1
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Montenegro-Navarro N, García-Báez C, García-Caballero M. Molecular and metabolic orchestration of the lymphatic vasculature in physiology and pathology. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8389. [PMID: 38104163 PMCID: PMC10725466 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44133-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis refers to the generation of new lymphatic vessels from pre-existing ones. During development and particular adult states, lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) undergo reprogramming of their transcriptomic and signaling networks to support the high demands imposed by cell proliferation and migration. Although there has been substantial progress in identifying growth factors and signaling pathways controlling lymphangiogenesis in the last decades, insights into the role of metabolism in lymphatic cell functions are just emerging. Despite numerous similarities between the main metabolic pathways existing in LECs, blood ECs (BEC) and other cell types, accumulating evidence has revealed that LECs acquire a unique metabolic signature during lymphangiogenesis, and their metabolic engine is intertwined with molecular regulatory networks, resulting in a tightly regulated and interconnected process. Considering the implication of lymphatic dysfunction in cancer and lymphedema, alongside other pathologies, recent findings hold promising opportunities to develop novel therapeutic approaches. In this review, we provide an overview of the status of knowledge in the molecular and metabolic network regulating the lymphatic vasculature in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Montenegro-Navarro
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), Málaga, Spain
| | - Claudia García-Báez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), Málaga, Spain
| | - Melissa García-Caballero
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Málaga, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), Málaga, Spain.
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2
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Alfaro AJ, Dittner C, Becker J, Loft A, Mhamane A, Maida A, Georgiadi A, Tsokanos F, Klepac K, Molocea C, El‐Merahbi R, Motzler K, Geppert J, Karikari RA, Szendrödi J, Feuchtinger A, Hofmann S, Karaca S, Urlaub H, Berriel Diaz M, Melchior F, Herzig S. Fasting-sensitive SUMO-switch on Prox1 controls hepatic cholesterol metabolism. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e55981. [PMID: 37560809 PMCID: PMC10561358 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of excess nutrients hampers proper liver function and is linked to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in obesity. However, the signals responsible for an impaired adaptation of hepatocytes to obesogenic dietary cues remain still largely unknown. Post-translational modification by the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) allows for a dynamic regulation of numerous processes including transcriptional reprogramming. We demonstrate that specific SUMOylation of transcription factor Prox1 represents a nutrient-sensitive determinant of hepatic fasting metabolism. Prox1 is highly SUMOylated on lysine 556 in the liver of ad libitum and refed mice, while this modification is abolished upon fasting. In the context of diet-induced obesity, Prox1 SUMOylation becomes less sensitive to fasting cues. The hepatocyte-selective knock-in of a SUMOylation-deficient Prox1 mutant into mice fed a high-fat/high-fructose diet leads to a reduction of systemic cholesterol levels, associated with the induction of liver bile acid detoxifying pathways during fasting. The generation of tools to maintain the nutrient-sensitive SUMO-switch on Prox1 may thus contribute to the development of "fasting-based" approaches for the preservation of metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Jimena Alfaro
- Institute for Diabetes and CancerHelmholtz MunichNeuherbergGermany
- Joint Heidelberg‐IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), and German Center for Cardiovascular Disease (DZHK)NeuherbergGermany
| | - Claudia Dittner
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH)Heidelberg University, DKFZ‐ZMBH AllianceHeidelbergGermany
| | - Janina Becker
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH)Heidelberg University, DKFZ‐ZMBH AllianceHeidelbergGermany
| | - Anne Loft
- Institute for Diabetes and CancerHelmholtz MunichNeuherbergGermany
- Joint Heidelberg‐IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), and German Center for Cardiovascular Disease (DZHK)NeuherbergGermany
- Center for Functional Genomics and Tissue Plasticity (ATLAS), SDUOdenseDenmark
| | - Amit Mhamane
- Institute for Diabetes and CancerHelmholtz MunichNeuherbergGermany
- Joint Heidelberg‐IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), and German Center for Cardiovascular Disease (DZHK)NeuherbergGermany
| | - Adriano Maida
- Institute for Diabetes and CancerHelmholtz MunichNeuherbergGermany
- Joint Heidelberg‐IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), and German Center for Cardiovascular Disease (DZHK)NeuherbergGermany
| | - Anastasia Georgiadi
- Institute for Diabetes and CancerHelmholtz MunichNeuherbergGermany
- Joint Heidelberg‐IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), and German Center for Cardiovascular Disease (DZHK)NeuherbergGermany
| | - Foivos‐Filippos Tsokanos
- Institute for Diabetes and CancerHelmholtz MunichNeuherbergGermany
- Joint Heidelberg‐IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), and German Center for Cardiovascular Disease (DZHK)NeuherbergGermany
| | - Katarina Klepac
