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Zhao X, Xiao H, Li X, Zhu L, Peng Y, Chen H, Chen L, Xu D, Wang H. Multi-organ developmental toxicity and its characteristics in fetal mice induced by dexamethasone at different doses, stages, and courses during pregnancy. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1891-1908. [PMID: 38522057 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03707-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Dexamethasone is widely used in pregnant women at risk of preterm birth to reduce the occurrence of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome and subsequently reduce neonatal mortality. Studies have suggested that dexamethasone has developmental toxicity, but there is a notable absence of systematic investigations about its characteristics. In this study, we examined the effects of prenatal dexamethasone exposure (PDE) on mother/fetal mice at different doses (0.2, 0.4, or 0.8 mg/kg b.i.d), stages (gestational day 14-15 or 16-17) and courses (single- or double-course) based on the clinical practice. Results showed that PDE increased intrauterine growth retardation rate, and disordered the serum glucose, lipid and cholesterol metabolic phenotypes, and sex hormone level of mother/fetal mice. PDE was further discovered to interfere with the development of fetal lung, hippocampus and bone, inhibits steroid synthesis in adrenal and testis, and promotes steroid synthesis in the ovary and lipid synthesis in the liver, with significant effects observed at high dose, early stage and double course. The order of severity might be: ovary > lung > hippocampus/bone > others. Correlation analysis revealed that the decreased serum corticosterone and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) levels were closely related to PDE-induced low birth weight and abnormal multi-organ development in offspring. In conclusion, this study systematically confirmed PDE-induced multi-organ developmental toxicity, elucidated its characteristics, and proposed the potential "glucocorticoid (GC)-IGF1" axis programming mechanism. This research provided an experimental foundation for a comprehensive understanding of the effect and characteristics of dexamethasone on fetal multi-organ development, thereby guiding the application of "precision medicine" during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Hao Xiao
- Division of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Lu Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yu Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Huijun Chen
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Liaobin Chen
- Division of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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Bu J, Guo Y, Wu Y, Zhang R, Zhuang J, Zhao J, Sun L, Quantock AJ, Liu Z, Li W. Models for Meibomian gland dysfunction: In vivo and in vitro. Ocul Surf 2024; 32:154-165. [PMID: 38490475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is a chronic abnormality of the Meibomian glands (MGs) that is recognized as the leading cause of evaporative dry eye worldwide. Despite its prevalence, however, the pathophysiology of MGD remains elusive, and effective disease management continues to be a challenge. In the past 50 years, different models have been developed to illustrate the pathophysiological nature of MGD and the underlying disease mechanisms. An understanding of these models is crucial if researchers are to select an appropriate model to address specific questions related to MGD and to develop new treatments. Here, we summarize the various models of MGD, discuss their applications and limitations, and provide perspectives for future studies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Bu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Yuli Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Zhongshan Hospital (Xiamen), Fudan University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Rongrong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jingbin Zhuang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jiankai Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Le Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Andrew J Quantock
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Zuguo Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Xiamen University Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Xiamen University Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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3
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Hasan MM, Tory S. Association between glucocorticoid receptor beta and steroid resistance: A systematic review. Immun Inflamm Dis 2024; 12:e1137. [PMID: 38270313 PMCID: PMC10785191 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticoids are the most commonly used anti-inflammatory drugs for a variety of diseases, despite the fact that resistance to them is growing in a number of conditions. There is currently no biomarker that can be used to identify steroid resistance. According to a number of studies, an overexpression of the glucocorticoid receptor beta (GR-β) isoform is associated with steroid-resistant illness. Our goal is to find out whether or not steroid-resistant disorders are associated with an increased level of GR-β expression. METHODS We conducted searches in the databases of Web of Science and PubMed until January 17, 2023. This systematic review was done according to the preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The Joanna Briggs Institute Appraisal scale was used to assess the quality of the included studies. RESULTS After the initial search, we identified 556 papers and finally included 20 studies. Twelve of these studies found an elevated level of GR-β in the steroid resistant group. All five studies on asthma, two out of three on nasal polyps, both studies on ulcerative colitis found an up regulation of GR-β in steroid resistant group as compared to steroid-sensitive groups. GR-β was also shown to be elevated in patients with allergic rhinitis, Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis. In the majority of the investigations, higher levels of GR-β were identified in peripheral blood mononuclear cells through the use of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. CONCLUSION GR-β was associated with steroid-resistant diseases. It was overexpressed in steroid-resistant diseases and has the potential to be used as a biomarker for disorders involving steroid resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sehreen Tory
- M Abdur Rahim Medical CollegeUniversity of RajshahiRajshahiBangladesh
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4
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Erzurumlu Y, Kubra Dogan H, Cataklı D. Dexamethasone-stimulated glucocorticoid receptor signaling positively regulates the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) mechanism in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Steroids 2023; 195:109238. [PMID: 37044236 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2023.109238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common types of primary liver cancer in adults and also it is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Although there are various treatment options such as surgery, radiation, targeted drug therapy, immunotherapy and chemotherapy, most hepatocellular carcinomas are highly resistant to systemic treatments. Today, the molecular pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma remains largely obscure. Therefore, there is a need for detailed research for the characterization of molecular signaling networks related to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Recent studies have attention to the hormonal regulation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells mediated by systemic hormones such as glucocorticoids. However, glucocorticoid-mediated regulation of endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) and unfolded protein response (UPR), which are known to be important survival mechanisms for cancer cells remains unknown in hepatocellular carcinoma. In the present study, we showed that dexamethasone-induced glucocorticoid receptor signaling mediated advanced regulation of ERAD and UPR signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Glucocorticoid signaling positively regulates mRNA and protein levels of ERAD components and also protein kinase RNA-like ER Kinase (PERK) and inositol-requiring enzyme 1⍺ (IRE1⍺) branches of UPR signaling are accompanied the glucocorticoid signaling. In addition, putative glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) were determined in the promoter regions of ERAD members in in-silico analyses. Additionally, silencing of ERAD components significantly reduced the tumorigenic features of hepatocellular carcinoma cells, including cell proliferation, metastasis, invasion and 3D tumor formation. Collectively, these results reveal a novel pattern of regulation of ERAD components by glucocorticoid-mediated in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalcin Erzurumlu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260, Isparta, Turkey.
| | - Hatice Kubra Dogan
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Science, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260, Isparta, Turkey.
| | - Deniz Cataklı
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260, Isparta, Turkey.
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Stepanov YK, Speidel JD, Herrmann C, Schmid N, Behr R, Köhn FM, Stöckl JB, Pickl U, Trottmann M, Fröhlich T, Mayerhofer A, Welter H. Profound Effects of Dexamethasone on the Immunological State, Synthesis and Secretion Capacity of Human Testicular Peritubular Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193164. [PMID: 36231125 PMCID: PMC9562650 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The functions of human testicular peritubular cells (HTPCs), forming a small compartment located between the seminiferous epithelium and the interstitial areas of the testis, are not fully known but go beyond intratesticular sperm transport and include immunological roles. The expression of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) indicates that they may be regulated by glucocorticoids (GCs). Herein, we studied the consequences of the GC dexamethasone (Dex) in cultured HTPCs, which serves as a unique window into the human testis. We examined changes in cytokines, mainly by qPCR and ELISA. A holistic mass-spectrometry-based proteome analysis of cellular and secreted proteins was also performed. Dex, used in a therapeutic concentration, decreased the transcript level of proinflammatory cytokines, e.g., IL6, IL8 and MCP1. An siRNA-mediated knockdown of GR reduced the actions on IL6. Changes in IL6 were confirmed by ELISA measurements. Of note, Dex also lowered GR levels. The proteomic results revealed strong responses after 24 h (31 significantly altered cellular proteins) and more pronounced ones after 72 h of Dex exposure (30 less abundant and 42 more abundant cellular proteins). Dex also altered the composition of the secretome (33 proteins decreased, 13 increased) after 72 h. Among the regulated proteins were extracellular matrix (ECM) and basement membrane components (e.g., FBLN2, COL1A2 and COL3A1), as well as PTX3 and StAR. These results pinpoint novel, profound effects of Dex in HTPCs. If transferrable to the human testis, changes specifically in ECM and the immunological state of the testis may occur in men upon treatment with Dex for medical reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Dominik Speidel
- Biomedical Center, Cell Biology, Anatomy III, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Carola Herrmann
- Biomedical Center, Cell Biology, Anatomy III, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Nina Schmid
- Biomedical Center, Cell Biology, Anatomy III, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Behr
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Jan Bernd Stöckl
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis LAFUGA, Gene Center, LMU München, 81377 München, Germany
| | | | | | - Thomas Fröhlich
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis LAFUGA, Gene Center, LMU München, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Artur Mayerhofer
- Biomedical Center, Cell Biology, Anatomy III, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (H.W.); Tel.: +49-89218075859 (A.M.); +49-89218071882 (H.W.)
| | - Harald Welter
- Biomedical Center, Cell Biology, Anatomy III, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (H.W.); Tel.: +49-89218075859 (A.M.); +49-89218071882 (H.W.)
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6
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Goikoetxea A, Servili A, Houdelet C, Mouchel O, Hermet S, Clota F, Aerts J, Fernandino JI, Allal F, Vandeputte M, Blondeau-Bidet E, Geffroy B. Natural cortisol production is not linked to the sexual fate of European sea bass. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2022; 48:1117-1135. [PMID: 35917042 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01104-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between cortisol and the determination of sexual fate in the commercially important European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). To test our hypothesis, we designed two temperature-based experiments (19 ℃, 21 ℃ and 23 ℃, experiment 1; 16 ℃ and 21 ℃, experiment 2) to assess the effects of these thermal treatments on European sea bass sex determination and differentiation. In the fish from the first experiment, we evaluated whether blood cortisol levels and expression of stress key regulatory genes were different between differentiating (149 to 183 dph) males and females. In the second experiment, we assessed whether cortisol accumulated in scales over time during the labile period for sex determination as well as the neuroanatomical localisation of brain cells expressing brain aromatase (cyp19a1b) and corticotropin-releasing factor (crf) differed between males and females undergoing molecular sex differentiation (117 to 124 dph). None of the gathered results allowed to detect differences between males and females regarding cortisol production and regulatory mechanisms. Altogether, our data provide strong physiological, molecular and histochemical evidence, indicating that in vivo cortisol regulation has no major effects on the sex of European sea bass.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arianna Servili
- Ifremer, IFREMER, Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Camille Houdelet
- MARBEC Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
| | - Olivier Mouchel
- Ifremer, IFREMER, Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Sophie Hermet
- MARBEC Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Fréderic Clota
- MARBEC Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Johan Aerts
- Stress Physiology Research Group, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ostend, Belgium
| | | | - François Allal
- MARBEC Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
| | - Marc Vandeputte
- MARBEC Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Benjamin Geffroy
- MARBEC Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
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Homeostatic Regulation of Glucocorticoid Receptor Activity by Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1: From Physiology to Clinic. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123441. [PMID: 34943949 PMCID: PMC8699886 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) represent a well-known class of lipophilic steroid hormones biosynthesised, with a circadian rhythm, by the adrenal glands in humans and by the inter-renal tissue in teleost fish (e.g., zebrafish). GCs play a key role in the regulation of numerous physiological processes, including inflammation, glucose, lipid, protein metabolism and stress response. This is achieved through binding to their cognate receptor, GR, which functions as a ligand-activated transcription factor. Due to their potent anti-inflammatory and immune-suppressive action, synthetic GCs are broadly used for treating pathological disorders that are very often linked to hypoxia (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory, allergic, infectious, and autoimmune diseases, among others) as well as to prevent graft rejections and against immune system malignancies. However, due to the presence of adverse effects and GC resistance their therapeutic benefits are limited in patients chronically treated with steroids. For this reason, understanding how to fine-tune GR activity is crucial in the search for novel therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing GC-related side effects and effectively restoring homeostasis. Recent research has uncovered novel mechanisms that inhibit GR function, thereby causing glucocorticoid resistance, and has produced some surprising new findings. In this review we analyse these mechanisms and focus on the crosstalk between GR and HIF signalling. Indeed, its comprehension may provide new routes to develop novel therapeutic targets for effectively treating immune and inflammatory response and to simultaneously facilitate the development of innovative GCs with a better benefits-risk ratio.
