1
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Zhang Y, Zhang B, Sun X. The molecular mechanism of macrophage-adipocyte crosstalk in maintaining energy homeostasis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1378202. [PMID: 38650945 PMCID: PMC11033412 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1378202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Interactions between macrophages and adipocytes in adipose tissue are critical for the regulation of energy metabolism and obesity. Macrophage polarization induced by cold or other stimulations can drive metabolic reprogramming of adipocytes, browning, and thermogenesis. Accordingly, investigating the roles of macrophages and adipocytes in the maintenance of energy homeostasis is critical for the development of novel therapeutic approaches specifically targeting macrophages in metabolic disorders such as obesity. Current review outlines macrophage polarization not only regulates the release of central nervous system and inflammatory factors, but controls mitochondrial function, and other factor that induce metabolic reprogramming of adipocytes and maintain energy homeostasis. We also emphasized on how the adipocytes conversely motivate the polarization of macrophage. Exploring the interactions between adipocytes and macrophages may provide new therapeutic strategies for the management of obesity-related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudie Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Against Glyeolipid Metabolism Disorder Disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Against Glyeolipid Metabolism Disorder Disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Against Glyeolipid Metabolism Disorder Disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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2
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Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P, Ghasemi A. Adipose organ dysfunction and type 2 diabetes: Role of nitric oxide. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 221:116043. [PMID: 38325496 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Adipose organ, historically known as specialized lipid-handling tissue serving as the long-term fat depot, is now appreciated as the largest endocrine organ composed of two main compartments, i.e., subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue (AT), madding up white and beige/brown adipocytes. Adipose organ dysfunction manifested as maldistribution of the compartments, hypertrophic, hypoxic, inflamed, and insulin-resistant AT, contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Here, we highlight the role of nitric oxide (NO·) in AT (dys)function in relation to developing T2D. The key aspects determining lipid and glucose homeostasis in AT depend on the physiological levels of the NO· produced via endothelial NO· synthases (eNOS). In addition to decreased NO· bioavailability (via decreased expression/activity of eNOS or scavenging NO·), excessive NO· produced by inducible NOS (iNOS) in response to hypoxia and AT inflammation may be a critical interfering factor diverting NO· signaling to the formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, resulting in AT and whole-body metabolic dysfunction. Pharmacological approaches boosting AT-NO· availability at physiological levels (by increasing NO· production and its stability), as well as suppression of iNOS-NO· synthesis, are potential candidates for developing NO·-based therapeutics in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bahadoran
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Mirmiran
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Ziqubu K, Dludla PV, Mabhida SE, Jack BU, Keipert S, Jastroch M, Mazibuko-Mbeje SE. Brown adipose tissue-derived metabolites and their role in regulating metabolism. Metabolism 2024; 150:155709. [PMID: 37866810 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The discovery and rejuvenation of metabolically active brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans have offered a new approach to treat obesity and metabolic diseases. Beyond its accomplished role in adaptive thermogenesis, BAT secretes signaling molecules known as "batokines", which are instrumental in regulating whole-body metabolism via autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine action. In addition to the intrinsic BAT metabolite-oxidizing activity, the endocrine functions of these molecules may help to explain the association between BAT activity and a healthy systemic metabolic profile. Herein, we review the evidence that underscores the significance of BAT-derived metabolites, especially highlighting their role in controlling physiological and metabolic processes involving thermogenesis, substrate metabolism, and other essential biological processes. The conversation extends to their capacity to enhance energy expenditure and mitigate features of obesity and its related metabolic complications. Thus, metabolites derived from BAT may provide new avenues for the discovery of metabolic health-promoting drugs with far-reaching impacts. This review aims to dissect the complexities of the secretory role of BAT in modulating local and systemic metabolism in metabolic health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanyisani Ziqubu
- Department of Biochemistry, North-West University, Mmabatho 2745, South Africa
| | - Phiwayinkosi V Dludla
- Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Sihle E Mabhida
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Babalwa U Jack
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Susanne Keipert
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Jastroch
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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4
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In vivo imaging of brown adipose tissue vasculature reactivity during adrenergic stimulation of non-shivering thermogenesis in mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21383. [PMID: 36496470 PMCID: PMC9741597 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25819-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a fat tissue specialized in heat production (non-shivering thermogenesis) and used by mammals to defend core body temperature when exposed to cold. Several studies have shown that during non-shivering thermogenesis the increase in BAT oxygen demand is met by a local and specific increase in tissue's blood flow. While the vasculature of BAT has been extensively studied postmortem in rodents using histology, optical and CT imaging techniques, vasculature changes during stimulation of non-shivering thermogenesis have never been directly detected in vivo. Here, by using computed tomography (CT) angiography with gold nanoparticles we investigate, non-invasively, changes in BAT vasculature during adrenergic stimulation of non-shivering thermogenesis by norepinephrine, a vasoconstrictor known to mediate brown fat heat production, and by CL 316,243, a specific β3-adrenergic agonist also known to elicit BAT thermogenesis in rodents. We found that while CL 316,243 causes local vasodilation in BAT, with little impact on the rest of the vasculature throughout the body, norepinephrine leads to local vasodilation in addition to peripheral vasoconstriction. As a result, a significantly greater relative increase in BAT perfusion is observed following the injection of NE compared to CL. This study demonstrates the use of in vivo CT angiography as an effective tool in assessing vascular reactivity in BAT both qualitatively and quantitatively in preclinical studies.
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5
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Sebag SC, Zhang Z, Qian Q, Li M, Zhu Z, Harata M, Li W, Zingman LV, Liu L, Lira VA, Potthoff MJ, Bartelt A, Yang L. ADH5-mediated NO bioactivity maintains metabolic homeostasis in brown adipose tissue. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110003. [PMID: 34788615 PMCID: PMC8640996 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic activity is tightly regulated by cellular redox status, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are incompletely understood. Protein S-nitrosylation, the nitric-oxide-mediated cysteine thiol protein modification, plays important roles in cellular redox regulation. Here we show that diet-induced obesity (DIO) and acute cold exposure elevate BAT protein S-nitrosylation, including UCP1. This thermogenic-induced nitric oxide bioactivity is regulated by S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR; alcohol dehydrogenase 5 [ADH5]), a denitrosylase that balances the intracellular nitroso-redox status. Loss of ADH5 in BAT impairs cold-induced UCP1-dependent thermogenesis and worsens obesity-associated metabolic dysfunction. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that Adh5 expression is induced by the transcription factor heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), and administration of an HSF1 activator to BAT of DIO mice increases Adh5 expression and significantly improves UCP1-mediated respiration. Together, these data indicate that ADH5 controls BAT nitroso-redox homeostasis to regulate adipose thermogenesis, which may be therapeutically targeted to improve metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara C. Sebag
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Zeyuan Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Qingwen Qian
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Mark Li
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Zhiyong Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Mikako Harata
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Wenxian Li
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Leonid V. Zingman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Limin Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Vitor A. Lira
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA,College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Matthew J. Potthoff
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Alexander Bartelt
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336 Munich, Germany,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Technische Universität München, Biedersteiner Str. 29, 80802 München, Germany,Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany,Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA,Lead contact,Correspondence:
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6
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Blackburn ML, Wankhade UD, Ono-Moore KD, Chintapalli SV, Fox R, Rutkowsky JM, Willis BJ, Tolentino T, Lloyd KCK, Adams SH. On the potential role of globins in brown adipose tissue: a novel conceptual model and studies in myoglobin knockout mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 321:E47-E62. [PMID: 33969705 PMCID: PMC8321818 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00662.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myoglobin (Mb) regulates O2 bioavailability in muscle and heart as the partial pressure of O2 (Po2) drops with increased tissue workload. Globin proteins also modulate cellular NO pools, "scavenging" NO at higher Po2 and converting NO2- to NO as Po2 falls. Myoglobin binding of fatty acids may also signal a role in fat metabolism. Interestingly, Mb is expressed in brown adipose tissue (BAT), but its function is unknown. Herein, we present a new conceptual model that proposes links between BAT thermogenic activation, concurrently reduced Po2, and NO pools regulated by deoxy/oxy-globin toggling and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR). We describe the effect of Mb knockout (Mb-/-) on BAT phenotype [lipid droplets, mitochondrial markers uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and cytochrome C oxidase 4 (Cox4), transcriptomics] in male and female mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD, 45% of energy, ∼13 wk), and examine Mb expression during brown adipocyte differentiation. Interscapular BAT weights did not differ by genotype, but there was a higher prevalence of mid-large sized droplets in Mb-/-. COX4 protein expression was significantly reduced in Mb-/- BAT, and a suite of metabolic/NO/stress/hypoxia transcripts were lower. All of these Mb-/--associated differences were most apparent in females. The new conceptual model, and results derived from Mb-/- mice, suggest a role for Mb in BAT metabolic regulation, in part through sexually dimorphic systems and NO signaling. This possibility requires further validation in light of significant mouse-to-mouse variability of BAT Mb mRNA and protein abundances in wild-type mice and lower expression relative to muscle and heart.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Myoglobin confers the distinct red color to muscle and heart, serving as an oxygen-binding protein in oxidative fibers. Less attention has been paid to brown fat, a thermogenic tissue that also expresses myoglobin. In a mouse knockout model lacking myoglobin, brown fat had larger fat droplets and lower markers of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, especially in females. Gene expression patterns suggest a role for myoglobin as an oxygen/nitric oxide-sensor that regulates cellular metabolic and signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Blackburn