- Institute for Diabetes and CancerHelmholtz MunichNeuherbergGermany
- Joint Heidelberg‐IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), and German Center for Cardiovascular Disease (DZHK)NeuherbergGermany
| | - Claudia‐Eveline Molocea
- Institute for Diabetes and CancerHelmholtz MunichNeuherbergGermany
- Joint Heidelberg‐IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), and German Center for Cardiovascular Disease (DZHK)NeuherbergGermany
| | - Rabih El‐Merahbi
- Institute for Diabetes and CancerHelmholtz MunichNeuherbergGermany
- Joint Heidelberg‐IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), and German Center for Cardiovascular Disease (DZHK)NeuherbergGermany
| | - Karsten Motzler
- Institute for Diabetes and CancerHelmholtz MunichNeuherbergGermany
- Joint Heidelberg‐IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), and German Center for Cardiovascular Disease (DZHK)NeuherbergGermany
| | - Julia Geppert
- Institute for Diabetes and CancerHelmholtz MunichNeuherbergGermany
- Joint Heidelberg‐IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), and German Center for Cardiovascular Disease (DZHK)NeuherbergGermany
| | - Rhoda Anane Karikari
- Institute for Diabetes and CancerHelmholtz MunichNeuherbergGermany
- Joint Heidelberg‐IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), and German Center for Cardiovascular Disease (DZHK)NeuherbergGermany
| | - Julia Szendrödi
- Joint Heidelberg‐IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), and German Center for Cardiovascular Disease (DZHK)NeuherbergGermany
| | | | - Susanna Hofmann
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration ResearchHelmholtz MunichNeuherbergGermany
| | - Samir Karaca
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry GroupMax Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary SciencesGöttingenGermany
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry GroupMax Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary SciencesGöttingenGermany
- Bioanalytics, Institute of Clinical ChemistryUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Mauricio Berriel Diaz
- Institute for Diabetes and CancerHelmholtz MunichNeuherbergGermany
- Joint Heidelberg‐IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), and German Center for Cardiovascular Disease (DZHK)NeuherbergGermany
| | - Frauke Melchior
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH)Heidelberg University, DKFZ‐ZMBH AllianceHeidelbergGermany
| | - Stephan Herzig
- Institute for Diabetes and CancerHelmholtz MunichNeuherbergGermany
- Joint Heidelberg‐IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), and German Center for Cardiovascular Disease (DZHK)NeuherbergGermany
- Chair Molecular Metabolic ControlTechnical University MunichMunichGermany
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3
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Grimm L, Mason E, Yu H, Dudczig S, Panara V, Chen T, Bower NI, Paterson S, Rondon Galeano M, Kobayashi S, Senabouth A, Lagendijk AK, Powell J, Smith KA, Okuda KS, Koltowska K, Hogan BM. Single-cell analysis of lymphatic endothelial cell fate specification and differentiation during zebrafish development. EMBO J 2023:e112590. [PMID: 36912146 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
During development, the lymphatic vasculature forms as a second network derived chiefly from blood vessels. The transdifferentiation of embryonic venous endothelial cells (VECs) into lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) is a key step in this process. Specification, differentiation and maintenance of LEC fate are all driven by the transcription factor Prox1, yet the downstream mechanisms remain to be elucidated. We here present a single-cell transcriptomic atlas of lymphangiogenesis in zebrafish, revealing new markers and hallmarks of LEC differentiation over four developmental stages. We further profile single-cell transcriptomic and chromatin accessibility changes in zygotic prox1a mutants that are undergoing a LEC-VEC fate shift. Using maternal and zygotic prox1a/prox1b mutants, we determine the earliest transcriptomic changes directed by Prox1 during LEC specification. This work altogether reveals new downstream targets and regulatory regions of the genome controlled by Prox1 and presents evidence that Prox1 specifies LEC fate primarily by limiting blood vascular and haematopoietic fate. This extensive single-cell resource provides new mechanistic insights into the enigmatic role of Prox1 and the control of LEC differentiation in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Grimm
- Organogenesis and Cancer Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Mason
- Organogenesis and Cancer Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hujun Yu
- Organogenesis and Cancer Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stefanie Dudczig
- Organogenesis and Cancer Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Virginia Panara
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tyrone Chen
- Organogenesis and Cancer Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Neil I Bower
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Scott Paterson
- Organogenesis and Cancer Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Maria Rondon Galeano
- Organogenesis and Cancer Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sakurako Kobayashi
- Organogenesis and Cancer Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anne Senabouth
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anne K Lagendijk
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Joseph Powell
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Garvan-Weizmann Centre for Cellular Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kelly A Smith
