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Podinic T, Limoges L, Monaco C, MacAndrew A, Minhas M, Nederveen J, Raha S. Cannabidiol Disrupts Mitochondrial Respiration and Metabolism and Dysregulates Trophoblast Cell Differentiation. Cells 2024; 13:486. [PMID: 38534330 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Trophoblast differentiation is a crucial process in the formation of the placenta where cytotrophoblasts (CTs) differentiate and fuse to form the syncytiotrophoblast (ST). The bioactive components of cannabis, such as Δ9-THC, are known to disrupt trophoblast differentiation and fusion, as well as mitochondrial dynamics and respiration. However, less is known about the impact of cannabidiol (CBD) on trophoblast differentiation. Due to the central role of mitochondria in stem cell differentiation, we evaluated the impact of CBD on trophoblast mitochondrial function and differentiation. Using BeWo b30 cells, we observed decreased levels of mRNA for markers of syncytialization (GCM1, ERVW1, hCG) following 20 µM CBD treatment during differentiation. In CTs, CBD elevated transcript levels for the mitochondrial and cellular stress markers HSP60 and HSP70, respectively. Furthermore, CBD treatment also increased the lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage marker 4-hydroxynonenal. Mitochondrial membrane potential, basal respiration and ATP production were diminished with the 20 µM CBD treatment in both sub-lineages. mRNA levels for endocannabinoid system (ECS) components (FAAH, NAPEPLD, TRPV1, CB1, CB2, PPARγ) were altered differentially by CBD in CTs and STs. Overall, we demonstrate that CBD impairs trophoblast differentiation and fusion, as well as mitochondrial bioenergetics and redox homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Podinic
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Louise Limoges
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Cristina Monaco
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Andie MacAndrew
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Mahek Minhas
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Joshua Nederveen
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Sandeep Raha
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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Butler T, Tey SR, Galvin JE, Perry G, Bowen RL, Atwood CS. Endocrine Dyscrasia in the Etiology and Therapy of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 101:705-713. [PMID: 39240636 DOI: 10.3233/jad-240334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
The increase in the incidence of dementia over the last century correlates strongly with the increases in post-reproductive lifespan during this time. As post-reproductive lifespan continues to increase it is likely that the incidence of dementia will also increase unless therapies are developed to prevent, slow or cure dementia. A growing body of evidence implicates age-related endocrine dyscrasia and the length of time that the brain is subjected to this endocrine dyscrasia, as a key causal event leading to the cognitive decline associated with aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD), the major form of dementia in our society. In particular, the elevations in circulating gonadotropins, resulting from the loss of gonadal sex hormone production with menopause and andropause, appear central to the development of AD neuropathology and cognitive decline. This is supported by numerous cell biology, preclinical animal, and epidemiological studies, as well as human clinical studies where suppression of circulating luteinizing hormone and/or follicle-stimulating hormone with either gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues, or via physiological hormone replacement therapy, has been demonstrated to halt or significantly slow cognitive decline in those with AD. This review provides an overview of past and present studies demonstrating the importance of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal hormone balance for normal cognitive functioning, and how targeting age-related endocrine dyscrasia with hormone rebalancing strategies provides an alternative treatment route for those with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Butler
- Department of Radiology, Brain Health Imaging Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sin-Ruow Tey
- JangoBio, LLC, Division of Cell Biology, Fitchburg, WI, USA
| | - James E Galvin
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Comprehensive Center for Brain Health, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - George Perry
- Department of Neuroscience, Development and Regenerative Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Craig S Atwood
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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Skogler J, Moberg T, Tancredi L, Styrmisdóttir L, Hedayati E, Alarcon-Ruiz CA, Khamis A, Persad E, Iskandarani G, Hansson SR, Bruschettini M. Association between human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pregnancy Hypertens 2023; 34:124-137. [PMID: 37951184 DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a glycoprotein produced in the placenta, is crucial for a healthy pregnancy. We investigated the relationship between hCG levels and adverse pregnancy outcomes. We conducted a systematic review including studies measuring hCG blood levels in the first or second trimester, reporting on any of the 12 predefined adverse pregnancy outcomes with logistic regression-adjusted association estimates. The primary outcomes were placenta-associated complications, such as miscarriage, preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, and preterm delivery. We searched PubMed, Embase and CINAHL Complete. The hCG levels were analysed as multiple of the median (MoM). Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used. Risk of bias and the certainty of evidence were assessed using ROBINS-I and GRADE, respectively. Meta-analysis also showed that hCG levels, reported as MoM ≥2/2.31/2.5, might be associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.26 to 3.44) and preterm delivery (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.47), but the evidence is very uncertain. High second trimester hCG levels may be associated with preeclampsia and preterm delivery but confidence in evidence is low.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tilda Moberg
- Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden.
| | - Luca Tancredi
- Regiomed Medical School, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | | | - Ehsan Hedayati
- Nezam Mafi Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Christoper A Alarcon-Ruiz
- Unidad de Investigación Para la Generación y Síntesis de Evidencias en Salud, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru
| | - Assem Khamis
- Wolfson Palliative Care Centre, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Persad
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation, Danube University Krems, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | | | - Stefan R Hansson
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Matteo Bruschettini
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Paediatrics, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Krstic J, Deutsch A, Fuchs J, Gauster M, Gorsek Sparovec T, Hiden U, Krappinger JC, Moser G, Pansy K, Szmyra M, Gold D, Feichtinger J, Huppertz B. (Dis)similarities between the Decidual and Tumor Microenvironment. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1065. [PMID: 35625802 PMCID: PMC9138511 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Placenta-specific trophoblast and tumor cells exhibit many common characteristics. Trophoblast cells invade maternal tissues while being tolerated by the maternal immune system. Similarly, tumor cells can invade surrounding tissues and escape the immune system. Importantly, both trophoblast and tumor cells are supported by an abetting microenvironment, which influences invasion, angiogenesis, and immune tolerance/evasion, among others. However, in contrast to tumor cells, the metabolic, proliferative, migrative, and invasive states of trophoblast cells are under tight regulatory control. In this review, we provide an overview of similarities and dissimilarities in regulatory processes that drive trophoblast and tumor cell fate, particularly focusing on the role of the abetting microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Krstic
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.K.); (J.F.); (M.G.); (J.C.K.); (G.M.); (B.H.)
| | - Alexander Deutsch
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse 24, 8010 Graz, Austria; (A.D.); (K.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Julia Fuchs
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.K.); (J.F.); (M.G.); (J.C.K.); (G.M.); (B.H.)
- Division of Biophysics, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Gauster
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.K.); (J.F.); (M.G.); (J.C.K.); (G.M.); (B.H.)
| | - Tina Gorsek Sparovec
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 14, 8036 Graz, Austria; (T.G.S.); (U.H.); (D.G.)
| | - Ursula Hiden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 14, 8036 Graz, Austria; (T.G.S.); (U.H.); (D.G.)
| | - Julian Christopher Krappinger
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.K.); (J.F.); (M.G.); (J.C.K.); (G.M.); (B.H.)
| | - Gerit Moser
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.K.); (J.F.); (M.G.); (J.C.K.); (G.M.); (B.H.)
| | - Katrin Pansy
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse 24, 8010 Graz, Austria; (A.D.); (K.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Marta Szmyra
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse 24, 8010 Graz, Austria; (A.D.); (K.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Daniela Gold
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 14, 8036 Graz, Austria; (T.G.S.); (U.H.); (D.G.)
| | - Julia Feichtinger
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.K.); (J.F.); (M.G.); (J.C.K.); (G.M.); (B.H.)
| | - Berthold Huppertz
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.K.); (J.F.); (M.G.); (J.C.K.); (G.M.); (B.H.)
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Human Chorionic Gonadotropin and Early Embryogenesis: Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031380. [PMID: 35163303 PMCID: PMC8835849 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) has four major isoforms: classical hCG, hyperglycosylated hCG, free β subunit, and sulphated hCG. Classical hCG is the first molecule synthesized by the embryo. Its RNA is transcribed as early as the eight-cell stage and the blastocyst produces the protein before its implantation. This review synthetizes everything currently known on this multi-effect hormone: hCG levels, angiogenetic activity, immunological actions, and effects on miscarriages and thyroid function.