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Umesh D Wankhade
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | | | - Sree V Chintapalli
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Renee Fox
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Jennifer M Rutkowsky
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
- Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Brandon J Willis
- Mouse Biology Program, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Todd Tolentino
- Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, University of California, Davis, California
- Mouse Biology Program, University of California, Davis, California
| | - K C Kent Lloyd
- Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, University of California, Davis, California
- Mouse Biology Program, University of California, Davis, California
- Department of Surgery, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Sean H Adams
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Department of Surgery, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
- Center for Alimentary and Metabolic Science, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
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7
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Brandão BB, Poojari A, Rabiee A. Thermogenic Fat: Development, Physiological Function, and Therapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5906. [PMID: 34072788 PMCID: PMC8198523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The concerning worldwide increase of obesity and chronic metabolic diseases, such as T2D, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease, motivates further investigations into preventive and alternative therapeutic approaches. Over the past decade, there has been growing evidence that the formation and activation of thermogenic adipocytes (brown and beige) may serve as therapy to treat obesity and its associated diseases owing to its capacity to increase energy expenditure and to modulate circulating lipids and glucose levels. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanism of brown and beige adipocytes formation and activation will facilitate the development of strategies to combat metabolic disorders. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of pathways and players involved in the development of brown and beige fat, as well as the role of thermogenic adipocytes in energy homeostasis and metabolism. Furthermore, we discuss the alterations in brown and beige adipose tissue function during obesity and explore the therapeutic potential of thermogenic activation to treat metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna B. Brandão
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
| | - Ankita Poojari
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA;
| | - Atefeh Rabiee
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA;
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8
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Ceddia RP, Collins S. A compendium of G-protein-coupled receptors and cyclic nucleotide regulation of adipose tissue metabolism and energy expenditure. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:473-512. [PMID: 32149342 PMCID: PMC9137350 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
With the ever-increasing burden of obesity and Type 2 diabetes, it is generally acknowledged that there remains a need for developing new therapeutics. One potential mechanism to combat obesity is to raise energy expenditure via increasing the amount of uncoupled respiration from the mitochondria-rich brown and beige adipocytes. With the recent appreciation of thermogenic adipocytes in humans, much effort is being made to elucidate the signaling pathways that regulate the browning of adipose tissue. In this review, we focus on the ligand-receptor signaling pathways that influence the cyclic nucleotides, cAMP and cGMP, in adipocytes. We chose to focus on G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), guanylyl cyclase and phosphodiesterase regulation of adipocytes because they are the targets of a large proportion of all currently available therapeutics. Furthermore, there is a large overlap in their signaling pathways, as signaling events that raise cAMP or cGMP generally increase adipocyte lipolysis and cause changes that are commonly referred to as browning: increasing mitochondrial biogenesis, uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression and respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Ceddia
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, U.S.A
| | - Sheila Collins
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, U.S.A
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9
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Bonet ML, Ribot J, Galmés S, Serra F, Palou A. Carotenoids and carotenoid conversion products in adipose tissue biology and obesity: Pre-clinical and human studies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158676. [PMID: 32120014 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antiobesity activities of carotenoids and carotenoid conversion products (CCPs) have been demonstrated in pre-clinical studies, and mechanisms behind have begun to be unveiled, thus suggesting these compounds may help obesity prevention and management. The antiobesity action of carotenoids and CCPs can be traced to effects in multiple tissues, notably the adipose tissues. Key aspects of the biology of adipose tissues appear to be affected by carotenoid and CCPs, including adipogenesis, metabolic capacities for energy storage, release and inefficient oxidation, secretory function, and modulation of oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways. Here, we review the connections of carotenoids and CCPs with adipose tissue biology and obesity as revealed by cell and animal intervention studies, studies addressing the role of endogenous retinoid metabolism, and human epidemiological and intervention studies. We also consider human genetic variability influencing carotenoid and vitamin A metabolism, particularly in adipose tissues, as a potentially relevant aspect towards personalization of dietary recommendations to prevent or manage obesity and optimize metabolic health. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Carotenoids recent advances in cell and molecular biology edited by Johannes von Lintig and Loredana Quadro.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Luisa Bonet
- Grup de Recerca Nutrigenòmica i Obesitat, Laboratori de Biologia Molecular, Nutrició i Biotecnologia (LBNB), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Spain.
| | - Joan Ribot
- Grup de Recerca Nutrigenòmica i Obesitat, Laboratori de Biologia Molecular, Nutrició i Biotecnologia (LBNB), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Spain
| | | | - Francisca Serra
- Grup de Recerca Nutrigenòmica i Obesitat, Laboratori de Biologia Molecular, Nutrició i Biotecnologia (LBNB), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Spain
| | - Andreu Palou
- Grup de Recerca Nutrigenòmica i Obesitat, Laboratori de Biologia Molecular, Nutrició i Biotecnologia (LBNB), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Spain
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10
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Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P, Ghasemi A. Role of Nitric Oxide in Insulin Secretion and Glucose Metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2020; 31:118-130. [PMID: 31690508 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) contributes to carbohydrate metabolism and decreased NO bioavailability is involved in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). NO donors may improve insulin signaling and glucose homeostasis in T2DM and insulin resistance (IR), suggesting the potential clinical importance of NO-based interventions. In this review, site-specific roles of the NO synthase (NOS)-NO pathway in carbohydrate metabolism are discussed. In addition, the metabolic effects of physiological low levels of NO produced by constitutive NOS (cNOS) versus pathological high levels of NO produced by inducible NOS (iNOS) in pancreatic β-cells, adipocytes, hepatocytes, and skeletal muscle cells are summarized. A better understanding of the NOS-NO system in the regulation of glucose homeostasis can hopefully facilitate the development of new treatments for T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bahadoran
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Mirmiran
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Human Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Becerril S, Rodríguez A, Catalán V, Ramírez B, Unamuno X, Portincasa P, Gómez-Ambrosi J, Frühbeck G. Functional Relationship between Leptin and Nitric Oxide in Metabolism. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092129. [PMID: 31500090 PMCID: PMC6769456 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin, the product of the ob gene, was originally described as a satiety factor, playing a crucial role in the control of body weight. Nevertheless, the wide distribution of leptin receptors in peripheral tissues supports that leptin exerts pleiotropic biological effects, consisting of the modulation of numerous processes including thermogenesis, reproduction, angiogenesis, hematopoiesis, osteogenesis, neuroendocrine, and immune functions as well as arterial pressure control. Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical synthesized from L-arginine by the action of the NO synthase (NOS) enzyme. Three NOS isoforms have been identified: the neuronal NOS (nNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS) constitutive isoforms, and the inducible NOS (iNOS). NO mediates multiple biological effects in a variety of physiological systems such as energy balance, blood pressure, reproduction, immune response, or reproduction. Leptin and NO on their own participate in multiple common physiological processes, with a functional relationship between both factors having been identified. The present review describes the functional relationship between leptin and NO in different physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Becerril
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Amaia Rodríguez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Victoria Catalán
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Ramírez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Xabier Unamuno
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- Medical Engineering Laboratory, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Policlinico Hospital, 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Javier Gómez-Ambrosi
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
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12
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Ribot J, Arreguín A, Kuda O, Kopecky J, Palou A, Bonet ML. Novel Markers of the Metabolic Impact of Exogenous Retinoic Acid with A Focus on Acylcarnitines and Amino Acids. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3640. [PMID: 31349613 PMCID: PMC6696161 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), the carboxylic form of vitamin A, lowers body weight in rodents by promoting oxidative metabolism in multiple tissues including white and brown adipose tissues. We aimed to identify novel markers of the metabolic impact of ATRA through targeted blood metabolomics analyses, with a focus on acylcarnitines and amino acids. Blood was obtained from mice treated with a high ATRA dose (50 mg/kg body weight/day, subcutaneous injection) or placebo (controls) during the 4 days preceding collection. LC-MS/MS analyses with a focus on acylcarnitines and amino acids were conducted on plasma and PBMC. Main results showed that, relative to controls, ATRA-treated mice had in plasma: increased levels of carnitine, acetylcarnitine, and longer acylcarnitine species; decreased levels of citrulline, and increased global arginine bioavailability ratio for nitric oxide synthesis; increased levels of creatine, taurine and docosahexaenoic acid; and a decreased n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio. While some of these features likely reflect the stimulation of lipid mobilization and oxidation promoted by ATRA treatment systemically, other may also play a causal role underlying ATRA actions. The results connect ATRA to specific nutrition-modulated biochemical pathways, and suggest novel mechanisms of action of vitamin A-derived retinoic acid on metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Ribot