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kazuhide S Okuda
- Organogenesis and Cancer Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Katarzyna Koltowska
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Benjamin M Hogan
- Organogenesis and Cancer Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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4
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Zhang R, Luo D, Shan Z, Yang Y, Qin Y, Li Q, Li X. PROX1 restrains ferroptosis via SCD transcription activation in colorectal cancer. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023; 55:691-694. [PMID: 36815375 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxin Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dakui Luo
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zezhi Shan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yufei Yang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yi Qin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qingguo Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xinxiang Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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5
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Scholtes C, Giguère V. Transcriptional control of energy metabolism by nuclear receptors. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:750-770. [DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00486-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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6
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Cato ML, Cornelison JL, Spurlin RM, Courouble VV, Patel AB, Flynn AR, Johnson AM, Okafor CD, Frank F, D’Agostino EH, Griffin PR, Jui NT, Ortlund EA. Differential Modulation of Nuclear Receptor LRH-1 through Targeting Buried and Surface Regions of the Binding Pocket. J Med Chem 2022; 65:6888-6902. [PMID: 35503419 PMCID: PMC10026694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Liver receptor homologue-1 (LRH-1) is a phospholipid-sensing nuclear receptor that has shown promise as a target for alleviating intestinal inflammation and metabolic dysregulation in the liver. LRH-1 contains a large ligand-binding pocket, but generating synthetic modulators has been challenging. We have had recent success generating potent and efficacious agonists through two distinct strategies. We targeted residues deep within the pocket to enhance compound binding and residues at the mouth of the pocket to mimic interactions made by phospholipids. Here, we unite these two designs into one molecule to synthesize the most potent LRH-1 agonist to date. Through a combination of global transcriptomic, biochemical, and structural studies, we show that selective modulation can be driven through contacting deep versus surface polar regions in the pocket. While deep pocket contacts convey high affinity, contacts with the pocket mouth dominate allostery and provide a phospholipid-like transcriptional response in cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Cato
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | | | | | | | - Anamika B. Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Autumn R. Flynn
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | | | - C. Denise Okafor
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Filipp Frank
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Emma H. D’Agostino
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | | | - Nathan T. Jui
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Eric A. Ortlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
- Corresponding Author:
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7
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Sandhu N, Rana S, Meena K. Nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 2 (NR5A2): role in health and diseases. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:8155-8170. [PMID: 34643922 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06784-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are the regulatory molecules that mediate cellular signals as they interact with specific DNA sequences. NR5A2 is a member of NR5A subfamily having four members (Nr5a1-Nr5a4). NR5A2 shows involvement in diverse biological processes like reverse cholesterol transport, embryonic stem cell pluripotency, steroidogenesis, development and differentiation of embryo, and adult homeostasis. NR5A2 haploinsufficiency has been seen associated with chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic and gastrointestinal cancer. There is a close relationship between the progression of pancreatic cancer from chronic pancreatitis, NR5A2 serving a common link. NR5A2 activity is regulated by intracellular phospholipids, transcriptional coregulators and post-translational modifications. The specific ligand of NR5A2 is unknown hence called an orphan receptor, but specific phospholipids such as dilauroyl phosphatidylcholine and diundecanoyl phosphatidylcholine act as a ligand and they are established drug targets in various diseases. This review will focus on the NR5A2 structure, regulation of its activity, and role in biological processes and diseases. In future, need more emphasis on discovering small molecule agonists and antagonist, which act as a drug target for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Sandhu
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Rishikesh, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Satyavati Rana
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Rishikesh, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Kiran Meena
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Rishikesh, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India.
