition to serving as an incretin in mediating the effect of meal consumption on insulin secretion, GLP-1 exerts other functions in pancreatic islets, including regulation of β-cell proliferation and protection of β-cells against metabolic stresses. Furthermore, GLP-1 exerts numerous other functions in extrapancreatic organs, whereas brain GLP-1 signaling controls satiety. Herein we review the discovery of two incretins and the development of GLP-1-based drugs. We also describe the development of cellular models for studying mechanisms underlying GLP-1 secretion over the past 30 years. However, the main content of this review is a summary of studies on the exploration of mechanisms underlying GLP-1 secretion. We not only summarize studies conducted over the past three decades on elucidating the role of nutritional components and hormonal factors in regulating GLP-1 secretion, but also present a few very recent studies showing the possible role of dietary polyphenols. Finally, the emerging role of gut microbiota in metabolic homeostasis with the potential implication on GLP-1 secretion is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Tian
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tianru Jin
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Kawano Y, Nakae J, Watanabe N, Kikuchi T, Tateya S, Tamori Y, Kaneko M, Abe T, Onodera M, Itoh H. Colonic Pro-inflammatory Macrophages Cause Insulin Resistance in an Intestinal Ccl2/Ccr2-Dependent Manner. Cell Metab 2016; 24:295-310. [PMID: 27508875 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD) induces low-grade chronic inflammation and insulin resistance. However, little is known about the mechanism underlying HFD-induced chronic inflammation in peripheral insulin-responsive tissues. Here, we show that colonic pro-inflammatory macrophages regulate insulin sensitivity under HFD conditions. To investigate the pathophysiological role of colonic macrophages, we generated macrophage-specific chemokine (C-C Motif) receptor 2 (Ccr2) knockout (M-Ccr2KO) and intestinal epithelial cell-specific tamoxifen-inducible Ccl2 knockout (Vil-Ccl2KO) mice. Both strains exhibited similar body weight to control under HFD. However, they exhibited decreased infiltration of colonic pro-inflammatory macrophages, decreased intestinal permeability, and inactivation of the colonic inflammasome. Interestingly, they showed significantly improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity with decreased chronic inflammation of adipose tissue. Therefore, inhibition of pro-inflammatory macrophage infiltration prevents HFD-induced insulin resistance and could be a novel therapeutic approach for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinaga Kawano
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Jun Nakae
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Nobuyuki Watanabe
- Department of Human Genetics, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-0074, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Kikuchi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Sanshiro Tateya
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Tamori
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chibune General Hospital, Osaka 555-0011, Japan
| | - Mari Kaneko
- Animal Resource Development Unit, Division of Bio-Function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Genetic Engineering Team, Division of Bio-Function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takaya Abe
- Genetic Engineering Team, Division of Bio-Function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Masafumi Onodera
- Department of Human Genetics, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-0074, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Itoh
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1, produced predominantly in enteroendocrine cells, controls glucose metabolism and energy homeostasis through regulation of islet hormone secretion, gastrointestinal motility, and food intake, enabling development of GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists for the treatment of diabetes and obesity. GLP-1 also acts on the immune system to suppress inflammation, and GLP-1R signaling in multiple tissues impacts cardiovascular function in health and disease. Here we review how GLP-1 and clinically approved GLP-1R agonists engage mechanisms that influence the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. We discuss how GLP-1R agonists modify inflammation, cardiovascular physiology, and pathophysiology in normal and diabetic animals through direct and indirect mechanisms and review human studies illustrating mechanisms linking GLP-1R signaling to modification of the cardiovascular complications of diabetes. The risks and benefits of GLP-1R agonists are updated in light of recent data suggesting that GLP-1R agonists favorably modify outcomes in diabetic subjects at high risk for cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Drucker
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
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Zietek T, Rath E. Inflammation Meets Metabolic Disease: Gut Feeling Mediated by GLP-1. Front Immunol 2016; 7:154. [PMID: 27148273 PMCID: PMC4840214 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes, cardiovascular, and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) share common features in their pathology. Metabolic disorders exhibit strong inflammatory underpinnings and vice versa, inflammation is associated with metabolic alterations. Next to cytokines and cellular stress pathways, such as the unfolded protein response (UPR), alterations in the enteroendocrine system are intersections of various pathologies. Enteroendocrine cells (EEC) have been studied extensively for their ability to regulate gastrointestinal motility, secretion, and insulin release by release of peptide hormones. In particular, the L-cell-derived incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) has gained enormous attention due to its insulinotropic action and relevance in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Yet, accumulating data indicate a critical role for EEC and in particular for GLP-1 in metabolic adaptation and in orchestrating immune responses beyond blood glucose control. EEC sense the lamina propria and luminal environment, including the microbiota via receptors and transporters. Subsequently, mediating signals by secreting hormones and cytokines, EEC can be considered as integrators of metabolic and inflammatory signaling. This review focuses on L cell and GLP-1 functions in the context of metabolic and inflammatory diseases. The effects of incretin-based therapies on metabolism and immune system are discussed and the interrelation and common features of metabolic and immune-mediated disorders are highlighted. Moreover, it presents data on the impact of inflammation, in particular of IBD on EEC and discusses the potential role of the microbiota as link between nutrients, metabolism, immunity, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Zietek