- Grup de Recerca Nutrigenòmica i Obesitat, Laboratori de Biologia Molecular, Nutrició i Biotecnologia (LBNB), Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Andrea Arreguín
- Grup de Recerca Nutrigenòmica i Obesitat, Laboratori de Biologia Molecular, Nutrició i Biotecnologia (LBNB), Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kopecky
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Andreu Palou
- Grup de Recerca Nutrigenòmica i Obesitat, Laboratori de Biologia Molecular, Nutrició i Biotecnologia (LBNB), Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Maria Luisa Bonet
- Grup de Recerca Nutrigenòmica i Obesitat, Laboratori de Biologia Molecular, Nutrició i Biotecnologia (LBNB), Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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13
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Darcy J, Tseng YH. ComBATing aging-does increased brown adipose tissue activity confer longevity? GeroScience 2019; 41:285-296. [PMID: 31230192 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown and its related beige adipose tissue (BAT) play a definitive role in maintaining body temperature by producing heat through uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), which acts by dissociating oxidative phosphorylation from ATP production, resulting in the release of heat. Therefore, in order to maintain high thermogenic capacity, BAT must act as a metabolic sink by taking up vast amounts of circulating glucose and lipids for oxidation. This, along with the rediscovery of BAT in adult humans, has fueled the study of BAT as a putative therapeutic approach to manage the growing rates of obesity and metabolic syndromes. Notably, many of the beneficial consequences of BAT activity overlap with metabolic biomarkers of extended lifespan and healthspan. In this review, we provide background about BAT including the thermogenic program, BAT's role as a secretory organ, and differences between BAT in mice and humans. We also provide details on BAT during aging, and perspectives on the potential of targeting BAT to promote lifespan and healthspan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Darcy
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. .,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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14
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Adipose Tissue-Derived Signatures for Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: Adipokines, Batokines and MicroRNAs. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8060854. [PMID: 31208019 PMCID: PMC6617388 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8060854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
: Obesity is one of the main risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It is closely related to metabolic disturbances in the adipose tissue that primarily functions as a fat reservoir. For this reason, adipose tissue is considered as the primary site for initiation and aggravation of obesity and T2DM. As a key endocrine organ, the adipose tissue communicates with other organs, such as the brain, liver, muscle, and pancreas, for the maintenance of energy homeostasis. Two different types of adipose tissues-the white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT)-secrete bioactive peptides and proteins, known as "adipokines" and "batokines," respectively. Some of them have beneficial anti-inflammatory effects, while others have harmful inflammatory effects. Recently, "exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs)" were identified as novel adipokines, as adipose tissue-derived exosomal miRNAs can affect other organs. In the present review, we discuss the role of adipose-derived secretory factors-adipokines, batokines, and exosomal miRNA-in obesity and T2DM. It will provide new insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in disturbances of adipose-derived factors and will support the development of adipose-derived factors as potential therapeutic targets for obesity and T2DM.
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Guilherme A, Henriques F, Bedard AH, Czech MP. Molecular pathways linking adipose innervation to insulin action in obesity and diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2019; 15:207-225. [PMID: 30733616 PMCID: PMC7073451 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue comprises adipocytes and many other cell types that engage in dynamic crosstalk in a highly innervated and vascularized tissue matrix. Although adipose tissue has been studied for decades, it has been appreciated only in the past 5 years that extensive arborization of nerve fibres has a dominant role in regulating the function of adipose tissue. This Review summarizes the latest literature, which suggests that adipocytes signal to local sensory nerve fibres in response to perturbations in lipolysis and lipogenesis. Such adipocyte signalling to the central nervous system causes sympathetic output to distant adipose depots and potentially other metabolic tissues to regulate systemic glucose homeostasis. Paracrine factors identified in the past few years that mediate such adipocyte-neuron crosstalk are also reviewed. Similarly, immune cells and endothelial cells within adipose tissue communicate with local nerve fibres to modulate neurotransmitter tone, blood flow, adipocyte differentiation and energy expenditure, including adipose browning to produce heat. This understudied field of neurometabolism related to adipose tissue biology has great potential to reveal new mechanistic insights and potential therapeutic strategies for obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adilson Guilherme
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Felipe Henriques
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Alexander H Bedard
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Michael P Czech
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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Abstract
Brown adipokines are regulatory factors secreted by brown and beige adipocytes that exhibit endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine actions. Peptidic and non-peptidic molecules, including miRNAs and lipids, are constituents of brown adipokines. Brown adipose tissue remodeling to meet thermogenic needs is dependent on the secretory properties of brown/beige adipocytes. The association between brown fat activity and a healthy metabolic profile, in relation to energy balance and glucose and lipid homeostasis, is influenced by the endocrine actions of brown adipokines. A comprehensive knowledge of the brown adipocyte secretome is still lacking. Advancements in the identification and characterization of brown adipokines will facilitate therapeutic interventions for metabolic diseases, as these molecules are obvious candidates to therapeutic agents. Moreover, identification of brown adipokines as circulating biomarkers of brown adipose tissue activity may be particularly useful for noninvasive assessment of brown adipose tissue alterations in human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Aleix Gavaldà-Navarro
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marion Peyrou
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Giralt
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Darcy J, Bartke A. From White to Brown - Adipose Tissue Is Critical to the Extended Lifespan and Healthspan of Growth Hormone Mutant Mice. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1178:207-225. [PMID: 31493229 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-25650-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is a metabolic hormone that has major functions in the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue (AT). In the past 20 years, numerous studies have demonstrated that decreased growth hormone (GH) action is clearly linked to alterations in longevity. Therefore, it is not surprising that mechanisms underlying the extended longevity of GH-mutant animals include alterations in AT function. This Review aims to describe the basics of AT biology, GH secretion and action, and the effects of altered GH signaling in mice and humans. Lastly, this Review discusses the intersection of GH and AT, and how the influence of GH on AT may play a critical role in determining lifespan and healthspan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Darcy
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
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18
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Sponton CH, Kajimura S. Multifaceted Roles of Beige Fat in Energy Homeostasis Beyond UCP1. Endocrinology 2018; 159:2545-2553. [PMID: 29757365 PMCID: PMC6692864 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Beige adipocytes are an inducible form of thermogenic adipose cells that emerge within the white adipose tissue in response to a variety of environmental stimuli, such as chronic cold acclimation. Similar to brown adipocytes that reside in brown adipose tissue depots, beige adipocytes are also thermogenic; however, beige adipocytes possess unique, distinguishing characteristics in their developmental regulation and biological function. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of beige adipocytes, focusing on the diverse roles of beige fat in the regulation of energy homeostasis that are independent of the canonical thermogenic pathway via uncoupling protein 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Henrique Sponton
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, San Francisco, California
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Shingo Kajimura
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, San Francisco, California
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Correspondence: Shingo Kajimura, PhD, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, RMB1023, Box 0669, San Francisco, California 94143. E-mail:
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19
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Friebe A, Voußen B, Groneberg D. NO-GC in cells 'off the beaten track'. Nitric Oxide 2018; 77:12-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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20
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Soriano RN, Braga SP, Breder JSC, Batalhao ME, Oliveira-Pelegrin GR, Ferreira LFR, Rocha MJA, Carnio EC, Branco LGS. Endogenous peripheral hydrogen sulfide is propyretic: its permissive role in brown adipose tissue thermogenesis in rats. Exp Physiol 2018; 103:397-407. [PMID: 29210120 DOI: 10.1113/ep086775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? In fever, the most striking response in the acute phase reaction of systemic inflammation, plasma H2 S concentration increases. However, the role of endogenous peripheral H2 S in fever is unknown. What is the main finding and its importance? Endogenous peripheral H2 S is permissive for increased brown adipose tissue thermogenesis to maintain thermal homeostasis in cold environments as well as to mount fever. This finding expands the physiological role of the gaseous modulator as a key regulator of thermal control in health (thermal homeostasis) and disease (fever in systemic inflammation). ABSTRACT In recent years, hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) has been reported as a gaseous modulator acting in several tissues in health and disease. In animal models of systemic inflammation, the plasma H2 S concentration increases in response to endotoxin (bacterial lipopolysaccharide, LPS). The most striking response in the acute phase reaction of systemic inflammation is fever, but we found no reports of the peripheral action of H2 S on this thermoregulatory response. We aimed at investigating whether endogenous systemic H2 S modulates LPS-induced fever. A temperature datalogger capsule was inserted in the abdominal cavity of male Wistar rats (220-270 g) to record body core temperature. These animals received an i.p. injection of a systemic H2 S inhibitor (propargylglycine; 50 or 75 mg kg-1 ), immediately followed by an i.p. injection of LPS (50 or 2500 μg kg-1 ), and were exposed to different ambient temperatures (16, 22 or 27°C). At 22°C, but not at 27°C, propargylglycine at 75 mg kg-1 significantly attenuated (P < 0.0001) the fever induced by LPS (50 μg kg-1 ), indicating a modulatory (permissive) action of endogenous peripheral H2 S on brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis. Evidence on the modulatory role of peripheral H2 S in BAT thermogenesis was strengthened when we discarded (i) the possible influence of the gas on febrigenic signalling (when measuring plasma cytokines), and (ii) its interaction with the nitric oxide pathway, and mainly when (iii) we carried out physiological and pharmacological activations of BAT. Endogenous peripheral H2 S modulates (permits) BAT activity not only in fever but also during maintenance of thermal homeostasis in cold environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato N Soriano
