Genetic analysis of the mammalian transforming growth factor-beta superfamily

Exogenous FSH/LH modulates TGF beta signaling genes in granulosa cells of Simmental heifers without affecting IVP results

Follicular wave synchronization and follicular superstimulation with FSH are commonly used in OPU-IVP programs to increase oocyte developmental competence. Factors like Growth Differentiation Factor 9 (GDF9) and Bone Morphogenetic Protein 15 (BMP15), from the TGF beta superfamily, are produced by the oocyte and modulate follicular function. The aim of this study was to analyze the FSH-induced effects on (1) embryo production in dual-purpose Simmental cattle, and (2) TGF beta-mediated effects on oocyte-granulosa cell communication. Simmental heifers (n = 12, age 484 ± 62 days) underwent two OPU-IVP cycles in a cross-over design. Follicular waves were synchronized using 0.5 mg cloprostenol on Day 0, followed by 10 μg buserelin on Day 2. Subsequently, half of the heifers were randomly assigned to receive FSH/LH (four injections of 75 IU FSHp and 75IU LHp, 12 h apart on Days 4 and 5) before the first OPU, while the remaining heifers received FSH/LH before the second OPU. At the time of OPU, i.e. 7 days after the start of synchronization, granulosa cells were collected for RT-qPCR analysis. FSH treatment did not affect the number of oocytes collected (17.3 vs. 13.3, P > 0.05), but increased the percentage of quality 1 oocytes compared to controls (45.7 % vs. 22.0 %, P < 0.001). Neither cleavage (86.4 % vs. 85.7 %), nor blastocyst (42.1 % vs. 39.3 %) rate, or the number of transferable embryos produced by IVP (4.1 vs 4.8) was influenced by FSH treatment (P > 0.05 in all cases). FSH treatment increased HIF1A and FSHR levels in granulosa cells, while STAR was decreased (P = 0.008 in all cases). FSH treatment did not affect BMP15 or GDF9 mRNA expression (P > 0.05) but appeared to modulate the expression of genes involved in the BMP signaling pathway. Transcriptional levels of BMP15 receptor (BMPR1A, P = 0.016), and its downstream signaling factor SMAD1 (P = 0.008) were affected by FSH treatment. Our results demonstrated no benefit of this FSH stimulation protocol on IVP results in Simmental heifers. Further, our results suggest that the effects of FSH on bovine oocytes during acquisition of developmental competence may be mediated through BMP, but do not involve the regulation of transcriptional availability of GDF9, providing new insights into possible paracrine effects of the oocyte on granulosa cells.

Receptors and Signaling Pathways Controlling Beta-Cell Function and Survival as Targets for Anti-Diabetic Therapeutic Strategies

Preserving the function and survival of pancreatic beta-cells, in order to achieve long-term glycemic control and prevent complications, is an essential feature for an innovative drug to have clinical value in the treatment of diabetes. Innovative research is developing therapeutic strategies to prevent pathogenic mechanisms and protect beta-cells from the deleterious effects of inflammation and/or chronic hyperglycemia over time. A better understanding of receptors and signaling pathways, and of how they interact with each other in beta-cells, remains crucial and is a prerequisite for any strategy to develop therapeutic tools aimed at modulating beta-cell function and/or mass. Here, we present a comprehensive review of our knowledge on membrane and intracellular receptors and signaling pathways as targets of interest to protect beta-cells from dysfunction and apoptotic death, which opens or could open the way to the development of innovative therapies for diabetes.

Roles of SMAD and SMAD-Associated Signaling Pathways in Nerve Regeneration Following Peripheral Nerve Injury: A Narrative Literature Review

Although several methods are being applied to treat peripheral nerve injury, a perfect treatment that leads to full functional recovery has not yet been developed. SMAD (Suppressor of Mothers Against Decapentaplegic Homolog) plays a crucial role in nerve regeneration by facilitating the survival and growth of nerve cells following peripheral nerve injury. We conducted a systematic literature review on the role of SMAD in this context. Following peripheral nerve injury, there was an increase in the expression of SMAD1, -2, -4, -5, and -8, while SMAD5, -6, and -7 showed no significant changes; SMAD8 expression was decreased. Specifically, SMAD1 and SMAD4 were found to promote nerve regeneration, whereas SMAD2 and SMAD6 inhibited it. SMAD exerts its effects by promoting neuronal survival and growth through BMP/SMAD1, BMP/SMAD4, and BMP/SMAD7 signaling pathways. Furthermore, it activates nerve regeneration programs via the PI3K/GSK3/SMAD1 pathway, facilitating active regeneration of nerve cells and subsequent functional recovery after peripheral nerve damage. By leveraging these mechanisms of SMAD, novel strategies for treating peripheral nerve damage could potentially be developed. We aim to further elucidate the precise mechanisms of nerve regeneration mediated by SMAD and explore the potential for developing targeted nerve treatments based on these findings.

The Roles of GDF-9, BMP-15, BMP-4 and EMMPRIN in Folliculogenesis and In Vitro Fertilization

Growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF-9) contributes to early ovarian development and oocyte survival. Higher concentrations of GDF-9 in follicular fluid (FF) are associated with oocyte nuclear maturation and optimal embryo development. In in vitro fertilization (IVF), GDF-9 affects the ability of the oocyte to fertilize and subsequent embryonic development. Bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP-15) is involved in the regulation of ovarian function and affects oocyte development. During IVF, BMP-15 contributes to the formation of competent blastocysts. BMP-15 may play a role in embryo implantation by affecting endometrial receptivity. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4) is involved in the regulation of follicle growth and development and affects granulosa cell (GC) differentiation. In relation to IVF, BMP-4 is important for embryonic development, influences cell fate and differentiation, and plays a role in facilitating embryo-endometrial interactions during the implantation process. Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) is associated with ovulation and follicle rupture, promotes the release of mature eggs, and affects the modification of the extracellular matrix of the follicular environment. In IVF, EMMPRIN is involved in embryo implantation by modulating the adhesive properties of endometrial cells and promotes trophoblastic invasion, which is essential for pregnancy to occur. The purpose of the current article is to review the studies and recent findings of GDF-9, BMP-15, BMP-4 and EMMPRIN as fundamental factors in normal follicular development and in vitro fertilization.

Genome-wide identification of quantitative trait loci and candidate genes for seven carcass traits in a four-way intercross porcine population

BACKGROUND

Carcass traits are essential economic traits in the commercial pig industry. However, the genetic mechanism of carcass traits is still unclear. In this study, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) based on the specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) to study seven carcass traits on 223 four-way intercross pigs, including dressing percentage (DP), number of ribs (RIB), skin thinkness (ST), carcass straight length (CSL), carcass diagonal length (CDL), loin eye width (LEW), and loin eye thickness (LET).

RESULTS

A total of 227,921 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected to perform GWAS. A total of 30 SNPs were identified for seven carcass traits using the mixed linear model (MLM) (p < 1.0 × 10- 5), of which 9 SNPs were located in previously reported quantitative trait loci (QTL) regions. The phenotypic variation explained (PVE) by the significant SNPs was from 2.43 to 16.32%. Furthermore, 11 candidate genes (LYPLAL1, EPC1, MATN2, ZFAT, ZBTB10, ZNF704, INHBA, SMYD3, PAK1, SPTBN2, and ACTN3) were found for carcass traits in pigs.

CONCLUSIONS

The GWAS results will improve our understanding of the genetic basis of carcass traits. We hypothesized that the candidate genes associated with these discovered SNPs would offer a biological basis for enhancing the carcass quality of pigs in swine breeding.

Identification and validation of regulatory T cell-associated gene signatures to predict colon adenocarcinoma prognosis

Colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) is a common cause of cancer-related death. Due to the difficulty in early diagnosis and drug resistance, conventional treatments are difficult to be effective. Some studies have found that the functional recovery of T cells in the tumor microenvironment, especially regulatory T cells (Tregs), plays an important role in the progression of cancer. This study used the TCGA data set, clinical information and RNA-seq data of COAD patients to construct a Tregs-related risk score (TRS) through methods such as WGCNA, single-factor Cox, multi-factor Cox and random survival forest (RSF). Moreover, we also used the TCGA test set and internal validation set to verify the predictive ability of TRS, and used functional enrichment analysis and somatic mutation analysis to mine genes related to TRS, such as like thrombin/trypsin receptor 2 (F2RL2), inhibin subunit beta B (INHBB) and melanoma antigen family A12 (MAGEA12). Moreover, this study confirmed the expression of these prognostic genes using scRNA-seq data. We also performed qPCR analysis of various genes in normal and cancerous colon cancer cell lines to verify that these genes indeed play a role in CODA patients. We also constructed a mouse CODA model to study and evaluate the impact of key genes such as MAGEA12 on tumor growth in mice. This study explores the important role of Treg cells in the prognosis of COAD and discovers some potential biomarkers for the occurrence and development of COAD, which provides some new ideas for the treatment of COAD.

Screening of premature ovarian insufficiency associated genes in Hungarian patients with next generation sequencing

BACKGROUND

Premature ovarian insuffiency (POI) is one of the main cause behind infertility. The genetic analysis of POI should be part of the clinical diagnostics, as several genes have been implicated in the genetic background of it. The aim of our study was to analyse the genetic background of POI in a Hungarian cohort.

METHODS

The age of onset was between 15 and 39 years. All patients had the 46,XX karyotype and they were prescreened for the most frequent POI associated FMR1 premutation. To identify genetic alterations next-generation sequencing (NGS) of 31 genes which were previously associated to POI were carried out in 48 unrelated patients from Hungary.

RESULTS

Monogenic defect was identified in 16.7% (8 of 48) and a potential genetic risk factor was found in 29.2% (14 of 48) and susceptible oligogenic effect was described in 12.5% (6 of 48) of women with POI using the customized targeted panel sequencing. The genetic analysis identified 8 heterozygous damaging and 4 potentially damaging variants in POI-associated genes. Further 10 potential genetic risk factors were detected in seven genes, from which EIF2B and GALT were the most frequent. These variants were related to 15 genes: AIRE, ATM, DACH2, DAZL, EIF2B2, EIF2B4, FMR1, GALT, GDF9, HS6ST2, LHCGR, NOBOX, POLG, USP9X and XPNPEP2. In six cases, two or three coexisting damaging mutations and risk variants were identified.

CONCLUSIONS

POI is characterized by heterogenous phenotypic features with complex genetic background that contains increasing number of genes. Deleterious variants, which were detected in our cohort, related to gonadal development (oogenesis and folliculogenesis), meiosis and DNA repair, hormonal signaling, immune function, and metabolism which were previously associated with the POI phenotype. This is the first genetic epidemiology study targeting POI associated genes in Hungary. The frequency of variants in different POI associated genes were similar to the literature, except EIF2B and GALT. Both of these genes potential risk factor were detected which could influence the phenotype, although it is unlikely that they can be responsible for the development of the disease by themselves. Advances of sequencing technologies make it possible to aid diagnostics of POI Since individual patients show high phenotypic variance because of the complex network controlling human folliculogenesis. Comprehensive NGS screening by widening the scope to genes which were previously linked to infertility may facilitate more accurate, quicker and cheaper genetic diagnoses for POI. The investigation of patient's genotype could support clinical decision-making process and pave the way for future clinical trials and therapies.

Advances and Challenges in Targeting TGF-β Isoforms for Therapeutic Intervention of Cancer: A Mechanism-Based Perspective

The TGF-β family is a group of 25 kDa secretory cytokines, in mammals consisting of three dimeric isoforms (TGF-βs 1, 2, and 3), each encoded on a separate gene with unique regulatory elements. Each isoform plays unique, diverse, and pivotal roles in cell growth, survival, immune response, and differentiation. However, many researchers in the TGF-β field often mistakenly assume a uniform functionality among all three isoforms. Although TGF-βs are essential for normal development and many cellular and physiological processes, their dysregulated expression contributes significantly to various diseases. Notably, they drive conditions like fibrosis and tumor metastasis/progression. To counter these pathologies, extensive efforts have been directed towards targeting TGF-βs, resulting in the development of a range of TGF-β inhibitors. Despite some clinical success, these agents have yet to reach their full potential in the treatment of cancers. A significant challenge rests in effectively targeting TGF-βs' pathological functions while preserving their physiological roles. Many existing approaches collectively target all three isoforms, failing to target just the specific deregulated ones. Additionally, most strategies tackle the entire TGF-β signaling pathway instead of focusing on disease-specific components or preferentially targeting tumors. This review gives a unique historical overview of the TGF-β field often missed in other reviews and provides a current landscape of TGF-β research, emphasizing isoform-specific functions and disease implications. The review then delves into ongoing therapeutic strategies in cancer, stressing the need for more tools that target specific isoforms and disease-related pathway components, advocating mechanism-based and refined approaches to enhance the effectiveness of TGF-β-targeted cancer therapies.

Dysregulation of deubiquitination in breast cancer

Breast cancer (BC) is a highly frequent malignant tumor that poses a serious threat to women's health and has different molecular subtypes, histological subtypes, and biological features, which act by activating oncogenic factors and suppressing cancer inhibitors. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is the main process contributing to protein degradation, and deubiquitinases (DUBs) are reverse enzymes that counteract this process. There is growing evidence that dysregulation of DUBs is involved in the occurrence of BC. Herein, we review recent research findings in BC-associated DUBs, describe their nature, classification, and functions, and discuss the potential mechanisms of DUB-related dysregulation in BC. Furthermore, we present the successful treatment of malignant cancer with DUB inhibitors, as well as analyzing the status of targeting aberrant DUBs in BC.

Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) expression in patients with adenomyosis

Objective

To compare Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) expression in patients with and without adenomyosis.

Methods

A prospective design was performed including 49 patients submitted to hysterectomy. Immunohistochemistry was performed on anatomopathological samples staged in paraffin blocks from patients with and without adenomyosis. The sample contained 28 adenomyosis cases and 21 controls. Student's t-test and multivariate logistic regression tests were used for statistical analysis. Associations were considered significant at p < 0.05.

Results

We found no significant association between adenomyosis and: smoking (p = 0.75), miscarriage (p = 0.29), number of previous pregnancies (p = 0.85), curettage (p = 0.81), pelvic pain (p = 0.72) and myoma (p = 0.15). However, we did find a relationship between adenomyosis and abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) (p = 0.02) and previous cesarean section (p = 0.02). The mean TGF-β1 intensity (mean ± SD) in the ectopic endometrium of women with adenomyosis showed no significant association (184.17 ± 9.4 vs.184.66 ± 16.08, p = 0.86) from the topic endometrium of women without adenomyosis.

Conclusion

TGF-β1 expression was not increased in the ectopic endometrium of women with adenomyosis.

Affinity-tagged SMAD1 and SMAD5 mouse lines reveal transcriptional reprogramming mechanisms during early pregnancy

Endometrial decidualization, a prerequisite for successful pregnancies, relies on transcriptional reprogramming driven by progesterone receptor (PR) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-SMAD1/SMAD5 signaling pathways. Despite their critical roles in early pregnancy, how these pathways intersect in reprogramming the endometrium into a receptive state remains unclear. To define how SMAD1 and/or SMAD5 integrate BMP signaling in the uterus during early pregnancy, we generated two novel transgenic mouse lines with affinity tags inserted into the endogenous SMAD1 and SMAD5 loci (Smad1HA/HA and Smad5PA/PA). By profiling the genome-wide distribution of SMAD1, SMAD5, and PR in the mouse uterus, we demonstrated the unique and shared roles of SMAD1 and SMAD5 during the window of implantation. We also showed the presence of a conserved SMAD1, SMAD5, and PR genomic binding signature in the uterus during early pregnancy. To functionally characterize the translational aspects of our findings, we demonstrated that SMAD1/5 knockdown in human endometrial stromal cells suppressed expressions of canonical decidual markers (IGFBP1, PRL, FOXO1) and PR-responsive genes (RORB, KLF15). Here, our studies provide novel tools to study BMP signaling pathways and highlight the fundamental roles of SMAD1/5 in mediating both BMP signaling pathways and the transcriptional response to progesterone (P4) during early pregnancy.

Transplantation of the LRP1high subpopulation of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells improves ovarian function in mice with premature ovarian failure and aged mice

BACKGROUND

Premature ovarian failure (POF) has a profound impact on female reproductive and psychological health. In recent years, the transplantation of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) has demonstrated unprecedented potential in the treatment of POF. However, the heterogeneity of human UC-MSCs remains a challenge for their large-scale clinical application. Therefore, it is imperative to identify specific subpopulations within UC-MSCs that possess the capability to improve ovarian function, with the aim of reducing the uncertainty arising from the heterogeneity while achieving more effective treatment of POF.

METHODS

10 × Genomics was performed to investigate the heterogeneity of human UC-MSCs. We used LRP1 as a marker and distinguished the potential therapeutic subpopulation by flow cytometry, and determined its secretory functions. Unsorted UC-MSCs, LRP1high and LRP1low subpopulation was transplanted under the ovarian capsules of aged mice and CTX-induced POF mice, and therapeutic effects was evaluated by assessing hormone levels, estrous cycles, follicle counts, and embryo numbers. RNA sequencing on mouse oocytes and granulosa cells after transplantation was performed to explore the mechanism of LRP1high subpopulation on mouse oocytes and granulosa cells.

RESULTS

We identified three distinct functional subtypes, including mesenchymal stem cells, multilymphoid progenitor cells and trophoblasts. Additionally, we identified the LRP1high subpopulation, which improved ovarian function in aged and POF mice. We elucidated the unique secretory functions of the LRP1high subpopulation, capable of secreting various chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors. Furthermore, LRP1 plays a crucial role in regulating the ovarian microenvironment, including tissue repair and extracellular matrix remodeling. Consistent with its functions, the transcriptomes of oocytes and granulosa cells after transplantation revealed that the LRP1high subpopulation improves ovarian function by modulating the extracellular matrix of oocytes, NAD metabolism, and mitochondrial function in granulosa cells.

CONCLUSION

Through exploration of the heterogeneity of UC-MSCs, we identified the LRP1high subpopulation capable of improving ovarian function in aged and POF mice by secreting various factors and remodeling the extracellular matrix. This study provides new insights into the targeted exploration of human UC-MSCs in the precise treatment of POF.

Affinity-tagged SMAD1 and SMAD5 mouse lines reveal transcriptional reprogramming mechanisms during early pregnancy

Endometrial decidualization, a prerequisite for successful pregnancies, relies on transcriptional reprogramming driven by progesterone receptor (PR) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-SMAD1/SMAD5 signaling pathways. Despite their critical roles in early pregnancy, how these pathways intersect in reprogramming the endometrium into a receptive state remains unclear. To define how SMAD1 and/or SMAD5 integrate BMP signaling in the uterus during early pregnancy, we generated two novel transgenic mouse lines with affinity tags inserted into the endogenous SMAD1 and SMAD5 loci (Smad1HA/HA and Smad5PA/PA). By profiling the genome-wide distribution of SMAD1, SMAD5, and PR in the mouse uterus, we demonstrated the unique and shared roles of SMAD1 and SMAD5 during the window of implantation. We also showed the presence of a conserved SMAD1, SMAD5, and PR genomic binding signature in the uterus during early pregnancy. To functionally characterize the translational aspects of our findings, we demonstrated that SMAD1/5 knockdown in human endometrial stromal cells suppressed expressions of canonical decidual markers (IGFBP1, PRL, FOXO1) and PR-responsive genes (RORB, KLF15). Here, our studies provide novel tools to study BMP signaling pathways and highlight the fundamental roles of SMAD1/5 in mediating both BMP signaling pathways and the transcriptional response to progesterone (P4) during early pregnancy.

Genome-wide investigation of the TGF-β superfamily in scallops

BACKGROUND

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily genes can regulate various processes, especially in embryogenesis, adult development, and homeostasis. To understand the evolution and divergence patterns of the TGF-β superfamily in scallops, genome-wide data from the Bay scallop (Argopecten irradians), the Zhikong scallop (Chlamys farreri) and the Yesso scallop (Mizuhopecten yessoensis) were systematically analysed using bioinformatics methods.

RESULTS

Twelve members of the TGF-β superfamily were identified for each scallop. The phylogenetic tree showed that these genes were grouped into 11 clusters, including BMPs, ADMP, NODAL, GDF, activin/inhibin and AMH. The number of exons and the conserved motif showed some differences between different clusters, while genes in the same cluster exhibited high similarity. Selective pressure analysis revealed that the TGF-β superfamily in scallops was evolutionarily conserved. The spatiotemporal expression profiles suggested that different TGF-β members have distinct functions. Several BMP-like and NODAL-like genes were highly expressed in early developmental stages, patterning the embryonic body plan. GDF8/11-like genes showed high expression in striated muscle and smooth muscle, suggesting that these genes may play a critical role in regulating muscle growth. Further analysis revealed a possible duplication of AMH, which played a key role in gonadal growth/maturation in scallops. In addition, this study found that several genes were involved in heat and hypoxia stress in scallops, providing new insights into the function of the TGF-β superfamily.

CONCLUSION

Characteristics of the TGF-β superfamily in scallops were identified, including sequence structure, phylogenetic relationships, and selection pressure. The expression profiles of these genes in different tissues, at different developmental stages and under different stresses were investigated. Generally, the current study lays a foundation for further study of their pleiotropic biological functions in scallops.

Genome-wide identification, evolution and expression of TGF-β signaling pathway members in mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi)

Members of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling pathway regulate diverse cellular biological processes in embryonic and tissue development. We took mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) as the research object to identify all members of the TGF-β signaling pathway, measure their expression pattern in the key period post hatching, and further explore their possible role in the process of sex regulation. Herein, we identified eighty-three TGF-β signaling pathway members and located them on chromosomes based on the genome of mandarin fish. TGF-β signaling pathway members were highly conserved since each TGF-β subfamily clustered with orthologs from other species. Transcriptome analysis, qRT-PCR and in situ hybridization demonstrated that most mandarin fish TGF-β signaling pathway members presented stage-specific and/or sex-dimorphic expression during gonadal development, and different members of the TGF-β signaling pathway participated in different stages of gonadal development. Taken together, our results provide new insight into the role of TGF-β signaling pathway members in the sex regulation of mandarin fish.

Interplay Between TGF-β Signaling and MicroRNA in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy

In diabetic patients, concomitant cardiovascular disease is the main factor contributing to their morbidity and mortality. Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a form of cardiovascular disease associated with diabetes that can result in heart failure. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) isoforms play a crucial role in heart remodeling and repair and are elevated and activated in myocardial disorders. Alterations in certain microRNAs (miRNA) are closely related to diabetic cardiomyopathy. One or more miRNA molecules target the majority of TGF-β pathway components, and TGF-β directly or via SMADs controls miRNA synthesis. Based on these interactions, this review discusses potential cross-talk between TGF-β signaling and miRNA in DCM in order to investigate the creation of potential therapeutic targets.

Molecular forms of BMP15 and GDF9 in mammalian species that differ in litter size

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP15) and growth differentiation factor (GDF9) are critical for ovarian follicular development and fertility and are associated with litter size in mammals. These proteins initially exist as pre-pro-mature proteins, that are subsequently cleaved into biologically active forms. Thus, the molecular forms of GDF9 and BMP15 may provide the key to understanding the differences in litter size determination in mammals. Herein, we compared GDF9 and BMP15 forms in mammals with high (pigs) and low to moderate (sheep) and low (red deer) ovulation-rate. In all species, oocyte lysates and secretions contained both promature and mature forms of BMP15 and GDF9. Whilst promature and mature GDF9 levels were similar between species, deer produced more BMP15 and exhibited, together with sheep, a higher promature:mature BMP15 ratio. N-linked glycosylation was prominant in proregion and mature GDF9 and in proregion BMP15 of pigs, and present in proregion GDF9 of sheep. There was no evidence of secreted native homo- or hetero-dimers although a GDF9 dimer in red deer oocyte lysate was detected. In summary, GDF9 appeared to be equally important in all species regardless of litter size, whilst BMP15 levels were highest in strict monovulatory species.

Sex-biased TGFβ signalling in pulmonary arterial hypertension

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare cardiovascular disorder leading to pulmonary hypertension and, often fatal, right heart failure. Sex differences in PAH are evident, which primarily presents with a female predominance and increased male severity. Disturbed signalling of the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) family and gene mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 (BMPR2) are risk factors for PAH development, but how sex-specific cues affect the TGFβ family signalling in PAH remains poorly understood. In this review, we aim to explore the sex bias in PAH by examining sex differences in the TGFβ signalling family through mechanistical and translational evidence. Sex hormones including oestrogens, progestogens, and androgens, can determine the expression of receptors (including BMPR2), ligands, and soluble antagonists within the TGFβ family in a tissue-specific manner. Furthermore, sex-related genetic processes, i.e. Y-chromosome expression and X-chromosome inactivation, can influence the TGFβ signalling family at multiple levels. Given the clinical and mechanistical similarities, we expect that the conclusions arising from this review may apply also to hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), a rare vascular disorder affecting the TGFβ signalling family pathway. In summary, we anticipate that investigating the TGFβ signalling family in a sex-specific manner will contribute to further understand the underlying processes leading to PAH and likely HHT.

The effect of ACVR1B/TGFBR1/ACVR1C signaling inhibition on oocyte and granulosa cell development during in vitro growth culture

The signals of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily play a critical role in follicular development in mammals. ACVR1B/TGFBR1/ACVR1C receptors mediate the signaling of several TGF-β superfamily ligands in granulosa cells. Although the requirement for ACVR1B/TGFBR1/ACVR1C receptor signaling in follicular development has been confirmed using mutant mouse models, the detailed roles of the signaling in granulosa cell and oocyte development have not been clearly defined. In the present study, we examined the requirement for ACVR1B/TGFBR1/ACVR1C receptor signaling in granulosa cells using an in vitro growth culture of oocyte-granulosa cell complexes (OGCs) and SB431542, a potent inhibitor of the receptor signaling. Although cumulus-oocyte complexes isolated from the control OGCs were able to undergo cumulus expansion, those isolated from OGCs grown with the inhibitor were not competent, even in the presence of in vivo-grown oocytes. The diameter of the oocytes in the SB431542-treated OGCs was comparable with that of the control; however, these oocytes were not competent for complete meiotic maturation or preimplantation development. Therefore, ACVR1B/TGFBR1/ACVR1C receptor signaling is not required for oocytes to increase their volume but is essential for the normal development of cumulus cells and oocyte developmental competence.

The Role of TGF-β, Activin and Follistatin in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an immune-mediated inflammatory condition predominantly affecting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. An increasing prevalence of IBD has been observed globally. The pathogenesis of IBD includes a complex interplay between the intestinal microbiome, diet, genetic factors and immune responses. The consequent imbalance of inflammatory mediators ultimately leads to intestinal mucosal damage and defective repair. Growth factors, given their specific roles in maintaining the homeostasis and integrity of the intestinal epithelium, are of particular interest in the setting of IBD. Furthermore, direct targeting of growth factor signalling pathways involved in the regeneration of the damaged epithelium and the regulation of inflammation could be considered as therapeutic options for individuals with IBD. Several members of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β superfamily, particularly TGF-β, activin and follistatin, are key candidates as they exhibit various roles in inflammatory processes and contribute to maintenance and homeostasis in the GI tract. This article aimed firstly to review the events involved in the pathogenesis of IBD with particular emphasis on TGF-β, activin and follistatin and secondly to outline the potential role of therapeutic manipulation of these pathways.

The role of transforming growth factor-β2 in cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation and injury

AIMS

Transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) plays an important role in pleiotropic functions and has been reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive lung disease. The role of TGF-β2 in regulating cigarette smoke (CS)-induced lung inflammation and injury has not been investigated, and its underlying mechanism remains unclear.

MAIN METHODS

Primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs) were treated with cigarette smoke extract (CSE), and the signaling pathway of TGF-β2 regulating lung inflammation was investigated. Mice were exposed to CS and treated with TGF-β2 i.p. or bovine whey protein extract containing TGF-β2 p.o., and the role of TGF-β2 in alleviating lung inflammation/injury was studied.

KEY FINDINGS

In vitro, we demonstrated that TGF-β2 attenuated CSE-induced IL-8 production from PBECs through the TGF-β receptor I (TGF-βRI), Smad3, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Selective TGF-βRI inhibitor (LY364947) and antagonist of Smad3 (SIS3) abolished the effect of TGF-β2 on alleviating CSE-induced IL-8 production. In vivo, CS exposure for 4 weeks in mice increased the levels of total protein, inflammatory cell counts, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in bronchoalveolar fluid and induced lung inflammation/injury, as revealed by immunohistochemistry. Administration of TGF-β2 through intraperitoneal injection or oral feeding with bovine whey protein extract containing TGF-β2 significantly reduced CS-induced lung inflammation and injury.

SIGNIFICANCE

We concluded that TGF-β2 reduced CSE-induced IL-8 production through the Smad3 signaling pathway in PBECs and alleviated lung inflammation/injury in CS-exposed mice. The anti-inflammatory effect of TGF-β2 on CS-induced lung inflammation in humans deserves further clinical study.

Efficient editing BMP15 in porcine oocytes through microinjection of CRISPR ctRNP

Bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) is an X-linked gene encoding an oocyte secreted factor, which plays varied functions in the female fertility between mono-ovulatory and poly-ovulatory mammalian species. We previously found that knockout of BMP15 completely blocked porcine follicular development at preantral stages. However, the specific function of BMP15 on porcine oocytes in vitro maturation remains largely unknown. Here, we injected the pre-assembled crRNA + tracrRNA + Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (ctRNP) complex into the cytoplasm of germinal vesicle stage porcine oocytes to disrupt BMP15. The ctRNP composed of Cas9 nuclease and crRNA-tracrRNA complex at 1.2/1 content ratio. The tested crRNA-tracrRNA complex concentration ranging from 50 to 200 ng/μL, all presented effective editing of BMP15 in porcine oocytes, and the 125 ng/μL crRNA-tracrRNA complex presented the highest editing efficiency (39.23 ± 3.33%). Surprisingly, we found approximately 95% edited oocytes presented monoallelic mutations, and only 5% edited oocytes harbored biallelic mutations. Interestingly, the coinjected two crRNAs guided the ctRNP complex to concurrently cut within a 10 bp window of the PAM (protospacer adjacent motif), resulting in a precise deletion within BMP15 in 85.9% edited oocytes, and additional deletion happened in 14.1% edited oocytes, which resulted in large fragment deletions in BMP15. Most deletions caused frameshift and introduced premature stop codon in BMP15, resulting in the disruption of BMP15 protein expression, which was confirmed by the Western blot analysis showing the reduced BMP15 protein expression in ctRNP injected oocytes. The disruption of BMP15 attenuated the activation of SMAD1/5/8 signaling, and impaired cumulus expansion of porcine cumulus cell-oocyte complexes (COCs). Our study proved that delivering CRISPR ctRNP into porcine oocytes by microinjection was able to edit BMP15 efficiently, providing a new strategy to investigate the functions of oocyte-specific secreted factors in oocyte in vitro maturation.

Genome-wide identification, evolution and expression analysis of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) gene family in chinese soft-shell turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis)

Introduction: Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play a crucial role in bone formation and differentiation. Recent RNA-Seq results suggest that BMPs may be involved in the sex differentiation of P. sinensis, yet more relevant studies about BMPs in P. sinensis are lacking. Methods: Herein, we identified BMP gene family members, analyzed the phylogeny, collinear relationship, scaffold localization, gene structures, protein structures, transcription factors and dimorphic expression by using bioinformatic methods based on genomic and transcriptomic data of P. sinensis. Meanwhile, qRT-PCR was used to verify the RNA-Seq results and initially explore the function of the BMPs in the sex differentiation of P. sinensis. Results: A total of 11 BMP genes were identified, 10 of which were localized to their respective genomic scaffolds. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that BMP genes were divided into eight subfamilies and shared similar motifs ("WII", "FPL", "TNHA", "CCVP", and "CGC") and domain (TGF-β superfamily). The results of the sexually dimorphic expression profile and qRT-PCR showed that Bmp2, Bmp3, Bmp15l, Bmp5, Bmp6 and Bmp8a were significantly upregulated in ovaries, while Bmp2lb, Bmp7, Bmp2bl and Bmp10 were remarkable upregulated in testes, suggesting that these genes may play a role in sex differentiation of P. sinensis. Discussion: Collectively, our comprehensive results enrich the basic date for studying the evolution and functions of BMP genes in P. sinensis.

Impairment of ovarian follicular development caused by titanium dioxide nanoparticles exposure involved in the TGF-β/BMP/Smad pathway

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs) have been shown to induce reproductive system damages in animals. To better underline how TiO₂ NPs act in reproductive system, female mice were exposed to 2.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg TiO₂ NPs by gavage administration for 60 days, the ovary injuries, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels as well as ovarian follicular development-related molecule expression were investigated. The results showed that TiO₂ NPs exposure resulted in reduction of ovary weight and inhibition of ovarian follicular development. Furthermore, the suppression of follicular development was demonstrated to be closely related to higher FSH and LH levels, and higher expression of activin, follistatin, BMP2, BMP4, TGF-β1, Smad2, Smad3, and Smad4 as well as decreased inhibin-α expression in mouse ovary in a dose-dependent manner. It implies that the impairment of ovarian follicular development caused by TiO₂ NPs exposure may be mediated by TGF-β signal pathway.

Ovarian Reserve Disorders, Can We Prevent Them? A Review

The ovarian reserve is finite and begins declining from its peak at mid-gestation until only residual follicles remain as women approach menopause. Reduced ovarian reserve, or its extreme form, premature ovarian insufficiency, stems from multiple factors, including developmental, genetic, environmental exposures, autoimmune disease, or medical/surgical treatment. In many cases, the cause remains unknown and resulting infertility is not ultimately addressed by assisted reproductive technologies. Deciphering the mechanisms that underlie disorders of ovarian reserve could improve the outcomes for patients struggling with infertility, but these disorders are diverse and can be categorized in multiple ways. In this review, we will explore the topic from a perspective that emphasizes the prevention or mitigation of ovarian damage. The most desirable mode of fertoprotection is primary prevention (intervening before ablative influence occurs), as identifying toxic influences and deciphering the mechanisms by which they exert their effect can reduce or eliminate exposure and damage. Secondary prevention in the form of screening is not recommended broadly. Nevertheless, in some instances where a known genetic background exists in discrete families, screening is advised. As part of prenatal care, screening panels include some genetic diseases that can lead to infertility or subfertility. In these patients, early diagnosis could enable fertility preservation or changes in family-building plans. Finally, Tertiary Prevention (managing disease post-diagnosis) is critical. Reduced ovarian reserve has a major influence on physiology beyond fertility, including delayed/absent puberty or premature menopause. In these instances, proper diagnosis and medical therapy can reduce adverse effects. Here, we elaborate on these modes of prevention as well as proposed mechanisms that underlie ovarian reserve disorders.

Unveiling the transcriptomic landscape and the potential antagonist feedback mechanisms of TGF-β superfamily signaling module in bone and osteoporosis

BACKGROUND

TGF-β superfamily signaling is indispensable for bone homeostasis. However, the global expression profiles of all the genes that make up this signaling module in bone and bone-related diseases have not yet been well characterized.

METHODS

Transcriptomic datasets from human bone marrows, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and MSCs of primary osteoporotic patients were used for expression profile analyses. Protein treatments, gene quantification, reporter assay and signaling dissection in MSC lines were used to clarify the interactive regulations and feedback mechanisms between TGF-β superfamily ligands and antagonists. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was used for network construction.

RESULTS

We identified TGFB1 in the ligand group that carries out SMAD2/3 signaling and BMP8A, BMP8B and BMP2 in the ligand group that conducts SMAD1/5/8 signaling have relatively high expression levels in normal bone marrows and MSCs. Among 16 antagonist genes, the dominantly expressed TGF-β superfamily ligands induced only NOG, GREM1 and GREM2 via different SMAD pathways in MSCs. These induced antagonist proteins further showed distinct antagonisms to the treated ligands and thus would make up complicated negative feedback networks in bone. We further identified TGF-β superfamily signaling is enriched in MSCs of primary osteoporosis. Enhanced expression of the genes mediating TGF-β-mediated SMAD3 signaling and the genes encoding TGF-β superfamily antagonists served as significant features to osteoporosis.

CONCLUSION

Our data for the first time unveiled the transcription landscape of all the genes that make up TGF-β superfamily signaling module in bone. The feedback mechanisms and regulatory network prediction of antagonists provided novel hints to treat osteoporosis. Video Abstract.

Ferroptosis: a double-edged sword mediating immune tolerance of cancer

The term ferroptosis was put forward in 2012 and has been researched exponentially over the past few years. Ferroptosis is an unconventional pattern of iron-dependent programmed cell death, which belongs to a type of necrosis and is distinguished from apoptosis and autophagy. Actuated by iron-dependent phospholipid peroxidation, ferroptosis is modulated by various cellular metabolic and signaling pathways, including amino acid, lipid, iron, and mitochondrial metabolism. Notably, ferroptosis is associated with numerous diseases and plays a double-edged sword role. Particularly, metastasis-prone or highly-mutated tumor cells are sensitive to ferroptosis. Hence, inducing or prohibiting ferroptosis in tumor cells has vastly promising potential in treating drug-resistant cancers. Immunotolerant cancer cells are not sensitive to the traditional cell death pathway such as apoptosis and necroptosis, while ferroptosis plays a crucial role in mediating tumor and immune cells to antagonize immune tolerance, which has broad prospects in the clinical setting. Herein, we summarized the mechanisms and delineated the regulatory network of ferroptosis, emphasized its dual role in mediating immune tolerance, proposed its significant clinical benefits in the tumor immune microenvironment, and ultimately presented some provocative doubts. This review aims to provide practical guidelines and research directions for the clinical practice of ferroptosis in treating immune-resistant tumors.

INHBB is a novel prognostic biomarker and correlated with immune infiltrates in gastric cancer

Inhibin subunit beta B (INHBB) is a potential prognostic biomarker for a variety of cancers. However, its role in gastric cancer (GC) remains elusive. The differential expression data of INHBB in tumor and normal tissues were extracted from several databases and genetic alterations of INHBB were assessed by cBioPortal. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to evaluate the survival rate of patients with GC with INHBB and association with clinical features in GC. Cox regression analysis was used to explore the prognostic value of clinical indicators and INHBB in GC, and a nomogram prognostic model was established. In addition, the predictive validity of the nomogram model was assessed by time-depended receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and calibration curves. Functional enrichment analyses were conducted to functionally annotate INHBB. Notably, we found that the quantitative assessment of immune cell subpopulation infiltration correlated with INHBB expression. INHBB expression is upregulated in GC and is correlated with several clinical features including prognostic indicators and a histological type. Genetic alterations were observed in INHBB, its DNA methylation level was negatively correlated with INHBB expression. High INHBB expression is associated with a poor prognosis and is an independent risk factor for prognosis in GC, along with age and residual tumor. The nomogram model showed a good prediction ability and was validated by time-depended ROC and calibration curves. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that INHBB-associated genes were enriched in tumor microenvironment Gene Ontology (GO) terms and were correlated with tumor-associated pathways. INHBB has a regulatory function in immune cell infiltration, especially macrophage infiltration in GC. Specifically, patients with GC with high INHBB expression and high macrophage infiltration have a worse prognosis. INHBB expression was negatively correlated with the expression of chemokines/chemokine receptors and plays a regulatory role in immunoinhibitor/immunostimulator-involved pathways. INHBB is a potential prognostic biomarker for GC and may drive the abnormal activity of critical cancer-associated pathways, potentially contributing to immune cell infiltration to promote GC development.

Identification of novel biallelic variants in BMP15 in two siblings with premature ovarian insufficiency

BACKGROUND

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) occurs in women before the age of 40 years, accompanied by amenorrhea, hypoestrogenism, hypergonadotropinism, and infertility. The pathology of POI is complex and the molecular genetic mechanisms are poorly understood. Bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) plays a crucial role in oocyte maturation and follicular development through the activation of granulosa cells. Dysfunction of BMP15 causes ovarian dysgenesis and is related to POI. Identifying pathogenic variants contributes to revealing genetic mechanisms and making clinical diagnoses of POI.

METHODS

The study involved two sisters diagnosed with POI. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed to identify causative genes. Sanger sequencing was used to validate the mutations in patients with POI and members of the family with no clinical signs or symptoms. The effect of the novel mutations on the BMP15 structure was analyzed by PSIPRED. By over-expressing wild-type (WT) or mutant BMP15 plasmids in vitro, a functional study of the BMP15 mutant was conducted by real-time qPCR and western blotting. Through cocultivation with HEK293T cells, the effects of secreted BMP15 WT and variants on granulosa cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected through a cell counting kit-8 assay and flow cytometric analysis.

RESULTS

We identified biallelic variants in BMP15, c.791G > A (p. R264Q) and c.1076C > T (p. P359L), in two siblings with POI. Both sisters carried the same biallelic variants, while the other female members of their family carried only one of them. Structural prediction showed that the variants have not affected the secondary structure of BMP15 but may change the conformation of water molecules around protein surfaces and thermal stability of BMP15. Real-time qPCR showed no significant difference in mRNA levels among WT and the two variants. Western blotting indicated a reduction in BMP15 expression with the c.791G > A and c.1076C > T variants compared to WT. Moreover, mutants 791G > A and 1076C > T impaired the function of secreted BMP15 in promoting granulosa cell proliferation and suppressing cell apoptosis caused by reactive oxygen species.

CONCLUSIONS

This study identified novel biallelic variants, c.791G > A and c.1076C > T, of BMP15 in two siblings with POI. Both missense variants reduced the level of the BMP15 protein and impaired the function of BMP15 in promoting granulosa cell proliferation in vitro. Taken together, our findings provide a novel molecular genetic basis and potential pathogenesis of BMP15 variants in POI.

Cell-free fat extract improves ovarian function and fertility in mice with premature ovarian insufficiency

Background

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a refractory disease that seriously affects the reproductive health of women and is increasing in incidence and prevalence globally. There is enormous demand to improve fertility in women with POI, while there is still lack of effective therapeutic methods in clinic. Cell-free fat extract (CEFFE) has been reported to contain thousands of active proteins which possess the ability to promote tissue repair in other diseases. In our study, we aimed to observe the efficacy and biosecurity of CEFFE on the repair of ovarian function and fertility of mice with POI and further explore the underlying mechanism.

Methods

In vivo, POI mice model, established by cyclophosphamide (CTX, 120 mg/kg) and busulfan (BUS, 12 mg/kg), was treated with CEFFE via the tail vein every two days for 2 weeks. Then, the weight of ovaries, estrous cycle and follicle count by H&E staining were measured. The content of AMH, E₂ and FSH in serum was measured by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Fertility was evaluated by the number of oocytes retrieved, the development of embryos in vitro and the litter size. Biosecurity of parent mice and their pups were examined by body mass and visceral index. The proliferation and apoptosis of cells in ovaries were examined by immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, the mRNA-Seq of mouse ovarian granulosa cells was performed to explore underlying mechanism of CEFFE. In vitro, KGN cell line and human primary ovarian granulosa cells (hGCs) were treated with 250 μM CTX for 48 h with/without CEFFE. The proliferative ability of cells was detected by cell counting kit-8 assay (CCK-8) and EDU test; the apoptosis of cells was detected by TUNEL and flow cytometry.

Results

CEFFE recovered the content of AMH, E₂ and FSH in serum, increased the number of follicles and the retrieved oocytes of POI mice (P < 0.05). CEFFE contributed to the development of embryos and improved the litter size of POI mice (P < 0.05). There was no side effect of CEFFE on parent mice and their pups. CEFFE contributed to the proliferation and inhibited the apoptosis of mouse granulosa cells in ovary, as well as in human ovarian granulosa cells (including KGN cell line and hGCs) (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

The treatment of CEFFE inhibited the apoptosis of granulosa cells and contributed to the recovery of ovarian function, as well as the fertility of mice with POI.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-022-03012-w.

Effects of treatment with clinically relevant valproate, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, topiramate, lamotrigine and levetiracetam on ovarian folliculogenesis in young rats

AIM

To determine the effects of valproate (VPA), carbamazepine (CBZ), oxcarbazepine (OXC), topiramate (TPM), lamotrigine (LTG), and levetiracetam (LEV) on ovarian folliculogenesis in young rats.

METHODS

Forty-nine female Wistar rats, aged 21-24 days, were divided equally into 7 experimental groups. These were given tap water over 21-24 days (control group), 300 mg/kg of VPA, 150 mg/kg of CBZ, 150 mg/kg of OXC, 100 mg/kg of TPM, 10 mg/kg of LTG, or 50 mg/kg of LEV daily in 2 doses via oral gavage until the end of puberty. At the end of the study, the estrous cycle of each rat was monitored daily, and those rats in pro-estrus or di-estrus were sacrificed and the ovaries removed. Serial sections obtained from the ovaries were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and the corpora lutea and follicles were enumerated. Apoptotic cells were detected using the TUNEL technique. Various serial sections were immunohistochemically stained with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), growth differentiation factor (GDF)-9, caspase-3, caspase-9, transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-1), and epidermal growth factor (EGF), and evaluated and photographed under a light microscope.

KEY FINDINGS

The number of corpora lutea was significantly increased in the VPA, CBZ, OXC, and LTG groups compared to the control group (p < 0.001). The number of TUNEL-positive ovarian follicles was 3.3 ± 1.1 (median, 3), 6.1 ± 0.9 (median, 6), and 5.7 ± 0.8 (median,6) in the control, OXC and LEV groups, respectively (p < 0.001). The number of TUNEL-positive granulosa cells was higher in all the groups treated with antiepileptics, with the exception of the TPM group, compared to the control group (p < 0.001). HSCOREs for immunohistochemical staining using PCNA, GDF-9, TGF-1 and EGF were significantly higher in the control group than in the others (p < 0.001). HSCORE for staining using caspase-3 was significantly higher in the VPA, CBZ, OXC and LEV groups, while the HSCORE was significantly lower in the TPM group than in the control group. HSCORE for staining using caspase-9 was significantly higher in the VPA, CBZ and OXC groups, while it was significantly lower in the TPM group than in the control group (p < 0.001).

SIGNIFICANCE

Exposure to VPA, CBZ, OXC, TPM, LTG and LEV caused different levels of impaired folliculogenesis in young rats.

GDF-11 promotes human trophoblast cell invasion by increasing ID2-mediated MMP2 expression

BACKGROUND

Growth differentiation factor-11 (GDF-11), also known as bone morphogenetic protein-11, belongs to the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily. GDF-11 was first identified as an important regulator during embryonic development. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that GDF-11 regulates the development of various organs and its aberrant expressions are associated with the risk of cardiovascular diseases and cancers. Extravillous trophoblast (EVT) cells invasion is a critical event for placenta development and needs to be finely regulated. However, to date, the biological function of GDF-11 in the human EVT cells remains unknown.

METHODS

HTR-8/SVneo, a human EVT cell line, and primary cultures of human EVT cells were used to examine the effect of GDF-11 on matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) expression. Matrigel-coated transwell invasion assay was used to examine cell invasiveness. A series of in vitro experiments were applied to explore the underlying mechanisms that mediate the effect of GDF-11 on MMP2 expression and cell invasion.

RESULTS

Treatment with GDF-11 stimulates MMP2 expression, in the HTR-8/SVneo and primary human EVT cells. Using a pharmacological inhibitor and siRNA-mediated knockdown approaches, our results demonstrated that the stimulatory effect of GDF-11 on MMP2 expression was mediated by the ALK4/5-SMAD2/3 signaling pathways. In addition, the expression of inhibitor of DNA-binding protein 2 (ID2) was upregulated by GDF-11 and that was required for the GDF-11-stimulated MMP2 expression and EVT cell invasion.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings discover a new biological function and underlying molecular mechanisms of GDF-11 in the regulation of human EVT cell invasion. Video Abstract.

Association of TGF-β Canonical Signaling-Related Core Genes With Aortic Aneurysms and Aortic Dissections

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling is essential for the maintenance of the normal structure and function of the aorta. It includes SMAD-dependent canonical pathways and noncanonical signaling pathways. Accumulated genetic evidence has shown that TGF-β canonical signaling-related genes have key roles in aortic aneurysms (AAs) and aortic dissections and many gene mutations have been identified in patients, such as those for transforming growth factor-beta receptor one TGFBR1, TGFBR2, SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD4, and SMAD6. Aortic specimens from patients with these mutations often show paradoxically enhanced TGF-β signaling. Some hypotheses have been proposed and new AA models in mice have been constructed to reveal new mechanisms, but the role of TGF-β signaling in AAs is controversial. In this review, we focus mainly on the role of canonical signaling-related core genes in diseases of the aorta, as well as recent advances in gene-mutation detection, animal models, and in vitro studies.

Plasma Growth Factor Gene Expression and Mammographic Breast Density in Postmenopausal Women

Mammographic breast density (MBD) is a risk factor for breast cancer, but its molecular basis is poorly understood. Growth factors stimulate cellular and epithelial proliferation and could influence MBD via these mechanisms. Studies investigating the associations of circulating growth factors with MBD have, however, yielded conflicting results especially in postmenopausal women. We, therefore, investigated the associations of plasma growth factor gene expression (IGF-1, IGFBP-3, FGF-1, FGF-12, TGFB-1 and BMP-2) with MBD in postmenopausal women. We used NanoString nCounter platform to quantify plasma growth factor gene expression and Volpara to evaluate volumetric MBD measures. We investigated the associations of growth factor gene expression with MBD using both multiple linear regression (fold change) and multinomial logistic regression models, adjusted for potential confounders. The mean age of the 368 women enrolled was 58 years (range: 50-64). In analyses using linear regression models, one unit increase in IGF-1 gene expression was associated with a 35% higher VPD (1.35, 95%CI 1.13-1.60, p-value=0.001). There were suggestions that TGFB-1 gene expression was positively associated with VPD while BMP gene expression was inversely associated with VPD, but these were not statistically significant. In analyses using multinomial logistic regression, TGFB-1 gene expression was 33% higher (OR=1.33, 95%CI 1.13-1.56, p-value=0.0008) in women with extremely dense breasts than those with almost entirely fatty breasts. There were no associations between growth factor gene expression and dense volume or non-dense volume. Our study provides insights into the associations of growth factors with MBD in postmenopausal women and require confirmation in other study populations.

The TBX1/miR-193a-3p/TGF-β2 Axis Mediates CHD by Promoting Ferroptosis

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common noninfectious cause of death during the neonatal stage. T-box transcription factor 1 (TBX1) is the main genetic determinant of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS), which is a common cause of CHD. Moreover, ferroptosis is a newly discovered kind of programmed cell death. In this study, the interaction among TBX1, miR-193a-3p, and TGF-β2 was tested using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), Western blotting, and dual-luciferase reporter assays. TBX1 silencing was found to promote TGF-β2 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein expression by downregulating the miR-193a-3p levels in H9c2 cells. In addition, the TBX1/miR-193a-3p/TGF-β2 axis was found to promote ferroptosis based on assessments of lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, Fe²⁺ concentrations, mitochondrial ROS levels, and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents; Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays and transmission electron microscopy; and Western blotting analysis of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), and acyl-CoA synthase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4) protein expression. The protein expression of NRF2, GPX4, HO-1, NOX4, and ACSL4 and the level of MDA in human CHD specimens were also detected. In addition, TBX1 and miR-193a-3p expression was significantly downregulated and TGF-β2 levels were high in human embryonic CHD tissues, as indicated by the H9c2 cell experiments. In summary, the TBX1/miR-193a-3p/TGF-β2 axis mediates CHD by inducing ferroptosis in cardiomyocytes. TGF-β2 may be a target gene for CHD diagnosis and treatment in children.

Regulatory T Cells in Autoimmune Vasculitis

Blood vessels are indispensable for host survival and are protected from inappropriate inflammation by immune privilege. This protection is lost in patients with autoimmune vasculitides, a heterogeneous group of diseases causing damage to arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. Vasculitis leads to vascular wall destruction and/or luminal occlusion, resulting in hemorrhage and tissue ischemia. Failure in the quantity and quality of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Treg) has been implicated in the breakdown of the vascular immune privilege. Emerging data suggest that Treg deficiencies are disease-specific, affecting distinct pathways in distinct vasculitides. Mechanistic studies have identified faulty CD8+ Tregs in Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA), a vasculitis of the aorta and the large aortic branch vessels. Specifically, aberrant signaling through the NOTCH4 receptor expressed on CD8+ Treg cells leads to rerouting of intracellular vesicle trafficking and failure in the release of immunosuppressive exosomes, ultimately boosting inflammatory attack to medium and large arteries. In Kawasaki’s disease, a medium vessel vasculitis targeting the coronary arteries, aberrant expression of miR-155 and dysregulated STAT5 signaling have been implicated in undermining CD4+ Treg function. Explorations of mechanisms leading to insufficient immunosuppression and uncontrolled vascular inflammation hold the promise to discover novel therapeutic interventions that could potentially restore the immune privilege of blood vessels and pave the way for urgently needed innovations in vasculitis management.

Developmental Transcriptome Profiling of the Tibial Reveals the Underlying Molecular Basis for Why Newly Hatched Quails Can Walk While Newly Hatched Pigeons Cannot

Birds can be classified into altricial and precocial species. The hatchlings of altricial birds cannot stand, whereas precocial birds can walk and run soon after hatching. It might be owing to the development of the hindlimb bones in the embryo stage, but the molecular regulatory basis underlying the divergence is unclear. To address this issue, we chose the altricial pigeon and the precocial Japanese quail as model animals. The data of tibia weight rate, embryonic skeletal staining, and tibia tissues paraffin section during the embryonic stage showed that the Japanese quail and pigeon have similar skeletal development patterns, but the former had a faster calcification rate. We utilized the comparative transcriptome approach to screen the genes and pathways related to this heterochronism. We separately analyzed the gene expression of tibia tissues of quail and pigeon at two consecutive time points from an inability to stand to be able to stand. There were 2910 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of quail, and 1635 DEGs of pigeon, respectively. A total of 409 DEGs in common in the quail and pigeon. On the other hand, we compared the gene expression profiles of pigeons and quails at four time points, and screened out eight pairs of expression profiles with similar expression trends but delayed expression in pigeons. By screening the common genes in each pair of expression profiles, we obtained a gene set consisting of 152 genes. A total of 79 genes were shared by the 409 DEGs and the 152 genes. Gene Ontology analysis of these common genes showed that 21 genes including the COL gene family (COL11A1, COL9A3, COL9A1), IHH, MSX2, SFRP1, ATP6V1B1, SRGN, CTHRC1, NOG, and GDF5 involved in the process of endochondral ossification. These genes were the candidate genes for the difference of tibial development between pigeon and quail. This is the first known study on the embryo skeletal staining in pigeon. It provides some new insights for studying skeletal development mechanisms and locomotor ability of altricial and precocial bird species.

Evaluation of Controlled Ovarian Stimulation Protocols in Patients with Normal and Low Ovarian Reserve: Analyses of miRNAs and Selected Target Genes Involved in the Proliferation of Human Cumulus Cells and Oocyte Quality

The oocyte and the surrounding cumulus cells (CCs) are deeply linked by a complex bidirectional cross-talk. In this light, the molecular analysis of the CCs is nowadays considered to be precious in providing information on oocyte quality. It is now clear that miRNAs play a key role in several ovarian functions, such as folliculogenesis, steroidogenesis, and ovulation. Thus, in this study, specific miRNAs, together with their target genes, were selected and investigated in CCs to assess the response of patients with normal (NR) and low (LR) ovarian reserve to two different controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) protocols, based on rFSH and hMG. Moreover, a Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIRM) analysis was performed to evaluate DNA conformational changes in CCs and to relate them with the two COS protocols. The results evidenced a modulation of the expression of miRNAs and related target genes involved in CCs’ proliferation, in vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, genomic integrity, and oocyte quality, with different effects according to the ovarian reserve of patients. Moreover, the COS protocols determined differences in DNA conformation and the methylation state. In particular, the results clearly showed that treatment with rFSH is the most appropriate in NR patients with normal ovarian reserve, while treatment with hMG appears to be the most suitable in LR patients with low ovarian reserve.

Ovarian insufficiency and secondary amenorrhea in a patient with a novel variant within GDF9 gene

OBJECTIVE

Premature ovarian insufficiency is a heterogeneous condition that can be caused by several factors, such as genetic, environmental, etc. and represents one of the main causes of female infertility. One of the genes implicated is GDF9, which encodes a member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily that participates in the coordination of somatic cell activity, female fertility, including folliculogenesis, and oocyte maturation. Damaging variants in GDF9-encoded growth factors can cause the production of inhibin, perturb oocyte granulosa cell microenvironments, and obstruct follicle development. A novel GDF9 variant is herein reported to consolidate the role of GDF9 in ovarian function and female fertility.

METHODS

A 38-year-old female was referred for the investigation of secondary amenorrhea. Eventually, she was referred for genetic evaluation whereby conventional karyotyping and Fragile-X molecular testing were normal. Whole Exome Sequencing was performed, followed by targeted Sanger sequencing in all family members for variant confirmation and evaluation.

RESULTS

In this study we report a patient presenting with secondary amenorrhea due to premature ovarian failure and a pituitary lesion with radiological characteristics compatible with a Rathke cyst or a macroadenoma, residing between the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis. Whole exome sequencing revealed a novel heterozygous stop-loss variant c.1364A>C, p.(*455Serext*8) in the GDF9 gene.

CONCLUSIONS

Should the predicted elongated GDF9 protein and differentially configurated GDF9 mature protein molecule form unstable dimers, rapid proteolytic degradation may take place and inhibit homo/heterodimer formation.

Influence of Light Supplement on Duck Sternal Calcification from Integrated Analysis of Metabolome and Transcriptome

Calcification of bones is the critical process of bone development in birds, which is very important for sustaining the normal biological function of bones. Light is one of the vital factors affecting bone development, but whether light intensity affects bone calcification and the underlying mechanism is still unknown. In this study, we used duck sternum as a model to analyze the calcification process under different light regimes. In addition, the underlying mechanism was also illustrated by integrating metabolomics and transcriptome methods.

The experiment lasted from 14 to 51 d of duck age. The control group (LP1) kept light intensity 2 lx during the whole experiment. The two light supplement groups (LP2, LP3) were given light with the intensity of 70 lx at different time (14–29 d for LP2, 14–43 d for LP3). Samples were collected at 52 d of duck age. Sternal calcification analysis showed no significant difference in proportion of area of cartilage matrix and trabecular bone in keel tissue among the 3 groups, but the degree of keel calcification in LP3 was higher than in the other 2 groups. Serum metabolomics showed 32 and 28 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) in the 2 comparison groups, LP1 vs. LP3 and LP1 vs. LP2, respectively. Carboxylic acids and derivatives were the most abundant among the DAMs. Sternal transcriptome analysis showed 231 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 177 upregulated genes and 54 downregulated genes in group LP1 vs. LP3, and 22 DEGs in group LP1 vs. LP2. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis on DEGs between LP1 and LP3 showed that genes BTRC, GLI1, BMP4, and FOS were in the core position of the interaction network, and are also involved in bone development. KEGG pathway analysis of DAMs and DEGs showed that differences in Hedgehog signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, apoptosis, energy metabolism, and amino acid metabolism following light treatment seem likely to have contributed to the observed difference in calcification of duck sternum.

Anti-Müllerian Hormone Signal Transduction involved in Müllerian Duct Regression

Over seventy years ago it was proposed that the fetal testis produces a hormone distinct from testosterone that is required for complete male sexual development. At the time the hormone had not yet been identified but was invoked by Alfred Jost to explain why the Müllerian duct, which develops into the female reproductive tract, regresses in the male fetus. That hormone, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), and its specific receptor, AMHR2, have now been extensively characterized and belong to the transforming growth factor-β families of protein ligands and receptors involved in growth and differentiation. Much is now known about the downstream events set in motion after AMH engages AMHR2 at the surface of specific Müllerian duct cells and initiates a cascade of molecular interactions that ultimately terminate in the nucleus as activated transcription factors. The signals generated by the AMH signaling pathway are then integrated with signals coming from other pathways and culminate in a complex gene regulatory program that redirects cellular functions and fates and leads to Müllerian duct regression.

Genetics of ovarian insufficiency and defects of folliculogenesis

Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is determined by exhaustion of follicles in the ovaries, which leads to infertility before the age of 40 years. It is characterized by a strong familial and heterogeneous genetic background. Therefore, we will mainly discuss the genetic basis of POI in this review. We identified 107 genes related to POI etiology in mammals described by several independent groups. Thirty-four of these genes (AARS2, AIRE, ANTXR1, ATM, BMPR1B, CLPP, CYP17A1, CYP19A1, DCAF17, EIF2B, ERAL1, FANCA, FANCC, FMR1, FOXL2, GALT, GNAS, HARS2, HSD17B4, LARS2, LMNA, MGME1, NBN, PMM2, POLG, PREPL, RCBTB1, RECQL2/3/4, STAR, TWNK, and XRCC4/9) have been linked to syndromic POI and are mainly implicated in metabolism function and meiosis/DNA repair. In addition, the majority of genes associated with nonsyndromic POI, widely expanded by high-throughput techniques over the last decade, have been implicated in ovarian development and meiosis/DNA repair pathways (ATG7, ATG9, ANKRD31, BMP8B, BMP15, BMPR1A, BMPR1B, BMPR2, BNC1, BRCA2, CPEB1, C14ORF39, DAZL, DIAPH2, DMC1, ERCC6, FANCL, FANCM, FIGLA, FSHR, GATA4, GDF9, GJA4, HELQ, HSF2BP, HFM1, INSL3, LHCGR, LHX8, MCM8, MCM9, MEIOB, MSH4, MSH5, NANOS3, NOBOX, NOTCH2, NR5A1, NUP107, PGRMC1, POLR3H, PRDM1, PRDM9, PSMC3IP, SOHLH1, SOHLH2, SPIDR, STAG3, SYCE1, TP63, UBR2, WDR62, and XRCC2), whereas a few are related to metabolic functions (EIF4ENIF1, KHDRBS1, MRPS22, POLR2C). Some genes, such as STRA8, FOXO3A, KIT, KITL, WNT4, and FANCE, have been shown to cause ovarian insufficiency in rodents, but mutations in these genes have yet to be elucidated in women affected by POI. Lastly, some genes have been rarely implicated in its etiology (AMH, AMHR2, ERRC2, ESR1, INHA, LMN4, POF1B, POU5F1, REC8, SMC1B). Considering the heterogeneous genetic and familial background of this disorder, we hope that an overview of literature data would reinforce that genetic screening of those patients is worthwhile and helpful for better genetic counseling and patient management.

Stem Cell Therapies for Human Infertility: Advantages and Challenges

Physical and mental health and hormonal imbalance are associated with the problems related to infertility and reproductive disorders. The rate of infertility has increased globally over the years, due to various reasons. Given the psychosocial implications of infertility and its effects on the life of the affected people, there has been an increased focus on its treatment over the last several years. Assisted reproductive technology can only solve about 50% of the cases. Moreover, it contains significant risks and does not solve the fundamental problem of infertility. As pluripotent stem cells have the potential to differentiate into almost any type of cell, they have been widely regarded as a promising option in the development of stem cell-based fertility treatments, which could even correct genetic diseases in offspring. These advancements in reproductive biotechnology present both challenges and possibilities for solving infertility problems caused by various unexplainable factors. This review briefly presents the different types of infertility disorders and the potential applications of stem cells in the treatment of these reproductive diseases.

