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Deng AF, Wang FX, Wang SC, Zhang YZ, Bai L, Su JC. Bone-organ axes: bidirectional crosstalk. Mil Med Res 2024; 11:37. [PMID: 38867330 PMCID: PMC11167910 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-024-00540-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In addition to its recognized role in providing structural support, bone plays a crucial role in maintaining the functionality and balance of various organs by secreting specific cytokines (also known as osteokines). This reciprocal influence extends to these organs modulating bone homeostasis and development, although this aspect has yet to be systematically reviewed. This review aims to elucidate this bidirectional crosstalk, with a particular focus on the role of osteokines. Additionally, it presents a unique compilation of evidence highlighting the critical function of extracellular vesicles (EVs) within bone-organ axes for the first time. Moreover, it explores the implications of this crosstalk for designing and implementing bone-on-chips and assembloids, underscoring the importance of comprehending these interactions for advancing physiologically relevant in vitro models. Consequently, this review establishes a robust theoretical foundation for preventing, diagnosing, and treating diseases related to the bone-organ axis from the perspective of cytokines, EVs, hormones, and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Fu Deng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Fu-Xiao Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Si-Cheng Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Zhongye Hospital, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Ying-Ze Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Orthopaedic Research Institution of Hebei Province, NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopaedic Equipment, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China.
| | - Long Bai
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- Wenzhou Institute of Shanghai University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jia-Can Su
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Sheng R, Cao M, Song M, Wang M, Zhang Y, Shi L, Xie T, Li Y, Wang J, Rui Y. Muscle-bone crosstalk via endocrine signals and potential targets for osteosarcopenia-related fracture. J Orthop Translat 2023; 43:36-46. [PMID: 38021216 PMCID: PMC10654153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2023.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Osteosarcopenia is a syndrome coexisting sarcopenia and osteopenia/osteoporosis, with a high fracture risk. Recently, skeletal muscle and bone have been recognized as endocrine organs capable of communication through secreting myokines and osteokines, respectively. With a deeper understanding of the muscle-bone crosstalk, these endocrine signals exhibit an important role in osteosarcopenia development and fracture healing. Methods This review summarizes the role of myokines and osteokines in the development and treatment of osteosarcopenia and fracture, and discusses their potential for osteosarcopenia-related fracture treatment. Results Several well-defined myokines (myostatin and irisin) and osteokines (RANKL and SOST) are found to not only regulate skeletal muscle and bone metabolism but also influence fracture healing processes. Systemic interventions targeting these biochemical signals has shown promising results in improving the mass and functions of skeletal muscle and bone, as well as accelerating fracture healing processes. Conclusion The regulation of muscle-bone crosstalk via biochemical signals presents a novel and promising strategy for treating osteosarcopenia and fracture by simultaneously enhancing bone and muscle anabolism. We propose that myostatin, irisin, RANKL, and SOST may serve as potential targets to treat fracture patients with osteosarcopenia. The translational potential of this article Osteosarcopenia is an emerging geriatric syndrome where sarcopenia and osteoporosis coexist, with high fracture risk, delayed fracture healing, and increased mortality. However, no pharmacological agent is available to treat fracture patients with osteosarcopenia. This review summarizes the role of several myokines and osteokines in the development and treatment of osteosacropenia and fracture, as well as discusses their potential as intervention targets for osteosarcopenia-related fracture, which provides a novel and promising strategy for future osteosarcopenia-related fracture treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renwang Sheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Mumin Cao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) for Geriatric Hip Fracture Management, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Mingyuan Song
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Mingyue Wang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yuanwei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) for Geriatric Hip Fracture Management, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Liu Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) for Geriatric Hip Fracture Management, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Tian Xie
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) for Geriatric Hip Fracture Management, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yingjuan Li
- Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) for Geriatric Hip Fracture Management, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jinyu Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) for Geriatric Hip Fracture Management, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yunfeng Rui
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) for Geriatric Hip Fracture Management, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
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Shimonty A, Bonewald LF, Pin F. Role of the Osteocyte in Musculoskeletal Disease. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2023; 21:303-310. [PMID: 37084017 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-023-00788-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW The purpose of this review is to summarize the role of the osteocyte in muscle atrophy in cancer patients, sarcopenia, spinal cord injury, Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, and other conditions associated with muscle deterioration. RECENT FINDINGS One type of bone cell, the osteocyte, appears to play a major role in muscle and bone crosstalk, whether physiological or pathological. Osteocytes are cells living within the bone-mineralized matrix. These cells are connected to each other by means of dendrites to create an intricately connected network. The osteocyte network has been shown to respond to different types of stimuli such as mechanical unloading, immobilization, aging, and cancer by producing osteocytes-derived factors. It is now becoming clear that some of these factors including sclerostin, RANKL, TGF-β, and TNF-α have detrimental effects on skeletal muscle. Bone and muscle not only communicate mechanically but also biochemically. Osteocyte-derived factors appear to contribute to the pathogenesis of muscle disease and could be used as a cellular target for new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Shimonty
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lynda F Bonewald
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Fabrizio Pin
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Kavoosian S, Asgharian A, Asouri M, Fattahi S, Amirbozorgi G, Kheirandish A, Abolfazli S, Lotfi M, Ebrahimi N, Ataee R. Polymorphism of LRP4 Gene (rs9667108) among Post Menopause Women with Osteoporosis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 52:840-847. [PMID: 37551184 PMCID: PMC10404332 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v52i4.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Many studies have been done to identify the factors that influence the development and progression of osteoporosis. One genetic factor is polymorphisms of LRP4 gene. Regarding the lack of comprehensive study on polymorphisms of LRP4 gene in the north of Iran, mainly Mazandaran Province, we decided to investigate the polymorphism of this gene in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Methods This case-control study has been conducted at GhaemShahr Valiasr Hospital on 100 female patients with osteoporosis (average age of 58.1) and 90 healthy females without osteoporosis (average age of 55.2). After sampling and extraction of genomic DNA via of the salt deposition method, the genotype and SNP (rs9667108) polymorphism of LRP4 gene were evaluated with the PCR-RFLP method. Restriction enzymes cut the PCR products. In order to identify patients, their bone mineral density was tested by the DEXA method. The results of digestion (digestion enzyme) were analyzed by MedCalc, SPSS software, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and Chi2. Results The statistical analysis has shown the significant relationship between SNP (rs9667108) polymorphism and the risk of osteoporosis disease in patients and control groups (P<0.05). In SNP (rs9667108), the GC genotype, compared to GG, increased the risk of disease significantly (1.556 time). Similarly, CC genotype, compared to GG genotype, increased the risk of this disease by 2.091 time. Conclusion The existence of mutation in the LRP4 gene could increase susceptibility to osteoporosis disease. Moreover, determining this patient's genotype in SNP (rs9667108) can be used to identify individuals who are in endanger osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Kavoosian
- College of Basic Sciences, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
- North Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Iran
| | - Alimohammad Asgharian
- Department Cell and Molecular Biology, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Mohsen Asouri
- North Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Iran
| | - Sadegh Fattahi
- North Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Iran
| | | | - Ali Kheirandish
- Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Sajad Abolfazli
- Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Maryam Lotfi
- North Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Iran
| | - Nima Ebrahimi
- Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ramin Ataee
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Brent MB. Pharmaceutical treatment of bone loss: From animal models and drug development to future treatment strategies. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 244:108383. [PMID: 36933702 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Animal models are fundamental to advance our knowledge of the underlying pathophysiology of bone loss and to study pharmaceutical countermeasures against it. The animal model of post-menopausal osteoporosis from ovariectomy is the most widely used preclinical approach to study skeletal deterioration. However, several other animal models exist, each with unique characteristics such as bone loss from disuse, lactation, glucocorticoid excess, or exposure to hypobaric hypoxia. The present review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of these animal models to emphasize the importance and significance of investigating bone loss and pharmaceutical countermeasures from perspectives other than post-menopausal osteoporosis only. Hence, the pathophysiology and underlying cellular mechanisms involved in the various types of bone loss are different, and this might influence which prevention and treatment strategies are the most effective. In addition, the review sought to map the current landscape of pharmaceutical countermeasures against osteoporosis with an emphasis on how drug development has changed from being driven by clinical observations and enhancement or repurposing of existing drugs to today's use of targeted anti-bodies that are the result of advanced insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of bone formation and resorption. Moreover, new treatment combinations or repurposing opportunities of already approved drugs with a focus on dabigatran, parathyroid hormone and abaloparatide, growth hormone, inhibitors of the activin signaling pathway, acetazolamide, zoledronate, and romosozumab are discussed. Despite the considerable progress in drug development, there is still a clear need to improve treatment strategies and develop new pharmaceuticals against various types of osteoporosis. The review also highlights that new treatment indications should be explored using multiple animal models of bone loss in order to ensure a broad representation of different types of skeletal deterioration instead of mainly focusing on primary osteoporosis from post-menopausal estrogen deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Bo Brent
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Bone metabolism during strict head-down tilt bed rest and exposure to elevated levels of ambient CO 2. NPJ Microgravity 2022; 8:57. [PMID: 36526672 PMCID: PMC9758179 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-022-00245-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Astronauts on the International Space Station are exposed to levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) above typical terrestrial levels. We explored the possibility that increased levels of ambient CO2 further stimulate bone resorption during bed rest. We report here data from 2 ground-based spaceflight analog studies in which 12 male and 7 female subjects were placed in a strict 6° head-down tilt (HDT) position for either 30 days at 0.5% ambient CO2 or 60 days with nominal environmental exposure to CO2. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) were determined using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Blood and urine were collected before and after HDT for biochemical analysis. No change was detected in either BMD or BMC, as expected given the study duration. Bone resorption markers increased after bed rest as expected; however, elevated CO2 had no additive effect. Elevated CO2 did not affect concentrations of minerals in serum and urine. Serum parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D were both reduced after bed rest, likely secondary to calcium efflux from bone. In summary, exposure to 0.5% CO2 for 30 days did not exacerbate the typical bone resorption response observed after HDT bed rest. Furthermore, results from these strict HDT studies were similar to data from previous bed rest studies, confirming that strict 30-60 days of HDT can be used to evaluate changes in bone metabolism. This is valuable in the continuing effort to develop and refine efficacious countermeasure protocols to mitigate bone loss during spaceflight in low-Earth orbit and beyond.