- Division of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Basic Life Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, MG, Brazil.,Nursing School of Ribeirão Preto, Physiology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Sara P Braga
- Student of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, MG, Brazil
| | - Jéssica S C Breder
- Nursing School of Ribeirão Preto, Physiology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo E Batalhao
- Nursing School of Ribeirão Preto, Physiology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela R Oliveira-Pelegrin
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando R Ferreira
- Tiradentes University, Aracaju, SE, Brazil.,Institute of Technology and Research, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - Maria José A Rocha
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Evelin C Carnio
- Nursing School of Ribeirão Preto, Physiology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz G S Branco
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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21
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Villarroya F, Gavaldà-Navarro A, Peyrou M, Villarroya J, Giralt M. The Lives and Times of Brown Adipokines. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:855-867. [PMID: 29113711 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is responsible for adaptive non-shivering thermogenesis. Moreover, brown fat secretes regulatory factors, so-called brown adipokines, that have autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine actions. Brown adipokines are either polypeptides or nonpeptidic molecules including lipid molecules and microRNAs. The secretory properties of brown fat are essential for tissue remodeling adaptations to thermogenic necessities. The endocrine properties of brown adipokines are thought to contribute to the association between BAT activity and a healthy metabolic profile in relation to glucose and lipid homeostasis. The identification and characterization of brown adipokines may allow the discovery of circulating biomarkers of BAT activity in humans, and will lead to the development of candidate tools for therapeutic interventions in metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red 'Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición', Madrid, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Aleix Gavaldà-Navarro
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red 'Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición', Madrid, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marion Peyrou
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red 'Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición', Madrid, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Giralt
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red 'Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición', Madrid, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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22
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Bonet ML, Mercader J, Palou A. A nutritional perspective on UCP1-dependent thermogenesis. Biochimie 2017; 134:99-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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23
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Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is the main site of adaptive thermogenesis and experimental studies have associated BAT activity with protection against obesity and metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and dyslipidaemia. Active BAT is present in adult humans and its activity is impaired in patients with obesity. The ability of BAT to protect against chronic metabolic disease has traditionally been attributed to its capacity to utilize glucose and lipids for thermogenesis. However, BAT might also have a secretory role, which could contribute to the systemic consequences of BAT activity. Several BAT-derived molecules that act in a paracrine or autocrine manner have been identified. Most of these factors promote hypertrophy and hyperplasia of BAT, vascularization, innervation and blood flow, processes that are all associated with BAT recruitment when thermogenic activity is enhanced. Additionally, BAT can release regulatory molecules that act on other tissues and organs. This secretory capacity of BAT is thought to be involved in the beneficial effects of BAT transplantation in rodents. Fibroblast growth factor 21, IL-6 and neuregulin 4 are among the first BAT-derived endocrine factors to be identified. In this Review, we discuss the current understanding of the regulatory molecules (the so-called brown adipokines or batokines) that are released by BAT that influence systemic metabolism and convey the beneficial metabolic effects of BAT activation. The identification of such adipokines might also direct drug discovery approaches for managing obesity and its associated chronic metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028-Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028-Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rubén Cereijo
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028-Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan Villarroya
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028-Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Giralt
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028-Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028-Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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24
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Abreu-Vieira G, Hagberg CE, Spalding KL, Cannon B, Nedergaard J. Adrenergically stimulated blood flow in brown adipose tissue is not dependent on thermogenesis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E822-9. [PMID: 25738783 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00494.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis relies on blood flow to be supplied with nutrients and oxygen and for the distribution of the generated heat to the rest of the body. Therefore, it is fundamental to understand the mechanisms by which blood flow is regulated and its relation to thermogenesis. Here, we present high-resolution laser-Doppler imaging (HR-LDR) as a novel method for noninvasive in vivo measurement of BAT blood flow in mice. Using HR-LDR, we found that norepinephrine stimulation increases BAT blood flow in a dose-dependent manner and that this response is profoundly modulated by environmental temperature acclimation. Surprisingly, we found that mice lacking uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) have fully preserved BAT blood flow response to norepinephrine despite failing to perform thermogenesis. BAT blood flow was not directly correlated to systemic glycemia, but glucose injections could transiently increase tissue perfusion. Inguinal white adipose tissue, also known as a brite/beige adipose tissue, was also sensitive to cold acclimation and similarly increased blood flow in response to norepinephrine. In conclusion, using a novel noninvasive method to detect BAT perfusion, we demonstrate that adrenergically stimulated BAT blood flow is qualitatively and quantitatively fully independent of thermogenesis, and therefore, it is not a reliable parameter for the estimation of BAT activation and heat generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Abreu-Vieira
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Carolina E Hagberg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kirsty L Spalding
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; and
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Orava J, Nuutila P, Noponen T, Parkkola R, Viljanen T, Enerbäck S, Rissanen A, Pietiläinen KH, Virtanen KA. Blunted metabolic responses to cold and insulin stimulation in brown adipose tissue of obese humans. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:2279-87. [PMID: 23554353 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inactive brown adipose tissue (BAT) may predispose to weight gain. This study was designed to measure metabolism in the BAT of obese humans, and to compare it to that in lean subjects. The impact of weight loss on BAT and the association of detectable BAT with various metabolic characteristics were also assessed. DESIGN AND METHODS Using positron emission tomography (PET), cold- and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and blood flow in the BAT of obese and lean humans were quantified. Further, cold-induced glucose uptake was measured in obese subjects before and after a 5-month conventional weight loss. RESULTS Mean responses in BAT glucose uptake rate to both cold and insulin stimulation were twice as large in lean as in obese subjects. Blood flow in BAT was also lower in obese subjects under cold conditions. The increase in cold-induced BAT glucose uptake rate after weight loss was not statistically significant. Subjects with cold-activated detectable BAT were leaner and had higher whole-body insulin sensitivity than BAT-negative subjects, irrespective of age and gender. CONCLUSIONS The effects of cold and insulin on BAT activity are severely blunted in obesity, and the presence of detectable BAT may contribute to a metabolically healthy status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Orava
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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26
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Abstract
White adipose tissue is recognized as both a site of energy storage and an endocrine organ that produces a myriad of endocrine factors called adipokines. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is the main site of nonshivering thermogenesis in mammals. The amount and activity of brown adipocytes are associated with protection against obesity and associated metabolic alterations. These effects of BAT are traditionally attributed to its capacity for the oxidation of fatty acids and glucose to sustain thermogenesis. However, recent data suggest that the beneficial effects of BAT could involve a previously unrecognized endocrine role through the release of endocrine factors. Several signaling molecules with endocrine properties have been found to be released by brown fat, especially under conditions of thermogenic activation. Moreover, experimental BAT transplantation has been shown to improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity mainly by influencing hepatic and cardiac function. It has been proposed that these effects are due to the release of endocrine factors by brown fat, such as insulin-like growth factor I, interleukin-6, or fibroblast growth factor-21. Further research is needed to determine whether brown fat plays an endocrine role and, if so, to comprehensively identify which endocrine factors are released by BAT. Such research may reveal novel clues for the observed association between brown adipocyte activity and a healthy metabolic profile, and it could also enlarge a current view of potential therapeutic tools for obesity and associated metabolic diseases.