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8
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Liu C, Ding J, Gao X, Du C, Hou C, Wu X, Shen W, Zhu J. Effects of acute low temperature stress on the hormones and gene expression of glucocorticoid receptor of large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea. J Therm Biol 2021; 99:103018. [PMID: 34420651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The neuroendocrine system of fish responds to low temperature via regulating hormones. To explore the adaptability of Larimichthys crocea to low temperature, the levels of the plasma cortisol, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), total cholesterol (TC), and glucose were determined after exposure to low temperature and during subsequent rewarming. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene was analyzed under the stress. We found that the levels of the plasma cortisol, TSH, T3, glucose, and TC increased under the low temperature stress, suggesting that elevated hormones may be conducive to promoting the mobilization of the glucose and lipid in L. crocea exposed to low temperature. During the rewarming period, the plasma cortisol level decreased, whereas the T3 level was still significantly higher than that in the control group. Notably, the plasma T4 level was unaffected by the temperature changes. Furthermore, the sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that the GR protein of L. crocea had high homology and a similar protein structure with those from other teleosts. Under the low temperature stress, the GR mRNA expression increased in the brain and head kidney, whereas it basically returned to the control level following rewarming. These findings revealed the changes of the hormones and the potential function of the GR gene in L. crocea following exposure to low temperature, providing some insights into breeding low temperature-resistant varieties of L. crocea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China; Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Ningbo, 315012, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China; Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Ningbo, 315012, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinming Gao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chen Du
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Congcong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiongfei Wu
- Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Ningbo, 315012, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiliang Shen
- Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Ningbo, 315012, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Junquan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China.
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Lanshakov DA, Sukhareva EV, Bulygina VV, Bannova AV, Shaburova EV, Kalinina TS. Single neonatal dexamethasone administration has long-lasting outcome on depressive-like behaviour, Bdnf, Nt-3, p75ngfr and sorting receptors (SorCS1-3) stress reactive expression. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8092. [PMID: 33854153 PMCID: PMC8046778 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87652-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated glucocorticoid level in the early postnatal period is associated with glucocorticoid therapy prescribed at preterm delivery most often has severe long-lasting neurodevelopmental and behavioural effects. Detailed molecular mechanisms of such programming action of antenatal glucocorticoids on behaviour are still poorly understood. To address this question we studied neurotrophins: Bdnf, Nt-3, Ngf and their receptors: p75ngfr, Sorcs3 expression changes after subcutaneous dexamethasone (DEX) 0.2 mg/kg injection to P2 rat pups. Neurotrophins expression level was studied in the hippocampus (HPC). Disturbances in these brain regions have been implicated in the emergence of multiple psychopathologies. p75ngfr and Sorcs3 expression was studied in the brainstem—region where monoamine neurons are located. Immunohistochemically P75NTR protein level changes after DEX were investigated in the brainstem Locus Coereleus norepinephrine neurons (NE). In the first hours after DEX administration elevation of neurotrophins expression in HPC and decline of receptor’s expression in the NE brainstem neurons were observed. Another critical time point during maturation is adolescence. Impact of elevated glucocorticoid level in the neonatal period and unpredictable stress (CMUS) at the end of adolescence on depressive-like behaviour was studied. Single neonatal DEX injection leads to decrease in depressive-like behaviour, observed in FST, independently from chronic stress. Neonatal DEX administration decreased Ntf3 and SorCS1 expression in the brainstem. Also Bdnf mRNA level in the brainstem of these animals didn’t decrease after FST. CMUS at the end of adolescence changed p75ngfr and SorCS3 expression in the brainstem in the animals that received single neonatal DEX administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Lanshakov
- Laboratory of Postgenomics Neurobiology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090.
| | - E V Sukhareva
- Functional Neurogenomics Laboratory, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090.,Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090
| | - V V Bulygina
- Functional Neurogenomics Laboratory, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090
| | - A V Bannova
- Functional Neurogenomics Laboratory, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090
| | - E V Shaburova
- Functional Neurogenomics Laboratory, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090.,Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090
| | - T S Kalinina
- Functional Neurogenomics Laboratory, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090.,Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090
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10
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Hsu CN, Jen CY, Chen YH, Peng SY, Wu SC, Yao CL. Glucocorticoid transiently upregulates mitochondrial biogenesis in the osteoblast. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2021; 63:286-293. [PMID: 33380613 DOI: 10.4103/cjp.cjp_51_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC)-induced bone loss is the most prevalent form of secondary osteoporosis. Previous studies demonstrated that long-term incubation of dexamethasone (DEX) induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunctions, consequently leading to apoptosis of differentiated osteoblasts. This DEX-induced cell death might be the main causes of bone loss. We previously described that DEX induced biphasic mitochondrial alternations. As GC affects mitochondrial physiology through several different possible routes, the short-term and long-term effects of GC treatment on mitochondria in the osteoblast have not been carefully characterized. Here, we examined the expression levels of genes that are associated with mitochondrial functions at several different time points after incubation with DEX. Mitochondrial biogenesis-mediated genes nuclear respiratory factor 1 (Nrf1) and Nrf2 were upregulated after 4-h incubation, and then declined after 24-h incubation, suggesting that mitochondrial biogenesis were transiently upregulated by DEX. In contrast, mitochondrial fusion gene optic atrophy 1 (Opa1) and mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) started to be elevated as the biogenesis started to decrease. Finally, the mitochondrial fission increased and apoptosis becomes prominent. Agree with the mitochondrial biphasic alterations hypothesis, the results suggested an early increase of mitochondrial activities and biogenesis upon DEX stimulation to the osteoblasts. The oxidative phosphorylation and inducible nitric oxide synthase levels increased results in oxidative stress accumulation, leading to mitochondrial fusion, and subsequently fission and triggering the apoptosis. Our results indicated that the primary effects of GC on mitochondria are promoting their functions and biogenesis. Mitochondrial breakdown and the activation of the apoptotic pathways appeared to be the secondary effect after long-term treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ning Hsu
- Department of Orthopedics, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare; Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yuan Jen
- Department of Surgery, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsu Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan; Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Yu Peng
- Department of Animal Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Chih Wu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology; Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Ling Yao
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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11
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Lucafò M, Granata S, Bonten EJ, McCorkle R, Stocco G, Caletti C, Selvestrel D, Cozzarolo A, Zou C, Cuzzoni E, Pasini A, Montini G, Gambaro G, Decorti G, Evans W, Zaza G. Hypomethylation of NLRP3 gene promoter discriminates glucocorticoid-resistant from glucocorticoid-sensitive idiopathic nephrotic syndrome patients. Clin Transl Sci 2021; 14:964-975. [PMID: 33382913 PMCID: PMC8212736 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract To assess whether NLRP3 gene promoter methylation was able to discriminate glucocorticoid (GC)‐resistant from GC‐sensitive idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS), patients with minimal change disease (MCD) or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), we measured the methylation level of NLRP3 promoter in DNA from peripheral blood cells of 10 adult patients with GC‐resistant FSGS already in hemodialysis and 18 patients with GC‐sensitive INS (13 MCD/5 FSGS) and in 21 pediatric patients with INS with MCD/FSGS before starting any treatment. Association of NLRP3 inflammasome with GC resistance was recapitulated in vitro in monocytic cell lines (THP‐1 and U937). In both adults and pediatric patients, NLRP3 promoter methylation was significantly reduced in GC‐resistant compared with GC‐sensitive patients. Indeed, NLRP3 methylation distinguished GC‐resistant and GC‐sensitive patients (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC] 86.7% in adults, p = 0.00019, and 73.5% in children, p = 0.00097). NLRP3 knock‐down augmented sensitivity to GCs in THP‐1 cells, whereas NLRP3 inflammasome activation lowered GC receptor concentration, increasing GC resistance in U937 cells. Our results uncovered a new biological mechanism by which patients with INS may acquire GC resistance, that could be used in future as a novel noninvasive diagnostic tool. Study Highlights WHAT IS THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE TOPIC?
☑ Approximately 80% of patients with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) respond to glucocorticoids, with the remaining 20% being steroid‐resistant.
WHAT QUESTION DID THIS STUDY ADDRESS?
☑ Whether NLRP3 gene promoter methylation was able to discriminate glucocorticoid‐resistant from glucocorticoid (GC)‐sensitive INS.
WHAT DOES THIS STUDY ADD TO OUR KNOWLEDGE?
☑ In both adults and children, NLRP3 promoter methylation was significantly reduced in leukocytes of patients with GC‐resistant compared with GC‐sensitive INS. NLRP3 inflammasome activation lowered GC receptor concentration and augmented GC resistance, whereas NLRP3 knockdown increased sensitivity to GCs in cell lines representative of monocytes (U937 and THP1).
HOW MIGHT THIS CHANGE CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY OR TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE?