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Cheloufi M, Kazhalawi A, Pinton A, Rahmati M, Chevrier L, Prat-ellenberg L, Michel AS, Dray G, Mekinian A, Kayem G, Lédée N. The Endometrial Immune Profiling May Positively Affect the Management of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss. Front Immunol 2021; 12:656701. [PMID: 33841443 PMCID: PMC8024694 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.656701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The endometrial immune profiling is an innovative approach based on the analysis of the local immune reaction occurring in the endometrium at the time of the embryo implantation. By documenting the local immune activation during the period of uterine receptivity, we aim to detect and correct potential imbalances before and at the very beginning of placentation. The main objective of the study was to analyze in women with a history of repeated pregnancy loss (RPL) the association of personalized strategies based on immune dysregulations with live birth rates. The secondary objective was to highlight the main prognostic factors for live births. Methods This is an observational retrospective analysis of 104 patients with RPL, included between January 2012 and December 2019. Inclusion criteria included a spontaneous fertility with at least three miscarriages, an assessment including a three-dimension ultrasound scan, an endometrial biopsy for uterine immune profiling and a follow-up over at least 6 months with personalized care if indicated after the complete assessment. We defined as a success if the patients had a live birth after the suggested plan, as a failure if the patient either did not get pregnant or experienced a new miscarriage after the targeted therapies. Results Uterine immune profiling was the only exploration to be significantly associated with a higher live birth rate (LBR) if a dysregulation was identified and treated accordingly (55% vs 45%, p=0.01). On the contrary, an absence of local dysregulation (resulting in an apparently balanced immune environment) was associated with a higher risk of a new miscarriage, suggesting that the cause inducing RPL still needed to be identified. Independently of age and AMH level, dysregulated immune profile is significatively associated with 3 times higher LBR than a non-deregulated profile (OR=3.4 CI 95%1.27-9.84) or five times in case of an overactive profile treated by immunotherapy (OR=5 CI 95% 1.65-16.5). The usage of ART was significantly associated with lower LBR regardless of the presence of a subfertility factor (p=0.012). Personalization of medical care using natural cycle or simple hormonal stimulation is associated with a significantly higher LBR than personalization including ART treatments regardless of maternal age and AMH level (OR= 2.9 CI 95% 1.03-8.88). Conclusion Our study suggests that some endometrial immune profiles with targeted management of RPL are associated with a higher rate of LBR. ART may be negatively associated with LBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryam Cheloufi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Trousseau Hospital, APHP, Sorbonne Université, FHU PREMA, Paris, France
| | - Alaa Kazhalawi
- MatriceLAB Innove SARL, Pépinière Paris Santé Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Anne Pinton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Trousseau Hospital, APHP, Sorbonne Université, FHU PREMA, Paris, France
| | | | - Lucie Chevrier
- MatriceLAB Innove SARL, Pépinière Paris Santé Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Laura Prat-ellenberg
- Centre d’Assistance Médical á la Procréation Bluets-Drouot, Hôpital Les Bluets, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Michel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Trousseau Hospital, APHP, Sorbonne Université, FHU PREMA, Paris, France
- Centre d’Assistance Médical á la Procréation Bluets-Drouot, Hôpital Les Bluets, Paris, France
| | - Geraldine Dray
- Centre d’Assistance Médical á la Procréation Bluets-Drouot, Hôpital Les Bluets, Paris, France
| | - Arsène Mekinian
- Hôpital Saint-Antoine Groupe Hospitalier AP-HP, Sorbonne Université (Paris), Paris, France
| | - Gilles Kayem
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Trousseau Hospital, APHP, Sorbonne Université, FHU PREMA, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Lédée
- MatriceLAB Innove SARL, Pépinière Paris Santé Cochin, Paris, France
- Centre d’Assistance Médical á la Procréation Bluets-Drouot, Hôpital Les Bluets, Paris, France
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Jing G, Yao J, Dang Y, Liang W, Xie L, Chen J, Li Z. The role of β-HCG and VEGF-MEK/ERK signaling pathway in villi angiogenesis in patients with missed abortion. Placenta 2020; 103:16-23. [PMID: 33068962 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the effects of the Human Chorionic Gonadotropin beta (β-hCG) and the VEGF-MEK/ERK signaling pathway on villi angiogenesis in early missed abortion. METHODS A total of 12 cases of women with missed abortion and 12 cases of women who had induced abortion voluntarily without any disease were included in the present study. The age, pregnancy time and gestation period in the control group corresponded to the missed abortion group. Wes Simple Western system and qRT-PCR were used to detect the expression of VEGF-MEK/ERK signaling pathway related proteins and genes in villous. Radioimmunoassay and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to detect β-hCG and VEGF levels in serum. The microvascular density (MVD) in villous tissue was analyzed by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS The levels of β-hCG and VEGF in serum, the expression of VEGF-MEK/ERK signaling pathway and MVD in villous tissue of the missed abortion group were lower than those of the control group. In addition, compared with the control group, the layers of trophoblasts of the villous tissue in the missed abortion group became thinner significantly, the number of cells reduced, the cell structures were disorganized, and parts of the trophoblast cells were absent. Correlational analysis showed that the protein expression of ERK1/2 was positively correlated with MVD in missed abortion group. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal that decreased production of β-hCG in early pregnant women could down-regulate the expression of VEGF-MEK/ERK signal pathway, then reduce angiogenesis and eventually leading to the abnormal angiogenesis of villous, which may be an important mechanism of missed abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhuang Jing
- Institute of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jianling Yao
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Jingning Country, Lanzhou, 743400, China
| | - Yuhui Dang
- Institute of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Weitao Liang
- Institute of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Li'ao Xie
- Institute of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Institute of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhilan Li
- Institute of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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Smitz J, Platteau P. Influence of human chorionic gonadotrophin during ovarian stimulation: an overview. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2020; 18:80. [PMID: 32762698 PMCID: PMC7409634 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-020-00639-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely known that luteinising hormone (LH) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) are integral in the female reproductive lifecycle. Due to the common binding site and similarity in molecular structure, they were previously thought to have overlapping roles. However, with the development of both purified urinary-derived and recombinant gonadotrophins, the individual characteristics of these molecules have begun to be defined. There is evidence to suggest that LH and hCG preferentially activate different signalling cascades and display different receptor-binding kinetics. The data generated on the two molecules have led to an improved understanding of their distinct physiological functions, resulting in a debate among clinicians regarding the most beneficial use of LH- and hCG-containing products for ovarian stimulation (OS) in assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). Over the past few decades, a number of trials have generated data supporting the use of hCG for OS in ART. Indeed, the data indicated that hCG plays an important role in folliculogenesis, leads to improved endometrial receptivity and is associated with a higher quality of embryos, while presenting a favourable safety profile. These observations support the increased use of hCG as a method to provide LH bioactivity during OS. This review summarises the molecular and functional differences between hCG and LH, and provides an overview of the clinical trial data surrounding the use of products for OS that contain LH bioactivity, examining their individual effect on outcomes such as endometrial receptivity, oocyte yield and embryo quality, as well as key pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Smitz
- Follicle Biology Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan, 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter Platteau
- Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Lédée N, Petitbarat M, Prat-Ellenberg L, Dray G, Cassuto GN, Chevrier L, Kazhalawi A, Vezmar K, Chaouat G. Endometrial Immune Profiling: A Method to Design Personalized Care in Assisted Reproductive Medicine. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1032. [PMID: 32582163 PMCID: PMC7287127 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To assess the efficiency of the endometrial immune profiling as a method to design personalized care to enhance the pregnancy rate in a large heterogeneous infertile population. We hypothesized that some reproductive failures could be induced by a uterine immune dysregulation which could be identified and corrected with a targeted plan. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Multicentric study. Intervention(s) and Main outcome measure(s): One thousand and seven hundred thirty-eight infertile patients had an immune profiling on a timed endometrial biopsy between 2012 and 2018. This test documented the absence or the presence of an endometrial immune dysregulation and identified its type. In case of dysregulation, a targeted personalized plan was suggested to the treating clinician aiming to supply the anomaly. One year after the test, the clinician was contacted to provide the outcome of the subsequent embryo transfer with the applied suggested plan. Result(s): After testing, 16.5% of the patients showed no endometrial immune dysregulation, 28% had a local immune under-activation, 45% had a local immune over-activation, and 10.5% had a mixed endometrial immune profile. In patients with a history of repeated implantation failures (RIF) or recurrent miscarriages (RM), the pregnancy rate was significantly higher if an endometrial dysregulation was found and the personalized plan applied, compared to the patients with an apparent balanced immune profile (respectively 37.7 and 56% vs. 26.9 and 24%, p < 0.001). In contrast, in good prognosis IVF (in vitro fertilization) subgroup and patients using donor eggs, this difference was not significant between dysregulated and balanced subgroups, but higher pregnancy rates were observed in absence of dysregulation. For patients with immune over-activation, pregnancy rates were significantly higher for patients who had a test of sensitivity, regarding the type of immunotherapy introduced, when compared to the ones who did not (51 vs. 39.9%, p = 0.012). Conclusion(s): Local endometrial immunity appears to be a new and important parameter able to influence the prognosis of pregnancy. Targeted medical care in case of local immune dysregulation resulted in significantly higher pregnancy rates in RIF and RM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Lédée
- MatriceLAB Innove, Pépinière Paris Santé Cochin, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
- Centre d'Assistance Médicale à la Procréation, Hôpital des Bluets, Paris, France
| | - Marie Petitbarat
- MatriceLAB Innove, Pépinière Paris Santé Cochin, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Laura Prat-Ellenberg
- Centre d'Assistance Médicale à la Procréation, Hôpital des Bluets, Paris, France
| | - Géraldine Dray
- Centre d'Assistance Médicale à la Procréation, Hôpital des Bluets, Paris, France
| | - Guy N. Cassuto
- Centre d'Assistance Médicale à la Procréation, Hôpital des Bluets, Paris, France
- Laboratoire Drouot, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Chevrier
- MatriceLAB Innove, Pépinière Paris Santé Cochin, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Alaa Kazhalawi
- MatriceLAB Innove, Pépinière Paris Santé Cochin, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Katia Vezmar
- MatriceLAB Innove, Pépinière Paris Santé Cochin, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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Gridelet V, Perrier d'Hauterive S, Polese B, Foidart JM, Nisolle M, Geenen V. Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin: New Pleiotropic Functions for an "Old" Hormone During Pregnancy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:343. [PMID: 32231662 PMCID: PMC7083149 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) is the first specific molecule synthesized by the embryo. hCG RNA is transcribed as early as the eight-cell stage, and the blastocyst produces the protein before its implantation. hCG in the uterine microenvironment binds with its cognate receptor, luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR), on the endometrial surface. This binding stimulates leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) production and inhibits interleukin-6 (IL-6) production by epithelial cells of the endometrium. These effects ensure essential help in the preparation of the endometrium for initial embryo implantation. hCG also effects angiogenic and immunomodulatory actions as reported in many articles by our laboratories and other ones. By stimulating angiogenesis and vasculogenesis, hCG provides the placenta with an adequate maternal blood supply and optimal embryo nutrition during the invasion of the uterine endometrium. The immunomodulatory properties of hCG are numerous and important for programming maternal immune tolerance toward the embryo. The reported effects of hCG on uterine NK, Treg, and B cells, three major cell populations for the maintenance of pregnancy, demonstrate the role of this embryonic signal as a crucial immune regulator in the course of pregnancy. Human embryo rejection for hCG-related immunological reasons has been studied in different ways, and a sufficient dose of hCG seems to be necessary to maintain maternal tolerance. Different teams have studied the addition of hCG in patients suffering from recurrent miscarriages or implantation failures. hCG could also have a beneficial or a negative impact on autoimmune diseases during pregnancy. In this review, we will discuss the immunological impacts of hCG during pregnancy and if this hormone might be used therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Gridelet
- GIGA-I3 Center of Immunoendocrinology GIGA Research Institute, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
- Center for Assisted Medical Procreation, University of Liège, CHR Citadelle, Liège, Belgium
| | - Sophie Perrier d'Hauterive
- GIGA-I3 Center of Immunoendocrinology GIGA Research Institute, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
- Center for Assisted Medical Procreation, University of Liège, CHR Citadelle, Liège, Belgium