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8
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Kaltezioti V, Foskolou IP, Lavigne MD, Ninou E, Tsampoula M, Fousteri M, Margarity M, Politis PK. Prox1 inhibits neurite outgrowth during central nervous system development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:3443-3465. [PMID: 33247761 PMCID: PMC11072475 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03709-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
During central nervous system (CNS) development, proper and timely induction of neurite elongation is critical for generating functional, mature neurons, and neuronal networks. Despite the wealth of information on the action of extracellular cues, little is known about the intrinsic gene regulatory factors that control this developmental decision. Here, we report the identification of Prox1, a homeobox transcription factor, as a key player in inhibiting neurite elongation. Although Prox1 promotes acquisition of early neuronal identity and is expressed in nascent post-mitotic neurons, it is heavily down-regulated in the majority of terminally differentiated neurons, indicating a regulatory role in delaying neurite outgrowth in newly formed neurons. Consistently, we show that Prox1 is sufficient to inhibit neurite extension in mouse and human neuroblastoma cell lines. More importantly, Prox1 overexpression suppresses neurite elongation in primary neuronal cultures as well as in the developing mouse brain, while Prox1 knock-down promotes neurite outgrowth. Mechanistically, RNA-Seq analysis reveals that Prox1 affects critical pathways for neuronal maturation and neurite extension. Interestingly, Prox1 strongly inhibits many components of Ca2+ signaling pathway, an important mediator of neurite extension and neuronal maturation. In accordance, Prox1 represses Ca2+ entry upon KCl-mediated depolarization and reduces CREB phosphorylation. These observations suggest that Prox1 acts as a potent suppressor of neurite outgrowth by inhibiting Ca2+ signaling pathway. This action may provide the appropriate time window for nascent neurons to find the correct position in the CNS prior to initiation of neurites and axon elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Kaltezioti
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou Street, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Iosifina P Foskolou
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou Street, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Matthieu D Lavigne
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, BSRC 'Alexander Fleming', 34 Fleming Street, Vari, 16672, Athens, Greece
| | - Elpinickie Ninou
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou Street, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Matina Tsampoula
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou Street, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Fousteri
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, BSRC 'Alexander Fleming', 34 Fleming Street, Vari, 16672, Athens, Greece
| | - Marigoula Margarity
- Laboratory of Human and Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, 26500, Rio Achaias, Greece
| | - Panagiotis K Politis
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou Street, 115 27, Athens, Greece.