☑ Our findings uncovered a new biological mechanism whereby patients with INS may develop resistance to GCs that could be used in the future as a novel noninvasive diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Lucafò
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health I.R.C.C.S. Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Simona Granata
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Erik J Bonten
- Hematological Malignancies Program, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Robert McCorkle
- Hematological Malignancies Program, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gabriele Stocco
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Chiara Caletti
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | | | - Chan Zou
- Hematological Malignancies Program, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Eva Cuzzoni
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrea Pasini
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria, Policlinico Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Montini
- Pediatric Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, Fondazione Ca' Granda IRCCS, Policlinico di Milano, Milano, Italy.,Giuliana and Bernardo Caprotti Chair of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Gambaro
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giuliana Decorti
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health I.R.C.C.S. Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy.,Giuliana and Bernardo Caprotti Chair of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milano, Milano, Italy.,Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - William Evans
- Hematological Malignancies Program, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gianluigi Zaza
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
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12
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Koukoulias K, Papayanni PG, Georgakopoulou A, Alvanou M, Laidou S, Kouimtzidis A, Pantazi C, Gkoliou G, Vyzantiadis TA, Spyridonidis A, Makris A, Chatzidimitriou A, Psatha N, Anagnostopoulos A, Yannaki E, Papadopoulou A. "Cerberus" T Cells: A Glucocorticoid-Resistant, Multi-Pathogen Specific T Cell Product to Fight Infections in Severely Immunocompromised Patients. Front Immunol 2021; 11:608701. [PMID: 33537032 PMCID: PMC7848034 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.608701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy (AI) with pathogen-specific T cells is a promising alternative to pharmacotherapy for the treatment of opportunistic infections after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation or solid organ transplantation. However, clinical implementation of AI is limited to patients not receiving high-dose steroids, a prerequisite for optimal T-cell function, practically excluding the most susceptible to infections patients from the benefits of AI. To address this issue, we here rapidly generated, clinical doses of a steroid-resistant T-cell product, simultaneously targeting four viruses (adenovirus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein Barr virus, and BK virus) and the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus, by genetic disruption of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene using CRISPR/CAS9 ribonucleoprotein delivery. The product, “Cerberus” T cells (Cb-STs), was called after the monstrous three-headed dog of Greek mythology, due to its triple potential; specificity against viruses, specificity against fungi and resistance to glucocorticoids. Following efficient on-target GR disruption and minimal off-target editing, the generated Cb-STs maintained the characteristics of pentavalent-STs, their unedited counterparts, including polyclonality, memory immunophenotype, specificity, and cytotoxicity while they presented functional resistance to dexamethasone. Cb-STs may become a powerful, one-time treatment for severely immunosuppressed patients under glucocorticoids who suffer from multiple, life-threatening infections post-transplant, and for whom therapeutic choices are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiriakos Koukoulias
- Hematology Department, Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Unit, Gene and Cell Therapy Center, "George Papanikolaou" Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Penelope-Georgia Papayanni
- Hematology Department, Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Unit, Gene and Cell Therapy Center, "George Papanikolaou" Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aphrodite Georgakopoulou
- Hematology Department, Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Unit, Gene and Cell Therapy Center, "George Papanikolaou" Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Alvanou
- Hematology Department, Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Unit, Gene and Cell Therapy Center, "George Papanikolaou" Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Department of Internal Medicine, BMT Unit, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Stamatia Laidou
- Institute of Applied Biosciences (INAB), Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasios Kouimtzidis
- Hematology Department, Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Unit, Gene and Cell Therapy Center, "George Papanikolaou" Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chrysoula Pantazi
- Hematology Department, Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Unit, Gene and Cell Therapy Center, "George Papanikolaou" Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Glykeria Gkoliou
- Institute of Applied Biosciences (INAB), Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | | - Antonios Makris
- Institute of Applied Biosciences (INAB), Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Chatzidimitriou
- Institute of Applied Biosciences (INAB), Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikoletta Psatha
- Altius Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Achilles Anagnostopoulos
- Hematology Department, Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Unit, Gene and Cell Therapy Center, "George Papanikolaou" Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia Yannaki
- Hematology Department, Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Unit, Gene and Cell Therapy Center, "George Papanikolaou" Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Anastasia Papadopoulou
- Hematology Department, Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Unit, Gene and Cell Therapy Center, "George Papanikolaou" Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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13
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Zarantoniello M, Bortoletti M, Olivotto I, Ratti S, Poltronieri C, Negrato E, Caberlotto S, Radaelli G, Bertotto D. Salinity, Temperature and Ammonia Acute Stress Response in Seabream ( Sparus aurata) Juveniles: A Multidisciplinary Study. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:E97. [PMID: 33419050 PMCID: PMC7825456 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the acute response of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles exposed to temperature, salinity and ammonia stress. Radioimmunoassay was used to evaluate cortisol levels, whereas insulin-like growth factors (igf1 and igf2), myostatin (mstn), heat-shock protein 70 (hsp70) and glucocorticoid receptor (gr) gene expression was assessed trough Real-Time PCR. The presence and localization of IGF-I and HSP70 were investigated by immunohistochemistry. In all the stress conditions, a significant increase in cortisol levels was observed reaching higher values in the thermic and chemical stress groups. Regarding fish growth markers, igf1 gene expression was significantly higher only in fish subjected to heat shock stress while, at 60 min, igf2 gene expression was significantly lower in all the stressed groups. Temperature and ammonia changes resulted in a higher mstn gene expression. Molecular analyses on stress response evidenced a time dependent increase in hsp70 gene expression, that was significantly higher at 60 min in fish exposed to heat shock and chemical stress. Furthermore, the same experimental groups were characterized by a significantly higher gr gene expression respect to the control one. Immunostaining for IGF-I and HSP70 antibodies was observed in skin, gills, liver, and digestive system of gilthead seabream juveniles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Zarantoniello
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy; (M.Z.); (I.O.); (S.R.)
| | - Martina Bortoletti
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (C.P.); (E.N.); (D.B.)
| | - Ike Olivotto
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy; (M.Z.); (I.O.); (S.R.)
| | - Stefano Ratti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy; (M.Z.); (I.O.); (S.R.)
| | - Carlo Poltronieri
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (C.P.); (E.N.); (D.B.)
| | - Elena Negrato
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (C.P.); (E.N.); (D.B.)
| | - Stefano Caberlotto
- Valle Ca’ Zuliani Società Agricola Srl, I-34074 Monfalcone, Gorizia, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Radaelli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (C.P.); (E.N.); (D.B.)
| | - Daniela Bertotto
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (C.P.); (E.N.); (D.B.)
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14
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Podgorny OV, Gulyaeva NV. Glucocorticoid-mediated mechanisms of hippocampal damage: Contribution of subgranular neurogenesis. J Neurochem 2020; 157:370-392. [PMID: 33301616 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive overview of the interplay between glucocorticoids (GCs) and adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) is presented, particularly, in the context of a diseased brain. The effectors of GCs in the dentate gyrus neurogenic niche of the hippocampal are reviewed, and the consequences of the GC signaling on the generation and integration of new neurons are discussed. Recent findings demonstrating how GC signaling mediates impairments of the AHN in various brain pathologies are overviewed. GC-mediated effects on the generation and integration of adult-born neurons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus depend on the nature, severity, and duration of the acting stress factor. GCs realize their effects on the AHN primarily via specific glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors. Disruption of the reciprocal regulation between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the generation of the adult-born granular neurons is currently considered to be a key mechanism implicating the AHN into the pathogenesis of numerous brain diseases, including those without a direct hippocampal damage. These alterations vary from reduced proliferation of stem and progenitor cells to increased cell death and abnormalities in morphology, connectivity, and localization of young neurons. Although the involvement of the mutual regulation between the HPA axis and the AHN in the pathogenesis of cognitive deficits and mood impairments is evident, several unresolved critical issues are stated. Understanding the details of GC-mediated mechanisms involved in the alterations in AHN could enable the identification of molecular targets for ameliorating pathology-induced imbalance in the HPA axis/AHN mutual regulation to conquer cognitive and psychiatric disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg V Podgorny
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia V Gulyaeva
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry of Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia
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15
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Xiao H, Ding Y, Gao Y, Wang LM, Wang H, Ding L, Li X, Yu X, Huang H. Haploinsufficiency of NR3C1 drives glucocorticoid resistance in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells by down-regulating the mitochondrial apoptosis axis, and is sensitive to Bcl-2 blockage. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:218. [PMID: 31462891 PMCID: PMC6708234 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0940-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Relapse represents the leading cause of death in both child and adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Development of chemo-resistance is ultimately responsible for treatment failure and relapse, therefore understanding the molecular basis underlying resistance is imperative for developing innovative treatment strategies. Glucocorticoids (GCs) such dexamethasone and prednisolone are the backbone of combination chemotherapy regimens for treating all lymphoid tumors. However, the biological mechanisms of primary GC resistance in ALL is not completely understood. We previously performed a longitudinal whole-exome sequencing analysis on diagnosis/relapse pairs from adult patients with ALL. Our data revealed that relapse-specific truncation mutations in the NR3C1 gene, encoding the GC receptor, are frequently detected. Methods In the current study, we used discovery-based strategies including RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and CRISPR/Cas9, followed by confirmatory testing, in human ALL cell lines, bone marrow blast samples from ALL patients and xenograft models, to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for resistance. Results Our results revealed a positive correlation between endogenous expression of NR3C1 in ALL cells and sensitivity to GCs and clinical outcomes. We further confirmed that ectopic expression of NR3C1 in ALL cells could reverse GC resistance, while deletion of NR3C1 confers resistance to GCs in ALL cell lines and xenograft models. RNA-seq analysis revealed a remarkable abundance of gene signatures involved in pathways in cancer, DNA replication, mismatch repair, P53 signalling, cell cycle, and apoptosis regulated by NR3C1. Significantly increased expression of pro-apoptotic genes including BCL2L11/Bim, BMF, BAD, BAX and BOK, and decreased transcription of anti-apoptotic genes including BCL2, BCL2L1 and BAG2 were observed in GC-resistant ALL cells following ectopic expression of NR3C1. Finally, we explored that GC resistance in ALL cells with haploinsufficiency of NR3C1 can be treated with Bcl-2 blockage. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the status of NR3C1 gene mutations and basal expression levels of NR3C1 in ALL cells are associated with sensitivity to GCs and clinical treatment outcomes. Early intervention strategies by rational combination of Bcl-2 blockage may constitute a promising new treatment option to GC-resistant ALL and significantly improving the chances of treating poor prednisone responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Xiao
- 1Department of Hematology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 3 Qingchun East Rd., Hangzhou, 310016 Zhejiang People's Republic of China.,2Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Ding
- Department of Hematology, The People's Hospital of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan, Guangdong Province People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Gao
- 1Department of Hematology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 3 Qingchun East Rd., Hangzhou, 310016 Zhejiang People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Mengmeng Wang
- 2Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang People's Republic of China.,4Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou, 310003 Zhejiang People's Republic of China
| | - Huafang Wang
- 2Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang People's Republic of China.,4Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou, 310003 Zhejiang People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Ding
- 2Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang People's Republic of China.,4Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou, 310003 Zhejiang People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- 2Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang People's Republic of China.,4Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou, 310003 Zhejiang People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Yu
- 2Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang People's Republic of China
| | - He Huang
- 2Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang People's Republic of China.,4Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou, 310003 Zhejiang People's Republic of China
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16
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Petrillo MG, Oakley RH, Cidlowski JA. β-Arrestin-1 inhibits glucocorticoid receptor turnover and alters glucocorticoid signaling. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:11225-11239. [PMID: 31167788 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are among the most widely used drugs to treat many autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Although much research has been focused on investigating glucocorticoid activity, it remains unclear how glucocorticoids regulate distinct processes in different cells. Glucocorticoids exert their effects through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which, upon glucocorticoid binding, interacts with regulatory proteins, affecting its activity and function. These protein-protein interactions are necessary for the resolution of glucocorticoid-dependent physiological and pharmacological processes. In this study, we discovered a novel protein interaction between the glucocorticoid receptor and β-arrestin-1, a scaffold protein with a well-established role in G protein-coupled receptor signaling. Using co-immunoprecipitation and in situ proximity ligation assays in A549 cells, we observed that β-arrestin-1 and unliganded GR interact in the cytoplasm and that, following glucocorticoid binding, the protein complex is found in the nucleus. We show that siRNA-mediated β-arrestin-1 knockdown alters GR protein turnover by up-regulating the E3 ubiquitin ligase Pellino-1, which catalyzes GR ubiquitination and thereby marks the receptor for proteasomal degradation. The enhanced GR turnover observed in β-arrestin-1-deficient cells limits the duration of the glucocorticoid response on GR target genes. These results demonstrate that β-arrestin-1 is a crucial player for the stability of the glucocorticoid receptor. The GR/β-arrestin-1 interaction uncovered here may help unravel mechanisms that contribute to the cell type-specific activities of glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Petrillo