| | - Barbara Polese
- GIGA-I3 Center of Immunoendocrinology GIGA Research Institute, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Jean-Michel Foidart
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Michelle Nisolle
- Center for Assisted Medical Procreation, University of Liège, CHR Citadelle, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHR Citadelle, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Vincent Geenen
- GIGA-I3 Center of Immunoendocrinology GIGA Research Institute, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
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11
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Gallardo V, González M, Toledo F, Sobrevia L. Role of heme oxygenase 1 and human chorionic gonadotropin in pregnancy associated diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165522. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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12
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Bardos J, Fiorentino D, Longman RE, Paidas M. Immunological Role of the Maternal Uterine Microbiome in Pregnancy: Pregnancies Pathologies and Alterated Microbiota. Front Immunol 2020; 10:2823. [PMID: 31969875 PMCID: PMC6960114 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding what happens at the time of embryo implantation has been the subject of significant research. Investigators from many differing fields including maternal fetal medicine, microbiology, genetics, reproductive endocrinology and immunology have all been studying the moment the embryo interacts with the maternal endometrium. A perfect relationship between the uterus and the embryo, mediated by a tightly controlled interaction between the embryo and the endometrium, is required for successful implantation. Any factors affecting this communication, such as altered microbiome may lead to poor reproductive outcomes. Current theories suggest that altered microbiota may trigger an inflammatory response in the endometrium that affects the success of embryo implantation, as inflammatory mediators are tightly regulated during the adhesion of the blastocyst to the epithelial endometrial wall. In this review, we will highlight the various microbiome found during the periconceptual period, the microbiomes interaction with immunological responses surrounding the time of implantation, its effect on implantation, placentation and ultimately maternal and neonatal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah Bardos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States.,Division of Clinical and Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Desiree Fiorentino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States.,Division of Clinical and Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Ryan E Longman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States.,Division of Clinical and Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Michael Paidas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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13
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Schumacher A, Zenclussen AC. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin-Mediated Immune Responses That Facilitate Embryo Implantation and Placentation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2896. [PMID: 31921157 PMCID: PMC6914810 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) serves as one of the first signals provided by the embryo to the mother. Exactly at the time when the first step of the implantation process is initiated and the blastocyst adheres to the maternal endometrium, the embryonic tissue starts to actively secrete hCG. Shortly thereafter, the hormone can be detected in the maternal circulation where its concentration steadily increases throughout early pregnancy as it is continuously released by the forming placenta. Accumulating evidence underlines the critical function of hCG for embryo implantation and placentation. hCG not only regulates biological aspects of these early pregnancy events but also supports maternal immune cells in their function as helpers in the establishment of an adequate embryo-endometrial relationship. In view of its early presence in the maternal circulation, hCG has the potential to influence both local uterine immune cell populations as well as peripheral ones. The current review aims to summarize recent literature on the participation of innate and adaptive immune cells in embryo implantation and placentation with a specific focus on their regulation by hCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Schumacher
- Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ana C Zenclussen
- Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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14
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Freis A, Germeyer A, Jauckus J, Capp E, Strowitzki T, Zorn M, Machado Weber A. Endometrial expression of receptivity markers subject to ovulation induction agents. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2019; 300:1741-1750. [PMID: 31667611 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-019-05346-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Implantation rates differ according to ovulation induction agents in ART. This study investigates the different local endometrial effects of LH- versus hCG-induced ovulation. METHODS Endometrial stromal cells from healthy patients were cultured with hCG or LH in different concentrations, supplemented with 250 ng/mL hCG and progesterone after 2 and 5 days. In addition after decidualization induction, cells were treated with hCG (50 or 250 ng/mL) or LH (10 or 50 ng/mL) for 3 days. Receptivity markers expression was evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR on day 3 and 6. RESULTS On day 3, non-decidualized cells treated with LH showed an increased expression of IGFBP1, IL-8 and CXCL12 compared to hCG. The expression pattern changed on day 6, where cells treated with hCG showed higher expression of implantation markers compared to LH-treated cells. Furthermore, on day 3, decidualized cells treated with hCG250 showed an increased IL8 and CXCL12 expression compared to LH10. CONCLUSIONS LH seems to modulate the local endometrial expression of receptivity markers earlier compared to hCG; however, the effect is not sustained over time in cells without prior decidualization. Though, in decidualized cells, pattern changed and an earlier positive effect of hCG was shown on IL-8 and CXCL12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Freis
- Department of Gynaecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ariane Germeyer
- Department of Gynaecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Jauckus
- Department of Gynaecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Edison Capp
- Department of Gynaecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medicine School, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Thomas Strowitzki
- Department of Gynaecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Zorn
- Central Laboratory, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amanda Machado Weber
- Department of Gynaecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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15
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Guerriero G, Parisi C, Abdel-Gawad FK, Hentati O, D'Errico G. Seasonal and pharmaceutical-induced changes in selenoprotein glutathione peroxidase 4 activity in the reproductive dynamics of the soil biosentinel Podarcis sicula (Chordata: Reptilia). Mol Reprod Dev 2019; 86:1378-1387. [PMID: 30957323 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There is rising concern for the interaction of environmental contaminants with brain transcriptome and the potential effect on reproductive processes. The present study sought to determine selenoprotein glutathione peroxidase 4 (gpx4) transcriptional activity in the brain and testis of the soil biosentinel, Podarcis sicula, through the main phases of the reproductive cycle and whether pharmaceuticals exert an endocrine disruption. Based on gpx4 cloned amminoacids sequence (GenBank AEX09236.1.), we used a bioinformatic approach to assess the structural role. Specifically, we detected seasonally the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level using electron spin resonance spectroscopy and gpx4 transcriptional activity using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. In addition, the impact of pharmaceuticals was assessed after 21-days of treatment with ICI 182,780 and human chorionic gonadotropin administration in mating and winter stasis, respectively. Bioinformatic data shows the gpx4 proteic activity and a phylogenetic profile. ROS contents in lizard brain are significantly less than in testis and display higher levels after treatments. Brain gpx4 expression gives statistically significant seasonal differences, opposite trends in testis and altered expression in both tissues, with evidence of testis morphological and DNA disruption. Taken together, these results provide direct evidence that gpx4 in P. sicula plays a seasonal regulatory role and may be a reliable biomarker for reproductive health toxicity screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Guerriero
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Naples, Italy.,Interdepartmental Research Center for Environment, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Costantino Parisi
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Naples, Italy
| | - Fagr Kh Abdel-Gawad
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Naples, Italy.,Department of Water Pollution, Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sciences (CEAS), National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Olfa Hentati
- Department of Biotechnology and Health, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Gerardino D'Errico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Naples, Italy
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16
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Vasung L, Abaci Turk E, Ferradal SL, Sutin J, Stout JN, Ahtam B, Lin PY, Grant PE. Exploring early human brain development with structural and physiological neuroimaging. Neuroimage 2019; 187:226-254. [PMID: 30041061 PMCID: PMC6537870 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Early brain development, from the embryonic period to infancy, is characterized by rapid structural and functional changes. These changes can be studied using structural and physiological neuroimaging methods. In order to optimally acquire and accurately interpret this data, concepts from adult neuroimaging cannot be directly transferred. Instead, one must have a basic understanding of fetal and neonatal structural and physiological brain development, and the important modulators of this process. Here, we first review the major developmental milestones of transient cerebral structures and structural connectivity (axonal connectivity) followed by a summary of the contributions from ex vivo and in vivo MRI. Next, we discuss the basic biology of neuronal circuitry development (synaptic connectivity, i.e. ensemble of direct chemical and electrical connections between neurons), physiology of neurovascular coupling, baseline metabolic needs of the fetus and the infant, and functional connectivity (defined as statistical dependence of low-frequency spontaneous fluctuations seen with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)). The complementary roles of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) are discussed. We include a section on modulators of brain development where we focus on the placenta and emerging placental MRI approaches. In each section we discuss key technical limitations of the imaging modalities and some of the limitations arising due to the biology of the system. Although neuroimaging approaches have contributed significantly to our understanding of early brain development, there is much yet to be done and a dire need for technical innovations and scientific discoveries to realize the future potential of early fetal and infant interventions to avert long term disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Vasung
- Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Esra Abaci Turk
- Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Silvina L Ferradal
- Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Jason Sutin
- Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Jeffrey N Stout
- Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Banu Ahtam
- Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Pei-Yi Lin
- Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - P Ellen Grant
- Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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17
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Heidegger H, Jeschke U. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)-An Endocrine, Regulator of Gestation and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051502. [PMID: 29772831 PMCID: PMC5983709 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Helene Heidegger
- Department of Obsterics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Udo Jeschke
- Department of Obsterics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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18
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Liu S, Kuang Y, Wu Y, Feng Y, Lyu Q, Wang L, Sun Y, Sun X. High oestradiol concentration after ovarian stimulation is associated with lower maternal serum beta-HCG concentration and neonatal birth weight. Reprod Biomed Online 2017; 35:189-196. [PMID: 28606454 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this retrospective study, the relationship between maternal serum oestradiol and progesterone levels after fresh embryo transfer or frozen embryo transfer (FET), and serum beta-HCG levels in early pregnancy and neonatal birth weight was examined. Included for analysis were 5643 conceived singletons: 2610 after FET and 3033 after fresh embryo transfer. Outcome measures included maternal serum oestradiol, progesterone, beta-HCG levels during the peri-implantation period, birth weight and small-for-gestational-age (SGA). Results at 4, 5 and 6 weeks' gestation were as follows: serum oestradiol and progesterone levels were significantly higher in women who underwent fresh embryo transfer compared with FET (all P < 0.0001 except progesterone at 6 weeks; P = 0.009); for fresh embryo transfers, serum beta-HCG levels were significantly lower than in women who underwent FET (P < 0.0001); beta-HCG levels were negatively correlated with serum oestradiol; and birth weight was negatively correlated with serum oestradiol. Incidence of SGA in fresh embryo transfer was increased significantly compared with FET (P < 0.001). Higher maternal oestradiol levels after fresh embryo transfer was correlated with lower beta-HCG in early pregnancy, lower birth weight and higher incidence of SGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suying Liu
- Shanghai Ji Ai Genetics and IVF Institute, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Yu Wu
- Shanghai International Peace Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Feng
- Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Medical School of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Qifeng Lyu
- Shanghai Ninth Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wang
- Shanghai International Peace Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijuan Sun
- Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Medical School of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xiaoxi Sun
- Shanghai Ji Ai Genetics and IVF Institute, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China.
