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Smith C, Lin X, Parker L, Yeap BB, Hayes A, Levinger I. The role of bone in energy metabolism: A focus on osteocalcin. Bone 2024:117238. [PMID: 39153587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms involved in whole body glucose regulation is key for the discovery of new treatments for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Historically, glucose regulation was largely focused on responses to insulin and glucagon. Impacts of incretin-based therapies, and importance of muscle mass, are also highly relevant. Recently, bone was recognized as an endocrine organ, with several bone proteins, known as osteokines, implicated in glucose metabolism through their effects on the liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. Research efforts mostly focused on osteocalcin (OC) as a leading example. This review will provide an overview on this role of bone by discussing bone turnover markers (BTMs), the receptor activator of nuclear factor kB ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), sclerostin (SCL) and lipocalin 2 (LCN2), with a focus on OC. Since 2007, some, but not all, research using mostly OC genetically modified animal models suggested undercarboxylated (uc) OC acts as a hormone involved in energy metabolism. Most data generated from in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro models, indicate that exogenous ucOC administration improves whole-body and skeletal muscle glucose metabolism. Although data in humans are generally supportive, findings are often discordant likely due to methodological differences and observational nature of that research. Overall, evidence supports the concept that bone-derived factors are involved in energy metabolism, some having beneficial effects (ucOC, OPG) others negative (RANKL, SCL), with the role of some (LCN2, other BTMs) remaining unclear. Whether the effect of osteokines on glucose regulation is clinically significant and of therapeutic value for people with insulin resistance and T2D remains to be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Smith
- Nutrition & Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Xuzhu Lin
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Lewan Parker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Bu B Yeap
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Alan Hayes
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine - Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Footscray, VIC, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine - Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Footscray, VIC, Australia.
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Martiniakova M, Biro R, Kovacova V, Babikova M, Zemanova N, Mondockova V, Omelka R. Current knowledge of bone-derived factor osteocalcin: its role in the management and treatment of diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, osteopetrosis and inflammatory joint diseases. J Mol Med (Berl) 2024; 102:435-452. [PMID: 38363329 PMCID: PMC10963459 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-024-02418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Osteocalcin (OC) is the most abundant non-collagenous and osteoblast-secreted protein in bone. It consists of two forms such as carboxylated OC (cOC) and undercarboxylated OC (ucOC). While cOC promotes bone mineralization and increases bone strength, ucOC is regarded an endocrinologically active form that may have several functions in multiple end organs and tissues. Total OC (tOC) includes both of these forms (cOC and ucOC) and is considered a marker of bone turnover in clinical settings. Most of the data on OC is limited to preclinical studies and therefore may not accurately reflect the situation in clinical conditions. For the stated reason, the aim of this review was not only to summarize current knowledge of all forms of OC and characterize its role in diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, osteopetrosis, inflammatory joint diseases, but also to provide new interpretations of its involvement in the management and treatment of aforementioned diseases. In this context, special emphasis was placed on available clinical trials. Significantly lower levels of tOC and ucOC could be associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. On the contrary, tOC level does not seem to be a good indicator of high bone turnover status in postmenopausal osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. The associations between several pharmacological drugs used to treat all disorders mentioned above and OC levels have also been provided. From this perspective, OC may serve as a medium through which certain medications can influence glucose metabolism, body weight, adiponectin secretion, and synovial inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Martiniakova
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 1, 949 01, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Roman Biro
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 1, 949 01, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Kovacova
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 1, 949 01, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Martina Babikova
- Department of Botany and Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 1, 949 01, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Nina Zemanova
- Department of Botany and Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 1, 949 01, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Vladimira Mondockova
- Department of Botany and Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 1, 949 01, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Radoslav Omelka
- Department of Botany and Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 1, 949 01, Nitra, Slovakia.
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Mukherjee AG, Renu K, Gopalakrishnan AV, Jayaraj R, Dey A, Vellingiri B, Ganesan R. Epicardial adipose tissue and cardiac lipotoxicity: A review. Life Sci 2023; 328:121913. [PMID: 37414140 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) has morphological and physiological contiguity with the myocardium and coronary arteries, making it a visceral fat deposit with some unique properties. Under normal circumstances, EAT exhibits biochemical, mechanical, and thermogenic cardioprotective characteristics. Under clinical processes, epicardial fat can directly impact the heart and coronary arteries by secreting proinflammatory cytokines via vasocrine or paracrine mechanisms. It is still not apparent what factors affect this equilibrium. Returning epicardial fat to its physiological purpose may be possible by enhanced local vascularization, weight loss, and focused pharmacological therapies. This review centers on EAT's developing physiological and pathophysiological dimensions and its various and pioneering clinical utilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Goutam Mukherjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Kaviyarasi Renu
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India.
| | - Rama Jayaraj
- Jindal Institute of Behavioral Sciences (JIBS), Jindal Global Institution of Eminence Deemed to Be University, 28, Sonipat 131001, India; Director of Clinical Sciences, Northern Territory Institute of Research and Training, Darwin, NT 0909, Australia
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal 700073, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Stem cell and Regenerative Medicine/Translational Research, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab (CUPB), Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Raja Ganesan
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
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Lei H, Liu J, Wang W, Yang X, Feng Z, Zang P, Lu B, Shao J. Association between osteocalcin, a pivotal marker of bone metabolism, and secretory function of islet beta cells and alpha cells in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: an observational study. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2022; 14:160. [PMID: 36307866 PMCID: PMC9615358 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-022-00932-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several recent studies have found that Osteocalcin (OCN), a multifunctional protein secreted exclusively by osteoblasts, is beneficial to glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the effects of OCN on islets function especially islet ɑ cells function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus characterized by a bi-hormonal disease are still unclear. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the relationship between serum OCN and the secretion of islet β cells and ɑ cells in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS 204 patients with T2DM were enrolled. Blood glucose (FBG, PBG0.5h, PBG1h, PBG2h, PBG3h), insulin (FINS, INS0.5h, INS1h, INS2h, INS3h), C-peptide (FCP, CP0.5h, CP1h, CP2h, CP3h), and glucagon (GLA0, GLA0.5 h, GLA1h, GLA2h, GLA3h) levels were measured on 0 h, 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, and 3 h after a 100 g standard bread meal load. Early postprandial secretion function of islet β cells was calculated as Δcp0.5h = CP0.5-FCP. The patients were divided into low, medium and high groups (T1, T2 and T3) according to tertiles of OCN. Comparison of parameters among three groups was studied. Correlation analysis confirmed the relationship between OCN and pancreatic secretion. Multiple regression analysis showed independent contributors to pancreatic secretion. MAIN RESULTS FBG, and PBG2h were the lowest while Δcp0.5h was the highest in the highest tertile group (respectively, p < 0.05). INS3h, area under the curve of insulin (AUCins3h) in T3 Group were significantly lower than T1 Group (respectively, p < 0.05). GLA1h in T3 group was lower than T1 group (p < 0.05), and GLA0.5 h in T3 group was lower than T2 and T1 groups (p < 0.05). Correlation analysis showed OCN was inversely correlated with Homeostatic model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), INS3h, AUCins3h (p < 0.05), and was still inversely correlated with FCP, GLA0.5 h, GLA1h, area under the curve of glucagon (AUCgla3h) (respectively, p < 0.05) after adjustment for body mass index (BMI) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). The multiple regression analysis showed that OCN was independent contributor to Δcp0.5h, GLA0.5h and GLA1h (respectively, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Higher serum OCN level is closely related to better blood glucose control, higher insulin sensitivity, increased early-phase insulin secretion of islet β cells and appropriate inhibition of postprandial glucagon secretion of islet ɑ cells in adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Lei
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinling Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinling Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhouqin Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinling Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Pu Zang
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiaqing Shao
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinling Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Shen Y, Chen L, Zhou J, Wang C, Gao F, Zhu W, Hu G, Ma X, Xia H, Bao Y. Low total osteocalcin levels are associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes: a real-world study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2022; 21:98. [PMID: 35681236 PMCID: PMC9185881 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-022-01539-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between osteocalcin and mortality has been scantly studied. We aimed to investigate the association between osteocalcin along with its trajectories and mortality based on long-term longitudinal data. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study of 9413 type 2 diabetic patients with at least three measurements of total serum osteocalcin within 3 years since their first inpatient diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. Baseline, mean values of osteocalcin levels and their trajectories were used as exposures. A multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the association of osteocalcin levels and their trajectories with mortality. RESULTS During a mean follow-up of 5.37 years, 1638 patients died, of whom 588 were due to cardiovascular events. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) across quintiles of baseline osteocalcin levels were 2.88 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.42-3.42), 1.65 (95% CI 1.37-1.99), 1.17 (95% CI 0.96-1.42), 1.00, and 1.92 (95% CI 1.60-2.30) for all-cause mortality, and 3.52 (95% CI 2.63-4.71), 2.00 (95% CI 1.46-2.73), 1.03 (95% CI 0.72-1.47), 1.00, 1.67 (95% CI 1.21-2.31) for CVD mortality, respectively. When we used the mean values of osteocalcin as the exposure, U-shaped associations were also found. These U-shaped associations were consistent among patients of different baseline characteristics. Patients with a stable or even increasing trajectory of osteocalcin may have a lower risk of both all-cause and CVD mortality. CONCLUSIONS A U-shape association between baseline osteocalcin and mortality was observed among patients with type 2 diabetes. Patients with lower levels of serum osteocalcin during follow-ups had higher risks for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Shen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.,Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Lei Chen
- Division of Vital Statistics, Institute of Health Information, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1380 West Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Chunfang Wang
- Division of Vital Statistics, Institute of Health Information, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1380 West Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Gang Hu
- Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Han Xia
- Division of Vital Statistics, Institute of Health Information, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1380 West Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200336, China.