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Robert H Oakley
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - John A Cidlowski
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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17
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Busse P, Vater C, Stiehler M, Nowotny J, Kasten P, Bretschneider H, Goodman SB, Gelinsky M, Zwingenberger S. Cytotoxicity of drugs injected into joints in orthopaedics. Bone Joint Res 2019; 8:41-48. [PMID: 30915209 PMCID: PMC6397327 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.82.bjr-2018-0099.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Intra-articular injections of local anaesthetics (LA), glucocorticoids (GC), or hyaluronic acid (HA) are used to treat osteoarthritis (OA). Contrast agents (CA) are needed to prove successful intra-articular injection or aspiration, or to visualize articular structures dynamically during fluoroscopy. Tranexamic acid (TA) is used to control haemostasis and prevent excessive intra-articular bleeding. Despite their common usage, little is known about the cytotoxicity of common drugs injected into joints. Thus, the aim of our study was to investigate the effects of LA, GC, HA, CA, and TA on the viability of primary human chondrocytes and tenocytes in vitro. Methods Human chondrocytes and tenocytes were cultured in a medium with three different drug dilutions (1:2; 1:10; 1:100). The following drugs were used to investigate cytotoxicity: lidocaine hydrochloride 1%; bupivacaine 0.5%; triamcinolone acetonide; dexamethasone 21-palmitate; TA; iodine contrast media; HA; and distilled water. Normal saline served as a control. After an incubation period of 24 hours, cell numbers and morphology were assessed. Results Using LA or GC, especially triamcinolone acetonide, a dilution of 1:100 resulted in only a moderate reduction of viability, while a dilution of 1:10 showed significantly fewer cell counts. TA and CA reduced viability significantly at a dilution of 1:2. Higher dilutions did not affect viability. Notably, HA showed no effects of cytotoxicity in all drug dilutions. Conclusion The toxicity of common intra-articular injectable drugs, assessed by cell viability, is mainly dependent on the dilution of the drug being tested. LA are particularly toxic, whereas HA did not affect cell viability. Cite this article: P. Busse, C. Vater, M. Stiehler, J. Nowotny, P. Kasten, H. Bretschneider, S. B. Goodman, M. Gelinsky, S. Zwingenberger. Cytotoxicity of drugs injected into joints in orthopaedics. Bone Joint Res 2019;8:41–48. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.82.BJR-2018-0099.R1.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Busse
- University Center for Orthopaedics and Traumatology, and Center for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - C Vater
- University Center for Orthopaedics and Traumatology, and Center for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - M Stiehler
- University Center for Orthopaedics and Traumatology, and Center for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - J Nowotny
- University Center for Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - P Kasten
- Orthopädisch-Chirurgisches Centrum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - H Bretschneider
- University Center for Orthopaedics and Traumatology, and Center for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - S B Goodman
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - M Gelinsky
- Center for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - S Zwingenberger
- University Center for Orthopaedics and Traumatology, and Center for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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18
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Khansari AR, Balasch JC, Vallejos-Vidal E, Teles M, Fierro-Castro C, Tort L, Reyes-López FE. Comparative study of stress and immune-related transcript outcomes triggered by Vibrio anguillarum bacterin and air exposure stress in liver and spleen of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), zebrafish (Danio rerio) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 86:436-448. [PMID: 30502466 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The stress and immune-related effects of short-term (1, 6 and 24 h) air exposure stress (1 min), bath vaccination with Vibrio anguillarum bacterin, and both stressors combined were evaluated in liver and spleen of Sparus aurata, Danio rerio and Onchorhynchus mykiss. Expression profiles of immune (interleukin 1 beta: il1β; tumor necrosis factor alpha: tnfα; interleukin 10: il10; tumor growth factor beta: tgfβ1; immunoglobulin M: igm; lysozyme: lys; complement protein c3: c3) and stress-related genes (glucocorticoid receptor: gr; heat shock protein 70: hsp70; and enolase) were analysed by RT-qPCR. Cortisol level was assessed by radioimmunoassay. The gene expression patterns in liver and spleen were found to be differentially regulated in a time- and organ-dependent manner among species. In seabream, a higher il1β-driven inflammatory response was recorded. In zebrafish, air exposure stress but not bath vaccination alone modulated most of the changes in liver and spleen immune transcripts. Stressed and vaccinated trout showed an intermediate pattern of gene expression, with a lower upregulation of immune-related genes in liver and the absence of changes in the expression of hsp70 and enolase in spleen (as it was observed in seabream but not in zebrafish). Following air exposure, cortisol levels increased in plasma 1 h post-stress (hps) and then decreased at 6 hps in O. mykiss and D. rerio. By contrast, in S.aurata the cortisol level remained higher at 6 hps suggesting a greater degree of responsiveness to this stressor. When fish were exposed to combined air exposure plus bath vaccination cortisol levels were also augmented at 1 and 6 hps in O. mykiss and S.aurata and restored to basal level at 24 hps, whereas in D. rerio the response was higher in response to the combination of both stressors. In addition, V. anguillarum bacterin vaccination triggered cortisol secretion only in D. rerio, suggesting a greater responsiveness of D. rerio hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal axis. Overall, comparing the tissue transcription responsiveness, liver was found to be more implicated in the response to handling stress compared to spleen. These results also indicate that a species-specific response accounts for the deviations of stress and immune onset in the liver and spleen in these fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Reza Khansari
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joan Carles Balasch
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Eva Vallejos-Vidal
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Mariana Teles
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Camino Fierro-Castro
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lluis Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Felipe E Reyes-López
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
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19
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Jaiswal B, Gupta A. Modulation of Nuclear Receptor Function by Chromatin Modifying Factor TIP60. Endocrinology 2018; 159:2199-2215. [PMID: 29420715 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-03190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are transcription factors that bind to specific DNA sequences known as hormone response elements located upstream of their target genes. Transcriptional activity of NRs can be modulated by binding of the compatible ligand and transient interaction with cellular coregulators, functioning either as coactivators or as corepressors. Many coactivator proteins possess intrinsic histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity that catalyzes the acetylation of specific lysine residues in histone tails and loosens the histone-DNA interaction, thereby facilitating access of transcriptional factors to the regulatory sequences of the DNA. Tat interactive protein 60 (TIP60), a member of the Mof-Ybf2-Sas2-TIP60 family of HAT protein, is a multifunctional coregulator that controls a number of physiological processes including apoptosis, DNA damage repair, and transcriptional regulation. Over the last two decades or so, TIP60 has been extensively studied for its role as NR coregulator, controlling various aspect of steroid receptor functions. The aim of this review is to summarize the findings on the role of TIP60 as a coregulator for different classes of NRs and its overall functional implications. We also discuss the latest studies linking TIP60 to NR-associated metabolic disorders and cancers for its potential use as a therapeutic drug target in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Jaiswal
- Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashish Gupta
- Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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20
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Levran O, Peles E, Randesi M, Correa da Rosa J, Shen PH, Rotrosen J, Adelson M, Kreek MJ. Genetic variations in genes of the stress response pathway are associated with prolonged abstinence from heroin. Pharmacogenomics 2018; 19:333-341. [PMID: 29465008 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2017-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM This study assesses whether genetic variants in stress-related genes are associated with prolonged abstinence from heroin in subjects that are not in long-term methadone treatment. METHODS Frequencies of 117 polymorphisms in 30 genes were compared between subjects with history of heroin addiction, either without agonist treatment (n = 129) or in methadone maintenance treatment (n = 923). RESULTS SNP rs1500 downstream of CRHBP and an interaction of SNPs rs10482672 (NR3C1) and rs4234955 (NPY1R/NPY5R) were significantly associated with prolonged abstinence without agonist treatment. CONCLUSION This study suggests that variability in stress-related genes may contribute to the ability of certain subjects to remain in prolonged abstinence from heroin, possibly due to higher resilience to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orna Levran
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, Box 171, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Einat Peles
- Dr Miriam & Sheldon G Adelson Clinic for Drug Abuse Treatment & Research, Tel Aviv Elias Sourasky Medical Center, 1 Henrietta Szold St, Tel-Aviv, 64924, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Matthew Randesi
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, Box 171, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Joel Correa da Rosa
- Center for Clinical & Translational Science, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Pei-Hong Shen
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | | | - Miriam Adelson
- Dr Miriam & Sheldon G Adelson Clinic for Drug Abuse Treatment & Research, Tel Aviv Elias Sourasky Medical Center, 1 Henrietta Szold St, Tel-Aviv, 64924, Israel.,Dr Miriam & Sheldon G Adelson Clinic for Drug Abuse Treatment & Research, Las Vegas, NV 89169, USA
| | - Mary Jeanne Kreek
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, Box 171, New York, NY 10065, USA
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21
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Morgan R, Keen J, Halligan D, O’Callaghan A, Andrew R, Livingstone D, Abernethie A, Maltese G, Walker B, Hadoke P. Species-specific regulation of angiogenesis by glucocorticoids reveals contrasting effects on inflammatory and angiogenic pathways. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192746. [PMID: 29447208 PMCID: PMC5813970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are potent inhibitors of angiogenesis in the rodent in vivo and in vitro but the mechanism by which this occurs has not been determined. Administration of glucocorticoids is used to treat a number of conditions in horses but the angiogenic response of equine vessels to glucocorticoids and, therefore, the potential role of glucocorticoids in pathogenesis and treatment of equine disease, is unknown. This study addressed the hypothesis that glucocorticoids would be angiostatic both in equine and murine blood vessels.The mouse aortic ring model of angiogenesis was adapted to assess the effects of cortisol in equine vessels. Vessel rings were cultured under basal conditions or exposed to: foetal bovine serum (FBS; 3%); cortisol (600 nM), cortisol (600nM) plus FBS (3%), cortisol (600nM) plus either the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU486 or the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist spironolactone. In murine aortae cortisol inhibited and FBS stimulated new vessel growth. In contrast, in equine blood vessels FBS alone had no effect but cortisol alone, or in combination with FBS, dramatically increased new vessel growth compared with controls. This effect was blocked by glucocorticoid receptor antagonism but not by mineralocorticoid antagonism. The transcriptomes of murine and equine angiogenesis demonstrated cortisol-induced down-regulation of inflammatory pathways in both species but up-regulation of pro-angiogenic pathways selectively in the horse. Genes up-regulated in the horse and down-regulated in mice were associated with the extracellular matrix. These data call into question our understanding of glucocorticoids as angiostatic in every species and may be of clinical relevance in the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Morgan
- University/ BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - John Keen
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Halligan
- Fios Genomics Ltd, Nine Edinburgh Bioquarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alan O’Callaghan
- Fios Genomics Ltd, Nine Edinburgh Bioquarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Andrew
- University/ BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Dawn Livingstone
- University/ BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Amber Abernethie
- University/ BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgia Maltese
- University/ BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Walker
- University/ BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Hadoke
- University/ BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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22
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Cortés R, Teles M, Oliveira M, Fierro-Castro C, Tort L, Cerdá-Reverter JM. Effects of acute handling stress on short-term central expression of orexigenic/anorexigenic genes in zebrafish. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2018; 44:257-272. [PMID: 29071448 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-017-0431-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Physiological mechanisms driving stress response in vertebrates are evolutionarily conserved. These mechanisms involve the activation of both the hypothalamic-sympathetic-chromaffin cell (HSC) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axes. In fish, the reduction of food intake levels is a common feature of the behavioral response to stress but the central mechanisms coordinating the energetic response are not well understood yet. In this work, we explore the effects of acute stress on key central systems regulating food intake in fish as well as on total body cortisol and glucose levels. We show that acute stress induced a rapid increase in total body cortisol with no changes in body glucose, at the same time promoting a prompt central response by activating neuronal pathways. All three orexigenic peptides examined, i.e., neuropeptide y (npy), agouti-related protein (agrp), and ghrelin, increased their central expression level suggesting that these neuronal systems are not involved in the short-term feeding inhibitory effects of acute stress. By contrast, the anorexigenic precursors tested, i.e., cart peptides and pomc, exhibited increased expression after acute stress, suggesting their involvement in the anorexigenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Cortés
- Deparment of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Torre la Sal s/n 12595, Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
- Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad, Fábrica1990, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mariana Teles
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Oliveira
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Camino Fierro-Castro
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluis Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Miguel Cerdá-Reverter
- Deparment of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Torre la Sal s/n 12595, Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain.