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9
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Bui K, Hong YK. Ras Pathways on Prox1 and Lymphangiogenesis: Insights for Therapeutics. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:597374. [PMID: 33263009 PMCID: PMC7688453 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.597374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past couple of decades, lymphatics research has accelerated and gained a much-needed recognition in pathophysiology. As the lymphatic system plays heavy roles in interstitial fluid drainage, immune surveillance and lipid absorption, the ablation or excessive growth of this vasculature could be associated with many complications, from lymphedema to metastasis. Despite their growing importance in cancer, few anti-lymphangiogenic therapies exist today, as they have yet to pass phase 3 clinical trials and acquire FDA approval. As such, many studies are being done to better define the signaling pathways that govern lymphangiogenesis, in hopes of developing new therapeutic approaches to inhibit or stimulate this process. This review will cover our current understanding of the Ras signaling pathways and their interactions with Prox1, the master transcriptional switch involved in specifying lymphatic endothelial cell fate and lymphangiogenesis, in hopes of providing insights to lymphangiogenesis-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khoa Bui
- Department of Surgery, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Young-Kwon Hong
- Department of Surgery, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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10
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Michalek S, Brunner T. Nuclear-mitochondrial crosstalk: On the role of the nuclear receptor liver receptor homolog-1 (NR5A2) in the regulation of mitochondrial metabolism, cell survival, and cancer. IUBMB Life 2020; 73:592-610. [PMID: 32931651 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1, NR5A2) is an orphan nuclear receptor with widespread activities in the regulation of development, stemness, metabolism, steroidogenesis, and proliferation. Many of the LRH-1-regulated processes target the mitochondria and associated activities. While under physiological conditions, a balanced LRH-1 expression and regulation contribute to the maintenance of a physiological equilibrium, deregulation of LRH-1 has been associated with inflammation and cancer. In this review, we discuss the role and mechanism(s) of how LRH-1 regulates metabolic processes, cell survival, and cancer in a nuclear-mitochondrial crosstalk, and evaluate its potential as a pharmacological target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Michalek
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Thomas Brunner
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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11
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Host Transcription Factors in Hepatitis B Virus RNA Synthesis. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020160. [PMID: 32019103 PMCID: PMC7077322 DOI: 10.3390/v12020160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronically infects over 250 million people worldwide and is one of the leading causes of liver cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV persistence is due in part to the highly stable HBV minichromosome or HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) that resides in the nucleus. As HBV replication requires the help of host transcription factors to replicate, focusing on host protein–HBV genome interactions may reveal insights into new drug targets against cccDNA. The structural details on such complexes, however, remain poorly defined. In this review, the current literature regarding host transcription factors’ interactions with HBV cccDNA is discussed.
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12
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Shi B, Lu H, Zhang L, Zhang W. Nr5a1b promotes and Nr5a2 inhibits transcription of lhb in the orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides†. Biol Reprod 2019; 101:800-812. [PMID: 31317174 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nr5a1 (Sf-1) up-regulates lhb expression across vertebrates; however, its regulatory roles on fshb remain to be defined. Moreover, the involvement of Nr5a2 in the regulation of gonadotropin expression is not clear either. In the present study, the involvement of Nr5a1b (a homologue of Nr5a1) and Nr5a2 in the regulation of lhb and fshb expression in the orange-spotted grouper was examined. Dual fluorescent immunohistochemistry using homologous antisera showed that in the pituitary of orange-spotted groupers, Lh cells contain both immunoreactive Nr5a1b and Nr5a2 signals, whereas Fsh cells contain neither of them. In LβT2 cells, Nr5a1b up-regulated basal activities of lhb and fshb promoters possibly via Nr5a sites, and synergistically (on lhb promoter) or additively (on fshb promoter) with forskolin. Surprisingly, Nr5a2 inhibited basal activities of lhb promoter possibly via Nr5a sites and attenuated the stimulatory effects of both forskolin and Nr5a1b. In contrast, Nr5a2 had no effects on fshb promoter. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that both Nr5a1b and Nr5a2 bound to lhb promoter, but not fshb promoter in the pituitary of the orange-spotted grouper. The abundance of Nr5a1b bound to lhb promoter was significantly higher at the vitellogenic stage than the pre-vitellogenic stage, whereas that of Nr5a2 exhibited an opposite trend. Taken together, data of the present study demonstrated antagonistic effects of Nr5a1b and Nr5a2 on lhb transcription in the orange-spotted grouper and revealed novel regulatory mechanisms of differential expression of lhb and fshb genes through Nr5a homologues in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Shi