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Is physical activity able to modify oxidative damage in cardiovascular aging? OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:728547. [PMID: 23029599 PMCID: PMC3458405 DOI: 10.1155/2012/728547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a multifactorial process resulting in damage of molecules, cells, and tissues. It has been demonstrated that the expression and activity of antioxidant systems (SOD, HSPs) are modified in aging, with reduced cell ability to counteract the oxidant molecules, and consequent weak resistance to ROS accumulation. An important mechanism involved is represented by sirtuins, the activity of which is reduced by aging. Physical activity increases the expression and the activity of antioxidant enzymes, with consequent reduction of ROS. Positive effects of physical exercise in terms of antioxidant activity could be ascribable to a greater expression and activity of SOD enzymes, HSPs and SIRT1 activity. The antioxidant effects could increase, decrease, or not change in relation to the exercise protocol. Therefore, some authors by using a new approach based on the in vivo/vitro technique demonstrated that the highest survival and proliferation and the lowest senescence were obtained by performing an aerobic training. Therefore, the in vivo/vitro technique described could represent a good tool to better understand how the exercise training mediates its effects on aging-related diseases, as elderly with heart failure that represents a special population in which the exercise plays an important role in the improvement of cardiovascular function, quality of life, and survival.
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Deletion of inducible nitric-oxide synthase in leptin-deficient mice improves brown adipose tissue function. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10962. [PMID: 20532036 PMCID: PMC2881035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Leptin and nitric oxide (NO) on their own participate in the control of non-shivering thermogenesis. However, the functional interplay between both factors in this process has not been explored so far. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyze the impact of the absence of the inducible NO synthase (iNOS) gene in the regulation of energy balance in ob/ob mice. Methods and Findings Double knockout (DBKO) mice simultaneously lacking the ob and iNOS genes were generated, and the expression of molecules involved in the control of brown fat cell function was analyzed by real-time PCR, western-blot and immunohistochemistry. Twelve week-old DBKO mice exhibited reduced body weight (p<0.05), decreased amounts of total fat pads (p<0.05), lower food efficiency rates (p<0.05) and higher rectal temperature (p<0.05) than ob/ob mice. Ablation of iNOS also improved the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism of ob/ob mice. DBKO showed a marked reduction in the size of brown adipocytes compared to ob/ob mutants. In this sense, in comparison to ob/ob mice, DBKO rodents showed an increase in the expression of PR domain containing 16 (Prdm16), a transcriptional regulator of brown adipogenesis. Moreover, iNOS deletion enhanced the expression of mitochondria-related proteins, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1 α (Pgc-1α), sirtuin-1 (Sirt-1) and sirtuin-3 (Sirt-3). Accordingly, mitochondrial uncoupling proteins 1 and 3 (Ucp-1 and Ucp-3) were upregulated in brown adipose tissue (BAT) of DBKO mice as compared to ob/ob rodents. Conclusion Ablation of iNOS improved the energy balance of ob/ob mice by decreasing food efficiency through an increase in thermogenesis. These effects may be mediated, in part, through the recovery of the BAT phenotype and brown fat cell function improvement.
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29
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Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is rich in mitochondria and can uncouple oxidative phosphorylation to produce heat as a by-product of fatty acid metabolism. This thermogenic effect helps to maintain body temperature and also plays a critical role in energy homeostasis and the regulation of body weight. Both cyclic adenosine monophosphate and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) contribute to the intracellular regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and the differentiation of BAT. New evidence has defined the essential role of the cGMP-dependent protein kinase I in a pathway that modulates the RhoA-ROCK pathway and insulin receptor signaling to elicit BAT differentiation and stimulate thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Amieux
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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30
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Nisoli E, Clementi E, Carruba MO, Moncada S. Defective mitochondrial biogenesis: a hallmark of the high cardiovascular risk in the metabolic syndrome? Circ Res 2007; 100:795-806. [PMID: 17395885 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000259591.97107.6c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome is a group of risk factors of metabolic origin that are accompanied by increased risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. These risk factors include atherogenic dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure and plasma glucose, and a prothrombotic and proinflammatory state. The condition is progressive and is exacerbated by physical inactivity, advancing age, hormonal imbalance, and genetic predisposition. The metabolic syndrome is a particularly challenging clinical condition because its complex molecular basis is still largely undefined. Impaired cell metabolism has, however, been suggested as a relevant pathophysiological process underlying several clinical features of the syndrome. In particular, defective oxidative metabolism seems to be involved in visceral fat gain and in the development of insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. This suggests that mitochondrial function may be impaired in the metabolic syndrome and, thus, in the consequent cardiovascular disease. We have recently found that mitochondrial biogenesis and function are enhanced by nitric oxide in various cell types and tissues, including cardiac muscle. Increasing evidence suggests that this mediator acts as a metabolic sensor in cardiomyocytes. This implies that a defective production of nitric oxide might be linked to dysfunction of the cardiomyocyte metabolism. Here we summarize some recent findings and propose a hypothesis for the high cardiovascular risk linked to the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Nisoli
- Department of Pharmacology, Chemotherapy and Medical Toxicology, School of Medicine, Milan University, Milan, Italy.
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31
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Petrović V, Korać A, Buzadzić B, Korać B. The effects of l-arginine and l-NAME supplementation on redox-regulation and thermogenesis in interscapular brown adipose tissue. J Exp Biol 2005; 208:4263-71. [PMID: 16272249 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.01895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Changes in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein levels and its relationship with the hyperplasia and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) levels were examined in interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) of adult rat males receiving l-arginine (l-Arg; 2.25%) or N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME; 0.01%)as a drinking liquid and maintained at low (4±1°C) or room(22±1°C) temperature for 45 days.
Cold generally diminished both iNOS immunopositivity and protein level in IBAT, as well as the rate of apoptosis. Among groups acclimated to cold,higher iNOS immunopositivity and protein levels were detected only in the l-Arg-treated group. Furthermore, chronic l-Arg treatment increased IBAT mass and UCP1 protein content, while l-NAME had an opposite effect, decreasing both IBAT mass and UCP1 protein level, as compared to the control maintained at 4±1°C.
These data suggest that nitric oxide (NO) produced by iNOS could also contribute to overall NO-associated regulation of thermogenesis in IBAT. Namely, that iNOS, i.e. NO, in correlation with enhanced thermogenesis,additionally induced IBAT hyperplasia and UCP1 level compared to that induced by low temperature. Cooperative action of decreased apoptosis accompanied by increased tissue hyperplasia and UCP1 level, observed in IBAT of cold-acclimated rats, would be a way of meeting the metabolic requirements for increased thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Petrović
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research, Sinisa Stanković, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro
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32
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Gómez-Ambrosi J, Becerril S, Oroz P, Zabalza S, Rodríguez A, Muruzábal FJ, Archanco M, Gil MJ, Burrell MA, Frühbeck G. Reduced adipose tissue mass and hypoleptinemia in iNOS deficient mice: effect of LPS on plasma leptin and adiponectin concentrations. FEBS Lett 2004; 577:351-6. [PMID: 15556608 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2004] [Revised: 10/05/2004] [Accepted: 10/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the lack of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) on body weight and adipose tissue mass as well as on plasma leptin and adiponectin in basal conditions and 6 h after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration in mice. Body weight was not different among male, six-week-old wild-type (WT) and iNOS-/- animals. However, the amount of epididymal white adipose tissue (EWAT) in iNOS-/- mice was significantly reduced (P<0.05). Circulating leptin and leptin mRNA in EWAT were decreased in iNOS-/- mice (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively). Plasma adiponectin and adiponectin mRNA were unchanged. LPS administration increased plasma leptin in both genotypes (P<0.05). Neither genotype nor treatment changed plasma adiponectin. In summary, iNOS-/- mice exhibited normal body weight but reduced adipose mass accompanied by hypoleptinemia. Leptin responsiveness to LPS in iNOS-/- mutants is preserved, showing that the LPS-induced rise in leptin is independent of the presence of functional iNOS. In addition, iNOS deficiency or LPS does not influence expression and circulating levels of adiponectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Gómez-Ambrosi
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, Edificio CIFA, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
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33
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Fradette J, Wolfe D, Goins WF, Huang S, Flanigan RM, Glorioso JC. HSV vector-mediated transduction and GDNF secretion from adipose cells. Gene Ther 2004; 12:48-58. [PMID: 15470480 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The accessibility of adipose tissue and its ability to secrete various bioactive molecules suggest that adipose cells may be attractive targets for gene therapy applications. Here, we report the use of highly defective herpes simplex virus (HSV) vectors as suitable gene transfer agents for adipose cells in culture and fat tissue in animals. Using an in vitro model of human adipose differentiation, we first demonstrated that mature adipocytes and their precursor cells express the two principal HSV viral entry receptors HveA and HveC (nectin-1) and are efficiently transduced at a low multiplicity of infection by HSV-lacZ reporter gene and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) gene vectors. Extended expression of beta-galactosidase and secretion of GDNF occurred in transduced fat tissue explants from rabbits. In vivo gene transfer to rabbit subcutaneous adipose tissue resulted in local GDNF expression for at least 2 months. These experiments establish the efficient transduction of adipose cells by HSV vectors and suggest that fat tissue may represent a useful site for HSV-mediated gene delivery with potential for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fradette