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Bezerra A, Freitas L, Maciel L, Fonseca H. Bone Tissue Responsiveness To Mechanical Loading-Possible Long-Term Implications of Swimming on Bone Health and Bone Development. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2022; 20:453-468. [PMID: 36401774 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-022-00758-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To revisit the bone tissue mechanotransduction mechanisms behind the bone tissue response to mechanical loading and, within this context, explore the possible negative influence of regular swimming practice on bone health, particularly during the growth and development period. RECENT FINDINGS Bone is a dynamic tissue, responsive to mechanical loading and unloading, being these adaptative responses more intense during the growth and development period. Cross-sectional studies usually report a lower bone mass in swimmers compared to athletes engaged in weigh-bearing sports. However, studies with animal models show contradictory findings about the effect of swimming on bone health, highlighting the need for longitudinal studies. Due to its microgravity characteristics, swimming seems to impair bone mass, but mostly at the lower limbs. It is unkown if there is a causal relationship between swimming and low BMD or if other confounding factors, such as a natural selection whithin the sport, are the cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Bezerra
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto (FADE/UP), 4200-450, Porto, Portugal.
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Laura Freitas
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto (FADE/UP), 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
| | - Leonardo Maciel
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto (FADE/UP), 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of Sergipe, Campus Lagarto, Lagarto, Brazil
| | - Hélder Fonseca
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto (FADE/UP), 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
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Wadiura LI, Butylina M, Reinprecht A, Aretin MB, Mischkulnig M, Gleiss A, Pietschmann P, Kerschan-Schindl K. Denosumab for Prevention of Acute Onset Immobilization-Induced Alterations of Bone Turnover: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:2156-2164. [PMID: 36056473 PMCID: PMC10086960 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic bone disease is a devastating condition in critically ill patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU). We investigated the effects of early administration of the antiresorptive drug denosumab on bone metabolism in previously healthy patients. Fourteen patients with severe intracerebral or subarachnoid hemorrhage were included in a phase 2 trial. Within 72 hours after ICU admission, they were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive denosumab 60 mg or placebo subcutaneously. The primary endpoint was group differences in the percentage change of C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX-1) levels in serum from denosumab/placebo application to 4 weeks thereafter. Changes in serum levels of bone formation markers and urinary calcium excretion were secondary outcome parameters. Regarding serum levels of CTX-1, changes over time averaged -0.45 ng/mL (95% confidence interval [CI] -0.72, -0.18) for the denosumab group and 0.29 ng/mL (95% CI -0.01, 0.58) for the placebo group. The primary endpoint, the group difference in changes between baseline and secondary measurement, adjusted for baseline serum levels and baseline neurological status, averaged -0.74 ng/mL (95% CI -1.14, -0.34; p = 0.002). The group difference in changes between baseline and secondary osteocalcin measurement averaged -5.60 ng/mL (95% CI -11.2, -0.04; p = 0.049). The group difference in averaged change between baseline and secondary measurement of 24-hour urine calcium excretion was significant (-1.77 mmol/L [95% CI -3.48, -0.06; p = 0.044]). No adverse events could be attributed to the study medication. The investigation proved that a single application of denosumab early after admission to an ICU prevents acute immobilization-associated increase in bone resorption among previously healthy individuals. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Irina Wadiura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Butylina
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Reinprecht
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Mario Mischkulnig
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Gleiss
- Center of Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Pietschmann
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Kerschan-Schindl
- Department of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation and Occupational Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Development of Osteopenia During Distal Radius Fracture Recovery. JOURNAL OF HAND SURGERY GLOBAL ONLINE 2022; 4:315-319. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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10
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Zhang J, Tong Y, Liu Y, Lin M, Xiao Y, Liu C. Mechanical loading attenuated negative effects of nucleotide analogue reverse-transcriptase inhibitor TDF on bone repair via Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Bone 2022; 161:116449. [PMID: 35605959 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The nucleotide analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitor, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), is widely used to treat hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV). However, long-term TDF usage is associated with an increased incidence of bone loss, osteoporosis, fractures, and other adverse reactions. We investigated the effect of chronic TDF use on bone homeostasis and defect repair in mice. In vitro, TDF inhibited osteogenic differentiation and mineralization in MC3T3-E1 cells. In vivo, 8-week-old C57BL/6 female mice were treated with TDF for 38 days to simulate chronic medication. Four-point bending test and μCT showed reduced bone biomechanical properties and microarchitecture in long bones. To investigate the effects of TDF on bone defect repair, we utilized a bilateral tibial monocortical defect model. μCT showed that TDF reduced new bone mineral tissue and bone mineral density (BMD) in the defect. To verify whether mechanical stimulation may be a useful treatment to counteract the negative bone effects of TDF, controlled dynamic mechanical loading was applied to the whole tibia during the matrix deposition phase on post-surgery days (PSDs) 5 to 8. Second harmonic generation (SHG) of collagen fibers and μCT showed that the reduction of new bone volume and bone mineral density caused by TDF was reversed by mechanical loading in the defect. Immunofluorescent deep tissue imaging showed that chronic TDF treatment reduced the number of osteogenic cells and the volume of new vessels. In addition, chronic TDF treatment inhibited the expressions of periostin and β-catenin, but increased the expression of sclerostin. Both negative effects were reversed by mechanical loading. Our study provides strong evidence that chronic use of TDF exerts direct and inhibitory impacts on bone repair, but appropriate mechanical loading could reverse these adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yanrong Tong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Minmin Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yao Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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Buettmann EG, Goldscheitter GM, Hoppock GA, Friedman MA, Suva LJ, Donahue HJ. Similarities Between Disuse and Age-Induced Bone Loss. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:1417-1434. [PMID: 35773785 PMCID: PMC9378610 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Disuse and aging are known risk factors associated with low bone mass and quality deterioration, resulting in increased fracture risk. Indeed, current and emerging evidence implicate a large number of shared skeletal manifestations between disuse and aging scenarios. This review provides a detailed overview of current preclinical models of musculoskeletal disuse and the clinical scenarios they seek to recapitulate. We also explore and summarize the major similarities between bone loss after extreme disuse and advanced aging at multiple length scales, including at the organ/tissue, cellular, and molecular level. Specifically, shared structural and material alterations of bone loss are presented between disuse and aging, including preferential loss of bone at cancellous sites, cortical thinning, and loss of bone strength due to enhanced fragility. At the cellular level bone loss is accompanied, during disuse and aging, by increased bone resorption, decreased formation, and enhanced adipogenesis due to altered gap junction intercellular communication, WNT/β-catenin and RANKL/OPG signaling. Major differences between extreme short-term disuse and aging are discussed, including anatomical specificity, differences in bone turnover rates, periosteal modeling, and the influence of subject sex and genetic variability. The examination also identifies potential shared mechanisms underlying bone loss in aging and disuse that warrant further study such as collagen cross-linking, advanced glycation end products/receptor for advanced glycation end products (AGE-RAGE) signaling, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling, cellular senescence, and altered lacunar-canalicular connectivity (mechanosensation). Understanding the shared structural alterations, changes in bone cell function, and molecular mechanisms common to both extreme disuse and aging are paramount to discovering therapies to combat both age-related and disuse-induced osteoporosis. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan G Buettmann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Galen M Goldscheitter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Gabriel A Hoppock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Michael A Friedman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Larry J Suva
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Henry J Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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12
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Yuan W, Song C. Crosstalk between bone and other organs. MEDICAL REVIEW (BERLIN, GERMANY) 2022; 2:331-348. [PMID: 37724328 PMCID: PMC10471111 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2022-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Bone has long been considered as a silent organ that provides a reservoir of calcium and phosphorus, traditionally. Recently, further study of bone has revealed additional functions as an endocrine organ connecting systemic organs of the whole body. Communication between bone and other organs participates in most physiological and pathological events and is responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis. Here, we present an overview of the crosstalk between bone and other organs. Furthermore, we describe the factors mediating the crosstalk and review the mechanisms in the development of potential associated diseases. These connections shed new light on the pathogenesis of systemic diseases and provide novel potential targets for the treatment of systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqiong Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chunli Song
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, Beijing, China
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13
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Abstract
Disuse osteoporosis describes a state of bone loss due to local skeletal unloading or systemic immobilization. This review will discuss advances in the field that have shed light on clinical observations, mechanistic insights and options for the treatment of disuse osteoporosis. Clinical settings of disuse osteoporosis include spinal cord injury, other neurological and neuromuscular disorders, immobilization after fractures and bed rest (real or modeled). Furthermore, spaceflight-induced bone loss represents a well-known adaptive process to microgravity. Clinical studies have outlined that immobilization leads to immediate bone loss in both the trabecular and cortical compartments accompanied by relatively increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation. The fact that the low bone formation state has been linked to high levels of the osteocyte-secreted protein sclerostin is one of the many findings that has brought matrix-embedded, mechanosensitive osteocytes into focus in the search for mechanistic principles. Previous basic research has primarily involved rodent models based on tail suspension, spaceflight and other immobilization methods, which have underlined the importance of osteocytes in the pathogenesis of disuse osteoporosis. Furthermore, molecular-based in vitro and in vivo approaches have revealed that osteocytes sense mechanical loading through mechanosensors that translate extracellular mechanical signals to intracellular biochemical signals and regulate gene expression. Osteocytic mechanosensors include the osteocyte cytoskeleton and dendritic processes within the lacuno-canalicular system (LCS), ion channels (e.g., Piezo1), extracellular matrix, primary cilia, focal adhesions (integrin-based) and hemichannels and gap junctions (connexin-based). Overall, disuse represents one of the major factors contributing to immediate bone loss and osteoporosis, and alterations in osteocytic pathways appear crucial to the bone loss associated with unloading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Rolvien
- Division of Orthopaedics, Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Michael Amling
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Lottestrasse 59, 22529, Hamburg, Germany.
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14
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Sharma-Ghimire P, Buchanan S, Bemben MG, Knehans A, Campbell J, Bemben DA. Sclerostin and Dickkopf-1 Characteristics According to Age and Physical Activity Levels in Premenopausal Women. J Clin Densitom 2022; 25:168-177. [PMID: 34391642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to compare serum concentrations of sclerostin and DKK-1 in young (20-30 yrs, n = 25) and middle-aged (35-45 yrs, n = 25) premenopausal women and based on physical activity (PA) status. PA status was assessed by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (low-moderate (≤ 2999 MET-min/week) and high (≥ 3000 MET-min/week). Serum sclerostin and DKK-1 levels were measured in fasting morning blood samples by ELISA. Areal bone mineral density (aBMD) was measured by DXA, and non-dominant tibia bone characteristics were assessed by pQCT. After adjusting for total body aBMD, middle-aged women had significantly (p < 0.001) higher (0.54 ± 0.01 ng/mL) serum sclerostin than young women (0.41 ± 0.01 ng/mL), and sclerostin was positively correlated with age (rs = 0.065, p ≤ 0.001) and total PA score (rs = 0.33, p = 0.021). Young women had higher left trochanter aBMD (p = 0.036) than middle-aged women and aBMD variables were higher (all p ≤ 0.043) in the high active group. Middle-aged women had higher 38% cortical vBMD than young women (p = 0.021), otherwise young women had higher values for pQCT variables (all p ≤ 0.036). Sclerostin showed significant correlations (r = 0.32 to 0.58, all p ≤ 0.026) with spine aBMD for the entire cohort and for each age group. Middle-aged women had significant correlations between sclerostin and hip aBMD sites (r = 0.043 to 0.56, all p ≤ 0.031). Sclerostin and cortical vBMD were positively correlated in the entire cohort (r = 0.35 to 0.50; both p < 0.013); split by age group, middle-aged women had positive correlations (r = 0.45 to 0.61 age and, all p ≤ 0.021) between sclerostin and pQCT variables. No significant differences for physical activity were observed for serum DKK-1 concentrations. Serum sclerostin concentrations were positively associated with age and bone characteristics in premenopausal women; however, these findings were not evident for circulating DKK-1. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms for the discordant results in these Wnt inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Sharma-Ghimire
- Department of Physical Education and Exercise Science, Lander University, Greenwood, SC, USA.
| | - Samuel Buchanan
- Department of Health and Human Performance, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Michael G Bemben
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Allen Knehans
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jason Campbell
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Debra A Bemben
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
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15
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Murshid SA. Bone permeability and mechanotransduction: Some current insights into the function of the lacunar-canalicular network. Tissue Cell 2022; 75:101730. [PMID: 35032785 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2022.101730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Lacunar-canalicular (LC) permeability involves the passage of fluids, nutrients, oxygen, ions, and signalling molecules through bone tissue, facilitating the maintenance of bone vitality and function and responses to various physiological conditions and diseases. LC permeability and fluid flow-shear stress/drag force play important roles in mechanotransduction in bone tissue by inducing mechanical stimuli in osteocytes, modulating cellular functions, and determining bone adaptation. Alterations in LC structure may therefore influence the fluid flow pattern through the LC network, thereby affecting the ability of osteocytes to sense and translate mechanical signals and possibly contributing to bone remodelling. Several bone-health conditions are associated with changes in LC structure and function and may affect mechanotransduction and responses, although the mechanisms underlying these associations are still not fully understood. In this review, recent studies of LC networks, their formation and transfer mechanical stimuli, and changes in structure, functional permeability, and mechanotransduction that result from age, pathology, and mechanical loading are discussed. Additionally, applications of vibration and low-intensity pulsed ultrasound in bone healthcare and regeneration fields are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakhr Ahmed Murshid
- Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (IGDORE); Ilmajoki Health Public Dental Clinics, Social and Health Care Services in Jalasjärvi, Ilmajoki, Kurikka, Finland.
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16
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Construction of adenovirus vector expressing duck sclerostin and its induction effect on myogenic proliferation and differentiation in vitro. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:3187-3196. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07151-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Dror N, Carbone J, Haddad F, Falk B, Klentrou P, Radom-Aizik S. Sclerostin and bone turnover markers response to cycling and running at the same moderate-to-vigorous exercise intensity in healthy men. J Endocrinol Invest 2022; 45:391-397. [PMID: 34390461 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-021-01659-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recreational cycling is a popular activity which stimulates and improves cardiovascular fitness. The corresponding benefits for bone are unclear. PURPOSE This study examined the effect of running (high-impact) vs. cycling (low-impact), at the same moderate-to-vigorous exercise intensity, on markers of bone formation (N-terminal propeptide of type I collagen, PINP) and bone resorption (C-telopeptide of type I collagen, CTX-1), a non-collagenous bone remodeling marker (osteocalcin), as well as bone-modulating factors, including parathyroid hormone (PTH), irisin (myokine) and sclerostin (osteokine). METHODS Thirteen healthy men (23.7 ± 1.0 y) performed two progressive exercise tests to exhaustion (peak VO2) on a cycle ergometer (CE) and on a treadmill (TM). On subsequent separate days, in randomized order, participants performed 30-min continuous running or cycling at 70% heart rate reserve (HRR). Blood was drawn before, immediately post- and 1 h into recovery. RESULTS PTH transiently increased (CE, 51.7%; TM, 50.6%) immediately after exercise in both exercise modes. Sclerostin levels increased following running only (27.7%). Irisin increased following both running and cycling. In both exercise modes, CTX-1 decreased immediately after exercise, with no significant change in PINP and osteocalcin. CONCLUSION At the same moderate-to-vigorous exercise intensity, running appears to result in a greater transient sclerostin response compared with cycling, while the responses of bone markers, PTH and irisin are similar. The longer-term implications of this differential bone response need to be further examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dror
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, 101 Academy, Suite 150, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA
| | - J Carbone
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, 101 Academy, Suite 150, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA
| | - F Haddad
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, 101 Academy, Suite 150, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA
| | - B Falk
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - P Klentrou
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - S Radom-Aizik
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, 101 Academy, Suite 150, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA.
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18
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Dissociation of Bone Resorption and Formation in Spaceflight and Simulated Microgravity: Potential Role of Myokines and Osteokines? Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020342. [PMID: 35203551 PMCID: PMC8961781 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The dissociation of bone formation and resorption is an important physiological process during spaceflight. It also occurs during local skeletal unloading or immobilization, such as in people with neuromuscular disorders or those who are on bed rest. Under these conditions, the physiological systems of the human body are perturbed down to the cellular level. Through the absence of mechanical stimuli, the musculoskeletal system and, predominantly, the postural skeletal muscles are largely affected. Despite in-flight exercise countermeasures, muscle wasting and bone loss occur, which are associated with spaceflight duration. Nevertheless, countermeasures can be effective, especially by preventing muscle wasting to rescue both postural and dynamic as well as muscle performance. Thus far, it is largely unknown how changes in bone microarchitecture evolve over the long term in the absence of a gravity vector and whether bone loss incurred in space or following the return to the Earth fully recovers or partly persists. In this review, we highlight the different mechanisms and factors that regulate the humoral crosstalk between the muscle and the bone. Further we focus on the interplay between currently known myokines and osteokines and their mutual regulation.
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19
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Leser JM, Harriot A, Buck HV, Ward CW, Stains JP. Aging, Osteo-Sarcopenia, and Musculoskeletal Mechano-Transduction. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2021; 2:782848. [PMID: 36004321 PMCID: PMC9396756 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2021.782848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The decline in the mass and function of bone and muscle is an inevitable consequence of healthy aging with early onset and accelerated decline in those with chronic disease. Termed osteo-sarcopenia, this condition predisposes the decreased activity, falls, low-energy fractures, and increased risk of co-morbid disease that leads to musculoskeletal frailty. The biology of osteo-sarcopenia is most understood in the context of systemic neuro-endocrine and immune/inflammatory alterations that drive inflammation, oxidative stress, reduced autophagy, and cellular senescence in the bone and muscle. Here we integrate these concepts to our growing understanding of how bone and muscle senses, responds and adapts to mechanical load. We propose that age-related alterations in cytoskeletal mechanics alter load-sensing and mechano-transduction in bone osteocytes and muscle fibers which underscores osteo-sarcopenia. Lastly, we examine the evidence for exercise as an effective countermeasure to osteo-sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Joseph P. Stains
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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20
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Osteocytes are considered to be the cells responsible for mastering the remodeling process that follows the exposure to unloading conditions. Given the invasiveness of bone biopsies in humans, both rodents and in vitro culture systems are largely adopted as models for studies in space missions or in simulated microgravity conditions models on Earth. RECENT FINDINGS After a brief recall of the main changes in bone mass and osteoclastic and osteoblastic activities in space-related models, this review focuses on the potential role of osteocytes in directing these changes. The role of the best-known signalling molecules is questioned, in particular in relation to osteocyte apoptosis. The mechanotransduction actors identified in spatial conditions and the problems related to fluid flow and shear stress changes, probably enhanced by the alteration in fluid flow and lack of convection during spaceflight, are recalled and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donata Iandolo
- U1059 INSERM - SAINBIOSE (SAnté INgéniérie BIOlogie St-Etienne) Campus Santé Innovation, Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
| | - Maura Strigini
- U1059 INSERM - SAINBIOSE (SAnté INgéniérie BIOlogie St-Etienne) Campus Santé Innovation, Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
| | - Alain Guignandon
- U1059 INSERM - SAINBIOSE (SAnté INgéniérie BIOlogie St-Etienne) Campus Santé Innovation, Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
| | - Laurence Vico
- U1059 INSERM - SAINBIOSE (SAnté INgéniérie BIOlogie St-Etienne) Campus Santé Innovation, Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France.
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21
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Juhl OJ, Buettmann EG, Friedman MA, DeNapoli RC, Hoppock GA, Donahue HJ. Update on the effects of microgravity on the musculoskeletal system. NPJ Microgravity 2021; 7:28. [PMID: 34301942 PMCID: PMC8302614 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-021-00158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the reignited push for manned spaceflight and the development of companies focused on commercializing spaceflight, increased human ventures into space are inevitable. However, this venture would not be without risk. The lower gravitational force, known as microgravity, that would be experienced during spaceflight significantly disrupts many physiological systems. One of the most notably affected systems is the musculoskeletal system, where exposure to microgravity causes both bone and skeletal muscle loss, both of which have significant clinical implications. In this review, we focus on recent advancements in our understanding of how exposure to microgravity affects the musculoskeletal system. We will focus on the catabolic effects microgravity exposure has on both bone and skeletal muscle cells, as well as their respective progenitor stem cells. Additionally, we report on the mechanisms that underlie bone and muscle tissue loss resulting from exposure to microgravity and then discuss current countermeasures being evaluated. We reveal the gaps in the current knowledge and expound upon how current research is filling these gaps while also identifying new avenues of study as we continue to pursue manned spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto J Juhl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Evan G Buettmann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Michael A Friedman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Rachel C DeNapoli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Gabriel A Hoppock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Henry J Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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22
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Henssler L, Kerschbaum M, Mukashevich MZ, Rupp M, Alt V. Molecular enhancement of fracture healing - Is there a role for Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2, parathyroid hormone, statins, or sclerostin-antibodies? Injury 2021; 52 Suppl 2:S49-S57. [PMID: 34001374 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2021.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Enhancement of fracture healing has been a hot topic over the last two decades. This narrative review article is aimed to provide an update on current clinical use and evidence on four clinically available agents in the treatment of fracture healing: bone morphogenetic proteins-2 (BMP-2), parathyroid hormone, statins and sclerostin-antibodies. After first promising results from animal and clinical studies in the early 2000s, BMP-2 was studied mainly in open tibia shaft fractures treated with intramedullary nailing. There are conflicting results from different randomized clinical trials (RCTs) regarding fracture healing time and complications compared to BMP-2 free control treatment in open tibia fractures, as BMP-2 could not show significant differences in patients treated with reamed nails compared to BMP-2 free control treatment with reamed nailing only. Given that fact, its official use was limited in Europe to open tibia shaft fractures treated with unreamed tibial nailing by the European Medical Agency (EMA). Another more recent RCT failed to show equivalence of BMP- 2 together with allograft versus autograft for the treatment of tibia fractures with critical size defects. Recombinant human parathyroid hormone has proven anabolic effects on bone metabolism and is commonly used in treatment of severe osteoporosis. Different animal trials suggested an enhancement effect in fracture healing by PTH. In several clinical trials, PTH seems to have a stimulative effect for lower limb fractures. Statins, commonly used in treatment of dyslipidemia, could also enhance fracture healing in animal trials, especially when they were applied locally at the fracture site. For statins, there is only one RCT that failed to show significant effects for the oral administration of statins in undisplaced distal radius fractures. The role of sclerostin in fracture healing has more and more been understood. Application of sclerostin antibodies has been shown to be beneficial for fracture healing in animal trials. However, no RCTs on the effect of sclerostin antibodies on fracture healing have been performed yet. In conclusion, the "magic bullet" for molecular enhancement of fracture healing has not been identified yet, at least not with its optimal dosage and delivery method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopold Henssler
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kerschbaum
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Moldakulov Z Mukashevich
- Taldykorgan Muliprofile City Hospital/Taldykorgan Urban Hospital, Taldykorgan, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Markus Rupp
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Volker Alt
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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23
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Uda Y, Spatz JM, Hussein A, Garcia JH, Lai F, Dedic C, Fulzele K, Dougherty S, Eberle M, Adamson C, Misener L, Gerstenfeld L, Divieti Pajevic P. Global transcriptomic analysis of a murine osteocytic cell line subjected to spaceflight. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21578. [PMID: 33835498 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100059r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Bone loss is a major health concern for astronauts during long-term spaceflight and for patients during prolonged bed rest or paralysis. Growing evidence suggests that osteocytes, the most abundant cells in the mineralized bone matrix, play a key role in sensing mechanical forces applied to the skeleton and integrating the orchestrated response into subcellular biochemical signals to modulate bone homeostasis. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying both mechanosensation and mechanotransduction in late-osteoblast-to-osteocyte cells under microgravity (µG) have yet to be elucidated. To unravel the mechanisms by which late osteoblasts and osteocytes sense and respond to mechanical unloading, we exposed the osteocytic cell line, Ocy454, to 2, 4, or 6 days of µG on the SpaceX Dragon-6 resupply mission to the International Space Station. Our results showed that µG impairs the differentiation of osteocytes, consistent with prior osteoblast spaceflight experiments, which resulted in the downregulation of key osteocytic genes. Importantly, we demonstrate the modulation of critical glycolysis pathways in osteocytes subjected to microgravity and discovered a set of mechanical sensitive genes that are consistently regulated in multiple cell types exposed to microgravity suggesting a common, yet to be fully elucidated, genome-wide response to microgravity. Ground-based simulated microgravity experiments utilizing the NASA rotating-wall-vessel were unable to adequately replicate the changes in microgravity exposure highlighting the importance of spaceflight missions to understand the unique environmental stress that microgravity presents to diverse cell types. In summary, our findings demonstrate that osteocytes respond to µG with an increase in glucose metabolism and oxygen consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhei Uda
- Department of Translational Dental Medicine, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jordan M Spatz
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amira Hussein
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph H Garcia
- School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Forest Lai
- Department of Translational Dental Medicine, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chris Dedic
- Department of Translational Dental Medicine, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keertik Fulzele
- Department of Translational Dental Medicine, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Louis Gerstenfeld
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paola Divieti Pajevic
- Department of Translational Dental Medicine, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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24
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Qin L, Fu X, Ma J, Lin M, Zhang P, Wang Y, Yan Q, Tao C, Liu W, Tang B, Chen D, Bai X, Cao H, Xiao G. Kindlin-2 mediates mechanotransduction in bone by regulating expression of Sclerostin in osteocytes. Commun Biol 2021; 4:402. [PMID: 33767359 PMCID: PMC7994671 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01950-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteocytes act as mechanosensors in bone; however, the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Here we report that deleting Kindlin-2 in osteocytes causes severe osteopenia and mechanical property defects in weight-bearing long bones, but not in non-weight-bearing calvariae. Kindlin-2 loss in osteocytes impairs skeletal responses to mechanical stimulation in long bones. Control and cKO mice display similar bone loss induced by unloading. However, unlike control mice, cKO mice fail to restore lost bone after reloading. Osteocyte Kindlin-2 deletion impairs focal adhesion (FA) formation, cytoskeleton organization and cell orientation in vitro and in bone. Fluid shear stress dose-dependently increases Kindlin-2 expression and decreases that of Sclerostin by downregulating Smad2/3 in osteocytes; this latter response is abolished by Kindlin-2 ablation. Kindlin-2-deficient osteocytes express abundant Sclerostin, contributing to bone loss in cKO mice. Collectively, we demonstrate an indispensable novel role of Kindlin-2 in maintaining skeletal responses to mechanical stimulation by inhibiting Sclerostin expression during osteocyte mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qin
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuekun Fu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Manxia Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peijun Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yishu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qinnan Yan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chu Tao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Di Chen
- Research Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaochun Bai
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiling Cao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Guozhi Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
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Smith C, Tacey A, Mesinovic J, Scott D, Lin X, Brennan-Speranza TC, Lewis JR, Duque G, Levinger I. The effects of acute exercise on bone turnover markers in middle-aged and older adults: A systematic review. Bone 2021; 143:115766. [PMID: 33227507 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone turnover is the cellular machinery responsible for bone integrity and strength and, in the clinical setting, it is assessed using bone turnover markers (BTMs). Acute exercise can induce mechanical stress on bone which is needed for bone remodelling, but to date, there are conflicting results in regards to the effects of varying mechanical stimuli on BTMs. OBJECTIVES This systematic review examines the effects of acute aerobic, resistance and impact exercises on BTMs in middle and older-aged adults and examines whether the responses are determined by the exercise mode, intensity, age and sex. METHODS We searched PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science and EMBASE up to 22nd April 2020. Eligibility criteria included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and single-arm studies that included middle-aged (50 to 65 years) and older adults (>65 years) and, a single-bout, acute-exercise (aerobic, resistance, impact) intervention with measurement of BTMs. PROSPERO registration number CRD42020145359. RESULTS Thirteen studies were included; 8 in middle-aged (n = 275, 212 women/63 men, mean age = 57.9 ± 1.5 years) and 5 in older adults (n = 93, 50 women/43 men, mean age = 68.2 ± 2.2 years). Eleven studies included aerobic exercise (AE, 7 middle-aged/4 older adults), and two included resistance exercise (RE, both middle-aged). AE significantly increased C-terminal telopeptide (CTX), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bone-ALP in middle-aged and older adults. AE also significantly increased total osteocalcin (tOC) in middle-aged men and Procollagen I Carboxyterminal Propeptide and Cross-Linked Carboxyterminal Telopeptide of Type I Collagen in older women. RE alone decreased ALP in older adults. In middle-aged adults, RE with impact had no effect on tOC or BALP, but significantly decreased CTX. Impact (jumping) exercise alone increased Procollagen Type 1 N Propeptide and tOC in middle-aged women. CONCLUSION Acute exercise is an effective tool to modify BTMs, however, the response appears to be exercise modality-, intensity-, age- and sex-specific. There is further need for higher quality and larger RCTs in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Smith
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexander Tacey
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Jakub Mesinovic
- School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David Scott
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia; School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xuzhu Lin
- Diabetes & Metabolic Disease Laboratory, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Tara C Brennan-Speranza
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Joshua R Lewis
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia; Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Medical School, University Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia.
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Johnson IRD, Nguyen CT, Wise P, Grimm D. Implications of Altered Endosome and Lysosome Biology in Space Environments. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218205. [PMID: 33147843 PMCID: PMC7663135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Space exploration poses multiple challenges for mankind, not only on a technical level but also to the entire physiology of the space traveller. The human system must adapt to several environmental stressors, microgravity being one of them. Lysosomes are ubiquitous to every cell and essential for their homeostasis, playing significant roles in the regulation of autophagy, immunity, and adaptation of the organism to changes in their environment, to name a few. Dysfunction of the lysosomal system leads to age-related diseases, for example bone loss, reduced immune response or cancer. As these conditions have been shown to be accelerated following exposure to microgravity, this review elucidates the lysosomal response to real and simulated microgravity. Microgravity activates the endo-lysosomal system, with resulting impacts on bone loss, muscle atrophy and stem cell differentiation. The investigation of lysosomal adaptation to microgravity can be beneficial in the search for new biomarkers or therapeutic approaches to several disease pathologies on earth as well as the potential to mitigate pathophysiology during spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R. D. Johnson
- Research in Space Environments Group, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Catherine T. Nguyen
- Research in Space Environments Group, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia;
| | - Petra Wise
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA;
| | - Daniela Grimm
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany;
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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27
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Molecular insights into therapeutic promise of targeting of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in obesity. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:8091-8100. [PMID: 32886327 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05784-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a curable disorder which is a global health concern, linked to an excess amount of fat. It is caused by inherited and environmental factors and can be grim to maintain through dieting only. The importance of peculiar Wnt/β-catenin signaling has directed considerable efforts in the future production of therapeutic approaches in metabolic complications, including obesity. The article aims to examine the prospects of Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade in obesity via directing effects of Wnt/β-catenin cascade in regulating appetite. A deep research on the literature available to date, for Wnt/β-catenin cascade in obesity is conducted using various medical databases like PubMed, MEDLINE from the internet. The articles published in English language were mainly preferred. Obesity has developed endemic worldwide, which initiates various obesity-related comorbidities. Obesity is implied by excessive deposition of fat primarily in the adipose tissue. Numerous studies have shown the vital impact of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in the growth of body part and biological homeostasis, while latent data illustrate the inherited variations in the Wnt/β-catenin cascade, correlating to several complications. The current article enlightens the stimulation of the Wnt/β-catenin cascade in obesity, mainly depot-explicit impact among adipose tissue during high caloric intake regulation and WAT browning event. Taken all together these data illustrate Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade subsidizes to obesity promoted insulin resistance independent proliferation of adipose tissue.
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Rolvien T, Milovanovic P, Schmidt FN, von Kroge S, Wölfel EM, Krause M, Wulff B, Püschel K, Ritchie RO, Amling M, Busse B. Long-Term Immobilization in Elderly Females Causes a Specific Pattern of Cortical Bone and Osteocyte Deterioration Different From Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:1343-1351. [PMID: 31999373 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immobilization as a result of long-term bed rest can lead to gradual bone loss. Because of their distribution throughout the bone matrix and remarkable interconnectivity, osteocytes represent the major mechanosensors in bone and translate mechanical into biochemical signals controlling bone remodeling. To test whether immobilization affects the characteristics of the osteocyte network in human cortical bone, femoral diaphyseal bone specimens were analyzed in immobilized female individuals and compared with age-matched postmenopausal individuals with primary osteoporosis. Premenopausal and postmenopausal healthy individuals served as control groups. Cortical porosity, osteocyte number and lacunar area, the frequency of hypermineralized lacunae, as well as cortical bone calcium content (CaMean) were assessed using bone histomorphometry and quantitative backscattered electron imaging (qBEI). Bone matrix properties were further analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In the immobilization group, cortical porosity was significantly higher, and qBEI revealed a trend toward higher matrix mineralization compared with osteoporotic individuals. Osteocyte density and canalicular density showed a declining rate from premenopausal toward healthy postmenopausal and osteoporotic individuals with peculiar reductions in the immobilization group, whereas the number of hypermineralized lacunae accumulated inversely. In conclusion, reduced osteocyte density and impaired connectivity during immobilization are associated with a specific bone loss pattern, reflecting a phenotype clearly distinguishable from postmenopausal osteoporosis. Immobilization periods may lead to a loss of survival signals for osteocytes, provoking bone loss that is even higher than in osteoporosis states, whereas osteocytic osteolysis remains absent. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Rolvien
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Petar Milovanovic
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Laboratory for Anthropology and Skeletal Biology, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Felix N Schmidt
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simon von Kroge
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva M Wölfel
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Krause
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Trauma, Hand, and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Birgit Wulff
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Püschel
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert O Ritchie
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michael Amling
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Busse
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Meszaros K, Patocs A. Glucocorticoids Influencing Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway; Multiple Sites, Heterogeneous Effects. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071489. [PMID: 32218328 PMCID: PMC7181001 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid hormones are vital; their accurate operation is a necessity at all ages and in all life situations. Glucocorticoids regulate diverse physiological processes and they use many signaling pathways to fulfill their effect. As the operation of these hormones affects many organs, the excess of glucocorticoids is actually detrimental to the whole human body. The endogenous glucocorticoid excess is a relatively rare condition, but a significant proportion of adult people uses glucocorticoid medication for the treatment of chronic illnesses, therefore they are exposed to the side effects of long-term glucocorticoid treatment. Our review summarizes the adverse effects of glucocorticoid excess affecting bones, adipose tissue, brain and skin, focusing on those effects which involve the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Attila Patocs
- Hereditary Tumours Research Group, 1089 Budapest, Hungary;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, 1122 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-1-266-0926; Fax: +36-1-266-0816
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Coulombe JC, Senwar B, Ferguson VL. Spaceflight-Induced Bone Tissue Changes that Affect Bone Quality and Increase Fracture Risk. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2020; 18:1-12. [PMID: 31897866 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-019-00540-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Bone mineral density and systemic factors are used to assess skeletal health in astronauts. Yet, even in a general population, these measures fail to accurately predict when any individual will fracture. This review considers how long-duration human spaceflight requires evaluation of additional bone structural and material quality measures that contribute to microgravity-induced skeletal fragility. RECENT FINDINGS In both humans and small animal models following spaceflight, bone mass is compromised via reduced bone formation and elevated resorption levels. Concurrently, bone structural quality (e.g., trabecular microarchitecture) is diminished and the quality of bone material is reduced via impaired tissue mineralization, maturation, and maintenance (e.g., mediated by osteocytes). Bone structural and material quality are both affected by microgravity and may, together, jeopardize astronaut operational readiness and lead to increased fracture risk upon return to gravitational loading. Future studies need to directly evaluate how bone quality combines with diminished bone mass to influence bone strength and toughness (e.g., resistance to fracture). Bone quality assessment promises to identify novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Coulombe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 427, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- BioServe Space Technologies, University of Colorado, UCB 429, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Bhavya Senwar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 427, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- BioServe Space Technologies, University of Colorado, UCB 429, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Virginia L Ferguson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 427, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
- BioServe Space Technologies, University of Colorado, UCB 429, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
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Arfat Y, Rani A, Jingping W, Hocart CH. Calcium homeostasis during hibernation and in mechanical environments disrupting calcium homeostasis. J Comp Physiol B 2020; 190:1-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-019-01255-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Nordberg RC, Mellor LF, Krause AR, Donahue HJ, Loboa EG. LRP receptors in chondrocytes are modulated by simulated microgravity and cyclic hydrostatic pressure. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223245. [PMID: 31584963 PMCID: PMC6777824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical loading is essential for the maintenance of musculoskeletal homeostasis. Cartilage has been demonstrated to be highly mechanoresponsive, but the mechanisms by which chondrocytes respond to mechanical stimuli are not clearly understood. The goal of the study was to determine how LRP4, LRP5, and LRP6 within canonical Wnt-signaling are regulated in simulated microgravity and cyclic hydrostatic pressure, and to investigate the potential role of LRP 4/5/6 in cartilage degeneration. Rat chondrosacroma cell (RCS) pellets were stimulated using either cyclic hydrostatic pressure (1Hz, 7.5 MPa, 4hr/day) or simulated microgravity in a rotating wall vessel (RWV) bioreactor (11RPM, 24hr/day). LRP4/5/6 mRNA expression was assessed by RT-qPCR and LRP5 protein expression was determined by fluorescent immunostaining. To further evaluate our in vitro findings in vivo, mice were subjected to hindlimb suspension for 14 days and the femoral heads stained for LRP5 expression. We found that, in vitro, LRP4/5/6 mRNA expression is modulated in a time-dependent manner by mechanical stimulation. Additionally, LRP5 protein expression is upregulated in response to both simulated microgravity and cyclic hydrostatic pressure. LRP5 is also upregulated in vivo in the articular cartilage of hindlimb suspended mice. This is the first study to examine how LRP4/5/6, critical receptors within musculoskeletal biology, respond to mechanical stimulation. Further elucidation of this mechanism could provide significant clinical benefit for the identification of pharmaceutical targets for the maintenance of cartilage health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C. Nordberg
- College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | | | - Andrew R. Krause
- Sport Health and Physical Education, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Henry J. Donahue
- Division of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth G. Loboa
- College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Maïmoun L, Ben Bouallègue F, Gelis A, Aouinti S, Mura T, Philibert P, Souberbielle JC, Piketty M, Garnero P, Mariano-Goulart D, Fattal C. Periostin and sclerostin levels in individuals with spinal cord injury and their relationship with bone mass, bone turnover, fracture and osteoporosis status. Bone 2019; 127:612-619. [PMID: 31351195 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) induces an acute alteration in bone metabolism. Although the aetiology of the bone disturbances is not precisely known, immobilisation reduces mechanical loading and the morphology of osteocytes, which are the primary mechanosensors. Periostin and sclerostin are secreted mostly by osteocytes and are involved in bone's mechanical response. OBJECTIVE The present study was conducted to determine whether individuals with SCI present alterations in serum periostin and sclerostin and to assess their relationships with bone mineral density, bone turnover markers, fracture status, time since injury, densitometric osteoporosis and paraplegic vs. tetraplegic status. SUBJECTS AND METHODS One hundred and thirty-one individuals with SCI (96 males and 35 females; 42.8 ± 13.7 yr old) with a mean 14.2 ± 12.1 years since the time of injury were evaluated and compared with 40 able-bodied controls in a cross-sectional study. Periostin and sclerostin were assayed by ELISA from Biomedica® (Vienna, Austria), and bone turnover markers and areal bone mineral density (aBMD) were concomitantly analysed. RESULTS Compared with controls, individuals with SCI presented higher periostin (p < 0.01), lower sclerostin (p < 0.001), similar markers of bone turnover levels and lower aBMD at the hip. Compared with chronic individuals, bone turnover markers, sclerostin excepted, values were higher as well as aBMD at hip in individuals with acute SCI. Moreover, the aBMD differences were more marked in tetraplegic than paraplegic individuals. Bone mineral density, fracture status, densitometric osteoporosis and paraplegia vs. tetraplegia did not seem to substantially influence the values of biological markers, sclerostin excepted. CONCLUSION This study showed for the first time that individuals with SCI presented higher periostin levels than healthy controls only during the acute phase. Conversely, sclerostin levels are lower whatever the post-injury time. Fractures and densitometric osteoporosis were not associated with differences in these two biological markers, whereas paraplegia vs. tetraplegia and fragility fracture status seemed to influence sclerostin levels only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Maïmoun
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire, Hôpital Lapeyronie, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; PhyMedExp, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, France.
| | - Fayçal Ben Bouallègue
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire, Hôpital Lapeyronie, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; PhyMedExp, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, France
| | | | - Safa Aouinti
- Unité de Recherche Clinique et Epidémiologie, Hôpital La Colombière, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Thibault Mura
- Unité de Recherche Clinique et Epidémiologie, Hôpital La Colombière, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Pascal Philibert
- Departement de Biochimie et d'Hormonologie, Hôpital Lapeyronie, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Marie Piketty
- Laboratoire des Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | | | - Denis Mariano-Goulart
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire, Hôpital Lapeyronie, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; PhyMedExp, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Charles Fattal
- Centre de Rééducation et Réadaptation Fonctionnelle La Châtaigneraie, Menucourt, France
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Murai IH, Roschel H, Dantas WS, Gil S, Merege-Filho C, de Cleva R, de Sá-Pinto AL, Lima F, Santo MA, Benatti FB, Kirwan JP, Pereira RM, Gualano B. Exercise Mitigates Bone Loss in Women With Severe Obesity After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:4639-4650. [PMID: 31322672 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Bone loss after bariatric surgery potentially could be mitigated by exercise. OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of exercise training (ET) in attenuating bariatric surgery-induced bone loss. DESIGN Randomized, controlled trial. SETTING Referral center for bariatric surgery. PATIENTS Seventy women with severe obesity, aged 25 to 55 years, who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). INTERVENTION Supervised, 6-month, ET program after RYGB vs. standard of care (RYGB only). OUTCOMES Areal bone mineral density (aBMD) was the primary outcome. Bone microarchitecture, bone turnover, and biochemical markers were secondary outcomes. RESULTS Surgery significantly decreased femoral neck, total hip, distal radius, and whole body aBMD (P < 0.001); and increased bone turnover markers, including collagen type I C-telopeptide (CTX), procollagen type I N-propeptide (P1NP), sclerostin, and osteopontin (P < 0.05). Compared with RYGB only, exercise mitigated the percent loss of aBMD at femoral neck [estimated mean difference (EMD), -2.91%; P = 0.007;], total hip (EMD, -2.26%; P = 0.009), distal radius (EMD, -1.87%; P = 0.038), and cortical volumetric bone mineral density at distal radius (EMD, -2.09%; P = 0.024). Exercise also attenuated CTX (EMD, -0.20 ng/mL; P = 0.002), P1NP (EMD, -17.59 ng/mL; P = 0.024), and sclerostin levels (EMD, -610 pg/mL; P = 0.046) in comparison with RYGB. Exercise did not affect biochemical markers (e.g., 25(OH)D, calcium, intact PTH, phosphorus, and magnesium). CONCLUSION Exercise mitigated bariatric surgery-induced bone loss, possibly through mechanisms involving suppression in bone turnover and sclerostin. Exercise should be incorporated in postsurgery care to preserve bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor H Murai
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Laboratory of Assessment and Conditioning in Rheumatology, School of Physical Education and Sport, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Laboratory of Assessment and Conditioning in Rheumatology, School of Physical Education and Sport, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wagner S Dantas
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Laboratory of Assessment and Conditioning in Rheumatology, School of Physical Education and Sport, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Saulo Gil
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Laboratory of Assessment and Conditioning in Rheumatology, School of Physical Education and Sport, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Merege-Filho
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Laboratory of Assessment and Conditioning in Rheumatology, School of Physical Education and Sport, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto de Cleva
- Gastroenterology Department, Digestive Surgery Division, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana L de Sá-Pinto
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Lima
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco A Santo
- Gastroenterology Department, Digestive Surgery Division, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana B Benatti
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Laboratory of Assessment and Conditioning in Rheumatology, School of Physical Education and Sport, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Applied Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - John P Kirwan
- Integrative Physiology and Molecular Metabolism Group, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Rosa M Pereira
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Laboratory of Assessment and Conditioning in Rheumatology, School of Physical Education and Sport, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kuo TH, Lin WH, Chao JY, Wu AB, Tseng CC, Chang YT, Liou HH, Wang MC. Serum sclerostin levels are positively related to bone mineral density in peritoneal dialysis patients: a cross-sectional study. BMC Nephrol 2019; 20:266. [PMID: 31315601 PMCID: PMC6637583 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-019-1452-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sclerostin, an antagonist of the Wingless-type mouse mammary tumor virus integration site (Wnt) pathway that regulates bone metabolism, is a potential contributor of chronic kidney disease (CKD)–mineral and bone disorder (MBD), which has various forms of presentation, from osteoporosis to vascular calcification. The positive association of sclerostin with bone mineral density (BMD) has been demonstrated in CKD and hemodialysis (HD) patients but not in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. This study assessed the association between sclerostin and BMD in PD patients. Methods Eighty-nine PD patients were enrolled; their sera were collected for measurement of sclerostin and other CKD–MBD-related markers. BMD was also assessed simultaneously. We examined the relationship between sclerostin and each parameter through Spearman correlation analysis and by comparing group data between patients with above- and below-median sclerostin levels. Univariate and multiple logistic regression models were employed to define the most predictive of sclerostin levels in the above-median category. Results Bivariate analysis revealed that sclerostin was correlated with spine BMD (r = 0.271, P = 0.011), spine BMD T-score (r = 0.274, P = 0.010), spine BMD Z-score (r = 0.237, P = 0.027), and intact parathyroid hormone (PTH; r = − 0.357, P < 0.001) after adjustments for age and sex. High BMD, old age, male sex, increased weight and height, diabetes, and high osteocalcin and uric acid levels were observed in patients with high serum sclerostin levels and an inverse relation was noticed between PTH and sclerostin. Univariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that BMD is positively correlated with above-median sclerostin levels (odds ratio [OR] = 65.61, P = 0.002); the correlation was retained even after multivariate adjustment (OR = 121.5, P = 0.007). Conclusions For the first time, this study demonstrated a positive association between serum sclerostin levels and BMD in the PD population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Hui Kuo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Shengli Rd., North Dist, Tainan, 704, Taiwan.,Department and Graduate Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hung Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Yen Chao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Shengli Rd., North Dist, Tainan, 704, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - An-Bang Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Shengli Rd., North Dist, Tainan, 704, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chung Tseng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Shengli Rd., North Dist, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tzu Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Shengli Rd., North Dist, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Hsiang Liou
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hsin-Jen Hospital, 395 Zhongzheng Rd., Xinzhuang Dist, New Taipei City, 242, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Cheng Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Shengli Rd., North Dist, Tainan, 704, Taiwan. .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Kehler DS, Theou O, Rockwood K. Bed rest and accelerated aging in relation to the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular systems and frailty biomarkers: A review. Exp Gerontol 2019; 124:110643. [PMID: 31255732 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged bed rest and lifelong physical inactivity cause deleterious effects to multiple physiological systems that appear to hasten aging processes. Many such changes are similar to those seen with microgravity in space, but at a much faster rate. Head down tilt bed rest models are used to study whole-body changes that occur with spaceflight. We propose that bed rest can be used to quantify accelerated human aging in relation to frailty. In particular, frailty as a measure of the accumulation of deficits estimates the variability in aging across systems, and moves away from the traditional single-system approach. Here, we provide an overview of the impact of bed rest on the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular systems as well as frailty-related biological markers and inflammatory cytokines. We also propose future inquiries to study the accumulation of deficits with head down bed rest and bed rest in the clinical setting, specifically to understand how unrepaired and unremoved subclinical and subcellular damage give rise to clinically observable health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Kehler
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
| | - O Theou
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - K Rockwood
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Reptiles in Space Missions: Results and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20123019. [PMID: 31226840 PMCID: PMC6627973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reptiles are a rare model object for space research. However, some reptile species demonstrate effective adaptation to spaceflight conditions. The main scope of this review is a comparative analysis of reptile experimental exposure in weightlessness, demonstrating the advantages and shortcomings of this model. The description of the known reptile experiments using turtles and geckos in the space and parabolic flight experiments is provided. Behavior, skeletal bones (morphology, histology, and X-ray microtomography), internal organs, and the nervous system (morphology, histology, and immunohistochemistry) are studied in the spaceflight experiments to date, while molecular and physiological results are restricted. Therefore, the results are discussed in the scope of molecular data collected from mammalian (mainly rodents) specimens and cell cultures in the parabolic and orbital flights and simulated microgravity. The published data are compared with the results of the gecko model studies after the 12–44.5-day spaceflights with special reference to the unique peculiarities of the gecko model for the orbital experiments. The complex study of thick-toed geckos after three spaceflights, in which all geckos survived and demonstrated effective adaptation to spaceflight conditions, was performed. However, future investigations are needed to study molecular mechanisms of gecko adaptation in space.
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Lerner UH, Kindstedt E, Lundberg P. The critical interplay between bone resorbing and bone forming cells. J Clin Periodontol 2019; 46 Suppl 21:33-51. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulf H. Lerner
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition; Institute of Medicine; Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Odontology; Division of Molecular Periodontology; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - Elin Kindstedt
- Department of Odontology; Division of Molecular Periodontology; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - Pernilla Lundberg
- Department of Odontology; Division of Molecular Periodontology; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
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Li G, Zhang L, Wang D, AIQudsy L, Jiang JX, Xu H, Shang P. Muscle-bone crosstalk and potential therapies for sarco-osteoporosis. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:14262-14273. [PMID: 31106446 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The nature of muscle-bone crosstalk has been historically considered to be only mechanical, where the muscle is the load applier while bone provides the attachment sites. However, this dogma has been challenged with the emerging notion that bone and muscle act as secretory endocrine organs affect the function of each other. Biochemical crosstalk occurs through myokines such as myostatin, irisin, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-7, IL-15, insulin-like growth factor-1, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2, and β-aminoisobutyric acid and through bone-derived factors including FGF23, prostaglandin E2 , transforming growth factor β, osteocalcin, and sclerostin. Aside from the biochemical and mechanical interaction, additional factors including aging, circadian rhythm, nervous system network, nutrition intake, and exosomes also have effects on bone-muscle crosstalk. Here, we summarize the current research progress in the area, which may be conductive to identify potential novel therapies for the osteoporosis and sarcopenia, especially when they develop in parallel.
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Affiliation(s)
- GuoBin Li
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - DongEn Wang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Luban AIQudsy
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jean X Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - HuiYun Xu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peng Shang
- Research & Development Institute in Shenzhen, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Zhang D, Miranda M, Li X, Han J, Sun Y, Rojas N, He S, Hu M, Lin L, Li X, Ke HZ, Qin YX. Retention of osteocytic micromorphology by sclerostin antibody in a concurrent ovariectomy and functional disuse model. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1442:91-103. [PMID: 30644553 PMCID: PMC6465143 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged mechanical unloading in bedridden patients and concurrent hormonal dysregulation represents the cause of one of the severest forms of osteoporosis, a condition for which there are very few efficacious interventions available to date. Sclerostin, a Wnt antagonist, acts as a negative regulator of bone formation. Sclerostin antibody (Scl-Ab)-mediated blockade of sclerostin can dramatically enhance bone formation and reduce bone resorption. This study was designed to investigate the therapeutic effect of the Scl-Ab on severe bone loss induced by concurrent mechanical unloading and estrogen deficiency in a hindlimb-suspended and ovariectomized rat model, and to study the cellular mechanisms underlying severe osteoporosis and Scl-Ab action. Unloading and ovariectomy resulted in severe loss of trabecular and cortical bone mass and strength; Scl-Ab can significantly counteract the deterioration of bone in unloaded and/or ovariectomized rats, with noticeably increased cortical bone formation. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that unloading and ovariectomy lead to multiple morphological and structural abnormalities of osteocytes in cortical bone and the abnormalities were abolished by Scl-Ab administration. This study extends our previous conclusion that Scl-Ab represents a promising therapeutic approach for severe bone loss that occurs after being exposed to estrogen deficiency and prolonged mechanical unloading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongye Zhang
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Marianna Miranda
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Jiangmeng Han
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Yueli Sun
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Nancy Rojas
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Shan He
- Dept. of Material Science Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Minyi Hu
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Liangjun Lin
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Dept. of Metabolic Disorders, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA
| | | | - Yi-Xian Qin
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
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Divieti Pajevic P, Krause DS. Osteocyte regulation of bone and blood. Bone 2019; 119:13-18. [PMID: 29458123 PMCID: PMC6095825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This past decade has witnessed a renewed interest in the function and biology of matrix-embedded osteocytes and these cells have emerged as master regulators of bone homeostasis. They secrete two very powerful proteins, sclerostin, a Wnt-inhibitor, that suppresses bone formation, and receptor-activator of NF-kB ligand (RANKL), a cytokine required for osteoclastogenesis. Neutralizing antibodies against these proteins are currently used for the treatment of osteoporosis. Recent studies however, ascribed yet another function to osteocytes: the control of hematopoiesis and the HSPC niche, directly and through secreted factors. In the absence of osteocytes there is an increase in HSC mobilization and abnormal lymphopoiesis whereas in the absence of Gsα signaling in these cells there is an increase of myeloid cells. How exactly osteocytes control hematopoiesis or the HSPC niche is still not completely understood. In this review we summarize the actions of osteocytes in bone and then analyze the effects of these cells on hematopoiesis. Future directions and gaps in current knowledge are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela S Krause
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Abstract
A history of prior fracture is the most reliable indicator of prospective fracture risk. Increased fracture risk is not confined to the region of the prior fracture, but is operant at all skeletal sites, providing strong evidence of systemic bone loss after fracture. Animal and human studies suggest that systemic bone loss begins shortly after fracture and persists for several years in humans. In fact, bone quantity and bone quality may never fully return to their pre-fracture levels, especially in older subjects, demonstrating a need for improved understanding of the mechanisms leading to systemic bone loss after fracture in order to reduce subsequent fracture risk. Although the process remains incompletely understood, mechanical unloading (disuse), systemic inflammation, and hormones that control calcium homeostasis may all contribute to systemic bone loss. Additionally, individual factors can potentially affect the magnitude and time course of systemic bone loss and recovery. The magnitude of systemic bone loss correlates positively with injury severity and age. Men may also experience greater bone loss or less recovery than women after fracture. This review details the current understanding of systemic bone loss following fracture, including possible underlying mechanisms and individual factors that may affect this injury response.
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Responses to spaceflight of mouse mandibular bone and teeth. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 93:163-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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45
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Tian F, Wang Y, Bikle DD. IGF-1 signaling mediated cell-specific skeletal mechano-transduction. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:576-583. [PMID: 28980721 PMCID: PMC5839951 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical loading preserves bone mass and stimulates bone formation, whereas skeletal unloading leads to bone loss. In addition to osteocytes, which are considered the primary sensor of mechanical load, osteoblasts, and bone specific mesenchymal stem cells also are involved. The skeletal response to mechanical signals is a complex process regulated by multiple signaling pathways including that of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Conditional osteocyte deletion of IGF-1 ablates the osteogenic response to mechanical loading. Similarly, osteocyte IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) expression is necessary for reloading-induced periosteal bone formation. Transgenic overexpression of IGF-1 in osteoblasts results in enhanced responsiveness to in vivo mechanical loading in mice, a response which is eliminated by osteoblastic conditional disruption of IGF-1 in vivo. Bone marrow derived stem cells (BMSC) from unloaded bone fail to respond to IGF-1 in vitro. IGF-1R is required for the transduction of a mechanical stimulus to downstream effectors, transduction which is lost when the IGF-1R is deleted. Although the molecular mechanisms are not yet fully elucidated, the IGF signaling pathway and its interactions with potentially interlinked signaling cascades involving integrins, the estrogen receptor, and wnt/β-catenin play an important role in regulating adaptive response of cancer bone cells to mechanical stimuli. In this review, we discuss recent advances investigating how IGF-1 and other interlinked molecules and signaling pathways regulate skeletal mechano-transduction involving different bone cells, providing an overview of the IGF-1 signaling mediated cell-specific response to mechanical stimuli. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:576-583, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faming Tian
- Department of Medicine, Endocrine Research Unit, University of California San Francisco and VA Medical Center, San Francisco,Medical Research Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, P. R. China
| | - Yongmei Wang
- Department of Medicine, Endocrine Research Unit, University of California San Francisco and VA Medical Center, San Francisco
| | - Daniel D. Bikle
- Department of Medicine, Endocrine Research Unit, University of California San Francisco and VA Medical Center, San Francisco,Corresponding author: 1700 Owens St, San Francisco, CA 94158, , Tel: 415-575-0557, FAX: 415-575-0593
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Shin YK, Yoon YK, Chung KB, Rhee Y, Cho SR. Patients with non-ambulatory cerebral palsy have higher sclerostin levels and lower bone mineral density than patients with ambulatory cerebral palsy. Bone 2017; 103:302-307. [PMID: 28720522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Bone loss is a serious clinical issue in patients with cerebral palsy (CP). Sclerostin has garnered interest as a key mechanosensor in osteocytes, leading to considerations of the therapeutic utilization of anti-sclerostin medications. This study was undertaken to determine associations among mechanical unloading, sclerostin levels, and bone imbalance in patients with CP. A total of 28 patients with CP participated in this cross-sectional study. The following measurements were taken: anthropometrics, clinical diagnosis of CP subtype and ambulatory status, bone mineral density (BMD) z-scores at the lumbar spine and hip, and blood biochemical markers, including sclerostin, parathyroid hormone (PTH), osteocalcin, C-terminal telopeptide, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, creatinine, calcium, and phosphorus. In analysis according to CP subtype, patients with spastic CP showed significantly lower BMD z-scores at the lumbar spine and femur neck regions than patients with dyskinetic CP. In analysis according to ambulatory status, patients with non-ambulatory CP showed significantly lower BMD z-scores at all lumbar spine and femoral sites, lower PTH and creatinine levels, and higher plasma sclerostin levels than patients with ambulatory CP. In regression analysis, ambulatory status was a significant determinant of plasma sclerostin levels. This study is the first to report on sclerostin levels and BMD in patients with CP, based on the hypothesis that patients who lack sufficient weight-bearing activities would show increased sclerostin levels and decreased BMD scores, compared with patients who sustain relatively sufficient physical activity. Therefore, this report may provide clinical insights for clinicians considering ambulatory status, sclerostin levels, and bone loss in patients with CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Kyum Shin
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kwon Yoon
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Bae Chung
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yumie Rhee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Endocrine Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Avison Biomedical Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Rae Cho
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Avison Biomedical Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Rehabilitation Institute of Neuromuscular Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Booth FW, Roberts CK, Thyfault JP, Ruegsegger GN, Toedebusch RG. Role of Inactivity in Chronic Diseases: Evolutionary Insight and Pathophysiological Mechanisms. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1351-1402. [PMID: 28814614 PMCID: PMC6347102 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00019.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review proposes that physical inactivity could be considered a behavior selected by evolution for resting, and also selected to be reinforcing in life-threatening situations in which exercise would be dangerous. Underlying the notion are human twin studies and animal selective breeding studies, both of which provide indirect evidence for the existence of genes for physical inactivity. Approximately 86% of the 325 million in the United States (U.S.) population achieve less than the U.S. Government and World Health Organization guidelines for daily physical activity for health. Although underappreciated, physical inactivity is an actual contributing cause to at least 35 unhealthy conditions, including the majority of the 10 leading causes of death in the U.S. First, we introduce nine physical inactivity-related themes. Next, characteristics and models of physical inactivity are presented. Following next are individual examples of phenotypes, organ systems, and diseases that are impacted by physical inactivity, including behavior, central nervous system, cardiorespiratory fitness, metabolism, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, bone, immunity, digestion, and cancer. Importantly, physical inactivity, itself, often plays an independent role as a direct cause of speeding the losses of cardiovascular and strength fitness, shortening of healthspan, and lowering of the age for the onset of the first chronic disease, which in turn decreases quality of life, increases health care costs, and accelerates mortality risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W Booth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Geriatrics, Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Christian K Roberts
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Geriatrics, Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - John P Thyfault
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Geriatrics, Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Gregory N Ruegsegger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Geriatrics, Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Ryan G Toedebusch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Geriatrics, Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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Vico L, van Rietbergen B, Vilayphiou N, Linossier MT, Locrelle H, Normand M, Zouch M, Gerbaix M, Bonnet N, Novikov V, Thomas T, Vassilieva G. Cortical and Trabecular Bone Microstructure Did Not Recover at Weight-Bearing Skeletal Sites and Progressively Deteriorated at Non-Weight-Bearing Sites During the Year Following International Space Station Missions. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:2010-2021. [PMID: 28574653 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Risk for premature osteoporosis is a major health concern in astronauts and cosmonauts; the reversibility of the bone lost at the weight-bearing bone sites is not established, although it is suspected to take longer than the mission length. The bone three-dimensional structure and strength that could be uniquely affected by weightlessness is currently unknown. Our objective is to evaluate bone mass, microarchitecture, and strength of weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing bone in 13 cosmonauts before and for 12 months after a 4-month to 6-month sojourn in the International Space Station (ISS). Standard and advanced evaluations of trabecular and cortical parameters were performed using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography. In particular, cortical analyses involved determination of the largest common volume of each successive individual scan to improve the precision of cortical porosity and density measurements. Bone resorption and formation serum markers, and markers reflecting osteocyte activity or periosteal metabolism (sclerostin, periostin) were evaluated. At the tibia, in addition to decreased bone mineral densities at cortical and trabecular compartments, a 4% decrease in cortical thickness and a 15% increase in cortical porosity were observed at landing. Cortical size and density subsequently recovered and serum periostin changes were associated with cortical recovery during the year after landing. However, tibial cortical porosity or trabecular bone failed to recover, resulting in compromised strength. The radius, preserved at landing, unexpectedly developed postflight fragility, from 3 months post-landing onward, particularly in its cortical structure. Remodeling markers, uncoupled in favor of bone resorption at landing, returned to preflight values within 6 months, then declined farther to lower than preflight values. Our findings highlight the need for specific protective measures not only during, but also after spaceflight, because of continuing uncertainties regarding skeletal recovery long after landing. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Vico
- University of Lyon, INSERM, UMR 1059, F-42000 Saint Etienne, France
| | | | | | | | - Hervé Locrelle
- University of Lyon, INSERM, UMR 1059, F-42000 Saint Etienne, France
| | - Myriam Normand
- University of Lyon, INSERM, UMR 1059, F-42000 Saint Etienne, France
| | - Mohamed Zouch
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.,Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Maude Gerbaix
- University of Lyon, INSERM, UMR 1059, F-42000 Saint Etienne, France
| | - Nicolas Bonnet
- Division of Bone Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Geneva University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valery Novikov
- Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Thierry Thomas
- University of Lyon, INSERM, UMR 1059, F-42000 Saint Etienne, France
| | - Galina Vassilieva
- Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Shi C, Uda Y, Dedic C, Azab E, Sun N, Hussein AI, Petty CA, Fulzele K, Mitterberger-Vogt MC, Zwerschke W, Pereira R, Wang K, Pajevic PD. Carbonic anhydrase III protects osteocytes from oxidative stress. FASEB J 2017; 32:440-452. [PMID: 28928248 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700485rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Osteocytes are master orchestrators of bone remodeling; they control osteoblast and osteoclast activities both directly via cell-to-cell communication and indirectly via secreted factors, and they are the main postnatal source of sclerostin and RANKL (receptor activator of NF-kB ligand), two regulators of osteoblast and osteoclast function. Despite progress in understanding osteocyte biology and function, much remains to be elucidated. Recently developed osteocytic cell lines-together with new genome editing tools-has allowed a closer look at the biology and molecular makeup of these cells. By using single-cell cloning, we identified genes that are associated with high Sost/sclerostin expression and analyzed their regulation and function. Unbiased transcriptome analysis of high- vs. low-Sost/sclerostin-expressing cells identified known and novel genes. Dmp1 (dentin matrix protein 1), Dkk1 (Dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 1), and Phex were among the most up-regulated known genes, whereas Srpx2, Cd200, and carbonic anhydrase III (CAIII) were identified as novel markers of differentiated osteocytes. Aspn, Enpp2, Robo2, Nov, and Serpina3g were among the transcripts that were most significantly suppressed in high-Sost cells. Considering that CAII was recently identified as being regulated by Sost/sclerostin and capable of controlling mineral homeostasis, we focused our attention on CAIII. Here, we report that CAIII is highly expressed in osteocytes, is regulated by parathyroid hormone both in vitro and in vivo, and protects osteocytes from oxidative stress.-Shi, C., Uda, Y., Dedic, C., Azab, E., Sun, N., Hussein, A. I., Petty, C. A., Fulzele, K., Mitterberger-Vogt, M. C., Zwerschke, W., Pereira, R., Wang, K., Divieti Pajevic, P. Carbonic anhydrase III protects osteocytes from oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuhei Uda
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher Dedic
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ehab Azab
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ningyuan Sun
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amira I Hussein
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher A Petty
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Keertik Fulzele
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Werner Zwerschke
- Cell Metabolism and Differentiation Research Group, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Renata Pereira
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kunzheng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China;
| | - Paola Divieti Pajevic
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Over the past decades, osteocytes have emerged as mechano-sensors of bone and master regulators of bone homeostasis. This article summarizes latest research and progress made in understanding osteocyte mechanobiology and critically reviews tools currently available to study these cells. RECENT FINDINGS Whereas increased mechanical forces promote bone formation, decrease loading is always associated with bone loss and skeletal fragility. Recent studies identified cilia, integrins, calcium channels, and G-protein coupled receptors as important sensors of mechanical forces and Ca2+ and cAMP signaling as key effectors. Among transcripts regulated by mechanical forces, sclerostin and RANKL have emerged as potential therapeutic targets for disuse-induced bone loss. In this paper, we review the mechanisms by which osteocytes perceive and transduce mechanical cues and the models available to study mechano-transduction. Future directions of the field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhei Uda
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ehab Azab
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ningyuan Sun
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chao Shi
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Paola Divieti Pajevic
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
- , 700 Albany Street, W201C, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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