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huijie Lu
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihong Zhang
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weimin Zhang
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Adamska-Patruno E, Godzien J, Ciborowski M, Samczuk P, Bauer W, Siewko K, Gorska M, Barbas C, Kretowski A. The Type 2 Diabetes Susceptibility PROX1 Gene Variants Are Associated with Postprandial Plasma Metabolites Profile in Non-Diabetic Men. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040882. [PMID: 31010169 PMCID: PMC6520869 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prospero homeobox 1 (PROX1) gene may show pleiotropic effects on metabolism. We evaluated postprandial metabolic alterations dependently on the rs340874 genotypes, and 28 non-diabetic men were divided into two groups: high-risk (HR)-genotype (CC-genotype carriers, n = 12, 35.3 ± 9.5 years old) and low-risk (LR)-genotype (allele T carriers, n = 16, 36.3 ± 7.0 years old). Subjects participated in two meal-challenge-tests with high-carbohydrate (HC, carbohydrates 89%) and normo-carbohydrate (NC, carbohydrates 45%) meal intake. Fasting and 30, 60, 120, and 180 min after meal intake plasma samples were fingerprinted by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). In HR-genotype men, the area under the curve (AUC) of acetylcarnitine levels was higher after the HC-meal [+92%, variable importance in the projection (VIP) = 2.88] and the NC-meal (+55%, VIP = 2.00) intake. After the NC-meal, the HR-risk genotype carriers presented lower AUCs of oxidized fatty acids (−81–66%, VIP = 1.43–3.16) and higher linoleic acid (+80%, VIP = 2.29), while after the HC-meal, they presented lower AUCs of ornithine (−45%, VIP = 1.83), sphingosine (−48%, VIP = 2.78), linoleamide (−45%, VIP = 1.51), and several lysophospholipids (−40–56%, VIP = 1.72–2.16). Moreover, lower AUC (−59%, VIP = 2.43) of taurocholate after the HC-meal and higher (+70%, VIP = 1.42) glycodeoxycholate levels after the NC-meal were observed. Our results revealed differences in postprandial metabolites from inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways, bile acids signaling, and lipid metabolism in PROX1 HR-genotype men. Further investigations of diet–genes interactions by which PROX1 may promote T2DM development are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Adamska-Patruno
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Joanna Godzien
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Michal Ciborowski
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Paulina Samczuk
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Witold Bauer
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Siewko
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Maria Gorska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Coral Barbas
- Center for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Universidad CEU San Pablo, 28003 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Adam Kretowski
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland.
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland.
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14
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Meinsohn MC, Smith OE, Bertolin K, Murphy BD. The Orphan Nuclear Receptors Steroidogenic Factor-1 and Liver Receptor Homolog-1: Structure, Regulation, and Essential Roles in Mammalian Reproduction. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1249-1279. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00019.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are intracellular proteins that act as transcription factors. Proteins with classic nuclear receptor domain structure lacking identified signaling ligands are designated orphan nuclear receptors. Two of these, steroidogenic factor-1 (NR5A1, also known as SF-1) and liver receptor homolog-1 (NR5A2, also known as LRH-1), bind to the same DNA sequences, with different and nonoverlapping effects on targets. Endogenous regulation of both is achieved predominantly by cofactor interactions. SF-1 is expressed primarily in steroidogenic tissues, LRH-1 in tissues of endodermal origin and the gonads. Both receptors modulate cholesterol homeostasis, steroidogenesis, tissue-specific cell proliferation, and stem cell pluripotency. LRH-1 is essential for development beyond gastrulation and SF-1 for genesis of the adrenal, sexual differentiation, and Leydig cell function. Ovary-specific depletion of SF-1 disrupts follicle development, while LRH-1 depletion prevents ovulation, cumulus expansion, and luteinization. Uterine depletion of LRH-1 compromises decidualization and pregnancy. In humans, SF-1 is present in endometriotic tissue, where it regulates estrogen synthesis. SF-1 is underexpressed in ovarian cancer cells and overexpressed in Leydig cell tumors. In breast cancer cells, proliferation, migration and invasion, and chemotherapy resistance are regulated by LRH-1. In conclusion, the NR5A orphan nuclear receptors are nonredundant factors that are crucial regulators of a panoply of biological processes, across multiple reproductive tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Charlotte Meinsohn
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Olivia E. Smith
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Kalyne Bertolin
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Bruce D. Murphy
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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15