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Technische Universität München , Freising , Germany
| | - Eva Rath
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München , Freising , Germany
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Abstract
Obesity and insulin resistance are associated with chronic inflammation in metabolic tissues such as adipose tissue and the liver. Recently, growing evidence has implicated the intestinal immune system as an important contributor to metabolic disease. Obesity predisposes to altered intestinal immunity and is associated with changes to the gut microbiota, intestinal barrier function, gut-residing innate and adaptive immune cells, and oral tolerance to luminal antigens. Accordingly, the gut immune system may represent a novel therapeutic target for systemic inflammation in insulin resistance. This review discusses the emerging field of intestinal immunity in obesity-related insulin resistance and how it affects metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Winer
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Pathology, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
| | - Helen Luck
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sue Tsai
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Shawn Winer
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada.
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Abstract
The incretin hormones glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) are secreted from enteroendocrine cells in the gut and regulate physiological and homeostatic functions related to glucose control, metabolism and food intake. This review provides a systematic summary of the molecular mechanisms underlying secretion from incretin cells, and an understanding of how they sense and interact with lumen and vascular factors and the enteric nervous system through transporters and G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) present on their surface to ultimately culminate in hormone release. Some of the molecules described below such as sodium coupled glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1), G-protein coupled receptor (GPR) 119 and GPR40 are targets of novel therapeutics designed to enhance endogenous gut hormone release. Synthetic ligands at these receptors aimed at treating obesity and type 2 diabetes are currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Pais
- The Wellcome Trust–MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fiona M. Gribble
- The Wellcome Trust–MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes’s Hospital, Box 289, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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He WT, Mori M, Yu XF, Kanda T. Higher BNP levels within physiological range correlate with beneficial nonfasting lipid profiles in the elderly: a cross-sectional study. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:3. [PMID: 26728801 PMCID: PMC4700761 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-015-0168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Emerging studies indicate that B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), a well-known biomarker for heart failure, also plays pivotal roles in metabolic control. Circulating BNP levels progressively increase as ages grow older. However, the association between BNP levels and lipid metabolism in the elderly remains unknown. Methods A total of 680 eligible volunteers (male/female: 334/346) aged between 60 and 80 years old without overt heart failure (BNP <100 pg/ml) were enrolled. Random nonfasting venous samples were obtained for biochemical analysis. The subjects were stratified based on BNP quartiles: BNP Q1 (range: 2.2–9.0 pg/ml), Q2 (9.1–20.4 pg/ml), Q3 (20.5–44.4 pg/ml) and Q4 (44.6–99.7 pg/ml). Difference of metabolic parameters was compared among the subjects grouped by BNP quartiles. Univariate correlation and multiple linear regression were performed to analyze the association between BNP levels and metabolic parameters. The odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) for dyslipidemia in subjects within BNP Q1-3 relative to subjects within BNP Q4 were calculated. Results Circulating BNP levels positively correlated with age, while negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI), eGFR and non-HDL. Subjects with lower BNP quartiles had significantly elevated prevalence of dyslipidemia, including hypertriglyceridemia, hyper-LDL-emia and hypercholesterolemia. The OR of hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia for subjects within BNP Q1-2 significantly increased relative to BNP Q4. Conclusions The elderly people with higher BNP levels have significantly reduced risks for nonfasting dyslipidemia. Verification of the cause-effect relationship between BNP and dyslipidemia may bring therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Tao He
- Department of Community Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University Himi Municipal Hospital, Himi, Toyama, 935-8531, Japan. .,Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Masayuki Mori
- Department of Community Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University Himi Municipal Hospital, Himi, Toyama, 935-8531, Japan.
| | - Xue-Feng Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Tsugiyasu Kanda
- Department of Community Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University Himi Municipal Hospital, Himi, Toyama, 935-8531, Japan.
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