| | - Yuqian Bao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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Khalafi M, Azali Alamdari K, Symonds ME, Rohani H, Sakhaei MH. A comparison of the impact of exercise training with dietary intervention versus dietary intervention alone on insulin resistance and glucose regulation in individual with overweight or obesity: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:9349-9363. [PMID: 35442133 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2064424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Obesity is associated with the development of insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes for which exercise training (Ex) and dietary interventions (DI) are effective interventions that can improve IR. We therefore performed a systematic meta-analysis to compare the effect of Ex + DI compared with DI on IR and glucose homeostasis. METHODS PubMed and Cochrane Library were conducted up to May 2021. Meta-analyses were conducted to compare the effect of Ex + DI compared with DI on fasting glucose and insulin, IR and body weight. Standardized mean differences (SMDs), weighted mean differences (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were computed using random or fixed effect models. RESULTS Fifty studies involving 2864 participants with overweight or obesity were included in the meta-analysis. Ex + DI caused a larger decrease in fasting glucose (p = 0.001, 62 trials) and IR (p = 0.01, 29 trials) when compared with DI alone. There was no significant evidence, however, for a greater effect of Ex + DI on fasting insulin (p = 0.07, 48 trials) and body weight (p = 0.12, 58 trials), compared with DI alone. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that a combination of Ex and DI may be more effective than DI alone at improving IR and fasting glucose in individuals with overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousa Khalafi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
| | | | - Michael E Symonds
- The Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Nottingham Digestive Disease Centre and Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Hadi Rohani
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Sport Sciences Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
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Kim J, Kim KM, Lim S, Kang MI, Baek KH, Min YK. Efficacy of bisphosphonate therapy on postmenopausal osteoporotic women with and without diabetes: a prospective trial. BMC Endocr Disord 2022; 22:99. [PMID: 35410197 PMCID: PMC9004203 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-022-01010-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The co-occurrence of diabetes and osteoporosis is common in postmenopausal women. For the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis, current guidelines recommend initial treatment with bisphosphonates, but it is unclear whether bisphosphonates provide a similar degree of therapeutic efficacy in patients with diabetes. This study sought to compare the efficacy of monthly oral ibandronate for retaining bone mineral density (BMD) in diabetic and non-diabetic postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. METHODS Postmenopausal osteoporotic women with or without diabetes were enrolled in this study from three hospitals in an open-label approach from 2018 to 2020. Each group of patients received oral ibandronate 150 mg once monthly for 1 year. BMD, trabecular bone score (TBS), serum C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTx) and procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP) were evaluated prospectively. Treatment-emergent adverse events and changes in glucose metabolism during drug use were also monitored. RESULTS Among the 120 study participants, 104 (86.7%) completed the study. Following 1 year of treatment, BMD increased by 3.41% vs. 3.71% in the lumbar spine, 1.30% vs. 1.18% in the femur neck, and 1.51% vs. 1.58% in the total hip in the non-diabetes and diabetes groups, respectively. There were no significant differences in BMD changes between the groups, and the differences in CTx or P1NP changes between groups were not significant. We did not observe any significant differences in baseline TBS values or the degree of change between before and after 1 year of ibandronate treatment in either group in this study. A total of 11 adverse events (9.2%) that recovered without sequelae occurred among the 120 included patients, and there was no significant difference in the frequency of adverse events between the groups (p = 0.862). The changes in fasting glucose and glycated hemoglobin levels between before and after treatment were not significant in the diabetic group. CONCLUSIONS Bisphosphonate therapy showed similar increases in BMD and decreases in CTx and P1NP of postmenopausal women with and without diabetes. Monthly oral ibandronate can be a safe and effective therapeutic option in postmenopausal osteoporosis patients with type 2 diabetes. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT number: NCT05266261, Date of registration: 04 March 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyoung Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, 10 63-ro Yeongdengpo-gu, Seoul, 07345, Korea
| | - Kyoung Min Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 363 Dongbaekjukjeon-daero Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16995, Korea
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 82 Gumi-ro 173 Beon-gil Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, Korea
| | - Soo Lim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 82 Gumi-ro 173 Beon-gil Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, Korea
| | - Moo-Il Kang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, 222 Banpo-daero Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Baek
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, 10 63-ro Yeongdengpo-gu, Seoul, 07345, Korea.
| | - Yong-Ki Min
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-Ro Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Korea.
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Ugurlu I, Akalin A, Yorulmaz G. The Association of Serum Osteocalcin Levels with Metabolic Parameters and Inflammation in Postmenopausal Women with Metabolic Syndrome. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2022; 20:219-223. [PMID: 35119301 DOI: 10.1089/met.2021.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Although adipose tissue largely plays a role in the etiopathogenesis of metabolic syndrome (MS), which is an inflammatory process, the skeleton may also contribute to this process through osteocalcin (OC), which is a bone-derived protein. In this study, we aimed to evaluate OC levels in postmenopausal women with MS and to investigate the association of OC levels with the metabolic and inflammatory parameters. Methods: Thirty-five postmenopausal women diagnosed with MS were recruited for the study. Sixteen postmenopausal women without any of the MS criteria formed the control group. Body weight, height, and waist and hip circumference of all of the subjects were measured and body mass indices (BMIs) were calculated. Levels of serum glucose, insulin, C-peptide, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, albumin, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, total alkaline phosphatase, parathormone, and as inflammatory parameters, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, fibrinogen, and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were studied from fasting venous blood samples of all the subjects. Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. Serum total OC levels were studied from all of the subjects. Bone mineral densities were also measured. Results: Serum OC levels of the group with MS median (5.37 ng/mL) were lower than the OC levels of the group without MS (P < 0.01). Serum OC levels significantly and negatively correlated with fasting blood glucose (r = -0.310, P < 0.05), insulin (r = -0.343, P < 0.05), and HOMA-IR (r = -0.384, P < 0.01) values. Serum OC levels showed a significant and negative correlation with body weight (r = -0.293, P < 0.05), BMI (r = -0.333, P < 0.05), and waist-to-hip ratio (r = -0.384, P < 0.05). The inflammatory markers in the patient group were significantly higher than the control group. We found a negative association between serum OC levels and hsCRP levels in all cases (r = -0.283, P < 0.05). Conclusion: In the presence of MS, OC levels are significantly low and display a close association with glucose metabolism and adipose tissue. In addition, OC may play a regulatory role in subclinical systematic inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irem Ugurlu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Aysen Akalin
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Goknur Yorulmaz
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
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Dissociation of Bone Resorption and Formation in Spaceflight and Simulated Microgravity: Potential Role of Myokines and Osteokines? Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020342. [PMID: 35203551 PMCID: PMC8961781 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The dissociation of bone formation and resorption is an important physiological process during spaceflight. It also occurs during local skeletal unloading or immobilization, such as in people with neuromuscular disorders or those who are on bed rest. Under these conditions, the physiological systems of the human body are perturbed down to the cellular level. Through the absence of mechanical stimuli, the musculoskeletal system and, predominantly, the postural skeletal muscles are largely affected. Despite in-flight exercise countermeasures, muscle wasting and bone loss occur, which are associated with spaceflight duration. Nevertheless, countermeasures can be effective, especially by preventing muscle wasting to rescue both postural and dynamic as well as muscle performance. Thus far, it is largely unknown how changes in bone microarchitecture evolve over the long term in the absence of a gravity vector and whether bone loss incurred in space or following the return to the Earth fully recovers or partly persists. In this review, we highlight the different mechanisms and factors that regulate the humoral crosstalk between the muscle and the bone. Further we focus on the interplay between currently known myokines and osteokines and their mutual regulation.
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10
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Zheng WB, Hu J, Zhao DC, Zhou BN, Wang O, Jiang Y, Xia WB, Xing XP, Li M. The role of osteocalcin in regulation of glycolipid metabolism and muscle function in children with osteogenesis imperfecta. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:898645. [PMID: 35983511 PMCID: PMC9378831 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.898645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteoblasts are discovered to secrete hormones with endocrine effects on metabolism, and osteocalcin (OC) is the most abundant non-collagenous protein in bone. We investigate the relationship between serum OC levels and glycolipid metabolism and muscle function in children with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). METHODS A total of 225 children with OI and 80 healthy controls matched in age and gender were included in this single center study. Serum levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, HDL-C) were measured by automated analyzers. Serum levels of fasting insulin (FINS) were measured using an automated electrochemiluminescence system. Serum levels of OC and undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Grip strength and timed-up-and-go (TUG) test were measured. Bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS OI patients had significantly higher body mass index (BMI), FBG, and HOMA-IR, but lower HDL-C levels, lower grip strength and longer TUG than control group (all P<0.05). Serum OC, ucOC levels, and ucOC/OC in OI type III patients were significantly lower than those in OI patients with type I and IV. Serum levels of OC, ucOC, and ucOC/OC were negatively correlated to BMI, FBG, insulin levels, and HOMA-IR (all P<0.05). The ratio of ucOC/OC was positively correlated to grip strength (r=0.512, P=0.036), lean mass percentage (%LM) of the total body and limbs, and negatively correlated to fat mass percentage (%FM) of the total body, %FM and fat mass index (FMI) of the trunk (all P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Obesity, glucolipid metabolic abnormalities, and reduced grip strength were common in children with OI. Circulating osteocalcin and ucOC may play an important role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, as well as the muscle function of children with OI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-bin Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Di-Chen Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bing-Na Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ou Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Bo Xia
- Department of Endocrinology, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-ping Xing
- Department of Endocrinology, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Endocrinology, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Mei Li,
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Nordic Walking Rather Than High Intensity Interval Training Reduced Myostatin Concentration More Effectively in Elderly Subjects and the Range of This Drop Was Modified by Metabolites of Vitamin D. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124393. [PMID: 34959945 PMCID: PMC8705296 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent self-isolation exacerbated the problem of insufficient amounts of physical activity and its consequences. At the same time, this revealed the advantage of vitamin D. Thus, there was a need to verify the effects of those forms of training that can be performed independently. In this study, we examined the effects of Nordic walking (NW) and high intensity interval training (HIIT) with regard to the impact of the metabolite vitamin D. We assigned 32 overweight adults (age = 61 ± 12 years) to one of two training groups: NW = 18 and HIIT = 14. Body composition assessment and blood sample collection were conducted before starting the training programs and a day after their completion. NW training induced a significant decrease in myostatin (p = 0.05) concentration; however, the range was dependent on the baseline concentrations of vitamin D metabolites. This drop was accompanied by a significant negative correlation with the decorin concentration. Unexpectedly, NW caused a decrement in both forms of osteocalcin: undercarboxylated (Glu-OC) and carboxylated-type (Gla-OC). The scope of Glu-OC changes was dependent on a baseline concentration of 25(OH)D2 (r = −0.60, p = 0.01). In contrast, the HIIT protocol did not induce any changes. Overall results revealed that NW diminished the myostatin concentration and that this effect is more pronounced among adults with a sufficient concentration of vitamin D metabolites.