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19
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Atwood CS, Hayashi K, Meethal SV, Gonzales T, Bowen RL. Does the degree of endocrine dyscrasia post-reproduction dictate post-reproductive lifespan? Lessons from semelparous and iteroparous species. GeroScience 2017; 39:103-116. [PMID: 28271270 PMCID: PMC5352586 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-016-9955-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-reproductive lifespan varies greatly among species; human post-reproductive lifespan comprises ~30-50% of their total longevity, while semelparous salmon and dasyurid marsupials post-reproductive lifespan comprises <4% of their total longevity. To examine if the magnitude of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis dyscrasia at the time of reproductive senescence determines post-reproductive lifespan, we examined the difference between pre- and post-reproductive (1) circulating sex hormones and (2) the ratio of sex steroids to gonadotropins (e.g., 17β-estradiol/follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)), an index of the dysregulation of the HPG axis and the level of dyotic (death) signaling post-reproduction. Animals with a shorter post-reproductive lifespan (<4% total longevity) had a more marked decline in circulating sex steroids and corresponding elevation in gonadotropins compared to animals with a longer post-reproductive lifespan (30-60% total longevity). In semelparous female salmon of short post-reproductive lifespan (1%), these divergent changes in circulating hormone concentration post-reproduction equated to a 711-fold decrease in the ratio of 17β-estradiol/FSH between the reproductive and post-reproductive periods. In contrast, the decrease in the ratio of 17β-estradiol/FSH in iteroparous female mammals with long post-reproductive lifespan was significantly less (1.7-34-fold) post-reproduction. Likewise, in male semelparous salmon, the decrease in the ratio of testosterone/FSH (82-fold) was considerably larger than for iteroparous species (1.3-11-fold). These results suggest that (1) organisms with greater reproductive endocrine dyscrasia more rapidly undergo senescence and die, and (2) the contribution post-reproduction by non-gonadal (and perhaps gonadal) tissues to circulating sex hormones dictates post-reproductive tissue health and longevity. In this way, reproduction and longevity are coupled, with the degree of non-gonadal tissue hormone production dictating the rate of somatic tissue demise post-reproduction and the differences in post-reproductive lifespans between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Atwood
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, William S. Middleton Memorial VA (GRECC 11G), 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.
| | - Kentaro Hayashi
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, William S. Middleton Memorial VA (GRECC 11G), 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Sivan Vadakkadath Meethal
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, William S. Middleton Memorial VA (GRECC 11G), 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Tina Gonzales
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, William S. Middleton Memorial VA (GRECC 11G), 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Richard L Bowen
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
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20
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Lesage J, Suarez‐Carmona M, Neyrinck‐Leglantier D, Grelet S, Blacher S, Hunziker W, Birembaut P, Noël A, Nawrocki‐Raby B, Gilles C, Polette M. Zonula occludens‐1/NF‐κB/CXCL8: a new regulatory axis for tumor angiogenesis. FASEB J 2017; 31:1678-1688. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600890r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Lesage
- INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche–S 903, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Champagne‐Ardennes Picardie Santé (SFR CAP)University of Reims Champagne‐Ardenne Reims France
| | - Meggy Suarez‐Carmona
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA)‐CancerUniversity of Liège Liège Belgium
| | - Deborah Neyrinck‐Leglantier
- INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche–S 903, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Champagne‐Ardennes Picardie Santé (SFR CAP)University of Reims Champagne‐Ardenne Reims France
| | - Simon Grelet
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMedical University of South Carolina Charleston South Carolina USA
| | - Silvia Blacher
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA)‐CancerUniversity of Liège Liège Belgium
| | - Walter Hunziker
- Epithelial Cell Biology LaboratoryInstitute of Molecular and Cell Biology Singapore Singapore
| | - Philippe Birembaut
- INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche–S 903, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Champagne‐Ardennes Picardie Santé (SFR CAP)University of Reims Champagne‐Ardenne Reims France
- Laboratory of BiopathologyCentres Hospitaliers Universitaires Reims France
| | - Agnes Noël
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA)‐CancerUniversity of Liège Liège Belgium
| | - Béatrice Nawrocki‐Raby
- INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche–S 903, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Champagne‐Ardennes Picardie Santé (SFR CAP)University of Reims Champagne‐Ardenne Reims France
| | - Christine Gilles
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA)‐CancerUniversity of Liège Liège Belgium
| | - Myriam Polette
- INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche–S 903, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Champagne‐Ardennes Picardie Santé (SFR CAP)University of Reims Champagne‐Ardenne Reims France
- Laboratory of BiopathologyCentres Hospitaliers Universitaires Reims France
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21
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Atwood CS, Bowen RL. The endocrine dyscrasia that accompanies menopause and andropause induces aberrant cell cycle signaling that triggers re-entry of post-mitotic neurons into the cell cycle, neurodysfunction, neurodegeneration and cognitive disease. Horm Behav 2015; 76:63-80. [PMID: 26188949 PMCID: PMC4807861 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "SBN 2014". Sex hormones are physiological factors that promote neurogenesis during embryonic and fetal development. During childhood and adulthood these hormones support the maintenance of brain structure and function via neurogenesis and the formation of dendritic spines, axons and synapses required for the capture, processing and retrieval of information (memories). Not surprisingly, changes in these reproductive hormones that occur with menopause and during andropause are strongly correlated with neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. In this connection, much evidence now indicates that Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves aberrant re-entry of post-mitotic neurons into the cell cycle. Cell cycle abnormalities appear very early in the disease, prior to the appearance of plaques and tangles, and explain the biochemical, neuropathological and cognitive changes observed with disease progression. Intriguingly, a recent animal study has demonstrated that induction of adult neurogenesis results in the loss of previously encoded memories while decreasing neurogenesis after memory formation during infancy mitigated forgetting. Here we review the biochemical, epidemiological and clinical evidence that alterations in sex hormone signaling associated with menopause and andropause drive the aberrant re-entry of post-mitotic neurons into an abortive cell cycle that leads to neurite retraction, neuron dysfunction and neuron death. When the reproductive axis is in balance, gonadotropins such as luteinizing hormone (LH), and its fetal homolog, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), promote pluripotent human and totipotent murine embryonic stem cell and neuron proliferation. However, strong evidence supports menopausal/andropausal elevations in the LH:sex steroid ratio as driving aberrant mitotic events. These include the upregulation of tumor necrosis factor; amyloid-β precursor protein processing towards the production of mitogenic Aβ; and the activation of Cdk5, a key regulator of cell cycle progression and tau phosphorylation (a cardinal feature of both neurogenesis and neurodegeneration). Cognitive and biochemical studies confirm the negative consequences of a high LH:sex steroid ratio on dendritic spine density and human cognitive performance. Prospective epidemiological and clinical evidence in humans supports the premise that rebalancing the ratio of circulating gonadotropins:sex steroids reduces the incidence of AD. Together, these data support endocrine dyscrasia and the subsequent loss of cell cycle control as an important etiological event in the development of neurodegenerative diseases including AD, stroke and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Atwood
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, 6027 WA, Australia.
| | - Richard L Bowen
- OTB Research, 217 Calhoun St, Unit 1, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
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Koistinen H, Hautala L, Koli K, Stenman UH. Absence of TGF-β Receptor Activation by Highly Purified hCG Preparations. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:1787-91. [PMID: 26495869 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, several LH/human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) receptor-independent activities for hCG have been described, including activation of the TGF-β receptor (TGFβR) by hyperglycosylated hCG and stimulation of trophoblast invasion. Because the hCG concentrations used in these studies have been rather high, reflecting physiological hCG levels in pregnancy, even a minor contamination with growth factors, which act at very low concentrations, may be significant. Several commercial hCG preparations have been found to contain significant amounts of epidermal growth factor (EGF), which we also confirmed here. Furthermore, we found that some hCG preparations also contain significant amounts of TGF-β1. These hCG preparations were able to activate ERK1/2 in JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cells or TGFβR in mink lung epithelial cells transfected with a reporter gene for TGFβR activation. No such activation was found with highly purified hCG or its free β-subunit (hCGβ), irrespective of whether they were hyperglycosylated or not. Taken together, our results suggest that the growth factor contaminations in the hCG preparations can cause activation of TGFβR and, at least in JEG-3 cells, MAPK signaling. This highlights the importance to carefully control for potential contaminations and that highly purified hCG preparations have to be used for biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry (H.K., L.H., U.-H.S.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; and Research Programs Unit (K.K.), Translational Cancer Biology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Hautala
- Department of Clinical Chemistry (H.K., L.H., U.-H.S.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; and Research Programs Unit (K.K.), Translational Cancer Biology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katri Koli
- Department of Clinical Chemistry (H.K., L.H., U.-H.S.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; and Research Programs Unit (K.K.), Translational Cancer Biology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry (H.K., L.H., U.-H.S.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; and Research Programs Unit (K.K.), Translational Cancer Biology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
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Suarez-Carmona M, Bourcy M, Lesage J, Leroi N, Syne L, Blacher S, Hubert P, Erpicum C, Foidart JM, Delvenne P, Birembaut P, Noël A, Polette M, Gilles C. Soluble factors regulated by epithelial-mesenchymal transition mediate tumour angiogenesis and myeloid cell recruitment. J Pathol 2015; 236:491-504. [PMID: 25880038 DOI: 10.1002/path.4546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) programmes provide cancer cells with invasive and survival capacities that might favour metastatic dissemination. Whilst signalling cascades triggering EMT have been extensively studied, the impact of EMT on the crosstalk between tumour cells and the tumour microenvironment remains elusive. We aimed to identify EMT-regulated soluble factors that facilitate the recruitment of host cells in the tumour. Our findings indicate that EMT phenotypes relate to the induction of a panel of secreted mediators, namely IL-8, IL-6, sICAM-1, PAI-1 and GM-CSF, and implicate the EMT-transcription factor Snail as a regulator of this process. We further show that EMT-derived soluble factors are pro-angiogenic in vivo (in the mouse ear sponge assay), ex vivo (in the rat aortic ring assay) and in vitro (in a chemotaxis assay). Additionally, conditioned medium from EMT-positive cells stimulates the recruitment of myeloid cells. In a bank of 40 triple-negative breast cancers, tumours presenting features of EMT were significantly more angiogenic and infiltrated by a higher quantity of myeloid cells compared to tumours with little or no EMT. Taken together, our results show that EMT programmes trigger the expression of soluble mediators in cancer cells that stimulate angiogenesis and recruit myeloid cells in vivo, which might in turn favour cancer spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meggy Suarez-Carmona
- Laboratory of Tumour and Development Biology (LBTD), GIGA-Cancer, Liège, Belgium.,Laboratory of Experimental Pathology (LEP), GIGA-Cancer, Liège, Belgium
| | - Morgane Bourcy
- Laboratory of Tumour and Development Biology (LBTD), GIGA-Cancer, Liège, Belgium
| | - Julien Lesage
- INSERM UMR-S 903, Laboratoire Pol Bouin, University of Reims, France
| | - Natacha Leroi
- Laboratory of Tumour and Development Biology (LBTD), GIGA-Cancer, Liège, Belgium
| | - Laïdya Syne
- Laboratory of Tumour and Development Biology (LBTD), GIGA-Cancer, Liège, Belgium
| | - Silvia Blacher
- Laboratory of Tumour and Development Biology (LBTD), GIGA-Cancer, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pascale Hubert
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology (LEP), GIGA-Cancer, Liège, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Erpicum
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology (LEP), GIGA-Cancer, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Michel Foidart
- Laboratory of Tumour and Development Biology (LBTD), GIGA-Cancer, Liège, Belgium
| | - Philippe Delvenne
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology (LEP), GIGA-Cancer, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Agnès Noël
- Laboratory of Tumour and Development Biology (LBTD), GIGA-Cancer, Liège, Belgium
| | - Myriam Polette
- INSERM UMR-S 903, Laboratoire Pol Bouin, University of Reims, France
| | - Christine Gilles
- Laboratory of Tumour and Development Biology (LBTD), GIGA-Cancer, Liège, Belgium
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Coleson MPT, Sanchez NS, Ashley AK, Ross TT, Ashley RL. Human chorionic gonadotropin increases serum progesterone, number of corpora lutea and angiogenic factors in pregnant sheep. Reproduction 2015; 150:43-52. [PMID: 25861798 DOI: 10.1530/rep-14-0632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Early gestation is a critical period when implantation and placental vascularization are established, processes influenced by progesterone (P4). Although human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is not endogenously synthesized by livestock, it binds the LH receptor, stimulating P4 synthesis. We hypothesized treating pregnant ewes with hCG would increase serum P4, number of corpora lutea (CLs) and concepti, augment steroidogenic enzymes, and increase membrane P4 receptors (PAQRs) and angiogenic factors in reproductive tissues. The objective was to determine molecular alterations induced by hCG in pregnant sheep that may promote pregnancy. Ewes received either 600 IU of hCG or saline i.m. on day 4 post mating. Blood samples were collected daily from day 0 until tissue collection for serum P4 analysis. Reproductive tissues were collected on either day 13 or 25 of gestation and analyzed for PAQRs, CXCR4, proangiogenic factors and steroidogenic enzymes. Ewes receiving hCG had more CL and greater serum P4, which remained elevated. On day 25, StAR protein production decreased in CL from hCG-treated ewes while HSD3B1 was unchanged; further, expression of CXCR4 significantly increased and KDR tended to increase. PAQR7 and CXCR4 protein was increased in caruncle tissue from hCG-treated ewes. Maternal hCG exposure influenced fetal extraembryonic tissues, as VEGFA, VEGFB, FLT1, and ANGPT1 expression increased. Our results indicate hCG increases serum P4 due to augmented CL number per ewe. hCG treatment resulted in greater PAQR7 and CXCR4 in maternal endometrium and promoted expression of proangiogenic factors in fetal extraembryonic membranes. Supplementing livestock with hCG may boost P4 levels and improve reproductive efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan P T Coleson
- Department of Animal and Range SciencesNew Mexico State University, PO Box 30003, MSC 3I, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, USA
| | - Nicole S Sanchez
- Department of Animal and Range SciencesNew Mexico State University, PO Box 30003, MSC 3I, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, USA
| | - Amanda K Ashley
- Department of Animal and Range SciencesNew Mexico State University, PO Box 30003, MSC 3I, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, USA
| | - Timothy T Ross
- Department of Animal and Range SciencesNew Mexico State University, PO Box 30003, MSC 3I, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, USA
| | - Ryan L Ashley
- Department of Animal and Range SciencesNew Mexico State University, PO Box 30003, MSC 3I, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, USA
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Schanz A, Lukosz M, Hess AP, Baston-Büst DM, Krüssel JS, Heiss C. hCG stimulates angiogenic signals in lymphatic endothelial and circulating angiogenic cells. J Reprod Immunol 2015; 110:102-8. [PMID: 25843522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) has long been associated with the initiation and maintenance of pregnancy, where angiogenesis plays an important role. However, the function of hCG in angiogenesis and the recruitment of vascular active cells are not fully understood. In this study, the role of hCG and its receptor in circulating angiogenic and human endothelial cells, including lymphatic, uterine microvascular, and umbilical vein endothelial cells, was examined. Immunohistochemistry and immunoblot analysis were used to detect LH/hCG receptor expression and the expression of hCG-induced angiogenic molecules. HIF-1α was determined via ELISA and downstream molecules, such as CXCL12 and CXCR4, via real-time PCR. Chemotaxis was analyzed using Boyden chambers. Our results show that the LH/hCG receptor was present in all tested cells. Furthermore, hCG was able to stimulate LH/hCG-receptor-specific migration in a dose-dependent fashion and induce key angiogenic molecules, including HIF-1α, CXCL12, and CXCR4. In conclusion, our findings underscore the importance of hCG as one of the first angiogenic molecules produced by the conceptus. hCG itself alters endothelial motility, recruitment, and expression of pro-angiogenic molecules and may therefore play an important role in vascular adaption during implantation and early placental formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schanz
- University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and REI (UniKiD), Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Margarete Lukosz
- University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany(1).
| | - Alexandra P Hess
- University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and REI (UniKiD), Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Dunja M Baston-Büst
- University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and REI (UniKiD), Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Jan S Krüssel
- University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and REI (UniKiD), Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Christian Heiss
- University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany(1); Department of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA(2).
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Fournier T, Guibourdenche J, Evain-Brion D. Review: hCGs: different sources of production, different glycoforms and functions. Placenta 2015; 36 Suppl 1:S60-5. [PMID: 25707740 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is the first hormonal message from the placenta to the mother. It is detectable in maternal blood two days after implantation and behaves like an agonist of LH stimulating progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum. hCG has also a role in quiescence of the myometrium and local immune tolerance. Specific to humans, hCG is a complex glycoprotein composed of two glycosylated subunits. The α-subunit is identical to the pituitary gonadotropin hormones (LH, FSH, TSH), contains two N-glycosylation sites, and is encoded by a single gene (CGA). By contrast the β-subunits are distinct in each of the hormones and confer receptor and biological specificity. The hCG β-subunit contains two sites of N-glycosylation and four sites of O-glycosylation and is encoded by a cluster of genes (CGB). In this review, we will stress the importance of hCG glycosylation state, which varies with the stage of pregnancy, its source of production and in the pathology. It is well established that hCG is mainly secreted by the syncytiotrophoblast into maternal blood where it peaks around 8-10 weeks of gestation (WG). The invasive extravillous trophoblast also secretes hCG, and in particular like choriocarcinoma cells, hyperglycosylated forms of hCG (hCG-H). In maternal blood hCG-H is high during early first trimester. In addition to its endocrine role, hCG has autocrine and paracrine roles. It promotes formation of the syncytiotrophoblast and angiogenesis through LHCG receptor. In contrast, hCG-H stimulates trophoblast invasion and angiogenesis by interacting with the TGFβ receptor 2. hCG is largely used in antenatal screening and hCG-H represents a serum marker of early trophoblast invasion. Other abnormally glycosylated hCG are described in aneuploidies. In conclusion, hCG is the major pregnancy glycoprotein hormone, whose maternal concentration and glycan structure change all along pregnancy. Depending on its source of production, glycoforms of hCG display different biological activities and functions that are essential for pregnancy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fournier
- INSERM, U1139, Paris, F-75006, France; Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S1139, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, F-75006, France; PremUP Foundation, Paris, F-75006, France.
| | - J Guibourdenche
- INSERM, U1139, Paris, F-75006, France; Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S1139, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, F-75006, France; PremUP Foundation, Paris, F-75006, France; Biologie Hormonale, Cochin, Paris, F-75006, France
| | - D Evain-Brion
- INSERM, U1139, Paris, F-75006, France; Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S1139, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, F-75006, France; PremUP Foundation, Paris, F-75006, France
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Sisinni L, Landriscina M. The Role of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin as Tumor Marker: Biochemical and Clinical Aspects. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 867:159-76. [PMID: 26530366 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7215-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tumor markers are biological substances that are produced/released mainly by malignant tumor cells, enter the circulation in detectable amounts and are potential indicators of the presence of a tumor. The most useful biochemical markers are the tumor-specific molecules, i.e., receptors, enzymes, hormones, growth factors or biological response modifiers that are specifically produced by tumor cells and not, or minimally, by the normal counterpart (Richard et al. Principles and practice of gynecologic oncology. Wolters Kluwer Health, Philadelphia, 2009). Based on their specificity and sensitivity in each malignancy, biomarkers are used for screening, diagnosis, disease monitoring and therapeutic response assessment in clinical management of cancer patients.This chapter is focused on human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a hormone with a variety of functions and widely used as a tumor biomarker in selected tumors. Indeed, hCG is expressed by both trophoblastic and non-trophoblastic human malignancies and plays a role in cell transformation, angiogenesis, metastatization, and immune escape, all process central to cancer progression. Of note, hCG testing is crucial for the clinical management of placental trophoblastic malignancies and germ cell tumors of the testis and the ovary. Furthermore, the production of hCG by tumor cells is accompanied by varying degrees of release of the free subunits into the circulation, and this is relevant for the management of cancer patients (Triozzi PL, Stevens VC, Oncol Rep 6(1):7-17, 1999).The name chorionic gonadotropin was conceived: chorion derives from the latin chordate meaning afterbirth, gonadotropin indicates that the hormone is a gonadotropic molecule, acting on the ovaries and promoting steroid production (Cole LA, Int J Endocrinol Metab 9(2):335-352, 2011). The function, the mechanism of action and the interaction between hCG and its receptor continue to be the subject of intensive investigation, even though many issues about hCG have been well documented (Tegoni M et al., J Mol Biol 289(5):1375-1385, 1999).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Sisinni
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy
| | - Matteo Landriscina
- Clinical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 1, 71100, Foggia, Italy.
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Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells drive lymphangiogenesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106976. [PMID: 25222747 PMCID: PMC4164522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now well accepted that multipotent Bone-Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BM-MSC) contribute to cancer progression through several mechanisms including angiogenesis. However, their involvement during the lymphangiogenic process is poorly described. Using BM-MSC isolated from mice of two different backgrounds, we demonstrate a paracrine lymphangiogenic action of BM-MSC both in vivo and in vitro. Co-injection of BM-MSC and tumor cells in mice increased the in vivo tumor growth and intratumoral lymphatic vessel density. In addition, BM-MSC or their conditioned medium stimulated the recruitment of lymphatic vessels in vivo in an ear sponge assay, and ex vivo in the lymphatic ring assay (LRA). In vitro, MSC conditioned medium also increased the proliferation rate and the migration of both primary lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) and an immortalized lymphatic endothelial cell line. Mechanistically, these pro-lymphangiogenic effects relied on the secretion of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)-A by BM-MSC that activates VEGF Receptor (VEGFR)-2 pathway on LEC. Indeed, the trapping of VEGF-A in MSC conditioned medium by soluble VEGF Receptors (sVEGFR)-1, -2 or the inhibition of VEGFR-2 activity by a specific inhibitor (ZM 323881) both decreased LEC proliferation, migration and the phosphorylation of their main downstream target ERK1/2. This study provides direct unprecedented evidence for a paracrine lymphangiogenic action of BM-MSC via the production of VEGF-A which acts on LEC VEGFR-2.
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Åsvold BO, Eskild A, Vatten LJ. Human chorionic gonadotropin, angiogenic factors, and preeclampsia risk: a nested case-control study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2014; 93:454-62. [DOI: 10.1111/aogs.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn O. Åsvold
- Department of Public Health; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
- Department of Endocrinology; Trondheim University Hospital; Trondheim Norway
| | - Anne Eskild
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Akershus University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine; University of Oslo; Lørenskog Norway
- Division of Mental Health; Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Oslo Norway
| | - Lars J. Vatten
- Department of Public Health; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
- Department of Epidemiology; Harvard School of Public Health; Boston Massachusetts USA
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Abstract
Luteinizing hormone (LH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) are integral components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, which controls sexual maturation and functionality. In the absence of signaling through their shared receptor, fetal sexual differentiation and post-natal development cannot proceed normally. Although they share a high degree of homology, the physiologic roles of these hormones are unique, governed by differences in expression pattern, biopotency and regulation. Whereas LH is a key regulator of gonadal steroidogenesis and ovulation, hCG is predominantly active in pregnancy and fetal development. Emerging evidence has revealed endogenous functions not previously ascribed to hCG, including participation in ovulation and fertilization, implantation, placentation and other activities in support of successful pregnancy. Spontaneous and induced mutations in LH, hCG and their mutual receptor have contributed substantially to our understanding of reproductive development and function. The lack of naturally occurring, functionally significant mutations in the β-subunit of hCG reinforce its putative role in establishment of pregnancy. Rescue of reproductive abnormalities resulting from aberrant gonadotropin signaling is possible in certain clinical contexts, depending on the nature of the underlying defect. By understanding the physiologic roles of LH and hCG in normal and pathologic states, we may better harness their diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Center for Women’s Reproductive Care at Columbia UniversityNew York, NYUSA
| | - Johan Smitz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Radioimmunology, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit BrusselBrusselsBelgium
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The interplay of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) with basic fibroblast growth factor and adipokines on angiogenesis in vitro. Placenta 2014; 35:249-53. [PMID: 24560494 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is suggested to regulate placental angiogenesis, however, its role is incompletely understood. hCG may directly stimulate angiogenesis or influence the effect of other angiogenic factors. We examined the effect of hCG and the interplay of hCG with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and with various adipokines on proliferation of vascular endothelial cells in vitro. METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were incubated for 2 days with combinations of hCG, bFGF, leptin, resistin, adiponectin, IL6 and TNFα. Incorporation of radiolabelled thymidine was used to assess cell proliferation. Immunofluorescence and flow cytometry were used to examine activation of p44/42 mitogen-activated kinase (MAPK). RESULTS hCG induced proliferation of HUVEC alone and in combination with bFGF. Cells exposed to both hCG and bFGF displayed increased activation of p44/42 MAPK as compared to hCG or bFGF alone. Increased HUVEC proliferation was observed in the presence of increasing concentrations of leptin, resistin, adiponectin, and IL6, whereas HUVEC proliferation decreased in the presence of TNFα. hCG in combination with leptin, resistin, adiponectin or IL6 stimulated HUVEC proliferation beyond the effect of hCG alone. DISCUSSION An interplay of hCG with adipose tissue-derived factors with angiogenic properties is plausible. Thus, maternal obesity may affect placental angiogenesis in pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS hCG may directly stimulate angiogenesis. Also, hCG may indirectly stimulate angiogenesis through interplay with bFGF and adipokines.
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Polese B, Gridelet V, Araklioti E, Martens H, Perrier d’Hauterive S, Geenen V. The Endocrine Milieu and CD4 T-Lymphocyte Polarization during Pregnancy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:106. [PMID: 25071722 PMCID: PMC4083450 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acceptance of the fetal semi-allograft by the mother's immune system has become the focus of intensive research. CD4+ T cells are important actors in the establishment of pregnancy. Th1/Th2 paradigm has been expanded to include CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) and T helper 17 (Th17) cells. Pregnancy hormones exert very significant modulatory properties on the maternal immune system. In this review, we describe mechanisms by which the endocrine milieu modulates CD4 T cell polarization during pregnancy. We first focused on Treg and Th17 cells and on their importance for pregnancy. Secondly, we review the effects of pregnancy hormones [progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2)] on immune cells previously described, with a particular attention to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). The importance of Treg cells for pregnancy is evidenced. They are recruited before implantation and are essential for pregnancy maintenance. Decreased number or less efficient Treg cells are implicated in fertility disorders. As for Th17 cells, the few available studies suggest that they have a negative impact on fertility. Th17 frequency is increased in infertile patients. With the combination of its pro-effects on Th2 and Treg cells and anti-effects on Th1 and Th17 cells, P4 contributes to establishment of a favorable environment for pregnancy. E2 effects are more dependent on the context but it seems that E2 promotes Treg and Th2 cells while it inhibits Th1 cells. hCG positively influences activities of Treg and uterine natural killer cells. This embryo signal is an essential actor for the success of pregnancy, both as the endocrine factor regulating P4 secretion by the ovarian corpus luteum, but also as a paracrine agent during implantation as well as an angiogenic and immunologic mediator during the course of gestation. Luteinizing hormone (LH) immune properties begin to be studied but its positive impact on Treg cells suggests that LH could be a considerable immunomodulator in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Polese
- GIGA-I3, Center of Immunoendocrinology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Barbara Polese, GIGA-I3, Center of Immunoendocrinology, University of Liege, CHU-B34, Sart Tilman, Liège B-4000, Belgium e-mail:
| | - Virginie Gridelet
- GIGA-I3, Center of Immunoendocrinology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Eleni Araklioti
- GIGA-I3, Center of Immunoendocrinology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Henri Martens
- GIGA-I3, Center of Immunoendocrinology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Vincent Geenen
- GIGA-I3, Center of Immunoendocrinology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Boufettal H, Mahdoui S, Noun M, Hermas S, Samouh N. [Hyperthyroidism in molar pregnancy]. Rev Med Interne 2013; 35:202-5. [PMID: 24074966 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2013.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hyperthyroidism is a rare complication of molar pregnancy. CASE REPORT We report a 39-year-old woman who presented a thyrotoxic syndrome accompanying a molar pregnancy. Serum thyroid hormones were elevated and returned to normal level after uterine evacuation of a molar pregnancy. The authors detail the role of thyroid stimulating property of human gonadotropin chorionic hormone and its structural changes during the gestational trophoblastic diseases. These changes give the latter the thyroid stimulating properties and signs of hyperthyroidism. CONCLUSION Molar pregnancy may be a cause of hyperthyroidism. The diagnosis of molar pregnancy should be a mention to thyrotoxicosique syndrome in a woman of childbearing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Boufettal
- Service de gynécologie-obstétrique « C », faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, université Ain Chok, centre hospitalier universitaire Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Maroc.
| | - S Mahdoui
- Service de gynécologie-obstétrique « C », faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, université Ain Chok, centre hospitalier universitaire Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Maroc
| | - M Noun
- Service de gynécologie-obstétrique « C », faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, université Ain Chok, centre hospitalier universitaire Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Maroc
| | - S Hermas
- Service de gynécologie-obstétrique « C », faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, université Ain Chok, centre hospitalier universitaire Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Maroc
| | - N Samouh
- Service de gynécologie-obstétrique « C », faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, université Ain Chok, centre hospitalier universitaire Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Maroc
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Isoform 111 of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF111) improves angiogenesis of ovarian tissue xenotransplantation. Transplantation 2013; 95:426-33. [PMID: 23380862 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e318279965c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryopreservation of cortex ovarian tissue before anticancer therapy is a promising technique for fertility preservation mainly in children and young women. Ischemia in the early stage after ovarian graft causes massive follicle loss by apoptosis. VEGF111 is a recently described vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) isoform that does not bind to the extracellular matrix, diffuses extensively, and is resistant to proteolysis. These properties confer a significantly higher angiogenic potential to VEGF111 in comparison with the other VEGF isoforms. METHODS We evaluated the morphology of cryopreserved sheep ovarian cortex grafted in the presence or absence of VEGF111. Ovarian cortex biopsies were embedded in type I collagen with or without VEGF111 addition before transplantation to severe combined immunodeficient mice ovaries. Transplants were retrieved 3 days or 3 weeks later. Follicular density, vasculature network, hemoglobin content, and cell proliferation were analyzed. RESULTS Addition of VEGF111 increased density of functional capillaries (P=0.01) 3 days after grafting. By double immunostaining of Ki-67 and von Willebrand factor, we demonstrated that proliferating endothelial cells were found in 83% of the VEGF111 group compared with 33% in the control group (P=0.001). This angiostimulation was associated with a significant enhancement of hemoglobin content (P=0.03). Three weeks after transplantation, the number of primary follicles was significantly higher in VEGF111 grafts (P=0.02). CONCLUSION VEGF111 accelerates blood vessel recruitment and functional angiogenesis and improves the viability of ovarian cortex by limiting ischemia and ovarian cortex damage.
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Hutson JR, Lubetsky A, Eichhorst J, Hackmon R, Koren G, Kapur BM. Adverse placental effect of formic acid on hCG secretion is mitigated by folic acid. Alcohol Alcohol 2013; 48:283-7. [PMID: 23408242 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agt008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Formic acid has recently been detected in maternal blood and umbilical cord blood of infants born to alcohol abusing mothers. This toxic metabolite of methanol requires folate for detoxification. We hypothesized that formic acid produced in the maternal circulation will transfer across the placenta and will be toxic to the placenta. Our objectives were, first, to determine whether formic acid transfers across the human placenta and whether it is toxic to the placenta and second, to determine whether folate can decrease transplacental transfer of formic acid and mitigate toxicity. METHODS Dual perfusion of a single placental lobule ex vivo was used to characterize the transfer of formic acid across the placenta. After a 1-h control period, formic acid (2 mM) was introduced into the maternal circulation with (n = 4) or without folate (1 µM) (n = 4) and was allowed to equilibrate for 3 h. RESULTS Formic acid transferred rapidly from the maternal to the fetal circulation, and transfer was not altered with the addition of folate. Compared with the control period, there was a significant decrease in hCG secretion (P = 0.03) after addition of formic acid. The addition of folic acid to the perfusate mitigated the decrease in hCG. CONCLUSIONS Formic acid rapidly transfers across the placenta and thus has the potential to be toxic to the developing fetus. Formic acid decreases hCG secretion in the placenta, which may alter steroidogenesis and differentiation of the cytotrophoblasts, and this adverse effect can be mitigated by folate.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Hutson
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
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Bourdiec A, Bédard D, Rao CV, Akoum A. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Regulates Endothelial Cell Responsiveness to Interleukin 1 and Amplifies the Cytokine-Mediated Effect on Cell Proliferation, Migration and the Release of Angiogenic Factors. Am J Reprod Immunol 2013; 70:127-38. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Bourdiec
- Endocrinologie de la reproduction, Centre de recherche-HSFA, CHUQ, Faculté de médecine; Université Laval; Québec; QC; Canada
| | - David Bédard
- Endocrinologie de la reproduction, Centre de recherche-HSFA, CHUQ, Faculté de médecine; Université Laval; Québec; QC; Canada
| | - C. V. Rao
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine; Florida International University; Miami; FL; USA
| | - Ali Akoum
- Endocrinologie de la reproduction, Centre de recherche-HSFA, CHUQ, Faculté de médecine; Université Laval; Québec; QC; Canada
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Bernardini L, Moretti-Rojas I, Brush M, Rojas FJ, Balmaceda JP. Failure of hCG/LH receptors to stimulate the transmembrane effector adenylyl cyclase in human endometrium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/abb.2013.410126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Androutsopoulos G, Gkogkos P, Decavalas G. Mid-trimester maternal serum HCG and alpha fetal protein levels: clinical significance and prediction of adverse pregnancy outcome. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2013; 11:102-6. [PMID: 23825981 PMCID: PMC3693663 DOI: 10.5812/ijem.5014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Maternal serum human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) and Alpha Fetal Protein (AFP) were originally introduced to detect trisomy 21 and neural tube defects. However, in the absence of aneuploidy or neural tube defects, mid-trimester maternal serum hCG and/or maternal serum AFP associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Pregnancies with unexplained mid-trimester elevation in maternal serum hCG and/or maternal serum AFP, are at increased risk for pregnancy complications resulting from placental insufficiency. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Mid-trimester maternal serum hCG>2.5 MoM associated with an increased risk for pregnancy complications including: late fetal loss, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), preterm delivery and intrauterine fetal death(IUFD). Mid-trimester maternal serum AFP levels >2.5 MoM are thought to reflect a defect in placentation and associated with an increased risk for pregnancy complications including: late fetal loss, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, IUGR, preterm delivery and IUFD. RESULTS Combined mid-trimester elevation in maternal serum hCG and AFP levels suggest a more complex type of placental pathology. They have stronger association with pregnancy complications including: late fetal loss, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, IUGR, preterm delivery and IUFD. CONCLUSIONS Mid-trimester maternal serum hCG or AFP levels alone cannot detect all pregnant women with increased risk to develop pregnancy complications. Multiparameter testing of placental function in mid-trimester (maternal serum hCG and AFP screening, uterine artery Doppler and placental morphology) may allow us to identify women with increased risk to develop severe placental insufficiency and pregnancy complications. However, future prospective studies are needed to confirm the prognostic significance of multiparameter testing of placental function in mid-trimester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Androutsopoulos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Patras, Medical School, Rion, Greece
- Corresponding author: Georgios Androutsopoulos, Nikolaou Apostoli 21, Patra, 26332, Greece, Tel.: +30-2613604010, Fax: +30-6974088092, E-mail:
| | - Panagiotis Gkogkos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Patras, Medical School, Rion, Greece
| | - Georgios Decavalas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Patras, Medical School, Rion, Greece
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Dukic-Stefanovic S, Walther J, Wosch S, Zimmermann G, Wiedemann P, Alexander H, Claudepierre T. Chorionic gonadotropin and its receptor are both expressed in human retina, possible implications in normal and pathological conditions. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52567. [PMID: 23285091 PMCID: PMC3526580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extra-gonadal role of gonadotropins has been re-evaluated over the last 20 years. In addition to pituitary secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), the CNS has been clearly identified as a source of hCG acting locally to influence behaviour. Here we demonstrated that human retina is producing this gonadotropin that acts as a neuroactive molecule. Müller glial and retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells are producing hCG that may affects neighbour cells expressing its receptor, namely cone photoreceptors. It was previously described that amacrine and retinal ganglion (RGC) cells are targets of the gonadotropin releasing hormone that control the secretion of all gonadotropins. Therefore our findings suggest that a complex neuroendocrine circuit exists in the retina, involving hCG secreting cells (glial and RPE), hCG targets (photoreceptors) and hCG-release controlling cells (amacrine and RGC). The exact physiological functions of this circuit have still to be identified, but the proliferation of photoreceptor-derived tumor induced by hCG demonstrated the need to control this neuroendocrine loop.
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MESH Headings
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human/genetics
- Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human/metabolism
- Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Protein Transport
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, LH/metabolism
- Retina/metabolism
- Retina/pathology
- Retinoblastoma/metabolism
- Retinoblastoma/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Walther
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wosch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerolf Zimmermann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Human Reproduction and Endocrinology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Wiedemann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henry Alexander
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Human Reproduction and Endocrinology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Claudepierre
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Chambers AE, Griffin C, Naif SA, Mills I, Mills WE, Syngelaki A, Nicolaides KH, Banerjee S. Quantitative ELISAs for serum soluble LHCGR and hCG-LHCGR complex: potential diagnostics in first trimester pregnancy screening for stillbirth, Down's syndrome, preterm delivery and preeclampsia. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2012; 10:113. [PMID: 23245345 PMCID: PMC3570453 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-10-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soluble LH/hCG receptor (sLHCGR) released from placental explants and transfected cells can be detected in sera from pregnant women. To determine whether sLHCGR has diagnostic potential, quantitative ELISAs were developed and tested to examine the correlation between pregnancy outcome and levels of serum sLHCGR and hCG-sLHCGR complex. METHODS Anti-LHCGR poly- and monoclonal antibodies recognizing defined LHCGR epitopes, commerical anti-hCGbeta antibody, together with recombinant LHCGR and yoked hCGbeta-LHCGR standard calibrators were used to develop two ELISAs. These assays were employed to quantify serum sLHCGR and hCG-sLHCGR at first trimester human pregnancy. RESULTS Two ELISAs were developed and validated. Unlike any known biomarker, sLHCGR and hCG-sLHCGR are unique because Down's syndrome (DS), preeclampsia and preterm delivery are linked to both low (less than or equal to 5 pmol/mL), and high (equal to or greater than 170 pmol/mL) concentrations. At these cut-off values, serum hCG-sLHCGR together with PAPP-A detected additional DS pregnancies (21%) which were negative by free hCGbeta plus PAPP-A screening procedure. Therefore, sLHCGR/hCG-sLHCGR has an additive effect on the current primary biochemical screening of aneuploid pregnancies. More than 88% of pregnancies destined to end in fetal demise (stillbirth) exhibited very low serum hCG-sLHCGR(less than or equal to 5 pmol/mL) compared to controls (median 16.15 pmol/mL, n = 390). The frequency of high hCG-sLHCGR concentrations (equal to or greater than 170 pmol/mL) in pathological pregnancies was at least 3-6-fold higher than that of the control, suggesting possible modulation of the thyrotropic effect of hCG by sLHCGR. CONCLUSIONS Serum sLHCGR/hCG-sLHCGR together with PAPP-A, have significant potential as first trimester screening markers for predicting pathological outcomes in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Chambers
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, B9 5SS, UK
- Present address: Origin Biomarkers, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, AL7 3AX, UK
| | | | | | - Ian Mills
- Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Walter E Mills
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, B9 5SS, UK
- Present address: Origin Biomarkers, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, AL7 3AX, UK
| | - Argyro Syngelaki
- Harris Birthright Research Centre for Fetal Medicine, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Kypros H Nicolaides
- Harris Birthright Research Centre for Fetal Medicine, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Subhasis Banerjee
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, B9 5SS, UK
- Present address: Origin Biomarkers, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, AL7 3AX, UK
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Berndt S, Blacher S, Munaut C, Detilleux J, d'Hauterive SP, Huhtaniemi I, Evain‐Brion D, Noël A, Fournier T, Foidart J. Hyperglycosylated human chorionic gonadotropin stimulates angiogenesis through TGF‐β receptor activation. FASEB J 2012; 27:1309-21. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-213686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Berndt
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé (UMRS)‐767ParisFrance
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
- PremUP FondationParisFrance
| | - Silvia Blacher
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development BiologyGroupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliqué‐Cancer (GIGA‐Cancer)LiègeBelgium
| | - Carine Munaut
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development BiologyGroupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliqué‐Cancer (GIGA‐Cancer)LiègeBelgium
| | - Julien Detilleux
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development BiologyGroupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliqué‐Cancer (GIGA‐Cancer)LiègeBelgium
| | - Sophie Perrier d'Hauterive
- Center of ImmunologyUniversity of LiègeLiègeBelgium
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyCentre Hospitalier Regional (CHR)LiègeBelgium
| | - Ilpo Huhtaniemi
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental BiologyImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Danièle Evain‐Brion
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé (UMRS)‐767ParisFrance
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
- PremUP FondationParisFrance
| | - Agnès Noël
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development BiologyGroupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliqué‐Cancer (GIGA‐Cancer)LiègeBelgium
| | - Thierry Fournier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé (UMRS)‐767ParisFrance
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
- PremUP FondationParisFrance
| | - Jean‐Michel Foidart
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development BiologyGroupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliqué‐Cancer (GIGA‐Cancer)LiègeBelgium
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyCentre Hospitalier Regional (CHR)LiègeBelgium
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Eskild A, Fedorcsak P, Mørkrid L, Tanbo TG. Maternal body mass index and serum concentrations of human chorionic gonadotropin in very early pregnancy. Fertil Steril 2012; 98:905-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Beigi Boroujeni M, Beigi Boroujeni N, Salehnia M, Marandi E, Beigi Boroujeni M. Ultrastructural changes of corpus luteum after ovarian stimulation at implantation period. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2012; 16:33-7. [PMID: 22562030 DOI: 10.6091/ibj.1033.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To achieve multiple oocytes for in vitro fertilization, ovulation induction is induced by gonadotropins; however, it has several effects on oocytes and embryo quality and endometrium receptivity. The aim of this study was to assess ultrastructural changes of corpus luteum after ovarian induction using human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) during luteal phase at implantation period. METHODS Female NMRI mice (6-8 weeks) were divided into control and stimulated groups. In the control group, the mice were rendered pseudopregnant and in the ovarian induction group, the mice were rendered pseudopregnant after the ovarian induction. The samples were obtained from the ovary in each group at the same time during luteal phase at implantation period. Ultrastructural changes were assessed using electron microscopy study. RESULTS Our results displayed some identifiable changes in ultrastructure of corpus luteum in ovarian induction group. These changes included enhancement of the apoptosis and intercellular space, whereas the angiogenesis was decreased. The findings indicated a decline in organelle density in the cytoplasm of ovarian induction, such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and polyribosome. Furthermore, chromatin condensation of nuclei was observed in some cells. CONCLUSION The ovarian induction using HMG and HCG resulted in some ultrastructural changes on the corpus luteum at implantation period, which could affect on the pregnancy rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandana Beigi Boroujeni
- Dept. of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
| | - Nasim Beigi Boroujeni
- Dept. of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mojdeh Salehnia
- Dept. of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Marandi
- Dept. of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
| | - Masoud Beigi Boroujeni
- Dept. of Biology, School of Basic Sciences, Payame Noor University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
BACKGROUND hCG is a wonder. Firstly, because hCG is such an extreme molecule. hCG is the most acidic glycoprotein containing the highest proportion of sugars. Secondly, hCG exists in 5 common forms. Finally, it has so many functions ranging from control of human pregnancy to human cancer. This review examines these molecules in detail. CONTENT These 5 molecules, hCG, sulfated hCG, hyperglycosylated hCG, hCG free beta and hyperglycosylated free beta are produced by placental syncytiotrophoblast cells and pituitary gonadotrope cells (group 1), and by placental cytotrophoblast cells and human malignancies (group 2). Group 1 molecules are both hormones that act on the hCG/LH receptor. These molecules are central to human menstrual cycle and human pregnancy. Group 2 molecules are autocrines, that act by antagonizing a TGF beta receptor. These molecules are critical to all advanced malignancies. CONCLUSIONS The hCG groups are molecules critical to both the molecules of pregnancy or human life, and to the advancement of cancer, or human death.
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YOSHINAGA K. Two Concepts on the Immunological Aspect of Blastocyst Implantation. J Reprod Dev 2012; 58:196-203. [DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2011-027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Koji YOSHINAGA
- Reproductive Sciences Branch, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Maryland 20892-7510, USA
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Lédée N, Petitbarat M, Rahmati M, Dubanchet S, Chaouat G, Sandra O, Perrier-d’Hauterive S, Munaut C, Foidart J. New pre-conception immune biomarkers for clinical practice: interleukin-18, interleukin-15 and TWEAK on the endometrial side, G-CSF on the follicular side. J Reprod Immunol 2011; 88:118-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Valdés G, Corthorn J. Review: The angiogenic and vasodilatory utero-placental network. Placenta 2011; 32 Suppl 2:S170-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Atwood CS, Bowen RL. The reproductive-cell cycle theory of aging: an update. Exp Gerontol 2010; 46:100-7. [PMID: 20851172 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Reproductive-Cell Cycle Theory posits that the hormones that regulate reproduction act in an antagonistic pleiotrophic manner to control aging via cell cycle signaling; promoting growth and development early in life in order to achieve reproduction, but later in life, in a futile attempt to maintain reproduction, become dysregulated and drive senescence. Since reproduction is the most important function of an organism from the perspective of the survival of the species, if reproductive-cell cycle signaling factors determine the rate of growth, determine the rate of development, determine the rate of reproduction, and determine the rate of senescence, then by definition they determine the rate of aging and thus lifespan. The theory is able to explain: 1) the simultaneous regulation of the rate of aging and reproduction as evidenced by the fact that environmental conditions and experimental interventions known to extend longevity are associated with decreased reproductive-cell cycle signaling factors, thereby slowing aging and preserving fertility in a hostile reproductive environment; 2) two phenomena that are closely related to species lifespan-the rate of growth and development and the ultimate size of the animal; 3). the apparent paradox that size is directly proportional to lifespan and inversely proportional to fertility between species but vice versa within a species; 4). how differing rates of reproduction between species is associated with differences in their lifespan; 5). why we develop aging-related diseases; and 6). an evolutionarily credible reason for why and how aging occurs-these hormones act in an antagonistic pleiotrophic manner via cell cycle signaling; promoting growth and development early in life in order to achieve reproduction, but later in life, in a futile attempt to maintain reproduction, become dysregulated and drive senescence (dyosis). In essence, the Reproductive-Cell Cycle Theory can explain aging in all sexually reproductive life forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Atwood
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND hCG is a term referring to 4 independent molecules, each produced by separate cells and each having completely separate functions. These are hCG produced by villous syncytiotrophoblast cells, hyperglycosylated hCG produced by cytotrophoblast cells, free beta-subunit made by multiple primary non-trophoblastic malignancies, and pituitary hCG made by the gonadotrope cells of the anterior pituitary. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION hCG has numerous functions. hCG promotes progesterone production by corpus luteal cells; promotes angiogenesis in uterine vasculature; promoted the fusion of cytotrophoblast cell and differentiation to make syncytiotrophoblast cells; causes the blockage of any immune or macrophage action by mother on foreign invading placental cells; causes uterine growth parallel to fetal growth; suppresses any myometrial contractions during the course of pregnancy; causes growth and differentiation of the umbilical cord; signals the endometrium about forthcoming implantation; acts on receptor in mother's brain causing hyperemesis gravidarum, and seemingly promotes growth of fetal organs during pregnancy. Hyperglycosylated hCG functions to promote growth of cytotrophoblast cells and invasion by these cells, as occurs in implantation of pregnancy, and growth and invasion by choriocarcinoma cells. hCG free beta-subunit is produced by numerous non-trophoblastic malignancies of different primaries. The detection of free beta-subunit in these malignancies is generally considered a sign of poor prognosis. The free beta-subunit blocks apoptosis in cancer cells and promotes the growth and malignancy of the cancer. Pituitary hCG is a sulfated variant of hCG produced at low levels during the menstrual cycle. Pituitary hCG seems to mimic luteinizing hormone actions during the menstrual cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence A Cole
- USA hCG Reference Service, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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