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Kumata H, Murakami K, Ishida K, Miyagi S, Arakawa A, Inayama Y, Kinowaki K, Ochiai A, Kojima M, Higashi M, Moritani S, Kuwahara K, Nakatani Y, Kajiura D, Tamura G, Kijima H, Yamakawa M, Shiraishi T, Inadome Y, Murakami K, Suzuki H, Sawai T, Unno M, Kamei T, Sasano H. Steroidogenesis in ovarian-like mesenchymal stroma of hepatic and pancreatic mucinous cystic neoplasms. Hepatol Res 2018; 48:989-999. [PMID: 29882386 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Aim Mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCNs) occur in the ovary, pancreas, and retroperitoneum but very rarely in the liver. Mucinous cystic neoplasms are known to harbor ovarian-like mesenchymal stroma (OLS) expressing progesterone and estrogen receptors. In this study we evaluated steroidogenesis in OLS of 25 hepatic MCNs and 24 pancreatic MCNs. Methods Both steroid receptors and steroidogenic factors were immunohistochemically evaluated using H-scores and results were compared with those in 15 ovarian MCNs and 10 normal ovaries. Results Androgen receptor (AR) H-scores in OLS were significantly higher in hepatic, pancreatic, and ovarian MCN than those in normal ovaries. H-scores of cytochrome P450 17α-hydroxylase/c17-20 lyase (P450c17) and 5α-reductase-1 (5αRED-1) in the stroma were significantly higher in OLS of hepatic and pancreatic MCN than in the stroma of ovarian MCN and normal ovary. In tumor epithelium, AR H-scores were significantly higher in hepatic and pancreatic MCN than in ovarian MCN. In both hepatic and pancreatic MCN, a significant positive correlation was detected between AR H-score in the epithelium and P450c17 H-score in OLS (hepatic MCN: Pearson's r = 0.446, P = 0.025; pancreatic MCN: r = 0.432, P = 0.035). In pancreatic MCN, a significantly positive correlation was detected between AR H-score in the tumor epithelium and 5αRED-1 H-score in OLS (Pearson's r = 0.458, P = 0.024). Conclusions These results indicated that locally produced androgens in OLS could be pivotal for tumorigenesis of both hepatic and pancreatic MCN and influence epithelial cells, possibly in a paracrine fashion, which could represent biological significance of OLS in these neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kumata
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keigo Murakami
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Ishida
- Department of Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Iwate, Japan
| | - Shigehito Miyagi
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsushi Arakawa
- Department of Human Pathology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Inayama
- Department of Pathology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Atsushi Ochiai
- Division of Pathology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Motohiro Kojima
- Division of Pathology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Michiyo Higashi
- Department of Pathology, Kagoshima University Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Suzuko Moritani
- Division of Molecular and Diagnostic Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kuwahara
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Komaki City Hospital, Komaki, Japan
| | - Yukio Nakatani
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Dai Kajiura
- Department of Pathology, Handa City Hospital, Handa, Japan
| | - Gen Tamura
- Department of Pathology, Kokuho Asahi General Hospital, Asahi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kijima
- Department of Pathology and Bioscience, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Yamakawa
- Department of Pathology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Taizo Shiraishi
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Yukinori Inadome
- Department of Pathology, National Hospital Organization, Mito Medical Center, Ibaraki-machi, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Murakami
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Suzuki
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Sawai
- Department of Pathology, Sendai Open Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Michiaki Unno
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Kamei
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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16
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Armour SM, Remsberg JR, Damle M, Sidoli S, Ho WY, Li Z, Garcia BA, Lazar MA. An HDAC3-PROX1 corepressor module acts on HNF4α to control hepatic triglycerides. Nat Commun 2017; 8:549. [PMID: 28916805 PMCID: PMC5601916 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00772-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The histone deacetylase HDAC3 is a critical mediator of hepatic lipid metabolism, and liver-specific deletion of HDAC3 leads to fatty liver. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, here we report a method of cross-linking followed by mass spectrometry to define a high-confidence HDAC3 interactome in vivo that includes the canonical NCoR-HDAC3 complex as well as Prospero-related homeobox 1 protein (PROX1). HDAC3 and PROX1 co-localize extensively on the mouse liver genome, and are co-recruited by hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α). The HDAC3-PROX1 module controls the expression of a gene program regulating lipid homeostasis, and hepatic-specific ablation of either component increases triglyceride content in liver. These findings underscore the importance of specific combinations of transcription factors and coregulators in the fine tuning of organismal metabolism.HDAC3 is a critical mediator of hepatic lipid metabolism and its loss leads to fatty liver. Here, the authors characterize the liver HDAC3 interactome in vivo, provide evidence that HDAC3 interacts with PROX1, and show that HDAC3 and PROX1 control expression of genes regulating lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Armour