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Engeli S, Janke J, Gorzelniak K, Böhnke J, Ghose N, Lindschau C, Luft FC, Sharma AM. Regulation of the nitric oxide system in human adipose tissue. J Lipid Res 2004; 45:1640-8. [PMID: 15231849 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m300322-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in adipose tissue biology by influencing adipogenesis, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, and lipolysis. The enzymes responsible for NO formation in adipose cells are endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS), whereas neuronal NO synthase (bNOS) is not expressed in adipocytes. We characterized the expression pattern and the influence of adipogenesis, obesity, and weight loss on genes belonging to the NO system in human subcutaneous adipose cells by combining in vivo and in vitro studies. Expression of most of the genes known to belong to the NO system (eNOS, iNOS, subunits of the soluble guanylate cyclase, and both genes encoding cGMP-dependent protein kinases) in human adipose tissue and isolated human adipocytes was detected. In vitro adipogenic differentiation increased the expression level of iNOS significantly, whereas eNOS expression levels were not influenced. The genes encoding eNOS, iNOS, and cGMP-dependent protein kinase 1 were expressed at higher levels in obese women. Expression of these genes, however, was not influenced by 5% weight loss. Insulin and angiotensin II (Ang II) increased NO production by human preadipocytes in vitro. Increased eNOS and iNOS expression in adipocytes and local effects of insulin and Ang II may increase adipose tissue production of NO in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Engeli
- HELIOS-Klinikum Berlin, Franz Volhard Clinic, Charite University Medicine in Berlin, Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
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35
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Abstract
The function of brown adipose tissue is to transfer energy from food into heat; physiologically, both the heat produced and the resulting decrease in metabolic efficiency can be of significance. Both the acute activity of the tissue, i.e., the heat production, and the recruitment process in the tissue (that results in a higher thermogenic capacity) are under the control of norepinephrine released from sympathetic nerves. In thermoregulatory thermogenesis, brown adipose tissue is essential for classical nonshivering thermogenesis (this phenomenon does not exist in the absence of functional brown adipose tissue), as well as for the cold acclimation-recruited norepinephrine-induced thermogenesis. Heat production from brown adipose tissue is activated whenever the organism is in need of extra heat, e.g., postnatally, during entry into a febrile state, and during arousal from hibernation, and the rate of thermogenesis is centrally controlled via a pathway initiated in the hypothalamus. Feeding as such also results in activation of brown adipose tissue; a series of diets, apparently all characterized by being low in protein, result in a leptin-dependent recruitment of the tissue; this metaboloregulatory thermogenesis is also under hypothalamic control. When the tissue is active, high amounts of lipids and glucose are combusted in the tissue. The development of brown adipose tissue with its characteristic protein, uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1), was probably determinative for the evolutionary success of mammals, as its thermogenesis enhances neonatal survival and allows for active life even in cold surroundings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Cannon
- The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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36
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Nisoli E, Clementi E, Moncada S, Carruba MO. Mitochondrial biogenesis as a cellular signaling framework. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 67:1-15. [PMID: 14667924 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2003.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The identification, more than 50 years ago, of mitochondria as the site of oxidative energy metabolism has prompted studies that have unraveled the complexity of the numerous biosynthetic and degradative reactions, fundamental to cell function, carried out by these organelles. These activities depend on a distinctive mitochondrial structure, with different enzymes and reactions localized in discrete membranes and aqueous compartments. The characteristic mitochondrial structural organization is the product of both synthesis of macromolecules within the mitochondria and the import of proteins and lipids synthesized outside the organelle. Synthesis and import of mitochondrial components are required for mitochondrial proliferation, but rather than producing new organelles, these processes may facilitate the growth of pre-existing mitochondria. Recent evidence indicates that these events are regulated in a complex way by several agonists and environmental conditions, through activation of specific transcription factors and signaling pathways. Some of these are now being elucidated. Generation of nitric oxide (NO) appears to be a novel player in this scenario, possibly acting as a unifying molecular switch to trigger the whole mitochondriogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Nisoli
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Preclinical Sciences, LITA Vialba, Luigi Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157, Milan, Italy.
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37
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Dobashi K, Asayama K, Shirahata A. Differential effects of cyclic AMP on induction of nitric oxide synthase in 3T3-L1 cells and brown adipocytes. Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 35:94-101. [PMID: 12826259 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(03)00272-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether cyclic AMP (cAMP) pathways alter the nitric oxide (NO) production mediated by inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in adipocytes. The treatment of 3T3-L1 cells, a model of white adipocytes, with the combination of lipopolysaccharide (L), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (T), and interferon-gamma (I) synergistically induced iNOS, leading to the production of NO. Enhancers of intracellular cAMP (dibutyryl cAMP, forskolin, and IBMX) inhibited the NO production elicited by LTI, whereas H89, a specific inhibitor of PKA, stimulated the NO production in 3T3-L1 cells. In rat brown adipocyte cell line, the combined treatment with LT synergistically elicited the NO production, and the cAMP analogues further enhanced it. Forskolin inhibited the NO production in 3T3-L1 cells, but enhanced it in brown adipocytes, in a dose-dependent manner. The changes in NO production paralleled the change in iNOS mRNA and protein level in both cell types. The activation of NF-kappaB by LTI/LT was blocked in 3T3-L1 cells, but enhanced in brown adipocytes, by the co-treatment with cAMP analogues. The protein level of 1-kappaBalpha, a NF-kappaB stabilizer, changed reciprocally to that of NF-kappaB activity in each cell type. These results suggest that cAMP regulates iNOS expression in adipocytes through modulating NF-kappaB activity. The differential regulation of iNOS in 3T3-L1 cells from that in the brown adipocytes indicates that intracellular signal pathways activated by cAMP are different between the cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushige Dobashi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan.
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38
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Abstract
A recent paper by Nisoli et al. [1] provides the first evidence that elevated levels of nitric oxide (NO) stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis in a number of cell lines via a soluble guanylate-cyclase-dependent signaling pathway that activates PGC1alpha (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha), a master regulator of mitochondrial content. These results raise intriguing possibilities for a role of NO in modulating mitochondrial content in response to physiological stimuli such as exercise or cold exposure. However, whether this signaling cascade represents a widespread mechanism by which mammalian tissues regulate mitochondrial content, and how it might integrate with other pathways that control PGC1alpha expression, remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scot C Leary
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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39
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Nisoli E, Regianini L, Briscini L, Bulbarelli A, Busetto L, Coin A, Enzi G, Carruba MO. Multiple symmetric lipomatosis may be the consequence of defective noradrenergic modulation of proliferation and differentiation of brown fat cells. J Pathol 2002; 198:378-87. [PMID: 12375271 DOI: 10.1002/path.1212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multiple symmetric lipomatosis (MSL) is an inherited disorder in which enlarging and unencapsulated lipomas symmetrically develop in the subcutaneous tissue of the neck, shoulders, mammary, and truncal regions. In some cases, it is associated with mitochondrial DNA abnormalities. The pathogenesis of MSL is completely unknown, although the fat deposits may be due to a neoplastic-like proliferation of functionally defective brown adipocytes. It has recently been demonstrated that the beta(3)-adrenergic receptor is the functionally relevant adrenergic receptor subtype in brown adipocytes and that its stimulation by noradrenaline (NA) modulates the expression of genes, such as uncoupling protein (UCP)-1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), involved in fat cell proliferation and differentiation. Furthermore, Trp64Arg mutation of the beta(3)-adrenoceptor has been implicated in lower NA activity in adipose tissues. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular and functional characteristics of MSL adipocytes and to analyse the effects of nitric oxide (NO) on the proliferation/differentiation of MSL adipocytes in culture, and the relevance of putative noradrenergic deficit in the development of lipomas in MSL patients. Cultured MSL adipocytes were able to synthesize UCP-1 (the selective marker of brown adipocytes), but unlike that of normally functioning brown fat cells, the expression of the UCP-1 gene was not significantly induced by NA. NA is also defective in inducing iNOS gene expression, thus leading to reduced NO production and a consequent reduction in the anti-proliferative, adipogenic (mitochondrial biogenesis) effects of NA on MSL cells. Furthermore, the transcriptional peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator-1 (PGC-1), which plays a key role in the sympathetic-stimulated mitochondrial biogenesis of brown adipocytes, is expressed but not induced by NA in MSL cells, as it is in brown adipocytes. The study did not find any association between beta(3)-adrenoceptor gene polymorphism and noradrenergic signalling defects in MSL subjects with or without mitochondrial DNA mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Nisoli
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Preclinical Sciences, LITA Vialba, L. Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Via G. B. Grassi 74, Italy.