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12
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Lu W, Xiao W, Xie W, Fu X, Pan L, Jin H, Yu Y, Zhang Y, Li Y. The Role of Osteokines in Sarcopenia: Therapeutic Directions and Application Prospects. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:735374. [PMID: 34650980 PMCID: PMC8505767 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.735374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is an age-related disease in which muscle mass, strength and function may decline with age or can be secondary to cachexia or malnutrition and can lead to weakness, falls and even death. With the increase in life expectancy, sarcopenia has become a major threat to the health of the elderly. Currently, our understanding of bone-muscle interactions is not limited to their mechanical coupling. Bone and muscle have been identified as secretory endocrine organs, and their interaction may affect the function of each. Both muscle-derived factors and osteokines can play a role in regulating muscle and bone metabolism via autocrine, paracrine and endocrine mechanisms. Herein, we comprehensively summarize the latest research progress on the effects of the osteokines FGF-23, IGF-1, RANKL and osteocalcin on muscle to explore whether these cytokines can be utilized to treat and prevent sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenfeng Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenqing Xie
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Fu
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Linyuan Pan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongfu Jin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongle Yu
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yusheng Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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13
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Khalafi M, Malandish A, Rosenkranz SK, Ravasi AA. Effect of resistance training with and without caloric restriction on visceral fat: A systemic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13275. [PMID: 33998135 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the effect of resistance training (RT) with and without caloric restriction (CR) on visceral fat (VF). PubMed and Scopus were searched to identify original articles published through December 2020. Standardized mean differences and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were determined, and separate analyses were conducted for RT versus control, and RT plus CR versus CR only. Thirty-four studies including 38 intervention arms and involving 2285 were included in the meta-analysis. RT effectively reduced VF [-24 (95% CI -0.34 to -0.13), p < 0.001; I2 = 4.17%, p = 0.40; 24 intervention arms] when compared with control. Based on subgroup analyses, reduction in VF was significant for individual with (p = 0.04) and without (p < 0.001) obesity as well as across medium-term (p = 0.001) and long-term (p = 0.002) interventions. Reduction in VF was significant for both middle-age (p = 0.03) and elderly (p = 0.001) adults but was not significant for pediatric (p = 0.08) participants. However, RT plus CR did not indicate superiority effect on VF [0.23 95% CI -0.04 to 0.51, p = 0.09; I2 = 58.76%, p = 0.003; 14 intervention arms] when compared with CR only. Our results confirm that RT may be effective for reducing VF, but adding RT with CR was not associated with a greater effect for reducing VF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousa Khalafi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Malandish
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Sara K Rosenkranz
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Ali A Ravasi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Michels MDL, Spivakoski CS, Réus BDS, Alves DMDS, Mattje PND, Hohl A, Ronsoni MF, Sande‐Lee S. Effect of whole body vibration on clinical and metabolic outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes: an observational pilot trial. PRACTICAL DIABETES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pdi.2337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuella de L Michels
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis SC Brazil
| | - Camila S Spivakoski
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis SC Brazil
| | - Bruna da S Réus
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis SC Brazil
| | - Débora M dos S Alves
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis SC Brazil
| | - Priscila ND Mattje
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis SC Brazil
| | - Alexandre Hohl
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis SC Brazil
| | - Marcelo F Ronsoni
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis SC Brazil
| | - Simone Sande‐Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis SC Brazil
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15
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Smith C, Lin X, Scott D, Brennan-Speranza TC, Al Saedi A, Moreno-Asso A, Woessner M, Bani Hassan E, Eynon N, Duque G, Levinger I. Uncovering the Bone-Muscle Interaction and Its Implications for the Health and Function of Older Adults (the Wellderly Project): Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 10:e18777. [PMID: 33835038 PMCID: PMC8065561 DOI: 10.2196/18777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone and muscle are closely linked anatomically, biochemically, and metabolically. Acute exercise affects both bone and muscle, implying a crosstalk between the two systems. However, how these two systems communicate is still largely unknown. We will explore the role of undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) in this crosstalk. ucOC is involved in glucose metabolism and has a potential role in muscle maintenance and metabolism. OBJECTIVE The proposed trial will determine if circulating ucOC levels in older adults at baseline and following acute exercise are associated with parameters of muscle function and if the ucOC response to exercise varies between older adults with low muscle quality and those with normal or high muscle quality. METHODS A total of 54 men and women aged 60 years or older with no history of diabetes and warfarin and vitamin K use will be recruited. Screening tests will be performed, including those for functional, anthropometric, and clinical presentation. On the basis of muscle quality, a combined equation of lean mass (leg appendicular skeletal muscle mass in kg) and strength (leg press; one-repetition maximum), participants will be stratified into a high or low muscle function group and randomized into the controlled crossover acute intervention. Three visits will be performed approximately 7 days apart, and acute aerobic exercise, acute resistance exercise, and a control session (rest) will be completed in any order. Our primary outcome for this study is the effect of acute exercise on ucOC in older adults with low muscle function and those with high muscle function. RESULTS The trial is active and ongoing. Recruitment began in February 2018, and 38 participants have completed the study as of May 26, 2019. CONCLUSIONS This study will provide novel insights into bone and muscle crosstalk in older adults, potentially identifying new clinical biomarkers and mechanistic targets for drug treatments for sarcopenia and other related musculoskeletal conditions. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12618001756213; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=375925. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/18777.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Smith
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, University of Melbourne and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Xuzhu Lin
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David Scott
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, University of Melbourne and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Tara C Brennan-Speranza
- School of Medical Sciences and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ahmed Al Saedi
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, University of Melbourne and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine-Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alba Moreno-Asso
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, University of Melbourne and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mary Woessner
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ebrahim Bani Hassan
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, University of Melbourne and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine-Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, University of Melbourne and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine-Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, University of Melbourne and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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16
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Disentangling the relationship between bone turnover and glucose homeostasis: A prospective, population-based twin study. Bone Rep 2021; 14:100752. [PMID: 33665235 PMCID: PMC7900018 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2021.100752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Biochemical markers of bone turnover are lower in patients with type 2 diabetes, which may be explained by genetic variants being associated with type 2 diabetes and bone turnover as well as environmental factors. We hypothesized that bone turnover markers associate with and predict changes in glucose homeostasis after control for genetics and shared environment. Methods 1071 healthy, non-diabetic (at baseline, 1997-2000) adult mono- and dizygotic twins participating in the prospective study GEMINAKAR were reassessed between 2010 and 2012 with clinical evaluation, biochemical tests and oral glucose tolerance test. Fasting bone turnover markers (CTX, P1NP and osteocalcin) were measured. The association between bone turnover, glucose homeostasis and the ability of bone turnover markers to predict changes in glucose homeostasis were assessed in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Analyses were performed both at an individual level and adjusted for shared environmental and genetic factors. Results Glucose levels increased with age, and 33 (3%) participants had developed type 2 diabetes at follow-up. In women, bone turnover markers increased with age, whereas for men only osteocalcin increased with age. Bone turnover markers were not associated with fasting glucose, insulin, or HOMA-IR at baseline or follow-up before or after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, smoking, and use of medication at baseline. Variation in bone turnover markers was mainly explained by unique environmental factors, 70%, 70% and 55% for CTX, P1NP and osteocalcin, respectively, whereas additive genetic factors explained 7%, 13% and 45% of the variation in CTX, P1NP and osteocalcin. Conclusions Bone turnover markers were not associated with baseline plasma glucose levels and did not predict changes in glucose homeostasis. Variation in bone turnover markers is mainly explained by environmental factors, however, compared to CTX and P1NP, genetic factors have a larger impact on osteocalcin levels.
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17
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Mohammad Rahimi GR, Niyazi A, Alaee S. The effect of exercise training on osteocalcin, adipocytokines, and insulin resistance: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Osteoporos Int 2021; 32:213-224. [PMID: 32803318 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-020-05592-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, it has been reported that osteocalcin (OC), in particular its undercarboxylated (ucOC) form, is not only a bone remodeling marker but also an active hormone that intercedes glucose metabolism in humans. This study aimed to determine the impact of an exercise intervention on ucOC, adiponectin, leptin, and insulin resistance (measured by HOMA-IR). PubMed, CINAHL, Medline, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases and reference lists of included studies were searched. Twenty-two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of exercise training impact in adults were included in the analysis. Results showed an overall significant increase in serum ucOC (MD: 0.15 ng/ml; 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.25) and adiponectin (MD: 2.83 mg/ml; 95% CI: 1.67 to 3.98), a significant decline in leptin (MD: - 4.89 pg/ml; 95% CI: - 6.94 to - 2.84), fasting glucose (MD: - 2.29 mg/dl; 95% CI: - 4.04 to - 0.54), fasting insulin (MD, - 8.90 μIU/ml; 95% CI: - 13.81 to - 3.98), and HOMA-IR (MD: - 1.96; 95% CI: - 3.11 to - 0.80). However, after removal of studies that had prescribed a balanced diet along with exercise intervention, total OC (TOC) levels also increased in the exercise group compared with the control group (MD: 0.36 ng/ml; 95% CI: 0.07 to 0.65). Our findings demonstrate that exercise-induced increases in ucOC are the probable cause of increased adiponectin. Additionally, increases in ucOC itself are probably due to changes in leptin levels and other factors, rather than its direct impact on bone and its osteoblastic activity. Further studies are required to clarify the mechanisms underlying the impact of exercise training on ucOC, adipocytokines, and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gh R Mohammad Rahimi
- Department of Sports Sciences, Vahdat Institute of Higher Education, Torbat-e-Jam, Iran.
| | | | - S Alaee
- Department of Physical Education, Islamic Azad University, Neyshabur Branch, Neyshabur, Iran
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18
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Arponen M, Brockmann EC, Kiviranta R, Lamminmäki U, Ivaska KK. Recombinant Antibodies with Unique Specificities Allow for Sensitive and Specific Detection of Uncarboxylated Osteocalcin in Human Circulation. Calcif Tissue Int 2020; 107:529-542. [PMID: 32839842 PMCID: PMC7593320 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-020-00746-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
Osteocalcin is a bone-specific protein which contains three glutamic acid residues (Glu) that undergo post-translational gamma-carboxylation. Uncarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) may participate in the regulation of glucose metabolism, thus measurement of ucOC could be useful in evaluating interactions between bone and glucose metabolism. We developed recombinant antibodies and immunoassay to specifically detect ucOC in human blood samples. ucOC-specific recombinant antibodies were selected from an antibody library by phage display. Four candidates were characterized, and one (Fab-AP13) was used to set up an immunoassay with a pre-existing MAb. Plasma ucOC levels were measured in subjects with normal fasting blood glucose (≤ 6 mmol/l, N = 46) or with hyperglycemia (≥ 7 mmol/l, N = 29). Further, we analyzed ucOC in age- and gender-matched patients with diagnosed type 2 diabetes (T2D, N = 49). Antibodies recognized ucOC without cross-reaction to carboxylated osteocalcin. Antibodies had unique binding sites at the carboxylation region, with Glu17 included in all epitopes. Immunoassay was set up and characterized. Immunoassay detected ucOC in serum and plasma, with on average 1.6-fold higher levels in plasma. ucOC concentrations were significantly lower in subjects with hyperglycemia (median 0.58 ng/ml, p = 0.008) or with T2D diagnosis (0.68 ng/ml, p = 0.015) than in subjects with normal blood glucose (1.01 ng/ml). ucOC negatively correlated with fasting plasma glucose in subjects without T2D (r = - 0.24, p = 0.035) but not in T2D patients (p = 0.41). Our immunoassay, based on the novel recombinant antibody, allows for specific and sensitive detection of ucOC in human circulation. Correlation between ucOC and plasma glucose suggests interactions between osteocalcin and glucose metabolism in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milja Arponen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Riku Kiviranta
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Urpo Lamminmäki
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kaisa K Ivaska
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland.