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23
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Lipiński PFJ, Szurmak P. SCRAMBLE'N'GAMBLE: a tool for fast and facile generation of random data for statistical evaluation of QSAR models. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2017; 71:2217-2232. [PMID: 29104352 PMCID: PMC5655615 DOI: 10.1007/s11696-017-0215-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A common practice in modern QSAR modelling is to derive models by variable selection methods working on large descriptor pools. As pointed out previously, this is intrinsically burdened with the risk of finding random correlations. Therefore it is desirable to perform tests showing the performance of models built on random data. In this contribution, we introduce a simple and freely available software tool SCRAMBLE’N’GAMBLE that is aimed at facilitating data preparation for y-randomization and pseudo-descriptors tests. Then, four close-to-real-world modelling situations are analysed. The tests indicate what the quality of obtained QSAR models is like in comparison to chance models derived from random data. The non-randomness is not the only requirement for a good QSAR model, however, it is a good practice to consider it together with internal statistical parameters and possible physical interpretations of a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr F J Lipiński
- Department of Neuropeptides, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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24
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Ham S, Lee YI, Jo M, Kim H, Kang H, Jo A, Lee GH, Mo YJ, Park SC, Lee YS, Shin JH, Lee Y. Hydrocortisone-induced parkin prevents dopaminergic cell death via CREB pathway in Parkinson's disease model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:525. [PMID: 28366931 PMCID: PMC5428870 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00614-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctional parkin due to mutations or post-translational modifications contributes to dopaminergic neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). Overexpression of parkin provides protection against cellular stresses and prevents dopamine cell loss in several PD animal models. Here we performed an unbiased high-throughput luciferase screening to identify chemicals that can increase parkin expression. Among promising parkin inducers, hydrocortisone possessed the most favorable profiles including parkin induction ability, cell protection ability, and physicochemical property of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) without inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress. We found that hydrocortisone-induced parkin expression was accountable for cell protection against oxidative stress. Hydrocortisone-activated parkin expression was mediated by CREB pathway since gRNA to CREB abolished hydrocortisone's ability to induce parkin. Finally, hydrocortisone treatment in mice increased brain parkin levels and prevented 6-hydroxy dopamine induced dopamine cell loss when assessed at 4 days after the toxin's injection. Our results showed that hydrocortisone could stimulate parkin expression via CREB pathway and the induced parkin expression was accountable for its neuroprotective effect. Since glucocorticoid is a physiological hormone, maintaining optimal levels of glucocorticoid might be a potential therapeutic or preventive strategy for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Ham
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Il Lee
- Well Aging Research Center, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea. .,Companion Diagnostics and Medical Technology Research Group, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Minkyung Jo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojung Kim
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojin Kang
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Areum Jo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Gum Hwa Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Jeong Mo
- Well Aging Research Center, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Chul Park
- Well Aging Research Center, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Song Lee
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Ho Shin
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 440-746, Republic of Korea. .,Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 440-746, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yunjong Lee
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 440-746, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Glycosylated Triterpenoids as Endosomal Escape Enhancers in Targeted Tumor Therapies. Biomedicines 2017; 5:biomedicines5020014. [PMID: 28536357 PMCID: PMC5489800 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-based targeted toxins play an increasingly important role in targeted tumor therapies. In spite of their high intrinsic toxicity, their efficacy in animal models is low. A major reason for this is the limited entry of the toxin into the cytosol of the target cell, which is required to mediate the fatal effect. Target receptor bound and internalized toxins are mostly either recycled back to the cell surface or lysosomally degraded. This might explain why no antibody-targeted protein toxin has been approved for tumor therapeutic applications by the authorities to date although more than 500 targeted toxins have been developed within the last decades. To overcome the problem of insufficient endosomal escape, a number of strategies that make use of diverse chemicals, cell-penetrating or fusogenic peptides, and light-induced techniques were designed to weaken the membrane integrity of endosomes. This review focuses on glycosylated triterpenoids as endosomal escape enhancers and throws light on their structure, the mechanism of action, and on their efficacy in cell culture and animal models. Obstacles, challenges, opportunities, and future prospects are discussed.
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26
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Martins CS, Elias D, Colli LM, Couri CE, Souza MCLA, Moreira AC, Foss MC, Elias LLK, de Castro M. HPA axis dysregulation, NR3C1 polymorphisms and glucocorticoid receptor isoforms imbalance in metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2017; 33. [PMID: 27507764 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Metabolic syndrome (MetS) shares several similarities with hypercortisolism. OBJECTIVES To evaluate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis sensitivity to dexamethasone (DEX), NR3C1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) isoforms and cytokines in peripheral immune cells of MetS patients and controls. DESIGN Prospective study with 40 MetS patients and 40 controls was conducted at the Ribeirão Preto Medical School University Hospital. METHODS Plasma and salivary cortisol were measured in basal conditions and after 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg of DEX given at 2300 h. In addition, p.N363S (rs6195), p.ER22/23EK (rs6189-6190), and BclI (rs41423247) SNPs were evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction allelic discrimination. Exons 3 to 9 and exon/intron boundaries of NR3C1 were sequenced. GR isoforms and cytokines (IL1B, IL2, IL4, IL6, IL8, IL10, IFNγ, TNFα) expression were assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Plasma and salivary cortisol (nmol/L) after 1-mg DEX were higher in MetS patients compared with controls (PF: 70.2 ± 17.3 vs 37.9 ± 2.6, P = .02, and SF: 4.9 ± 1.7 vs 2.2 ± 0.3, P < .0001). After all DEX doses, a lower number of MetS patients suppressed plasma and salivary cortisol compared with controls. The BclI genotypic frequencies (%) differed between patients (CC:56/CG:44) and controls (CC:50/CG:32.5/GG:17.5) (P = .03). The GRβ was overexpressed (fold = 100.0; P = .002) and IL4 (fold = -265.0; P < .0001) was underexpressed in MetS. CONCLUSION MetS patients exhibited decreased HPA sensitivity to glucocorticoid feedback. Moreover, the BclI polymorphism lower frequency, GRβ overexpression, and IL4 underexpression might underlie the molecular mechanism of glucocorticoid resistance in MetS. Thus, HPA axis dysregulation might contribute to MetS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Silva Martins
- Department of Internal Medicine - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Elias
- Department of Internal Medicine - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro Machado Colli
- Department of Internal Medicine - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Couri
- Department of Internal Medicine - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manoel Carlos L A Souza
- Department of Internal Medicine - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ayrton C Moreira
- Department of Internal Medicine - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milton C Foss
- Department of Internal Medicine - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucila L K Elias
- Department of Physiology - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Margaret de Castro
- Department of Internal Medicine - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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27
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Pazdrak K, Straub C, Maroto R, Stafford S, White WI, Calhoun WJ, Kurosky A. Cytokine-Induced Glucocorticoid Resistance from Eosinophil Activation: Protein Phosphatase 5 Modulation of Glucocorticoid Receptor Phosphorylation and Signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3782-3791. [PMID: 27742828 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms contributing to persistent eosinophil activation and poor eosinopenic response to glucocorticoids in severe asthma are poorly defined. We examined the effect of cytokines typically overexpressed in the asthmatic airways on glucocorticoid signaling in in vitro activated eosinophils. An annexin V assay used to measure eosinophil apoptosis showed that cytokine combinations of IL-2 plus IL-4 as well as TNF-α plus IFN-γ, or IL-3, GM-CSF, and IL-5 alone significantly diminished the proapoptotic response to dexamethasone. We found that IL-2 plus IL-4 resulted in impaired phosphorylation and function of the nuclear glucocorticoid receptor (GCR). Proteomic analysis of steroid sensitive and resistant eosinophils identified several differentially expressed proteins, namely protein phosphatase 5 (PP5), formyl peptide receptor 2, and annexin 1. Furthermore, increased phosphatase activity of PP5 correlated with impaired phosphorylation of the GCR. Importantly, suppression of PP5 expression with small interfering RNA restored proper phosphorylation and the proapoptotic function of the GCR. We also examined the effect of lipoxin A4 on PP5 activation by IL-2 plus IL-4. Similar to PP5 small interfering RNA inhibition, pretreatment of eosinophils with lipoxin A4 restored GCR phosphorylation and the proaptoptotic function of GCs. Taken together, our results showed 1) a critical role for PP5 in cytokine-induced resistance to GC-mediated eosinophil death, 2) supported the dependence of GCR phosphorylation on PP5 activity, and 3) revealed that PP5 is a target of the lipoxin A4-induced pathway countering cytokine-induced resistance to GCs in eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Pazdrak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555.,National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Proteomics Center Program in Airway Inflammation, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Christof Straub
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Rosario Maroto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555.,National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Proteomics Center Program in Airway Inflammation, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Susan Stafford
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555.,National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Proteomics Center Program in Airway Inflammation, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | | | - William J Calhoun
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555.,National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Proteomics Center Program in Airway Inflammation, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Alexander Kurosky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; .,National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Proteomics Center Program in Airway Inflammation, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
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28
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Parathyroid hormone 1-34 reduces dexamethasone-induced terminal differentiation in human articular chondrocytes. Toxicology 2016; 368-369:116-128. [PMID: 27608943 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Intra-articular injection of dexamethasone (Dex) is occasionally used to relieve pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis (OA) patients. Dex induces terminal differentiation of chondrogenic mesenchymal stem cells in vitro and causes impaired longitudinal skeletal growth in vivo. Parathyroid hormone 1-34 (PTH 1-34) has been shown to reverse terminal differentiation of osteoarthritic articular chondrocytes. We hypothesized that Dex induces terminal differentiation of articular chondrocytes and that this effect can be mitigated by PTH 1-34 treatment. We tested the effect of Dex on terminal differentiation in human articular chondrocytes and further tested if PTH 1-34 reverses the effects. We found that Dex treatment downregulated chondrogenic-induced expressions of SOX-9, collagen type IIa1 (Col2a1), and aggrecan and reduced synthesis of cartilaginous matrix (Col2a1 and sulfated glycosaminoglycan) synthesis. Dex treatment upregulated chondrocyte hypertrophic markers of collagen type X and alkaline phosphatase at mRNA and protein levels, and it increased the cell size of articular chondrocytes and induced cell death. These results indicated that Dex induces terminal differentiation of articular chondrocytes. To test whether PTH 1-34 treatment reverses Dex-induced terminal differentiation of articular chondrocytes, PTH 1-34 was co-administered with Dex. Results showed that PTH 1-34 treatment reversed both changes of chondrogenic and hypertrophic markers in chondrocytes induced by Dex. PTH 1-34 also decreased Dex-induced cell death. PTH 1-34 treatment reduces Dex-induced terminal differentiation and apoptosis of articular chondrocytes, and PTH 1-34 treatment may protect articular cartilage from further damage when received Dex administration.