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40
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Giordano A, Tonello C, Bulbarelli A, Cozzi V, Cinti S, Carruba MO, Nisoli E. Evidence for a functional nitric oxide synthase system in brown adipocyte nucleus. FEBS Lett 2002; 514:135-40. [PMID: 11943139 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)02245-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular localization and activity of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms were investigated in rat brown adipocytes. Immunohistochemistry showed cytoplasmic and nuclear staining for the endothelial NOS (eNOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS) isoforms; accordingly, anti-L-citrulline antibody, a marker of NOS activity, immunostained both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. The presence of metabolically active NOS in the nucleus was further confirmed by immunoblotting analyses of subcellular fractions of homogenates from cultured brown adipocytes and by measurements of NOS activity in the cytosol and nucleus. Sympathetic stimulation in vivo (i.e. cold exposure or beta(3)-adrenergic agonist treatment) and in vitro (i.e. noradrenaline treatment of cultured cells) significantly increased both cytosolic and nuclear eNOS and iNOS expression and activities. By contrast, the number of iNOS-positive, but not eNOS-positive, nuclei was significantly lower in the functionally impaired brown fat of genetically obese Zucker fa/fa rats. These data suggest the existence of a noradrenaline-modulated functional NOS system in the nucleus of brown adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Giordano
- Institute of Normal Human Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy
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41
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Kikuchi-Utsumi K, Gao B, Ohinata H, Hashimoto M, Yamamoto N, Kuroshima A. Enhanced gene expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in brown adipose tissue during cold exposure. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2002; 282:R623-6. [PMID: 11792674 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00310.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that norepinephrine (NE) can mediate vasodilatation by stimulating the production of nitric oxide (NO) in brown adipose tissue (BAT), resulting in an increase in BAT blood flow. We speculated that constitutive NO synthase (NOS) is involved in this NO production. However, it is not known whether constitutive NOS is expressed in BAT. To answer this question, we assessed the expression of two types of constitutive NOS, endothelial (eNOS) and neuronal NOS (nNOS), in BAT of rats. eNOS was abundantly expressed in both BAT and isolated brown adipocytes, whereas nNOS was not. Cold exposure, which is known to stimulate NE release from sympathetic nerve terminals in BAT, led to a significant increase in eNOS mRNA in this tissue. In contrast, very low levels of inducible NOS (iNOS) mRNA were expressed, and cold stimulation failed to increase iNOS mRNA levels in BAT. These results suggest that eNOS is the primary isoform that is responsible for NO production in BAT and that its expression may be under sympathetic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Kikuchi-Utsumi
- Department of Physiology 1, Asahikawa Medical University School of Medicine, Asahikawa 078 - 8510, Japan.
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42
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Nisoli E, Regianini L, Bulbarelli A, Briscini L, Bracale R, Breacale R, Carruba MO. Protective effects of noradrenaline against tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced apoptosis in cultured rat brown adipocytes: role of nitric oxide-induced heat shock protein 70 expression. Int J Obes (Lond) 2001; 25:1421-30. [PMID: 11673761 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2000] [Revised: 03/07/2001] [Accepted: 04/20/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate the effects and molecular mechanism(s) by means of which noradrenaline (NA) protects against the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-induced apoptosis of brown adipocytes. DESIGN Brown fat precursor cells were isolated from young rats; 2.5 million cells were added to each 24-well culture plate and cultured in a defined culture medium. On day 8, the cultured cells were exposed to murine recombinant TNF-alpha and/or cycloheximide (CHX; 10 microg/ml) and/or NA and/or nitric oxide (NO) donors and/or the NO synthase inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and/or 10 microM heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) antisense or sense oligomers. MEASUREMENTS Analysis of DNA fragmentation on agarose gel as a marker of apoptosis; reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis of mRNA levels; Western blotting analysis of protein levels. RESULTS Pretreatment of primary cultures of rat brown fat cells with micromolar concentrations of NA or the NO-donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) induced the expression of HSP70 mRNA and protein, which was associated with cytoprotection against TNF-alpha plus CHX-induced apoptosis. The L-NAME inhibitor of NO synthase activity inhibited both NA-stimulated HSP70 expression and cytoprotection. Furthermore, pretreatment of brown adipocytes with an antisense oligonucleotide to HSP70 antagonized both SNAP- and NA-induced cytoprotection. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that the NO produced by NA stimulation can induce resistance to the TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis of brown adipocytes, possibly by means of the expression of HSP70.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nisoli
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Preclinical Sciences, LITA Vialba, L Sacco Hospital, Milan University, Milan, Italy.
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Abstract
Anatomically, an organ is defined as a series of tissues which jointly perform one or more interconnected functions. The adipose organ qualifies for this definition as it is made up of two tissue types, the white and brown adipose tissues, which collaborate in partitioning the energy contained in lipids between thermogenesis and the other metabolic functions. In rats and mice the adipose organ consists of several subcutaneous and visceral depots. Some areas of these depots are brown and correspond to brown adipose tissue, while many are white and correspond to white adipose tissue. The number of brown adipocytes found in white areas varies with age, strain of animal and environmental conditions. Brown and white adipocyte precursors are morphologically dissimilar. Together with a rich vascular supply, brown areas receive abundant noradrenergic parenchymal innervation. The gross anatomy and histology of the organ vary considerably in different physiological (cold acclimation, warm acclimation, fasting) and pathological conditions such as obesity; many important genes, such as leptin and uncoupling protein-1, are also expressed very differently in the two cell types. These basic mechanisms should be taken into account when addressing the physiopathology of obesity and its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cinti
- Institute of Normal Human Morphology-Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ancona, Via Tronto, Italy.
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Morrison SF. Differential regulation of sympathetic outflows to vasoconstrictor and thermoregulatory effectors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 940:286-98. [PMID: 11458686 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03684.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The medullary premotor neurons determining the sympathetic outflow regulating cardiac function and vasoconstriction are located in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). The present study sought evidence for differential characteristics and baroreceptor reflex sensitivities between the sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) controlling brown adipose tissue (BAT) metabolism and thermogenesis and cardiovascular SNA such as that controlling mesenteric vasoconstriction via the splanchnic (SPL) nerve. The tonic discharge of sympathetic nerves is determined by the inputs to functionally specific sympathetic preganglionic neurons from supraspinal populations of premotor neurons. Under normothermic conditions, BAT SNA was nearly silent, while SPL SNA exhibited sustained, large-amplitude bursts. Disinhibition of neurons in the rostral raphe pallidus (RPa), a potential site of sympathetic premotor neurons controlling BAT SNA, or icv injection of prostaglandin E2, a pyrogenic stimulus, elicited a dramatic increase in BAT SNA. SPL SNA was strongly influenced by the baroreceptor reflex as indicated by a high coherence to the arterial pressure, while activated BAT SNA exhibited no correlation with the arterial pressure. Since these characteristics and reflex responses in sympathetic outflow have been shown to arise from the ongoing or altered discharge of sympathetic premotor neurons, the marked differences between SPL SNA and BAT SNA provide strong evidence supporting the hypothesis that vasoconstriction and thermogenesis (metabolism) are controlled by distinct populations of sympathetic premotor neurons, the former in the RVLM and strongly baroreceptor-modulated and the latter potentially in the RPa exhibiting little influence of baroreceptor reflex activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Morrison
- Department of Physiology (M211), Northwestern University Medical School, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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45
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Giordano A, Nisoli E, Tonello C, Cancello R, Carruba MO, Cinti S. Expression and distribution of heme oxygenase-1 and -2 in rat brown adipose tissue: the modulatory role of the noradrenergic system. FEBS Lett 2000; 487:171-5. [PMID: 11150503 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(00)02217-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
To investigate whether brown adipose tissue (BAT) expresses the inducible (HO-1) and the constitutive (HO-2) isoform of heme oxygenase, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were performed on interscapular BAT (IBAT) from rats acclimated at environmental temperature or exposed to cold. Both HO isoforms were detected in rat IBAT. They were immunolocalized in the cytoplasm and/or nuclei of brown adipocytes, in parenchymal capillaries, arteries and in some veins and nerves. Whereas cold exposure did not affect HO-2 expression, it significantly increased the expression of HO-1, both at mRNA (about 3-fold) and protein (about 2-fold) levels, reflecting the increased expression of HO-1 in the brown adipocytes and endothelial cells of parenchymal capillaries. Western blotting of cytosolic and nuclear protein extracts from cultured differentiated brown adipocytes showed that HO-1 and HO-2 are indeed localized in the cytosol and nuclei of brown adipocytes, and that noradrenaline stimulation significantly increased their amount in cytosol but not in the nuclear fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Giordano
- Institute of Normal Human Morphology-Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ancona, Italy
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46
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Abstract
In rats and mice the adipose organ consists of several subcutaneous and visceral depots. Some areas of these depots are brown and correspond to brown adipose tissue, while most are white and correspond to white adipose tissue. The number of brown adipocytes found in white areas varies with age, strain and environmental conditions. Brown and white adipocyte precursors are morphologically dissimilar. Together with a rich vascular supply, brown areas receive abundant noradrenergic parenchymal innervation. The gross anatomy and histology of the organ vary considerably in different physiological (cold acclimation, warm acclimation, fasting, lactation) and pathological (obesity) conditions, and many important genes, such as leptin and uncoupling protein 1, are also expressed differently in the two cell types. These basic mechanisms should be taken into account when addressing the physiopathology of obesity and its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cinti
- Institute of Normal Human Morphology-Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Ancona, Italy
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47
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Nisoli E, Briscini L, Giordano A, Tonello C, Wiesbrock SM, Uysal KT, Cinti S, Carruba MO, Hotamisligil GS. Tumor necrosis factor alpha mediates apoptosis of brown adipocytes and defective brown adipocyte function in obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:8033-8. [PMID: 10884431 PMCID: PMC16665 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.14.8033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe quantitative and qualitative brown adipocyte defects are common in obesity. To investigate whether aberrant expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in obesity is involved in functional brown fat atrophy, we have studied genetically obese (ob/ob) mice with targeted null mutations in the genes encoding the two TNF receptors. The absence of both TNF receptors or p55 receptor alone resulted in a significant reduction in brown adipocyte apoptosis and an increase in beta(3)-adrenoreceptor and uncoupling protein-1 expression in obese mice. Increased numbers of multilocular functionally active brown adipocytes, and improved thermoregulation was also observed in obese animals lacking TNF-alpha function. These results indicate that TNF-alpha plays an important role in multiple aspects of brown adipose tissue biology and mediates the abnormalities that occur at this site in obesity.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Physiological
- Adipocytes/cytology
- Adipocytes/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/cytology
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/drug effects
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Apoptosis
- Body Temperature
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cold Temperature
- Cyclic AMP/biosynthesis
- In Situ Nick-End Labeling
- Ion Channels
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mitochondrial Proteins
- Mutation
- Obesity/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
- Uncoupling Agents/metabolism
- Uncoupling Protein 1
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nisoli
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, LITA Vialba, L. Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy
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Sam AD, Sharma AC, Rice AN, Ferguson JL, Law WR. Adenosine and nitric oxide regulate regional vascular resistance via interdependent and independent mechanisms during sepsis. Crit Care Med 2000; 28:1931-9. [PMID: 10890644 DOI: 10.1097/00003246-200006000-00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adenosine receptor blockade increases regional resting vascular resistance during sepsis. In healthy subjects, part of adenosine's actions are mediated via stimulation of nitric oxide synthase. Because nitric oxide synthase activity is thought to be a major contributor to altered vascular tone in sepsis, we tested the hypothesis that some of the nitric oxide-mediated resting regional resistance during sepsis is secondary to endogenous adenosine stimulation of nitric oxide synthase. DESIGN Prospective, randomized, controlled experiment. SETTING Shock-trauma and basic science laboratory. SUBJECTS Male Sprague-Dawley rats. INTERVENTIONS Twenty-four hours after sepsis or sham induction, rats were separated into two groups (n = 6 to 10 in each group). Group 1 received a 10-min infusion of the adenosine antagonist 8-sulfophenyltheophylline (0.9 mg/kg x min) followed by a 10-min infusion of L-nitro-arginine-methyl ester (0.5 mg/kg x min). Group 2 similarly received L-nitro-arginine-methyl ester followed by 8-sulfophenyltheophylline in the presence of L-nitro-arginine-methyl ester. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Hemodynamic and blood flow measurements (microspheres) were made before infusions, 10 mins after the administration of each single-agent infusion, and 10 mins after combined-agent infusions were administered. No significant resistance alterations were observed in nonseptic rats. In septic rats, adenosine receptor blockade alone increased hepatosplanchnic and skeletal muscle vascular resistance, but no further increases were seen when L-nitro-arginine-methyl ester was added. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition alone increased hepatosplanchnic and skeletal muscle vascular resistances. When 8-sulfophenyltheophylline was added to the infusion, skeletal muscle vascular resistance increased significantly more than with L-nitro-arginine-methyl ester alone, but there were no further increases in hepatosplanchnic resistance. Renal and adipose vascular resistances increased with L-nitro-arginine-methyl ester infusions, and 8-sulfophenyltheophylline produced no effect. CONCLUSIONS During sepsis, nitric oxide caused resting vasodilation independent of adenosine in the renal and adipose vasculature. In the hepatosplanchnic circulation, there is reciprocal adenosine-nitric oxide interaction in maintaining resting regional resistance. Skeletal muscle displayed a dual adenosine-mediated (nitric oxide-independent) and nitric oxide-mediated (adenosine receptors required) interaction to regulate resting resistance during sepsis. These data indicate that in the hepatosplanchnic and skeletal muscle vasculature, all of the resting nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation is secondary to endogenous adenosine action, but in adipose and renal vasculature, resting nitric oxide mediated vasodilation is independent of adenosine. Endogenous adenosine also appears to play a significant role in determining resting skeletal muscle resistance that is independent of nitric oxide synthase during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Sam
- University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago Department of Surgery, 60612, USA
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Balyasnikova IV, Pelligrino DA, Greenwood J, Adamson P, Dragon S, Raza H, Galea E. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate regulates the expression of the intercellular adhesion molecule and the inducible nitric oxide synthase in brain endothelial cells. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2000; 20:688-99. [PMID: 10779013 DOI: 10.1097/00004647-200004000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The authors studied whether cyclic AMP (cAMP), a widespread regulator of inflammation, modulates the cytokine-mediated expression of the intercellular adhesion molecule, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and the inflammatory nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS-2), in primary and immortalized brain endothelial cell cultures (GP8.3 cell line). When measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), ICAM-1 was constitutively expressed and was up-regulated twofold by interleukin-1beta, with no effect of interferon-gamma. The NOS-2 activity, assessed by nitrite accumulation, was absent from untreated cultures but was induced by interleukin-1beta and interferon-gamma acting synergistically. Stimulation of cAMP-dependent pathways with forskolin or dibutyryl cAMP decreased ICAM-1 protein expression, whereas it increased NOS-2 protein expression. For both ICAM-1 and NOS-2, mRNA expression correlated with protein expression. Blockade of NOS activity with L-N-monomethylargiuine (L-NMMA) did not alter ICAM-1 expression, indicating that the nitric oxide released by NOS-2 did not cause the down-regulation of ICAM-1. Analysis of NFKB activation indicated that cAMP acted through a mechanism other than inhibition of nuclear translocation of NFKB. The authors conclude that cAMP modulates the expression of proinflammatory molecules in brain endothelium. This suggests that inflammatory processes at the blood-brain barrier in vivo may be regulated by perivascular neurotransmitters via cAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Balyasnikova
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
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50
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Chen CC, Chiu KT, Sun YT, Chen WC. Role of the cyclic AMP-protein kinase A pathway in lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide synthase expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Involvement of cyclooxygenase-2. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:31559-64. [PMID: 10531359 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.44.31559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The signaling pathway for lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) release in RAW 264.7 macrophages involves the protein kinase C and p38 activation pathways (Chen, C. C., Wang, J. K., and Lin, S. B. (1998) J. Immunol. 161, 6206-6214; Chen, C. C., and Wang, J. K. (1999) Mol. Pharmacol. 55, 481-488). In this study, the role of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) pathway was investigated. The PKA inhibitors, KT-5720 and H8, reduced LPS-induced NO release and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. The direct PKA activator, Bt(2)cAMP, caused concentration-dependent NO release and iNOS expression, as confirmed by immunofluorescence studies. The intracellular cAMP concentration did not increase until after 6 h of LPS treatment. Two cAMP-elevating agents, forskolin and cholera toxin, potentiated the LPS-induced NO release and iNOS expression. Stimulation of cells with LPS or Bt(2)cAMP for periods of 10 min to 24 h caused nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation in the nuclei, as shown by detection of NF-kappaB-specific DNA-protein binding. The PKA inhibitor, H8, inhibited the NF-kappaB activation induced by 6- or 12-h treatment with LPS but not that induced after 1, 3, or 24 h. The cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, NS-398 and indomethacin, attenuated LPS-induced NO release, iNOS expression, and NF-kappaB DNA-protein complex formation. LPS induced COX-2 expression in a time-dependent manner, and prostaglandin E(2) production was induced in parallel. These results suggest that 6 h of treatment with LPS increases intracellular cAMP levels via COX-2 induction and prostaglandin E(2) production, resulting in PKA activation, NF-kappaB activation, iNOS expression, and NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10018, Taiwan
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