Expression profiling of ovarian BMP antagonists reveals the potential interaction between TWSG1 and the chordin subfamily in the ovary

The TGF-β superfamily members and their antagonists comprise an indispensable system that controls mammalian ovarian development in a sophisticated manner. In contrast to a plethora of studies on the ovary-expressed TGF-β superfamily members, knowledge regarding their antagonists, including their expression profiles and antagonism preferences, is still lacking. Using quantitative PCR in rats and transcriptomic dataset comparisons in mice and humans, we set out to characterize the relative expression levels of most antagonists in the mammalian ovary. We found that Twsg1 and Nbl1 are the most abundant BMP antagonists expressed in the rodent and human ovaries, respectively. TWSG1 has been reported to have synergistic action with the chordin subfamily, including CHRD and CHRDL1, the genes of which also showed moderate expression in the mammalian ovary. Therefore, their ovarian expression profiles and antagonisms against the ovary-expressed TGF-β superfamily members were further characterized. Bioactivity tests indicated that TWSG1 alone can directly inhibit the signaling of BMP6 or BMP7. In addition, it can further enhance the antagonizing ability of CHRD towards BMP2, BMP4, BMP7 and GDF5, or CHRDL1's antagonism towards BMP2, BMP4, GDF5 and activin A. In combination with their distinct transcript profiles in ovarian compartments, our findings suggest that TWSG1 may work coordinately with CHRD within theca/interstitial shells and also with CHRDL1 in developing granulosa cells; these interactions would modulate the intraovarian functions of the TGF-β superfamily members, such as the control of progesterone production.

The anti-Müllerian hormone prodomain is displaced from the hormone/prodomain complex upon bivalent binding to the hormone receptor

Noncovalent complexes of transforming growth factor-β family growth/differentiation factors with their prodomains are classified as latent or active, depending on whether the complexes can bind their respective receptors. For the anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), the hormone-prodomain complex is active, and the prodomain is displaced upon binding to its type II receptor, AMH receptor type-2 (AMHR2), on the cell surface. However, the mechanism by which this displacement occurs is unclear. Here, we used ELISA assays to measure the dependence of prodomain displacement on AMH concentration and analyzed results with respect to the behavior expected for reversible binding in combination with ligand-induced receptor dimerization. We found that, in solution, the prodomain has a high affinity for the growth factor (GF) (K_d = 0.4 pM). Binding of the AMH complex to a single AMHR2 molecule does not affect this K_d and does not induce prodomain displacement, indicating that the receptor binding site in the AMH complex is fully accessible to AMHR2. However, recruitment of a second AMHR2 molecule to bind the ligand bivalently leads to a 1000-fold increase in the K_d for the AMH complex, resulting in rapid release of the prodomain. Displacement occurs only if the AMHR2 is presented on a surface, indicating that prodomain displacement is caused by a conformational change in the GF induced by bivalent binding to AMHR2. In addition, we demonstrate that the bone morphogenetic protein 7 prodomain is displaced from the complex with its GF by a similar process, suggesting that this may represent a general mechanism for receptor-mediated prodomain displacement in this ligand family.

Two novel mutations in exon 2 of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 15 gene in Pakistani infertile females

Objective

To determine the proportion of fertility in Pakistani infertile females and discover if there are considerable connection among BMP15 gene polymorphism, follicle maturation and hormonal regulation in Pakistani infertile females.

Methods

All selected participants were initially examined through follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Prolactin, and Trans-vaginal scan (TVS). BMP15 gene polymorphism among infertile and fertile females was done by extracted Genomic DNA from whole blood. Sanger sequencing was performed for the identification of mutation in exons-intron boundaries of the BMP15 gene. Bioinformatics tools were used to assess the protein structure.

Results

The total five mutations including two novel missense variants of BMP15 in exon 2, whereas three previously reported i.e. two cosmic mutations (c.615delC), (c.584InsG) and one frame shift mutations (c.635delA) were also observed. The first novel mutation was found at (c.1038InsGG) (p.346Gln < Gly) in which the insertion of GG at DNA position 1038 of exon 2 resulting in a substitution of glutamine into glycine at 346th amino acid of BMP15 protein. The second novel variant (c.1049delT) (p. Ser334Pro) was also observed in exon 2 of the BMP15 gene, which substituted serine into proline at 334th amino acid of the BMP15 protein.

Conclusion

It is concluded that there are various missense mutations present in exon 2 of the BMP15 gene of Pakistani infertile females, consequently expected function of protein changes due to change in codons of amino acids. Provean and SIFT suggest the two novel variants as potentially deleterious. Although three other variants were also found in Pakistani infertile females which were previously reported. These mutations may result in early blockage of folliculogenesis and ovaries become streaky. Further research is required to resolve the actual allusion of these variations in the BMP15 gene.

Polymorphisms at Myostatin Gene (MSTN) and the Associations with Sport Performances in Anglo-Arabian Racehorses

One hundred and eighty Anglo-Arabian horses running 1239 races were sampled for the present study. DNA was extracted from the blood and myostatin gene, MSTN, was genotyped. Moreover, prizes won and places were achieved for the 1239 races to perform association analyses between the different genotypes and sport traits. Two SNPs already reported in previous studies regarding the Thoroughbred breed, rs69472472 and rs397152648, were revealed as polymorphic. The linkage disequilibrium analysis investigating the haplotype structure of MSTN did not evidence any association block. Polymorphism at SNP rs397152648, previously known as g.66493737 T>C, significantly influenced sport traits, with heterozygous horses TC showing better results than homozygotes TT. The portion of variance due to the random effect of the individual animal, and the other phenotypic effects of sex, percentage of Arabian blood and race distance, computed together with the genotype at MSTN in the statistical models, exerted a significant influence. Hence, this information is useful to improve knowledge of the genetic profile of Anglo-Arabian horses and a possible selection for better sport performance.

miR‑454‑3p inhibits non‑small cell lung cancer cell proliferation and metastasis by targeting TGFB2

Accumulating studies have suggested that microRNAs (miRs) play a significant role in lung cancer development and progression, especially in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The present study aimed to investigate the associations between miR-454-3p and NSCLC progression. qPCR assay was applied to examine the expression of miR-454-3p and transforming growth factor-β2 (TGFB2) in tissues and cell lines. CCK-8 and EdU assays were used to detect cell proliferation. Wound-healing and Transwell assays were conducted to assess cell migration and invasion. Western blotting assay was performed to explore the protein levels of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers. The interaction between miR-454-3p and TGFB2 was investigated with a luciferase reporter assay. miR-454-3p was downregulated in NSCLC tissues and NSCLC cell lines. miR-454-3p overexpression led to the suppression of proliferation, migration, and invasion in A549 and NCI-H1650 cells. In addition, the overexpression of miR-454-3p in A549 and NCI-H1650 cells significantly inhibited EMT. TGFB2 was revealed to be a direct target of miR-454-3p by using TargetScan database and luciferase reporter assay. TGFB2 was observed to be upregulated in NSCLC tissues and cell lines. Further mechanistic studies revealed that the inhibitory effects of miR-454-3p on NSCLC were reversed upon overexpression of TGFB2. These findings provided strong evidence that miR-454-3p suppressed NSCLC cell proliferation and metastasis by targeting TGFB2. The study suggests that targeting miR-454-3p could be a promising strategy for treating NSCLC.

Melatonin for the Management of Preeclampsia: A Review

Preeclampsia is a disease specific to pregnancy characterised by new-onset hypertension with maternal organ dysfunction and/or fetal growth restriction. It remains a major cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. For sixty years, antihypertensives have been the mainstay of treating preeclampsia and only recently have insights into the pathogenesis of the disease opened new avenues for novel therapies. Melatonin is one such option, an endogenous and safe antioxidant, that may improve the maternal condition in preeclampsia while protecting the fetus from a hostile intrauterine environment. Here we review the evidence for melatonin as a possible adjuvant therapy for preeclampsia, including in vitro evidence supporting a role for melatonin in protecting the human placenta, preclinical models, vascular studies, and clinical studies in hypertension and pregnancy.

Roles of TGF-β Superfamily Proteins in Extravillous Trophoblast Invasion

Following embryo implantation, extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) invade the maternal decidua to a certain extent during early pregnancy, which is critical for normal placentation and successful pregnancy in humans. Although sharing a similar protein structure, the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily members exert divergent functions in regulating EVT invasion, which contributes to a relative balance of TGF-β superfamily proteins in precisely modulating this process at the maternal-fetal interface during the first trimester of pregnancy. This review details recent advances in our understanding of the functions of TGF-β superfamily members and their corresponding receptors, signaling pathways, and downstream molecular targets in regulating human EVT invasion from studies using various in vitro or ex vivo experimental models. Also, the relevance of these discoveries about TGF-β superfamily members to adverse pregnancy outcomes is summarized. The application of 3D culture trophoblast organoids, single-cell sequencing, and microfluidic assays in EVT invasion studies will help better reveal the molecular mechanisms through which TGF-β superfamily members regulate human EVT invasion, shedding light on the development of innovative strategies for predicting, diagnosing, treating, and preventing adverse human pregnancy outcomes related to EVT invasion dysfunction.