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19
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Functions of Osteocalcin in Bone, Pancreas, Testis, and Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207513. [PMID: 33053789 PMCID: PMC7589887 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteocalcin (Ocn), which is specifically produced by osteoblasts, and is the most abundant non-collagenous protein in bone, was demonstrated to inhibit bone formation and function as a hormone, which regulates glucose metabolism in the pancreas, testosterone synthesis in the testis, and muscle mass, based on the phenotype of Ocn-/- mice by Karsenty's group. Recently, Ocn-/- mice were newly generated by two groups independently. Bone strength is determined by bone quantity and quality. The new Ocn-/- mice revealed that Ocn is not involved in the regulation of bone formation and bone quantity, but that Ocn regulates bone quality by aligning biological apatite (BAp) parallel to the collagen fibrils. Moreover, glucose metabolism, testosterone synthesis and spermatogenesis, and muscle mass were normal in the new Ocn-/- mice. Thus, the function of Ocn is the adjustment of growth orientation of BAp parallel to the collagen fibrils, which is important for bone strength to the loading direction of the long bone. However, Ocn does not play a role as a hormone in the pancreas, testis, and muscle. Clinically, serum Ocn is a marker for bone formation, and exercise increases bone formation and improves glucose metabolism, making a connection between Ocn and glucose metabolism.
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20
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Orange ST, Madden LA, Vince RV. Resistance training leads to large improvements in strength and moderate improvements in physical function in adults who are overweight or obese: a systematic review. J Physiother 2020; 66:214-224. [PMID: 33069607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphys.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
QUESTIONS What are the effects of resistance training on muscle strength, physical function and muscle power in adults who are overweight or obese? Which factors moderate the effects? DESIGN Systematic review of randomised controlled trials, with random effects meta-analyses and meta-regressions. PARTICIPANTS Adults who are overweight or obese. INTERVENTION Resistance training lasting ≥ 4 weeks. OUTCOME MEASURES Muscle strength, muscle power and physical function. RESULTS Thirty trials with 1,416 participants met the eligibility criteria. Pooled analyses indicated that resistance training has a large beneficial effect on muscle strength (SMD 1.39, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.73, I2 = 85%) and a moderate effect on physical function (SMD 0.67, 95% CI 0.25 to 1.08, I2 = 71%) in adults who are overweight or obese. However, the effect of resistance training on muscle power was unclear (SMD 0.42, 95% CI -3.3 to 4.2, I2 = 46%). The effect of resistance training on strength was greatest for the upper body (versus lower/whole body: β = 0.35, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.66) and in dynamic strength tests (versus isometric/isokinetic: β = 1.20, 95% CI 0.60 to 1.81), although trials judged to have good methodological quality reported statistically smaller effects (versus poor/fair quality: β = -1.21, 95% CI -2.35 to -0.07). Concomitant calorie restriction did not modify strength gains but reduced the effect of resistance training on physical function (β = -0.79, 95% CI -1.41 to -0.17). Small study effects were evident for strength outcomes (β = 5.9, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Resistance training has a large positive effect on muscle strength and a moderate effect on physical function in adults who are overweight or obese. However, the effect of resistance training on muscle power is uncertain. In addition, concomitant calorie restriction may compromise the functional adaptations to resistance training. REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42019146394.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Orange
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional, and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom.
| | - Leigh A Madden
- Centre of Biomedical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca V Vince
- Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
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Viggers R, Al-Mashhadi Z, Fuglsang-Nielsen R, Gregersen S, Starup-Linde J. The Impact of Exercise on Bone Health in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-a Systematic Review. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2020; 18:357-370. [PMID: 32529455 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-020-00597-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with an increased fracture risk. Weight loss in T2DM management may result in lowering of bone mass. In this systematic literature review, we aimed to investigate how exercise affects bone health in people with T2DM. Furthermore, we examined the types of exercise with the potential to prevent and treat bone fragility in people with T2DM. RECENT FINDINGS Exercise differs in type, mechanical load, and intensity, as does the osteogenic response to exercise. Aerobic exercise improves metabolic health in people with T2DM. However, the weight-bearing component of exercise is essential to bone health. Weight loss interventions in T2DM induce a loss of bone mass that may be attenuated if accompanied by resistance or weight-bearing exercise. Combination of weight-bearing aerobic and resistance exercise seems to be preventive against excessive bone loss in people with T2DM. However, evidence is sparse and clinical trials investigating the effects of exercise on bone health in people with T2DM are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Viggers
- Steno Diabetes Center North Jutland, Aalborg University Hospital, Mølleparkvej 4, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Z Al-Mashhadi
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - R Fuglsang-Nielsen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Internal Medicine, Regional Hospital Randers, Randers, Denmark
| | - S Gregersen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - J Starup-Linde
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
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What is the function of osteocalcin? J Oral Biosci 2020; 62:223-227. [PMID: 32535287 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteocalcin is the most abundant non-collagenous protein in bone and is specifically expressed in osteoblasts. Previous studies using osteocalcin-deficient (Ocn-/-) mice demonstrated that osteocalcin inhibits bone formation, and serum uncarboxylated osteocalcin functions as a hormone that improves glucose metabolism, induces testosterone synthesis in the testes, and maintains muscle mass. Furthermore, the relationship between serum osteocalcin and glucose metabolism or cardiovascular risk in humans has been reported. However, new Ocn-/- mice exhibited different phenotypes. HIGHLIGHT Bone volume, formation, and resorption were normal in the new Ocn-/- mice. The orientation of collagen fibers was parallel to the bone longitudinal direction and the size of apatite crystals was normal, but the c-axis of apatite crystals was random and bone strength was reduced in new Ocn-/- mice. Glucose metabolism, testosterone synthesis, and muscle mass were normal in new Ocn-/- mice. Exercise improved glucose metabolism and increased bone formation, leading to an increase in the serum osteocalcin level, which is a marker for bone formation. CONCLUSION Contrary to previous findings, new Ocn-/- mice revealed that osteocalcin has no function in the regulation of bone quantity, but instead, functions to direct the parallel alignment of the c-axis of apatite crystals with collagen fibrils. Moreover, it has no physiological function as a hormone that regulates glucose metabolism, testosterone synthesis, or muscle mass. These controversial phenotypes require further investigation. The relationship of serum osteocalcin with glucose metabolism or cardiovascular risk suggests the importance of exercise for their improvement.
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Osteocalcin is necessary for the alignment of apatite crystallites, but not glucose metabolism, testosterone synthesis, or muscle mass. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008586. [PMID: 32463816 PMCID: PMC7255595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The strength of bone depends on bone quantity and quality. Osteocalcin (Ocn) is the most abundant noncollagenous protein in bone and is produced by osteoblasts. It has been previously claimed that Ocn inhibits bone formation and also functions as a hormone to regulate insulin secretion in the pancreas, testosterone synthesis in the testes, and muscle mass. We generated Ocn-deficient (Ocn–/–) mice by deleting Bglap and Bglap2. Analysis of Ocn–/–mice revealed that Ocn is not involved in the regulation of bone quantity, glucose metabolism, testosterone synthesis, or muscle mass. The orientation degree of collagen fibrils and size of biological apatite (BAp) crystallites in the c-axis were normal in the Ocn–/–bone. However, the crystallographic orientation of the BAp c-axis, which is normally parallel to collagen fibrils, was severely disrupted, resulting in reduced bone strength. These results demonstrate that Ocn is required for bone quality and strength by adjusting the alignment of BAp crystallites parallel to collagen fibrils; but it does not function as a hormone. The strength of bone depends on both its quantity and quality. Osteocalcin (Ocn) is the most abundant non-collagenous protein in bone, but its function remains unclear. Earlier studies by other investigators have suggested that Ocn decreases the quantity of bone by decreasing bone formation; and in addition it works as a hormone to regulate glucose metabolism, testosterone synthesis, and muscle mass in distant tissues. We have generated Ocn-deficient mice and show herein that Ocn is not required for bone formation. It is, however, required for optimal bone quality and strength. Specifically, we show that in the Ocn-deficient mice collagen fibers align normally, but apatite crystallites align randomly against collagen, resulting in disorganized mineralization and reduced bone strength. Furthermore, we show that glucose metabolism, testosterone synthesis, and muscle mass are normal in the Ocn-deficient mice. We conclude that Ocn acts in bone to optimize its quality and strength, but not quantity. And, in contrast to earlier claims, it does not work as a hormone to control glucose metabolism, testosterone synthesis, and muscle mass.
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Bone Control of Muscle Function. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041178. [PMID: 32053970 PMCID: PMC7072735 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone and muscle represent a single functional system and are tightly connected to each other. Indeed, diseases characterized by alterations of muscle physiology have effects on bone remodeling and structure and vice versa. Muscle influence on bone has been deeply studied, and recent studies identified irisin as new molecule involved in this crosstalk. Muscle regulation by bone needs to be extensively investigated since in the last few years osteocalcin was recognized as a key molecule in the bone–muscle interaction. Osteocalcin can exist in two forms with different degrees of carboxylation. The undercarboxylated form of osteocalcin is a hormone released by the bone matrix during the osteoclast bone resorption and can bind its G-protein coupled receptor GPRC6A expressed in the muscle, thus regulating its function. Recently, this hormone was described as an antiaging molecule for its ability to regulate bone, muscle and cognitive functions. Indeed, the features of this bone-related hormone were used to test a new therapeutic approach for sarcopenia, since injection of osteocalcin in older mice induces the acquirement of physical abilities of younger animals. Even if this approach should be tested in humans, osteocalcin represents the most surprising molecule in endocrine regulation by the skeleton.
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Mohammad Rahimi GR, Bijeh N, Rashidlamir A. Effects of exercise training on serum preptin, undercarboxylated osteocalcin and high molecular weight adiponectin in adults with metabolic syndrome. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:449-459. [PMID: 31869474 DOI: 10.1113/ep088036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Are the advantages of aerobic interval exercise, resistance exercise and concurrent exercise on the metabolic profile mediated in part through preptin and undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOCN)? What is the main finding and its importance? Glucose was significantly lowered after concurrent exercise and aerobic interval exercise, but serum preptin and insulin were significantly lowered in all three training groups. By contrast, ucOCN and high molecular weight adiponectin increased significantly in all three training groups. These findings support the possible cross-talk between bone, pancreatic β-cells and energy metabolism in humans and suggest that preptin and ucOCN may potentially serve as markers of exercise-induced improvement of metabolism. ABSTRACT Preptin is a peptide hormone that plays an important role in the development of obesity by regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. Undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOCN) is also linked to the regulation of body energy in that it modulates fat and glucose metabolism. This research aimed to examine the impact of aerobic interval, resistance and concurrent exercise on serum preptin, ucOCN and high molecular weight adiponectin (HMW-APN) in obese adults with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Forty-four obese men with MetS were randomized to receive aerobic interval exercise (AIEX, n = 10), resistance exercise (REX, n = 10), or concurrent aerobic interval and resistance exercise (CEX, n = 10), or to act as a non-exercise control (CON, n = 10) three times a week for 12 weeks. Preptin was reduced more after AIEX and CEX than after REX (89.1% and 87.1% versus 9.6%; P = 0.028 and 0.030, respectively). ucOCN increased significantly only in the CEX (27.5%, P = 0.009) and AIEX (25%, P = 0.025) groups, but HMW-APN increased significantly in all three training groups (AIEX 145.1%, P < 0.001; CEX 137%, P < 0.001; and REX 59.8%, P = 0.041). After the intervention, the improvement of peak oxygen uptake ( V ̇ O 2 peak ) in the AIEX group (73%) was greater than in the CEX (29.3%) and REX (3.8%) groups. On the other hand, CEX exhibited a greater reduction in glucose, insulin, insulin resistance index and HbA1c than did AIEX and REX. Our study indicates that the reduction in glucose after exercise training (especially AIEX and CEX) may be, somewhat, linked to decreased preptin and raised ucOCN and HMW-APN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nahid Bijeh
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Rashidlamir
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Russo V, Chen R, Armamento-Villareal R. Hypogonadism, Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus, and Bone Health: A Narrative Review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:607240. [PMID: 33537005 PMCID: PMC7848021 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.607240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the complications from chronic hyperglycemia and insulin resistance due to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in men is the high prevalence of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH). Both T2DM and hypogonadism are associated with impaired bone health and increased fracture risk but whether the combination results in even worse bone disease than either one alone is not well-studied. It is possible that having both conditions predisposes men to an even greater risk for fracture than either one alone. Given the common occurrence of HH or hypogonadism in general in T2DM, a significant number of men could be at risk. To date, there is very little information on the bone health men with both hypogonadism and T2DM. Insulin resistance, which is the primary defect in T2DM, is associated with low testosterone (T) levels in men and may play a role in the bidirectional relationship between these two conditions, which together may portend a worse outcome for bone. The present manuscript aims to review the available evidences on the effect of the combination of hypogonadism and T2DM on bone health and metabolic profile, highlights the possible metabolic role of the skeleton, and examines the pathways involved in the interplay between bone, insulin resistance, and gonadal steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Russo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Rui Chen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Reina Armamento-Villareal
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Reina Armamento-Villareal,
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Hartley A, Paternoster L, Evans DM, Fraser WD, Tang J, Lawlor DA, Tobias JH, Gregson CL. Metabolomics analysis in adults with high bone mass identifies a relationship between bone resorption and circulating citrate which replicates in the general population. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2020; 92:29-37. [PMID: 31667854 PMCID: PMC7017780 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bone turnover, which regulates bone mass, may exert metabolic consequences, particularly on markers of glucose metabolism and adiposity. To better understand these relationships, we examined cross-sectional associations between bone turnover markers (BTMs) and metabolic traits in a population with high bone mass (HBM, BMD Z-score ≥+3.2). DESIGN β-C-terminal telopeptide of type-I collagen (β-CTX), procollagen type-1 amino-terminal propeptide (P1NP) and osteocalcin were assessed by electrochemiluminescence immunoassays. Metabolic traits, including lipids and glycolysis-related metabolites, were measured using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Associations of BTMs with metabolic traits were assessed using generalized estimating equation linear regression, accounting for within-family correlation, adjusting for potential confounders (age, sex, height, weight, menopause, bisphosphonate and oral glucocorticoid use). RESULTS A total of 198 adults with HBM had complete data, mean [SD] age 61.6 [13.7] years; 77% were female. Of 23 summary metabolic traits, citrate was positively related to all BTMs: adjusted ββ-CTX = 0.050 (95% CI 0.024, 0.076), P = 1.71 × 10-4 , βosteocalcin = 6.54 × 10-4 (1.87 × 10-4 , 0.001), P = .006 and βP1NP = 2.40 × 10-4 (6.49 × 10-5 , 4.14 × 10-4 ), P = .007 (β = increase in citrate (mmol/L) per 1 µg/L BTM increase). Inverse relationships of β-CTX (β = -0.276 [-0.434, -0.118], P = 6.03 × 10-4 ) and osteocalcin (-0.004 [-0.007, -0.001], P = .020) with triglycerides were also identified. We explored the generalizability of these associations in 3664 perimenopausal women (age 47.9 [4.4] years) from a UK family cohort. We confirmed a positive, albeit lower magnitude, association between β-CTX and citrate (adjusted βwomen = 0.020 [0.013, 0.026], P = 1.95 × 10-9 ) and an inverse association of similar magnitude between β-CTX and triglycerides (β = -0.354 [-0.471, -0.237], P = 3.03 × 10-9 ). CONCLUSIONS Bone resorption is positively related to circulating citrate and inversely related to triglycerides. Further studies are justified to determine whether plasma citrate or triglyceride concentrations are altered by factors known to modulate bone resorption, such as bisphosphonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Hartley
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology UnitPopulation Health SciencesBristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- Population Health SciencesBristol Medical SchoolBristol UniversityBristolUK
- Musculoskeletal Research UnitTranslation Health SciencesBristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology UnitPopulation Health SciencesBristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- Population Health SciencesBristol Medical SchoolBristol UniversityBristolUK
| | - David M. Evans
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology UnitPopulation Health SciencesBristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- Population Health SciencesBristol Medical SchoolBristol UniversityBristolUK
- Translational Research InstituteThe University of Queensland Diamantina InstituteBrisbaneQldAustralia
| | - William D. Fraser
- Department of MedicineNorwich Medical SchoolUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Jonathan Tang
- Department of MedicineNorwich Medical SchoolUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Debbie A. Lawlor
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology UnitPopulation Health SciencesBristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- Population Health SciencesBristol Medical SchoolBristol UniversityBristolUK
- National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research CentreBristolUK
| | - Jon H. Tobias
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology UnitPopulation Health SciencesBristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- Musculoskeletal Research UnitTranslation Health SciencesBristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Celia L. Gregson
- Musculoskeletal Research UnitTranslation Health SciencesBristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
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Sabek OM, Redondo MJ, Nguyen DT, Beamish CA, Fraga DW, Hampe CS, Mulukutla SN, Graviss EA, Gaber AO. Serum C-peptide and osteocalcin levels in children with recently diagnosed diabetes. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2020; 3:e00104. [PMID: 31922031 PMCID: PMC6947692 DOI: 10.1002/edm2.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We explored the association of C-peptide (marker of secreted insulin), proinsulin and proinsulin ⁄C-peptide ratio (PI/C) (markers of beta-cell endoplasmic reticulum [ER] stress) with undercarboxylated (uOC) and carboxylated osteocalcin (cOC) and their ratio (uOC/cOC) in children with recently diagnosed type 1 (T1D) or type 2 diabetes (T2D), and the correlation of these variables with partial remission (PR) in children with T1D. METHODS Demographic and clinical data of children with new-onset diabetes (n = 68; median age = 12.2 years; 33.8% non-Hispanic White, 45.6% Hispanic/Latino, 16.2% African American and 4.4% other) were collected at diagnosis and during the first (V1), second (V2) and third clinical visits at 9.0, 32.0 and 175.7 weeks, respectively. Serum proinsulin, C-peptide, uOC and cOC values were measured 7.0 weeks after diagnosis. PR was defined as insulin dose-adjusted HbA1c (IDAA1c) ≤9. RESULTS In children with new-onset T1D with DKA (33.3%) or T2D (29.4%), Spearman's correlation coefficient revealed a positive association between the C-peptide levels and both uOC and uOC/cOC ratio. In T1D (n = 48), both higher serum C-peptide levels and low PI:C ratio were associated with higher BMI percentile (β = 0.02, P = .001; β = -0.01, P = .02, respectively) and older age at diagnosis (β = 0.13, P = .001; β = -0.12, P = .001, respectively). Furthermore, in children with T1D, C-peptide levels at V1 correlated with IDAA1c ≤ 9 at V1 (P = .04). CONCLUSION C-peptide levels are associated with a higher uOC and uOC/cOC ratio in paediatric diabetes. In new-onset T1D children, older age and higher BMI were associated with lower beta-cell stress and higher preserved function, which was predictive of PR on follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omaima M. Sabek
- Department of SurgeryThe Methodist HospitalHoustonTXUSA
- Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Maria J. Redondo
- Section of Diabetes and EndocrinologyTexas Children's HospitalBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
| | - Duc T. Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Genomic MedicineHouston Methodist HospitalHoustonTXUSA
| | | | | | | | - Surya N. Mulukutla
- Section of Diabetes and EndocrinologyTexas Children's HospitalBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
| | - Edward A. Graviss
- Department of SurgeryThe Methodist HospitalHoustonTXUSA
- Department of Pathology and Genomic MedicineHouston Methodist HospitalHoustonTXUSA
| | - A. Osama Gaber
- Department of SurgeryThe Methodist HospitalHoustonTXUSA
- Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkNYUSA
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Ramasubramanian B, Reddy PH. Are TallyHo Mice A True Mouse Model for Type 2 Diabetes and Alzheimer’s Disease? J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 72:S81-S93. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-190613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - P. Hemachandra Reddy
- Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Cell Biology & Biochemistry Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Pharmacology & Neuroscience Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Neurology Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Battaglino RA, Nguyen N, Summers M, Morse LR. Factors associated with osteocalcin in men with spinal cord injury: findings from the FRASCI study. Spinal Cord 2019; 57:1014-1022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41393-019-0327-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Betsy J, Ahmed JM, Mohasin AK, Mohammed A, Nabeeh A. A. Diagnostic accuracy of salivary biomarkers of bone turnover in identifying patients with periodontitis in a Saudi Arabian population. J Dent Sci 2019; 14:269-276. [PMID: 31534637 PMCID: PMC6742844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Salivary markers of bone turnover are useful biomarkers for screening patients advanced periodontal diseases with alveolar bone loss. Hence, the purpose of this study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of deoxypyridinoline-containing degradation fragment of the C-terminal telopeptide region of type I collagen (CTX), Osteocalcin (OC) and Osteonectin (ON) in identifying patients with alveolar bone loss (BL) due to periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHOD Salivary levels of CTX, OC and ON were evaluated in ninety patients (group I, II and III with healthy, periodontitis without Type2 diabetes mellitus-T2DM and periodontitis with T2DM respectively). Group III was included since T2DM is very common among patients attending our clinics. Bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD) and BL were recorded for these patients. RESULTS The concentrations of salivary CTX, OC, and ON were higher in subjects with periodontitis than in controls. Significant correlations were found between these biomarkers and periodontal parameters. CTX, OC, and ON could discriminate between healthy (group I) and diseased (group II & III) regarding BL with excellent sensitivity (90.2-100%) and good specificity (62.1-96.6%). ROC curve gave excellent discrimination regarding BL (AUC: 0.926-0.958) and PPD (AUC: 0.904-0.915). However, none of the cut-off values gave good discrimination regarding BOP. CONCLUSION It can be concluded that CTX, OC, and ON correlated well with BL and PPD. Among the three biomarkers, ON at 81.80 ng/ml gave the best discrimination for presence or absence of bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Betsy
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dental Sciences, Division of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Javali Mukhatar Ahmed
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dental Sciences, Division of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Khader Mohasin
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dental Sciences, Division of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amanullah Mohammed
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Gureiger, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - AlQahtani Nabeeh A.
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dental Sciences, Division of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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Waugh DT. Fluoride Exposure Induces Inhibition of Sodium/Iodide Symporter (NIS) Contributing to Impaired Iodine Absorption and Iodine Deficiency: Molecular Mechanisms of Inhibition and Implications for Public Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E1086. [PMID: 30917615 PMCID: PMC6466022 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16061086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The sodium iodide symporter (NIS) is the plasma membrane glycoprotein that mediates active iodide transport in the thyroid and other tissues, such as the salivary, gastric mucosa, rectal mucosa, bronchial mucosa, placenta and mammary glands. In the thyroid, NIS mediates the uptake and accumulation of iodine and its activity is crucial for the development of the central nervous system and disease prevention. Since the discovery of NIS in 1996, research has further shown that NIS functionality and iodine transport is dependent on the activity of the sodium potassium activated adenosine 5'-triphosphatase pump (Na+, K+-ATPase). In this article, I review the molecular mechanisms by which F inhibits NIS expression and functionality which in turn contributes to impaired iodide absorption, diminished iodide-concentrating ability and iodine deficiency disorders. I discuss how NIS expression and activity is inhibited by thyroglobulin (Tg), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and how fluoride upregulates expression and activity of these biomarkers. I further describe the crucial role of prolactin and megalin in regulation of NIS expression and iodine homeostasis and the effect of fluoride in down regulating prolactin and megalin expression. Among many other issues, I discuss the potential conflict between public health policies such as water fluoridation and its contribution to iodine deficiency, neurodevelopmental and pathological disorders. Further studies are warranted to examine these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan Timothy Waugh
- EnviroManagement Services, 11 Riverview, Doherty's Rd, Bandon, Co. Cork, P72 YF10, Ireland.
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Parker L, Shaw CS, Byrnes E, Stepto NK, Levinger I. Acute continuous moderate-intensity exercise, but not low-volume high-intensity interval exercise, attenuates postprandial suppression of circulating osteocalcin in young overweight and obese adults. Osteoporos Int 2019; 30:403-410. [PMID: 30306222 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-018-4719-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bone remodeling markers (BRMs) are suppressed following the consumption of a meal. Our findings indicate that a single session of continuous moderate-intensity exercise, but not low-volume high-intensity interval exercise, performed 1 h after a meal attenuates the postprandial suppression of BRMs. INTRODUCTION Acute exercise transiently increases BRMs including osteocalcin (tOC) and the undercarboxylated form of osteocalcin (ucOC), a hormone that is implicated in glucose regulation. The effects of acute exercise and exercise-intensity on postprandial levels of tOC and ucOC are unknown. METHODS Twenty-seven adults that were overweight or obese (age 30 ± 1 years; BMI 30 ± 1 kg∙m-2; mean ± SEM) were randomly allocated to perform a single session of low-volume high-intensity interval exercise (LV-HIIE; nine females, five males) or continuous moderate-intensity exercise (CMIE; eightfemales, five males) 1 h after consumption of a standard breakfast. Serum tOC, ucOC, and ucOC/tOC were measured at baseline, 1 h, and 3 h after breakfast consumption on a rest day (no exercise) and the exercise day (exercise 1 h after breakfast). RESULTS Compared to baseline, serum tOC and ucOC were suppressed 3 h after breakfast on the rest day (- 10 ± 1% and - 6 ± 2%, respectively; p < 0.05), whereas ucOC/tOC was elevated (2.5 ± 1%; p = 0.08). Compared to the rest day, CMIE attenuated the postprandial-induced suppression of tOC (rest day - 10 ± 2% versus CMIE - 5 ± 2%, p < 0.05) and ucOC (rest day - 6 ± 4% versus CMIE 11 ± 2%, p < 0.05), and increased postprandial ucOC/tOC (rest day 3 ± 2% versus CMIE 15 ± 1%, p < 0.05). In contrast, LV-HIIE did not alter postprandial tOC, ucOC, or ucOC/tOC (all p > 0.1). CONCLUSIONS Acute CMIE, but not LV-HIIE, attenuates the postprandial-induced suppression of tOC and ucOC. CMIE may be an effective tool to control the circulating levels of BRMs following meal consumption in overweight/obese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Parker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - C S Shaw
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - E Byrnes
- PathWest QEII Medical Centre, Perth, Australia
| | - N K Stepto
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash Centre of Health Research and Implementation (MCHRI), School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - I Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Tao SC, Guo SC. Extracellular vesicles in bone: "dogrobbers" in the "eternal battle field". Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:6. [PMID: 30658653 PMCID: PMC6339294 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0319-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout human life, bone is constantly in a delicate dynamic equilibrium of synthesis and resorption, hosting finely-tuned bone mineral metabolic processes for bone homeostasis by collaboration or symphony among several cell types including osteoclasts (OCs), osteoblasts (OBs), osteocytes (OYs), vascular endothelial cells (ECs) and their precursors. Beyond these connections, a substantial level of communication seems to occur between bone and other tissues, and together, they form an organic unit linked to human health and disease. However, the current hypothesis, which includes growth factors, hormones and specific protein secretion, incompletely explains the close connections among bone cells or between bone and other tissues. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are widely-distributed membrane structures consisting of lipid bilayers, membrane proteins and intravesicular cargo (including proteins and nucleic acids), ranging from 30 nm to 1000 nm in diameter, and their characters have been highly conserved throughout evolution. EVs have targeting abilities and the potential to transmit multidimensional, abundant and complicated information, as powerful and substantial "dogrobbers" mediating intercellular communications. As research has progressed, EVs have gradually become thought of as "dogrobbers" in bone tissue-the "eternal battle field" -in a delicate dynamic balance of destruction and reconstruction. In the current review, we give a brief description of the major constituent cells in bone tissues and explore the progress of current research on bone-derived EVs. In addition, this review also discusses in depth not only potential directions for future research to breakthrough in this area but also problems existing in current research that need to be solved for a better understanding of bone tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Cong Tao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Shang-Chun Guo
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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Ponzetti M, Rucci N. Updates on Osteoimmunology: What's New on the Cross-Talk Between Bone and Immune System. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:236. [PMID: 31057482 PMCID: PMC6482259 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The term osteoimmunology was coined many years ago to describe the research field that deals with the cross-regulation between bone cells and the immune system. As a matter of fact, many factors that are classically considered immune-related, such as InterLeukins (i.e., IL-6, -11, -17, and -23), Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α, Receptor-Activator of Nuclear factor Kappa B (RANK), and its Ligand (RANKL), Nuclear Factor of Activated T-cell, cytoplasmatic-1 (NFATc1), and others have all been found to be crucial in osteoclast and osteoblast biology. Conversely, bone cells, which we used to think would only regulate each other and take care of remodeling bone, actually regulate immune cells, by creating the so-called "endosteal niche." Both osteoblasts and osteoclasts participate to this niche, either by favoring engraftment, or mobilization of Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs). In this review, we will describe the main milestones at the base of the osteoimmunology and present the key cellular players of the bone-immune system cross-talk, including HSCs, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, bone marrow macrophages, osteomacs, T- and B-lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and neutrophils. We will also briefly describe some pathological conditions in which the bone-immune system cross-talk plays a crucial role, with the final aim to portray the state of the art in the mechanisms regulating the bone-immune system interplay, and some of the latest molecular players in the field. This is important to encourage investigation in this field, to identify new targets in the treatment of bone and immune diseases.
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Seppä S, Tenhola S, Voutilainen R. Association of Serum Total Osteocalcin Concentrations With Endogenous Glucocorticoids and Insulin Sensitivity Markers in 12-Year-Old Children: A Cross-Sectional Study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:798. [PMID: 31803143 PMCID: PMC6877498 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Osteocalcin (OC) is an osteoblast-derived marker of bone turnover that has recently been linked to glucose metabolism, glucocorticoid action, and cardiovascular risk. Objective: We determined whether serum total OC (tOC) is associated with cardiometabolic factors, such as insulin sensitivity (IS) markers and endogenous glucocorticoids in 12-year-old children. In addition, we assessed whether low birth weight or exposure to maternal preeclampsia affect tOC concentrations. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 192 children (109 girls) were studied at 12 years of age. Seventy of them had been born small (SGA), 78 appropriate for gestational age (AGA), and 44 from preeclamptic pregnancies (PRE) as AGA. Blood pressure was measured, and fasting blood samples were collected for markers of glucose metabolism, osteoblast, adipocyte, and adrenocortical function. IS was estimated by Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI). Free cortisol index (FCI) was calculated as serum cortisol/corticosteroid binding globulin. Results: The highest tOC concentrations were detected in midpubertal children (Tanner B/G stage 3). The children in the highest tOC quartile (n = 48) had lower body mass index (BMI), waist-to-height ratio, diastolic blood pressure, leptin, cortisol/cortisone ratio and FCI, and higher insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), IGF-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1), IGFBP-3, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) than those in the lower tOC quartiles (p < 0.02 for all). QUICKI was similar in these subgroups. In logistic regression analysis, pubertal developmental stages 2 and 3, high ALP, IGF-I, and low FCI and BMI (p < 0.02 for all) were associated independently with higher tOC. The means of serum tOC and IS markers were similar in the SGA, AGA, and PRE subgroups. Conclusions: In both sexes, the highest tOC levels were detected in midpubertal children reflecting the fast pubertal growth phase. Higher tOC levels were associated with lower BMI and FCI, whereas no association was found with IS. Birth weight or exposure to preeclampsia had no effect on tOC concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu Seppä
- Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- *Correspondence: Satu Seppä
| | - Sirpa Tenhola
- Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics, Kymenlaakso Central Hospital, Kotka, Finland
| | - Raimo Voutilainen
- Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Zanatta LCB, Boguszewski CL, Borba VZC, Moreira CA. Association between undercarboxylated osteocalcin, bone mineral density, and metabolic parameters in postmenopausal women. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2018; 62:446-451. [PMID: 30304109 PMCID: PMC10118734 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteocalcin has been associated with several effects on energy and glucose metabolism. However, the physiological role of undercarboxylated osteocalcin (U-osc; the hormonally active isoform of osteocalcin) is still controversial. To correlate the serum levels of U-osc with bone mineral density (BMD) values and metabolic parameters in postmenopausal women. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Cross-sectional study including 105 postmenopausal women (age 56.5 ± 6.1 years, body mass index [BMI] 28.2 ± 4.9 kg/m2) grouped based on the presence of three or less, four, or five criteria of metabolic syndrome according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). The subjects underwent dualenergy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for the assessment of body composition and BMD and blood tests for the measurement of U-osc and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP) levels. RESULTS The mean U-osc level was 3.1 ± 3.4 ng/mL (median 2.3 ng/mL, range 0.0-18.4 ng/mL) and the mean BSAP level was 12.9 ± 4.0 ng/mL (median 12.1 ng/mL, range 73-24.4 ng/mL). There were no associations between U-osc and BSAP levels with serum metabolic parameters. Lower fasting glucose levels were observed in participants with increased values of U-osc/femoral BMD ratio (3.61 ± 4 ng/mL versus 10.2 ± 1.6 ng/mL, p = 0.036). When the participants were stratified into tertiles according to the U-osc/ femoral BMD and U-osc/lumbar BMD ratios, lower fasting glucose levels correlated with increased ratios (p = 0.029 and p = 0.042, respectively). CONCLUSION Based on the ratio of U-osc to BMD, our study demonstrated an association between U-osc and glucose metabolism. However, no association was observed between U-osc and metabolic parameters.The U-osc/BMD ratio is an innovative way to correct the U-osc value for bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila C B Zanatta
- Divisão de Endocrinologia (SEMPR), Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Cesar L Boguszewski
- Divisão de Endocrinologia (SEMPR), Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Victoria Z C Borba
- Divisão de Endocrinologia (SEMPR), Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Carolina A Moreira
- Divisão de Endocrinologia (SEMPR), Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brasil.,Laboratório PRO, Seção de Histomorfometria Óssea, Fundação Pró-Renal, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
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Xu Y, Ma X, Shen Y, Gu C, Tang J, Bao Y. Role of hyperglycaemia in the relationship between serum osteocalcin levels and relative skeletal muscle index. Clin Nutr 2018; 38:2704-2711. [PMID: 30545664 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Studies have shown that osteocalcin is involved in energy metabolism and is sufficient to prevent age-related muscle loss. The present study investigated the association of serum osteocalcin levels with muscle mass and the influence of metabolic factors on this association in humans. METHODS A total of 1742 middle-aged and elderly subjects (median age: 61.2 years; interquartile range: 56.9-65.3 years) were enrolled from Shanghai communities, including 775 men and 967 postmenopausal women. Serum osteocalcin levels were measured by an electrochemical immunoluminescence assay. An automatic bioelectric impedance analyser (BIA) was used to measure body compositions. Relative skeletal muscle index (SMI) was calculated using the BIA equation from Janssen et al. RESULTS SMI was significantly higher in men than in postmenopausal women (37.30% [35.14%-39.63%] versus 27.72% [25.99%-29.66%], p < 0.001). Increasing SMI was associated with decreases in the frequency of overweight/obesity, central obesity, dyslipidaemia, elevated blood pressure, and hyperglycaemia (all p < 0.001). Serum osteocalcin levels were positively correlated with SMI in both men and women, regardless of treatment as a categorical or continuous variable (all p < 0.001). However, after accounting for confounding variables, the relationship remained only in men with hyperglycaemia (standardized β = 0.068, p = 0.024). Among men with isolated impaired glucose tolerance, the odds ratio of increased SMI was 2.861 in the fourth osteocalcin quartile compared with the lowest (p = 0.046). Multiple stepwise regression revealed that each standard deviation (SD) increase of serum osteocalcin levels resulted in an increase of 0.131 SD in SMI (p = 0.024). CONCLUSION Serum osteocalcin levels were positively related to SMI in men with hyperglycaemia, especially in those with isolated impaired glucose tolerance. No association was detected between serum osteocalcin levels and SMI in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yun Shen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Chengchen Gu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Junling Tang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yuqian Bao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai 200233, China.
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Wang CM, Chang CS, Chang YF, Wu SJ, Chiu CJ, Hou MT, Chen CY, Liu PY, Wu CH. Inverse Relationship between Metabolic Syndrome and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration in Elderly People without Vitamin D deficiency. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17052. [PMID: 30451913 PMCID: PMC6242887 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35229-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D status is inversely associated with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Whether this is true in the elderly without vitamin D deficiency is rarely investigated. Our data source is a cross-sectional survey of 1,966 community-dwelling elderly Taiwanese in 2012. An overnight fasting blood were obtained for biochemistry variables. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D] concentration <20 ng/mL. MetS is defined using modified ATP-III criteria. Of 523 participants without vitamin D deficiency (Men/Women = 269/254, age = 76.0 ± 6.2 years old [65–102 years old]), mean 25(OH)D was 44.0 ± 11.1 ng/mL, and the MetS prevalence of MS was 46.5%. Serum 25(OH)D was negatively associated with osteocalcin, the homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index, body mass index (BMI), and glycated hemoglobin A1c. Participants with more MetS features have lower serum 25(OH)D and osteocalcin. Binary logistic regression models showed that 25(OH)D, physical activity, and osteocalcin were negatively independent MetS factors, but that the HOMA-IR index, BMI, and being female were positively independent factors. The risk of MetS was progressively lower along with the increased 25(OH)D concentration, even above 60 ng/mL. In conclusion, a low 25(OH)D concentration is an independent risk factor for MetS in elderly people without vitamin D deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Min Wang
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Sung Chang
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Fan Chang
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Jiuan Wu
- Department of Food Nutrition, Chung Hwa University Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ju Chiu
- Institute of Gerontology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Tzu Hou
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Yu Chen
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Yen Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsing Wu
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Department of Food Nutrition, Chung Hwa University Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Urano T, Shiraki M, Kuroda T, Tanaka S, Urano F, Uenishi K, Inoue S. Low serum osteocalcin concentration is associated with incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in Japanese women. J Bone Miner Metab 2018; 36:470-477. [PMID: 28766135 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-017-0857-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that osteocalcin is involved in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. However, the relationship between serum osteocalcin levels and risk of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus is not clear. The objective of this study is to investigate whether serum osteocalcin levels are associated with the risk of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study included 1691 Japanese postmenopausal women, 61 incident diabetes cases, and 1630 non-diabetic control subjects in the observation period. Baseline concentrations of intact osteocalcin, HbA1c, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, adiponectin, leptin, urinary N-telopeptides were assessed. Serum osteocalcin levels were significantly correlated with HbA1c levels among 1691 Japanese postmenopausal women (R = -0.12, P < 0.0001). In receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the optimal cut-off levels for serum osteocalcin to predict the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus was 6.1 ng/mL. The group with baseline osteocalcin levels <6.1 ng/mL showed a significantly higher risk for developing diabetes than the group with baseline osteocalcin levels >6.1 ng/mL (log-rank test, P < 0.0001) during the mean observation period (7.6 ± 6.1 years; mean ± SD). In multiple Cox proportional hazard analysis, osteocalcin levels were significantly associated with development of type 2 diabetes mellitus during the observation period. Our results indicate that a decrease in serum osteocalcin levels is associated with future development of type 2 diabetes mellitus independent of conventional risk factors in Japanese postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Urano
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masataka Shiraki
- Research Institute and Practice for Involutional Diseases, Nagano, Japan
| | | | - Shiro Tanaka
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Urano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kazuhiro Uenishi
- Division of Nutritional Physiology, Kagawa Nutrition University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Functional Biogerontology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2, Sakaecho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
- Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical School, Saitama, Japan.
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Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin: Experimental and Human Evidence for a Role in Glucose Homeostasis and Muscle Regulation of Insulin Sensitivity. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10070847. [PMID: 29966260 PMCID: PMC6073619 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances have indicated that osteocalcin, and in particular its undercarboxylated form (ucOC), is not only a nutritional biomarker reflective of vitamin K status and an indicator of bone health but also an active hormone that mediates glucose metabolism in experimental studies. This work has been supported by the putative identification of G protein-coupled receptor, class C, group 6, member A (GPRC6A) as a cell surface receptor for ucOC. Of note, ucOC has been associated with diabetes and with cardiovascular risk in epidemiological studies, consistent with a pathophysiological role for ucOC in vivo. Limitations of existing knowledge include uncertainty regarding the underlying mechanisms by which ucOC interacts with GPRC6A to modulate metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes, technical issues with commonly used assays for ucOC in serum, and a paucity of clinical trials to prove causation and illuminate the scope for novel health interventions. A key emerging area of research is the role of ucOC in relation to expression of GPRC6A in muscle, and whether exercise interventions may modulate metabolic outcomes favorably in part via ucOC. Further research is warranted to clarify potential direct and indirect roles for ucOC in human health and cardiometabolic diseases.
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Acute Whole Body Vibration Decreases the Glucose Levels in Elderly Diabetic Women. Rehabil Res Pract 2018; 2018:3820615. [PMID: 29971166 PMCID: PMC6008658 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3820615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type II diabetes (TIIDM) is characterized by high levels of blood glucose followed by excessive insulin release so that the target cells become less sensitive, developing insulin resistance and maintaining hyperglycemic levels. Physical activity is the strongest element to prevent and to manage the TIIDM, and the majority of patients do not remain in regularly active levels, because the premature fatigue in these patients decreases the adherence to the training. Contrastingly, the whole body vibration (WBV) training may improve the glucose metabolism in diabetic patients, reducing the peripheral blood sugar, decreasing the physical discomfort and perceived exertion. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to determine the effect of an acute WBV session as therapy to promote fasting decreases in insulin levels in peripheral blood in TIIDM when compared to healthy elderly. For this, fifteen healthy elderly women and fourteen diabetic elderly women, all sedentary, were allocated in diabetic or control groups, and we made an acute whole body session composed of 10 bouts lasting 2 minutes each one, separated by a 30-second rest period. The WBV was executed in a triaxial platform MY3 Power Plate® at 35 hertz and has been chosen a peak-to-peak displacement of 4 millimeters. After the protocol, both groups decreased the glycemic levels and increased lactate production in relation to the basal levels and when compared diabetic and control, where the most important results have been shown in diabetic women. This study revealed that WBV training in TIIDM has had significant beneficial effects on the control of glucose levels, still in an acute session. So that, the complete training probably will show better results about glycemic control and this finding could be especially important when prescribing exercise for elderly who are unable or unwilling to use traditional loads or who show poor exercise compliance.
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Conte C, Epstein S, Napoli N. Insulin resistance and bone: a biological partnership. Acta Diabetol 2018; 55:305-314. [PMID: 29333578 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-018-1101-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite a clear association between type 2 diabetes (T2D) and fracture risk, the pathogenesis of bone fragility in T2D has not been clearly elucidated. Insulin resistance is the primary defect in T2D. Insulin signalling regulates both bone formation and bone resorption, but whether insulin resistance can affect bone has not been established. On the other hand, evidence exists that bone might play a role in the regulation of glucose metabolism. This article reviews the available experimental and clinical evidence on the interplay between bone and insulin resistance. Interestingly, a bilateral relationship between bone and insulin resistance seems to exist that unites them in a biological partnership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Conte
- Clinical Transplant Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20163, Milan, Italy.
| | - Solomon Epstein
- Division of Endocrinology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicola Napoli
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
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Frost M, Balkau B, Hatunic M, Konrad T, Mingrone G, Højlund K. The relationship between bone turnover and insulin sensitivity and secretion: Cross-sectional and prospective data from the RISC cohort study. Bone 2018; 108:98-105. [PMID: 29305997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Bone metabolism appears to influence insulin secretion and sensitivity, and insulin promotes bone formation in animals, but similar evidence in humans is limited. The objectives of this study are to explore if bone turnover markers were associated with insulin secretion and sensitivity and to determine if bone turnover markers predict changes in insulin secretion and sensitivity. The study population encompassed 576 non-diabetic adult men with normal glucose tolerance (NGT; n=503) or impaired glucose regulation (IGR; n=73). Baseline markers of bone resorption (CTX) and formation (P1NP) were determined in the fasting state and after a 2-h hyperinsulinaemic, euglycaemic clamp. An intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) and a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were performed at baseline, and the OGTT was repeated after 3years. There were no differences in bone turnover marker levels between NGT and IGR. CTX and P1NP levels decreased by 8.0% (p<0.001) and 1.9% (p<0.01) between baseline and steady-state during the clamp. Fasting plasma glucose was inversely associated with CTX and P1NP both before and after adjustment for recruitment centre, age, BMI, smoking and physical activity. However, baseline bone turnover markers were neither associated with insulin sensitivity (assessed using hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp and OGTT) nor with insulin secretion capacity (based on IVGTT and OGTT) at baseline or at follow-up. Although inverse associations between fasting glucose and markers of bone turnover were identified, this study cannot support an association between insulin secretion and sensitivity in healthy, non-diabetic men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Frost
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Beverley Balkau
- CESP, Faculty of Medicine - University Paris-South, Faculty of Medicine - University Versailles-St Quentin, INSERM U1018, University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Mensud Hatunic
- Endocrinology Department, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Thomas Konrad
- Clinic of Pediatrics I, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Geltrude Mingrone
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy; Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Section of Molecular Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Jürimäe J, Lätt E, Remmel L, Purge P, Tillmann V. Longitudinal changes in bone-testis axis and their associations with insulin resistance in 11- to 12-year-old boys. Bone 2018; 108:115-120. [PMID: 29309847 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Associations between osteocalcin (OCN), an osteoblast-specific hormone, and different markers of energy metabolism and insulin resistance have been reported in adults, but few studies have investigated this in children. The aim of the current study was to investigate serum OCN levels during pubertal development in normal weight (NW) and overweight (OW) boys, and to evaluate possible associations of OCN with body composition, testosterone, insulin resistance and adipocytokine values during puberty. METHODS Ninety 11- to 12-year-old boys were investigated at 12-month intervals over the next 2years. Boys were divided by their BMI into NW (n=60) and OW (n=30) groups. Serum OCN, testosterone, leptin, adiponectin, insulin, HOMA-IR score, and body composition were measured. RESULTS Pubertal development over the 2-year period was similar in both groups. Serum OCN was not different at the beginning of the study and increased similarly in both groups. However, at the end of the study, NW had higher OCN than OW (142.9±5.2 vs. 124.0±7.4ng/ml; p<0.05). OW had higher leptin, insulin and HOMA-IR compared to NW, and these differences remained significant through the 2-year period. Testosterone, insulin and HOMA-IR increased through the study period in both groups. In multiple regression analyses increment in OCN was associated with the increase in testosterone in NW (p<0.001) and OW (p=0.049) boys. Increment in OCN was also associated with the increase in insulin (p=0.019) and HOMA-IR (p=0.012) over the 2-year period in NW boys. CONCLUSION Serum OCN concentration increases in puberty and the increment is positively associated with the rise in testosterone level in both NW and OW boys. The positive association between the rise in OCN and insulin in NW boys would suggest that OCN may have a role in the development of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaak Jürimäe
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Evelin Lätt
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liina Remmel
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Priit Purge
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vallo Tillmann
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Suarez-Bregua P, Guerreiro PM, Rotllant J. Stress, Glucocorticoids and Bone: A Review From Mammals and Fish. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:526. [PMID: 30250453 PMCID: PMC6139303 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are the final effector products of a neuroendocrine HPA/HPI axis governing energy balance and stress response in vertebrates. From a physiological point of view, basal GC levels are essential for intermediary metabolism and participate in the development and homeostasis of a wide range of body tissues, including the skeleton. Numerous mammalian studies have demonstrated that GC hormones exert a positive role during bone modeling and remodeling as they promote osteoblastogenesis to maintain the bone architecture. Although the pharmacological effect of the so-called stress hormones has been widely reported, the role of endogenous GCs on bone mineral metabolism as result of the endocrine stress response has been largely overlooked across vertebrates. In addition, stress responses are variable depending on the stressor (e.g., starvation, predation, and environmental change), life cycle events (e.g., migration and aging), and differ among vertebrate lineages, which react differently according to their biological, social and cognitive complexity (e.g., mineral demands, physical, and psychological stress). This review intends to summarize the endogenous GCs action on bone metabolism of mammals and fish under a variety of challenging circumstances. Particular emphasis will be given to the regulatory loop between GCs and the parathyroid hormone (PTH) family peptides, and other key regulators of mineral homeostasis and bone remodeling in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Suarez-Bregua
- Institute of Marine Research, Spanish National Research Council (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | | | - Josep Rotllant
- Institute of Marine Research, Spanish National Research Council (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
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Moser SC, van der Eerden BCJ. Osteocalcin-A Versatile Bone-Derived Hormone. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:794. [PMID: 30687236 PMCID: PMC6335246 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone has long been regarded as a static organ, simply providing protection and support. However, this mindset has changed radically in recent years and bone is becoming increasingly recognized for its endocrine function of secreting several hormones, thereby controlling various physiological pathways. One of the factors released by the skeleton is osteocalcin. Importantly, osteocalcin is secreted solely by osteoblasts but only has minor effects on bone mineralization and density. Instead, it has been reported to control several physiological processes in an endocrine manner, such as glucose homeostasis and exercise capacity, brain development, cognition, and male fertility. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the currently known roles of osteocalcin and their underlying mechanisms. At present, one of the major goals in this field is translating basic research into therapeutic applications, therefore ongoing efforts to bring these findings to the clinics will also be discussed.
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Redondo MJ, Shirkey BA, Fraga DW, Gaber AO, Sabek OM. Serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin correlates with hemoglobin A1c in children with recently diagnosed pediatric diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2017; 18:869-873. [PMID: 28093839 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteocalcin (OC), a hormone secreted by osteoblasts, improves beta-cell function in vitro and in vivo. We aimed to understand the relationship between OC and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in pediatric diabetes. METHODS Children (n = 70; mean [SD] age = 11.8 years [3.1]; 34.3% non-Hispanic white, 46.3% Hispanic, 14.9% African-American, 4.5% other) newly diagnosed with diabetes (69.1% type 1 diabetes [T1D], 30.9% type 2 diabetes [T2D]) were studied. We collected clinical data at diagnosis and first clinical visit (V1) 9 weeks later (interquartile range [IQR] = 7.9-12.0). Serum undercarboxylated OC (uOC) and carboxylated OC (cOC) were measured 7.0 weeks (IQR 4.3-8.9) after diagnosis. RESULTS Mean [SD] uOC was 20.3 (19.6) ng/mL, cOC 29.7 [13.7] ng/mL and u/cOC 0.68 [0.81]. uOC, cOC, or u/cOC were not different by gender, race/ethnicity, age, diabetes type, BMI percentile, or random C-peptide, glucose or HbA1c at diagnosis. However, among 61 children with V1 within 4 months of diagnosis, uOC was higher in those with V1 HbA1c < 7.5% (HbA1c < 58 mmol/mol) (uOC=33.1 [22.0]) compared with children with HbA1c ≥ 7.5% (uOC=17.4 [2.3], P = .0004). The difference was larger among patients with T2D (34.6 and 4.7 ng/mL, respectively, P = .0001) than T1D (32.2 and 19.3, P = .0169), and in males (36.1 and 17.4, P = .018) than females (27.6 and 17.3, P = .072). Analysis for u/cOC were similar while there were no differences in cOC. uOC was inversely correlated with HbA1c at V1 (Spearman's rho = -0.29, P = .02). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that serum uOC is inversely related to HbA1c shortly after diagnosis of pediatric diabetes. This potentially modifiable factor of glucose metabolism warrants further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Redondo
- Diabetes and Endocrinology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Beverly A Shirkey
- Center for Outcomes Research, Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Daniel W Fraga
- Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - A Osama Gaber
- Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Omaima M Sabek
- Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas.,Cell and Molecular Biology Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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Abstract
Accumulating evidence has shown that bone and glucose metabolism are closely associated with each other. Since the risk of osteoporotic fractures is increased in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), osteoporosis is recently recognized as one of diabetic complications, called DM-induced bone fragility. Previous studies showed that collagen cross-links of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and dysfunctions of osteoblast and osteocyte are involved in DM-induced bone fragility. Circulating levels of AGEs and homocysteine are increased in patients with DM, and they directly impair the functions of osteoblast and osteocyte, resulting in decreased bone formation and bone remodeling. On the other hand, bone is recently recognized as an endocrine organ. Previous studies based on in vitro and animal studies showed that osteocalcin, which is specifically expressed in osteoblasts and secreted into the circulation, may regulate glucose homeostasis. Although several clinical studies reported the relationship between osteocalcin and glucose metabolism, further large-scale and intervention studies are necessary to confirm the beneficial effects of osteocalcin on glucose metabolism in human. It has been shown that adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an intracellular energy sensor, is involved in bone metabolism. Adiponectin and metformin stimulate osteocalcin expression and the differentiation of osteoblasts via AMPK activation. Also, AMPK activation protects against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of osteocytes. These findings suggest that AMPK in osteoblasts and osteocytes may be a therapeutic target for DM-induced bone fragility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ippei Kanazawa
- Internal Medicine 1, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan
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Xu Y, Ma X, Xiong Q, Hu X, Zhang X, Yuan Y, Bao Y. Association between serum osteocalcin level and blood pressure in a Chinese population. Blood Press 2017; 27:106-111. [PMID: 29172726 DOI: 10.1080/08037051.2017.1408005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Xiong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueli Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
| | - Yeqing Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqian Bao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
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