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29
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Bahrami Y, Franco CMM. Acetylated Triterpene Glycosides and Their Biological Activity from Holothuroidea Reported in the Past Six Decades. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:E147. [PMID: 27527190 PMCID: PMC4999908 DOI: 10.3390/md14080147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sea cucumbers have been valued for many centuries as a tonic and functional food, dietary delicacies and important ingredients of traditional medicine in many Asian countries. An assortment of bioactive compounds has been described in sea cucumbers. The most important and abundant secondary metabolites from sea cucumbers are triterpene glycosides (saponins). Due to the wide range of their potential biological activities, these natural compounds have gained attention and this has led to their emergence as high value compounds with extended application in nutraceutical, cosmeceutical, medicinal and pharmaceutical products. They are characterized by bearing a wide spectrum of structures, such as sulfated, non-sulfated and acetylated glycosides. Over 700 triterpene glycosides have been reported from the Holothuroidea in which more than 145 are decorated with an acetoxy group having 38 different aglycones. The majority of sea cucumber triterpene glycosides are of the holostane type containing a C18 (20) lactone group and either Δ(7(8)) or Δ(9(11)) double bond in their genins. The acetoxy group is mainly connected to the C-16, C-22, C-23 and/or C-25 of their aglycone. Apparently, the presence of an acetoxy group, particularly at C-16 of the aglycone, plays a significant role in the bioactivity; including induction of caspase, apoptosis, cytotoxicity, anticancer, antifungal and antibacterial activities of these compounds. This manuscript highlights the structure of acetylated saponins, their biological activity, and their structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadollah Bahrami
- Medical Biotechnology, Flinders Medical Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide SA 5042, Australia.
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, Flinders University, Adelaide SA 5042, Australia.
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6714415185, Iran.
| | - Christopher M M Franco
- Medical Biotechnology, Flinders Medical Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide SA 5042, Australia.
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, Flinders University, Adelaide SA 5042, Australia.
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30
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Lesovaya E, Yemelyanov A, Swart AC, Swart P, Haegeman G, Budunova I. Discovery of Compound A--a selective activator of the glucocorticoid receptor with anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity. Oncotarget 2016; 6:30730-44. [PMID: 26436695 PMCID: PMC4741564 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are among the most effective anti-inflammatory drugs, and are widely used for cancer therapy. Unfortunately, chronic treatment with glucocorticoids results in multiple side effects. Thus, there was an intensive search for selective glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activators (SEGRA), which retain therapeutic potential of glucocorticoids, but with fewer adverse effects. GR regulates gene expression by transactivation (TA), by binding as homodimer to gene promoters, or transrepression (TR), via diverse mechanisms including negative interaction between monomeric GR and other transcription factors. It is well accepted that metabolic and atrophogenic effects of glucocorticoids are mediated by GR TA. Here we summarized the results of extensive international collaboration that led to discovery and characterization of Compound A (CpdA), a unique SEGRA with a proven “dissociating” GR ligand profile, preventing GR dimerization and shifting GR activity towards TR both in vitro and in vivo. We outlined here the unusual story of compound's discovery, and presented a comprehensive overview of CpdA ligand properties, its anti-inflammatory effects in numerous animal models of inflammation and autoimmune diseases, as well as its anti-cancer effects. Finally, we presented mechanistic analysis of CpdA and glucocorticoid effects in skin, muscle, bone, and regulation of glucose and fat metabolism to explain decreased CpdA side effects compared to glucocorticoids. Overall, the results obtained by our and other laboratories underline translational potential of CpdA and its derivatives for treatment of inflammation, autoimmune diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Lesovaya
- Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Yemelyanov
- Pulmonary Division, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amanda C Swart
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Pieter Swart
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Irina Budunova
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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31
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Hapgood JP, Avenant C, Moliki JM. Glucocorticoid-independent modulation of GR activity: Implications for immunotherapy. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 165:93-113. [PMID: 27288728 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological doses of glucocorticoids (GCs), acting via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) to repress inflammation and immune function, remain the most effective therapy in the treatment of inflammatory and immune diseases. Since many patients on GC therapy exhibit GC resistance and severe side-effects, much research is focused on developing more selective GCs and combination therapies, with greater anti-inflammatory potency. GCs mediate their classical genomic transcriptional effects by binding to the cytoplasmic GR, followed by nuclear translocation and modulation of transcription of target genes by direct DNA binding of the GR or its tethering to other transcription factors. Recent evidence suggests, however, that the responses mediated by the GR are much more complex and involve multiple parallel mechanisms integrating simultaneous signals from other receptors, both in the absence and presence of GCs, to shift the sensitivity of a target cell to GCs. The level of cellular stress, immune activation status, or the cell cycle phase may be crucial for determining GC sensitivity and GC responsiveness as well as subcellular localization of the GR and GR levels. Central to the development of new drugs that target GR signaling alone or as add-on therapies, is an in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanisms of GC-independent GR desensitization, priming and activation of the unliganded GR, as well as synergy and cross-talk with other signaling pathways. This review will discuss the information currently available on these topics and their relevance to immunotherapy, as well as identify unanswered questions and future areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet P Hapgood
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa.
| | - Chanel Avenant
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa
| | - Johnson M Moliki
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa
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32
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Herbert J, Lucassen PJ. Depression as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: Genes, steroids, cytokines and neurogenesis - What do we need to know? Front Neuroendocrinol 2016; 41:153-71. [PMID: 26746105 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Depression (MDD) is prodromal to, and a component of, Alzheimer's disease (AD): it may also be a trigger for incipient AD. MDD is not a unitary disorder, so there may be particular subtypes of early life MDD that pose independent high risks for later AD, though the identification of these subtypes is problematical. There may either be a common pathological event underlying both MDD and AD, or MDD may sensitize the brain to a second event ('hit') that precipitates AD. MDD may also accelerate brain ageing, including altered DNA methylation, increased cortisol but decreasing DHEA and thus the risk for AD. So far, genes predicting AD (e.g. APOEε4) are not risk factors for MDD, and those implicated in MDD (e.g. SLC6A4) are not risks for AD, so a common genetic predisposition looks unlikely. There is as yet no strong indication that an epigenetic event occurs during some forms of MDD that predisposes to later AD, though the evidence is limited. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are disturbed in some cases of MDD and in AD. GCs have marked degenerative actions on the hippocampus, a site of early β-amyloid deposition, and rare genetic variants of GC-regulating enzymes (e.g. 11β-HSD) predispose to AD. GCs also inhibit hippocampal neurogenesis and plasticity, and thus episodic memory, a core symptom of AD. Disordered GCs in MDD may inhibit neurogenesis, but the contribution of diminished neurogenesis to the onset or progression of AD is still debated. GCs and cytokines also reduce BDNF, implicated in both MDD and AD and hippocampal neurogenesis, reinforcing the notion that those cases of MDD with disordered GCs may be a risk for AD. Cytokines, including IL1β, IL6 and TNFα, are increased in the blood in some cases of MDD. They also reduce hippocampal neurogenesis, and increased cytokines are a known risk for later AD. Inflammatory changes occur in both MDD and AD (e.g. raised CRP, TNFα). Both cytokines and GCs can have pro-inflammatory actions in the brain. Inflammation (e.g. microglial activation) may be a common link, but this has not been systematically investigated. We lack substantial, rigorous and comprehensive follow-up studies to better identify possible subtypes of MDD that may represent a major predictor for later AD. This would enable specific interventions during critical episodes of these subtypes of MDD that should reduce this substantial risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Herbert
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK.
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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33
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Tammen SA, Park LK, Dolnikowski GG, Ausman LM, Friso S, Choi SW. Hepatic DNA hydroxymethylation is site-specifically altered by chronic alcohol consumption and aging. Eur J Nutr 2015; 56:535-544. [PMID: 26578530 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Global DNA hydroxymethylation is markedly decreased in human cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma, which is associated with chronic alcohol consumption and aging. Because gene-specific changes in hydroxymethylcytosine may affect gene transcription, giving rise to a carcinogenic environment, we determined genome-wide site-specific changes in hepatic hydroxymethylcytosine that are associated with chronic alcohol consumption and aging. METHODS Young (4 months) and old (18 months) male C57Bl/6 mice were fed either an ethanol-containing Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet or an isocaloric control diet for 5 weeks. Genomic and gene-specific hydroxymethylcytosine patterns were determined through hydroxymethyl DNA immunoprecipitation array in hepatic DNA. RESULTS Hydroxymethylcytosine patterns were more perturbed by alcohol consumption in young mice than in old mice (431 differentially hydroxymethylated regions, DhMRs, in young vs 189 DhMRs in old). A CpG island ~2.5 kb upstream of the glucocorticoid receptor gene, Nr3c1, had increased hydroxymethylation as well as increased mRNA expression (p = 0.015) in young mice fed alcohol relative to the control group. Aging alone also altered hydroxymethylcytosine patterns, with 331 DhMRs, but alcohol attenuated this effect. Aging was associated with a decrease in hydroxymethylcytosine ~1 kb upstream of the leptin receptor gene, Lepr, and decreased transcription of this gene (p = 0.029). Nr3c1 and Lepr are both involved in hepatic lipid homeostasis and hepatosteatosis, which may create a carcinogenic environment. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the location of hydroxymethylcytosine in the genome is site specific and not random, and that changes in hydroxymethylation may play a role in the liver's response to aging and alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Tammen
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.,Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lara K Park
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.,Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregory G Dolnikowski
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.,Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lynne M Ausman
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.,Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Sang-Woon Choi
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA. .,Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA. .,Chaum Life Center, CHA University School of Medicine, 442, Dosan-daero, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-948, Korea.