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, SCTR 12-102, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Divison of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, SCTR 12-102, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jarrett R Remsberg
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, SCTR 12-102, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Divison of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, SCTR 12-102, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, SCTR 12-102, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Manashree Damle
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, SCTR 12-102, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Divison of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, SCTR 12-102, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Simone Sidoli
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, SCTR 12-102, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Wesley Y Ho
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, SCTR 12-102, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Divison of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, SCTR 12-102, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Zhenghui Li
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, SCTR 12-102, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Divison of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, SCTR 12-102, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Benjamin A Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, SCTR 12-102, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Mitchell A Lazar
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, SCTR 12-102, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Divison of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, SCTR 12-102, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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17
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Zhang S, Yu N, Wang L, Liu Y, Kong Y, Liu J, Xie Y. Prox1 represses IL-2 gene expression by interacting with NFAT2. Oncotarget 2017; 8:69422-69434. [PMID: 29050214 PMCID: PMC5642489 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is critical for T lymphocyte activation and regulated by many transcriptional factors. Prospero-related homeobox 1 (Prox1) is a multifunctional transcription factor, which can work as either a transcriptional activator or repressor depending on the cellular and developmental environment. We previously reported the Prox1 expression in T cells, raising the possibility of Prox1 involvement in the regulation of T cell function and IL-2 production. Here we demonstrated that the Prox1 expression in CD4+ T cells was downregulated by T cell receptor (TCR) activation. Overexpression of Prox1 attenuated IL-2 production, while knockdown of endogenous Prox1 by small interfering RNA increased IL-2 expression. Mechanistically, we showed that Prox1 inhibited the IL-2 promoter activity, and associated with the minimal IL-2 promoter. Prox1 repressed the nuclear factor of activated T cells 2 (NFAT2)-dependent transactivation of IL-2 gene by physically binding to NFAT2. The N-terminal region of Prox1 was essential for the binding and repression. In summary, our findings established Prox1 as a negative regulator in IL-2 gene expression through the direct interaction with NFAT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Zhang
- Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE and MOH), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ning Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Linfang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE and MOH), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE and MOH), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuying Kong
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE and MOH), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE and MOH), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Youhua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE and MOH), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Tanaka M, Iwakiri Y. The Hepatic Lymphatic Vascular System: Structure, Function, Markers, and Lymphangiogenesis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 2:733-749. [PMID: 28105461 PMCID: PMC5240041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The lymphatic vascular system has been minimally explored in the liver despite its essential functions including maintenance of tissue fluid homeostasis. The discovery of specific markers for lymphatic endothelial cells has advanced the study of lymphatics by methods including imaging, cell isolation, and transgenic animal models and has resulted in rapid progress in lymphatic vascular research during the last decade. These studies have yielded concrete evidence that lymphatic vessel dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. This article reviews the current knowledge of the structure, function, and markers of the hepatic lymphatic vascular system as well as factors associated with hepatic lymphangiogenesis and compares liver lymphatics with those in other tissues.
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Key Words
- CCl4, carbon tetrachloride
- Cirrhosis
- EHE, epithelioid hemangioendothelioma
- HA, hyaluronan
- HBx Ag, hepatitis B x antigen
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- Inflammation
- LSEC, liver sinusoidal endothelial cell
- LYVE-1, lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1
- LyEC, lymphatic endothelial cell
- NO, nitric oxide
- Portal Hypertension
- Prox1, prospero homeobox protein 1
- VEGF
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasuko Iwakiri
- Reprint requests Address requests for reprints to: Yasuko Iwakiri, PhD, