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Guran T, Buonocore F, Saka N, Ozbek MN, Aycan Z, Bereket A, Bas F, Darcan S, Bideci A, Guven A, Demir K, Akinci A, Buyukinan M, Aydin BK, Turan S, Agladioglu SY, Atay Z, Abali ZY, Tarim O, Catli G, Yuksel B, Akcay T, Yildiz M, Ozen S, Doger E, Demirbilek H, Ucar A, Isik E, Ozhan B, Bolu S, Ozgen IT, Suntharalingham JP, Achermann JC. Rare Causes of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: Genetic and Clinical Characterization of a Large Nationwide Cohort. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:284-92. [PMID: 26523528 PMCID: PMC4701852 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-3250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) is a life-threatening condition that is often due to monogenic causes in children. Although congenital adrenal hyperplasia occurs commonly, several other important molecular causes have been reported, often with overlapping clinical and biochemical features. The relative prevalence of these conditions is not known, but making a specific diagnosis can have important implications for management. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to investigate the clinical and molecular genetic characteristics of a nationwide cohort of children with PAI of unknown etiology. DESIGN A structured questionnaire was used to evaluate clinical, biochemical, and imaging data. Genetic analysis was performed using Haloplex capture and next-generation sequencing. Patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, adrenoleukodystrophy, autoimmune adrenal insufficiency, or obvious syndromic PAI were excluded. SETTING The study was conducted in 19 tertiary pediatric endocrinology clinics. PATIENTS Ninety-five children (48 females, aged 0-18 y, eight familial) with PAI of unknown etiology participated in the study. RESULTS A genetic diagnosis was obtained in 77 patients (81%). The range of etiologies was as follows: MC2R (n = 25), NR0B1 (n = 12), STAR (n = 11), CYP11A1 (n = 9), MRAP (n = 9), NNT (n = 7), ABCD1 (n = 2), NR5A1 (n = 1), and AAAS (n = 1). Recurrent mutations occurred in several genes, such as c.560delT in MC2R, p.R451W in CYP11A1, and c.IVS3ds+1delG in MRAP. Several important clinical and molecular insights emerged. CONCLUSION This is the largest nationwide study of the molecular genetics of childhood PAI undertaken. Achieving a molecular diagnosis in more than 80% of children has important translational impact for counseling families, presymptomatic diagnosis, personalized treatment (eg, mineralocorticoid replacement), predicting comorbidities (eg, neurological, puberty/fertility), and targeting clinical genetic testing in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulay Guran
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
| | - Federica Buonocore
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
| | - Nurcin Saka
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
| | - Mehmet Nuri Ozbek
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
| | - Zehra Aycan
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
| | - Abdullah Bereket
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
| | - Firdevs Bas
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
| | - Sukran Darcan
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
| | - Aysun Bideci
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
| | - Ayla Guven
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
| | - Korcan Demir
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
| | - Aysehan Akinci
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
| | - Muammer Buyukinan
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
| | - Banu Kucukemre Aydin
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
| | - Serap Turan
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
| | - Sebahat Yilmaz Agladioglu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
| | - Zeynep Atay
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
| | - Zehra Yavas Abali
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
| | - Omer Tarim
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
| | - Gonul Catli
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
| | - Bilgin Yuksel
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
| | - Teoman Akcay
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
| | - Metin Yildiz
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
| | - Samim Ozen
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
| | - Esra Doger
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
| | - Huseyin Demirbilek
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
| | - Ahmet Ucar
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
| | - Emregul Isik
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
| | - Bayram Ozhan
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
| | - Semih Bolu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
| | - Ilker Tolga Ozgen
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
| | - Jenifer P Suntharalingham
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
| | - John C Achermann
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (T.G., Z.A., A.B., S.T.), Marmara University, Istanbul 34899, Turkey; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (T.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (F.B., J.S., J.C.A.), University College London Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (N.S., F.B., B.K.A., Z.Y.A.), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.N.O., H.D.), Diyarbakir Children's Hospital, 21100 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (Z.A., S.Y.A.), Dr Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.D., S.O.), Ege University, 35040 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.B., E.D.), Gazi University, 06550 Ankara, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (A.G., M.Y.), Goztepe Educational and Research Hospital, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics (A.G.), Amasya University Medical Faculty, 05189 Amasya, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic (K.D.), Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.A.), Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (M.B.), Konya Training and Research Hospital, 42100 Konya, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (O.T.), Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (G.C.), Eylul University, 35210 Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.Y.), Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Clinics of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.A.), Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey; Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic
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