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34
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Dong H, Carlton ME, Lerner A, Epstein PM. Effect of cAMP signaling on expression of glucocorticoid receptor, Bim and Bad in glucocorticoid-sensitive and resistant leukemic and multiple myeloma cells. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:230. [PMID: 26528184 PMCID: PMC4602131 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of cAMP signaling induces apoptosis in glucocorticoid-sensitive and resistant CEM leukemic and MM.1 multiple myeloma cell lines, and this effect is enhanced by dexamethasone in both glucocorticoid-sensitive cell types and in glucocorticoid-resistant CEM cells. Expression of the mRNA for the glucocorticoid receptor alpha (GR) promoters 1A3, 1B and 1C, expression of mRNA and protein for GR, and the BH3-only proapoptotic proteins, Bim and Bad, and the phosphorylation state of Bad were examined following stimulation of the cAMP and glucocorticoid signaling pathways. Expression levels of GR promoters were increased by cAMP and glucocorticoid signaling, but GR protein expression was little changed in CEM and decreased in MM.1 cells. Stimulation of these two signaling pathways induced Bim in CEM cells, induced Bad in MM.1 cells, and activated Bad, as indicated by its dephosphorylation on ser112, in both cell types. This study shows that leukemic and multiple myeloma cells, including those resistant to glucocorticoids, can be induced to undergo apoptosis by stimulating the cAMP signaling pathway, with enhancement by glucocorticoids, and the mechanism by which this occurs may be related to changes in Bim and Bad expression, and in all cases, to activation of Bad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Dong
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington CT, USA
| | - Michael E Carlton
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington CT, USA
| | - Adam Lerner
- Section of Hematology and Oncology, Evans Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston MA, USA
| | - Paul M Epstein
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington CT, USA
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35
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Behavioral epigenetics and the developmental origins of child mental health disorders. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2015; 3:395-408. [PMID: 25084292 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174412000426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Advances in understanding the molecular basis of behavior through epigenetic mechanisms could help explain the developmental origins of child mental health disorders. However, the application of epigenetic principles to the study of human behavior is a relatively new endeavor. In this paper we discuss the 'Developmental Origins of Health and Disease' including the role of fetal programming. We then review epigenetic principles related to fetal programming and the recent application of epigenetics to behavior. We focus on the neuroendocrine system and develop a simple heuristic stress-related model to illustrate how epigenetic changes in placental genes could predispose the infant to neurobehavioral profiles that interact with postnatal environmental factors potentially leading to mental health disorders. We then discuss from an 'Evo-Devo' perspective how some of these behaviors could also be adaptive. We suggest how elucidation of these mechanisms can help to better define risk and protective factors and populations at risk.
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36
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Modulation of the Expression of Components of the Stress Response by Dietary Arachidonic Acid in European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Larvae. Lipids 2015; 50:1029-41. [PMID: 26233819 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This study reports for the first time on European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L.), larvae, the effect of different levels of dietary arachidonic acid (ARA; 20:4n-6) on the expression of genes related to the fish stress response. Copies of mRNA from genes related to steroidogenesis [StAR (steroidogenic acute regulatory protein), c-Fos, and CYP11β (11β-hydroxylase gene)], glucocorticoid receptor complex [GR (glucocorticoid receptor) and HSP (heat shock proteins) 70 and 90) and antioxidative stress (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase] were quantified. Eighteen day-old larvae were fed for 14 days with three experimental diets with increasing levels of ARA (0.3, 0.6 and 1.2% d.w.) and similar levels of docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3) and eicosapentaenoic (20:5n-3) acids (5 and 3%, respectively). The quantification of stress-related genes transcripts was conducted by One-Step TaqMan real time RT-PCR with the standard curve method (absolute quantification). Increase dietary levels of ARA induced a significantly (p < 0.05) down-regulation of genes related to cortisol synthesis, such as StAR and CYP11β and up-regulated genes related to glucocorticoid receptor complex, such as HSP70 and GR. No effects were observed on antioxidant enzymes gene expression. These results revealed the regulatory role of dietary ARA on the expression of stress-related genes in European sea bass larvae.
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37
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Duma D, Cidlowski JA. Generating diversity in glucocorticoid receptor signaling: mechanisms, receptor isoforms, and post-translational modifications. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2015; 3:319-28. [PMID: 25961204 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci.2010.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are necessary for life after birth and regulate numerous homeostatic functions in man, including glucose homeostasis, protein catabolism, skeletal growth, respiratory function, inflammation, development, behavior, and apoptosis. In a clinical setting, they are widely used as anti-inflammatory agents to control both acute and chronic inflammation. Unfortunately, owing to their broad range of physiological actions, patients treated with glucocorticoids for long periods of time experience a variety of serious side effects, including metabolic syndrome, bone loss, and psychiatric disorders including depression, mania, and psychosis. Our understanding of how one hormone or drug regulates all of these diverse processes is limited. Recent studies have shown that multiple glucocorticoid receptor isoforms are produced from one gene via combinations of alternative mRNA splicing and alternative translation initiation. These isoforms possess unique tissue distribution patterns and transcriptional regulatory profiles. Owing to variation in the N-terminal and C-terminal length of glucocorticoid receptor isoforms, different post-translational modifications including ubiquitination, phosphorylation, and sumoylation are predicted, contributing to the complexity of glucocorticoid signaling. Furthermore, increasing evidence suggests that unique glucocorticoid receptor isoform compositions within cells could determine the cell-specific response to glucocorticoids. In this review, we will outline the recent advances made in the characterization of the transcriptional activity and the selective regulation of apoptosis by the various glucocorticoid receptor isoforms.
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38
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Paugh SW, Bonten EJ, Savic D, Ramsey LB, Thierfelder WE, Gurung P, Malireddi RKS, Actis M, Mayasundari A, Min J, Coss DR, Laudermilk LT, Panetta JC, McCorkle JR, Fan Y, Crews KR, Stocco G, Wilkinson MR, Ferreira AM, Cheng C, Yang W, Karol SE, Fernandez CA, Diouf B, Smith C, Hicks JK, Zanut A, Giordanengo A, Crona D, Bianchi JJ, Holmfeldt L, Mullighan CG, den Boer ML, Pieters R, Jeha S, Dunwell TL, Latif F, Bhojwani D, Carroll WL, Pui CH, Myers RM, Guy RK, Kanneganti TD, Relling MV, Evans WE. NALP3 inflammasome upregulation and CASP1 cleavage of the glucocorticoid receptor cause glucocorticoid resistance in leukemia cells. Nat Genet 2015; 47:607-14. [PMID: 25938942 PMCID: PMC4449308 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are universally used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and leukemia cell resistant to glucocorticoids confers a poor prognosis. To elucidate mechanisms of glucocorticoid resistance, we determined the sensitivity to prednisolone of primary leukemia cells from 444 newly diagnosed ALL patients, revealing significantly higher expression of caspase 1 (CASP1) and its activator NLRP3 in glucocorticoid resistant leukemia cells, due to significantly lower somatic methylation of CASP1 and NLRP3 promoters. Over-expression of CASP1 resulted in cleavage of the glucocorticoid receptor, diminished glucocorticoid-induced transcriptional response and increased glucocorticoid resistance. Knockdown or inhibition of CASP1 significantly increased glucocorticoid receptor levels and mitigated glucocorticoid resistance in CASP1 overexpressing ALL. Our findings establish a new mechanism by which the NLRP3/CASP1 inflammasome modulates cellular levels of the glucocorticoid receptor and diminishes cell sensitivity to glucocorticoids. The broad impact on glucocorticoid transcriptional response suggests this mechanism could also modify glucocorticoid effects in other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Paugh
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Erik J Bonten
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Daniel Savic
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Laura B Ramsey
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - William E Thierfelder
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Prajwal Gurung
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - R K Subbarao Malireddi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Marcelo Actis
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Anand Mayasundari
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jaeki Min
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - David R Coss
- High-Performance Computing Facility, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lucas T Laudermilk
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - John C Panetta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - J Robert McCorkle
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yiping Fan
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kristine R Crews
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gabriele Stocco
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mark R Wilkinson
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Antonio M Ferreira
- High-Performance Computing Facility, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Wenjian Yang
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Seth E Karol
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [3] Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Christian A Fernandez
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Barthelemy Diouf
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Colton Smith
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - J Kevin Hicks
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alessandra Zanut
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Audrey Giordanengo
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Daniel Crona
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joy J Bianchi
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Linda Holmfeldt
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Charles G Mullighan
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Monique L den Boer
- Division of Pediatric Oncology-Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rob Pieters
- 1] Division of Pediatric Oncology-Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sima Jeha
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Thomas L Dunwell
- Centre for Rare Diseases and Personalized Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Farida Latif
- Centre for Rare Diseases and Personalized Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Deepa Bhojwani
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - William L Carroll
- New York University Cancer Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ching-Hon Pui
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Richard M Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - R Kiplin Guy
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Mary V Relling
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - William E Evans
- 1] Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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Altered mRNA Levels of Glucocorticoid Receptor, Mineralocorticoid Receptor, and Co-Chaperones (FKBP5 and PTGES3) in the Middle Frontal Gyrus of Autism Spectrum Disorder Subjects. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:2090-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9178-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Maté ML, Ballent M, Larsen K, Lifschitz A, Lanusse C, Virkel G. Gene expression and enzyme function of two cytochrome P450 3A isoenzymes in rat and cattle precision cut liver slices. Xenobiotica 2015; 45:563-70. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2014.1002122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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41
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Pitardi D, Cini B, Paleologo M, Brouwer A, Behnisch P, van der Linden S, Vincenti M, Capra P, Gili M, Pezzolato M, Meloni D, Bozzetta E. Effect-based detection of synthetic glucocorticoids in bovine urine. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:194-204. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.996788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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42
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Goodwin JE. Glucocorticoids and the Cardiovascular System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2895-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Luckenbach T, Fischer S, Sturm A. Current advances on ABC drug transporters in fish. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 165:28-52. [PMID: 24858718 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Most members of the large ATP-binding cassette (ABC) gene family are transporters involved in substrate translocation across biological membranes. In eukaryotes, ABC proteins functioning as drug transporters are located in the plasma membrane and mediate the cellular efflux of a wide range of organic chemicals, with some transporters also transporting certain metals. As the enhanced expression of ABC drug transporters can confer multidrug resistance (MDR) to cancers and multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) to organisms from polluted habitats, these ABC family members are also referred to as MDR or MXR proteins. In mammals, ABC drug transporters show predominant expression in tissues involved in excretion or constituting internal or external body boundaries, where they facilitate the excretion of chemicals and their metabolites, and limit chemical uptake and penetration into "sanctuary" sites of the body. Available knowledge about ABC proteins is still limited in teleost fish, a large vertebrate group of high ecological and economic importance. Using transport activity measurements and immunochemical approaches, early studies demonstrated similarities in the tissue distribution of ABC drug transporters between teleosts and mammals, suggesting conserved roles of the transporters in the biochemical defence against toxicants. Recently, the availability of teleost genome assemblies has stimulated studies of the ABC family in this taxon. This review summarises the current knowledge regarding the genetics, functional properties, physiological function, and ecotoxicological relevance of teleostean ABC transporters. The available literature is reviewed with emphasis on recent studies addressing the tissue distribution, substrate spectrum, regulation, physiological function and phylogenetic origin of teleostean ABC transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Luckenbach
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Fischer
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Department of Environmental Systems Sciences, ETH Zürich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Armin Sturm
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK.
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Sau S, Agarwalla P, Mukherjee S, Bag I, Sreedhar B, Pal-Bhadra M, Patra CR, Banerjee R. Cancer cell-selective promoter recognition accompanies antitumor effect by glucocorticoid receptor-targeted gold nanoparticle. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:6745-54. [PMID: 24824564 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr00974f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles, such as gold nanoparticles (GNP), upon convenient modifications perform multi tasks catering to many biomedical applications. However, GNP or any other type of nanoparticles is yet to achieve the feat of intracellular regulation of endogenous genes of choice such as through manipulation of a gene-promoter in a chromosome. As for gene modulation and delivery, GNP (or other nanoparticles) showed only limited gene therapy potential, which relied on the delivery of 'exogenous' genes invoking gene knockdown or replacement. Practically, there are no instances for the nanoparticle-mediated promoter regulation of 'endogenous' genes, more so, as a cancer selective phenomenon. In this regard, we report the development of a simple, easily modifiable GNP-formulation, which promoted/up-regulated the expression of a specific category of 'endogenous' genes, the glucocorticoid responsive genes. This genetic up-regulation was induced in only cancer cells by modified GNP-mediated transcriptional activation of its cytoplasmic receptor, glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Normal cells and their GR remained primarily unperturbed by this GNP-formulation. The most potent gene up-regulating GNP-formulation down-regulated a cancer-specific proliferative signal, phospho-Akt in cancer cells, which accompanied retardation of tumor growth in the murine melanoma model. We show that GR-targeted GNPs may find potential use in the targeting and modulation of genetic information in cancer towards developing novel anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaresh Sau
- Biomaterials Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT) Tarnaka, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India.
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Switch of glycolysis to gluconeogenesis by dexamethasone for treatment of hepatocarcinoma. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2508. [PMID: 24149070 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gluconeogenesis is a fundamental feature of hepatocytes. Whether this gluconeogenic activity is also present in malignant hepatocytes remains unexplored. A better understanding of this biological process may lead to novel therapeutic strategies. Here we show that gluconeogenesis is not present in mouse or human malignant hepatocytes. We find that two critical enzymes 11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2 that regulate glucocorticoid activities are expressed inversely in malignant hepatocytes, resulting in the inactivation of endogenous glucocorticoids and the loss of gluconeogenesis. In patients' hepatocarcinoma, the expression of 11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2 is closely linked to prognosis and survival. Dexamethasone, an active form of synthesized glucocorticoids, is capable of restoring gluconeogenesis in malignant cells by bypassing the abnormal regulation of 11β-HSD enzymes, leading to therapeutic efficacy against hepatocarcinoma. These findings clarify the molecular basis of malignant hepatocyte loss of gluconeogenesis and suggest new therapeutic strategies.
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46
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Regulation of corticosterone function during early weaning and effects on gastric cell proliferation. Nutrition 2014; 30:343-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Souza MCLA, Martins CS, Silva Junior IM, Chriguer RS, Bueno AC, Antonini SR, Silva Jr. WA, Zago MA, Moreira AC, Castro MD. NR3C1 polymorphisms in Brazilians of Caucasian, African, and Asian ancestry: glucocorticoid sensitivity and genotype association. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 58:53-61. [DOI: 10.1590/0004-2730000002868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective : The Brazilian population has heterogeneous ethnicity. No previous study evaluated NR3C1 polymorphisms in a Brazilian healthy population. Materials and methods : We assessed NR3C1 polymorphisms in Brazilians of Caucasian, African and Asian ancestry (n = 380). In a subgroup (n = 40), we compared the genotypes to glucocorticoid (GC) sensitivity, which was previously evaluated by plasma (PF) and salivary (SF) cortisol after dexamethasone (DEX) suppression tests, GC receptor binding affinity (K d ), and DEX-50% inhibition (IC 50 ) of concanavalin-A-stimulated mononuclear cell proliferation. p.N363S (rs6195), p.ER22/23EK (rs6189-6190), and BclI (rs41423247) allelic discrimination was performed by Real-Time PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). Exons 3 to 9 and exon/intron boundaries were amplified by PCR and sequenced. Results : Genotypic frequencies (%) were: rs6195 (n = 380; AA:96.6/AG:3.14/GG:0.26), rs6189-6190 (n = 264; GG:99.6/GA:0.4), rs41423247 (n = 264; CC:57.9/CG:34.1/GG:8.0), rs6188 (n = 155; GG:69.6/GT:25.7/TT:4.7), rs258751 (n = 150; CC:88.0/CT:10.7/TT:1.3), rs6196 (n = 176; TT:77.2/TC:20.4/CC:2.4), rs67300719 (n = 137; CC:99.3/CT:0.7), and rs72542757 (n = 137; CC:99.3/CG:0.7). The rs67300719 and rs72542757 were found only in Asian descendants, in whom p.N363S and p.ER22/23EK were absent. The p.ER22/23EK was observed exclusively in Caucasian descendants. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was observed, except in the Asian for rs6188 and rs258751, and in the African for p.N363S. The K d , IC 50 , baseline and after DEX PF or SF did not differ between genotype groups. However, the mean DEX dose that suppressed PF or SF differed among the BclI genotypes (P = 0.03). DEX dose was higher in GG- (0.7 ± 0.2 mg) compared to GC- (0.47 ± 0.2 mg) and CC-carriers (0.47 ± 0.1 mg). Conclusion : The genotypic frequencies of NR3C1 polymorphisms in Brazilians are similar to worldwide populations. Additionally, the BclI polymorphism was associated with altered pituitary-adrenal axis GC sensitivity.
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A V R. Inhalational Steroids and Iatrogenic Cushing's Syndrome. Open Respir Med J 2014; 8:74-84. [PMID: 25674177 PMCID: PMC4319196 DOI: 10.2174/1874306401408010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchial asthma (BA) and Allergic rhinitis (AR) are common clinical problems encountered in day to day practice, where inhalational corticosteroids (ICS) or intranasal steroids (INS) are the mainstay of treatment. Iatrogenic Cushing syndrome (CS) is a well known complication of systemic steroid administration. ICS /INS were earlier thought to be safe, but now more and more number of case reports of Iatrogenic Cushing syndrome have been reported, especially in those who are taking cytochrome P450 (CYP 450) inhibitors. Comparing to the classical clinical features of spontaneous Cushing syndrome, iatrogenic Cushing syndrome is more commonly associated with osteoporosis, increase in intra-ocular pressure, benign intracranial hypertension, aseptic necrosis of femoral head and pancreatitis, where as hypertension, hirsuitisum and menstrual irregularities are less common. Endocrine work up shows low serum cortisol level with evidence of HPA (hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal) axis suppression. In all patients with features of Cushing syndrome with evidence of adrenal suppression always suspect iatrogenic CS. Since concomitant administration of cytochrome P450 inhibitors in patients on ICS/INS can precipitate iatrogenic CS, avoidance of CYP450 inhibitors, its dose reduction or substitution of ICS are the available options. Along with those, measures to prevent the precipitation of adrenal crisis has to be taken. An update on ICS-/INS- associated iatrogenic CS and its management is presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raveendran A V
- Department of Internal Medicine, Government Medical College & Hospitals, Kottayam, Kerala-686008, India
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Carter EL, Ragsdale SW. Modulation of nuclear receptor function by cellular redox poise. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 133:92-103. [PMID: 24495544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-responsive transcription factors involved in diverse cellular processes ranging from metabolism to circadian rhythms. This review focuses on NRs that contain redox-active thiol groups, a common feature within the superfamily. We will begin by describing NRs, how they regulate various cellular processes and how binding ligands, corepressors and/or coactivators modulate their activity. We will then describe the general area of redox regulation, especially as it pertains to thiol-disulfide interconversion and the cellular systems that respond to and govern this redox equilibrium. Lastly, we will discuss specific examples of NRs whose activities are regulated by redox-active thiols. Glucocorticoid, estrogen, and the heme-responsive receptor, Rev-erb, will be described in the most detail as they exhibit archetypal redox regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Carter
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Stephen W Ragsdale
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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50
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Carvalho LA, Bergink V, Sumaski L, Wijkhuijs J, Hoogendijk WJ, Birkenhager TK, Drexhage HA. Inflammatory activation is associated with a reduced glucocorticoid receptor alpha/beta expression ratio in monocytes of inpatients with melancholic major depressive disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2014; 4:e344. [PMID: 24424390 PMCID: PMC3905228 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2013.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we used new technology to investigate whether a coherent pattern of enhanced expression of inflammatory and other immune activation genes in circulating monocytes is found in patients with major depression. Since a high inflammatory state of monocytes might be related to glucocorticoid resistance, we also included the genes for the two isoforms of the glucocorticoid receptor. For this study, we aimed at finding a similar coherent pattern of inflammatory and immune activation genes in monocytes of patients with MDD and recruited 47 medication-free melancholic MDD inpatients and 42 healthy controls. A quantitative-polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) monocyte gene expression analysis was performed using a panel of inflammatory-related genes previously identified as abnormally regulated in mood disorder patients. Selected serum cytokines/chemokines were assessed using a cytometric bead array. Depressive symptoms were analysed using Hamilton depression scores (HAMD). Thirty-four of the 47 monocyte inflammatory-related genes were significantly upregulated and 2 were significantly downregulated as compared to controls, the latter including the gene for the active GRα in particular in those with a high HAMD score. The reduced GRα expression correlated strongly to the upregulation of the inflammatory genes in monocytes. Serum levels of IL6, IL8, CCL2 and VEGF were significantly increased in patients compared to controls. Our data show the deregulation of two interrelated homoeostatic systems, that is, the immune system and the glucocorticoid system, co-occurring in major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Carvalho
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK,UCL Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, 1–19 Torrington Place, Rm356a, London, WC1E 7HB, UK. E-mail:
| | - V Bergink
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Sumaski
- Klinik und Poliklinik fur Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universitatsklinikum Munster, Munster, Germany
| | - J Wijkhuijs
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W J Hoogendijk
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T K Birkenhager
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H A Drexhage
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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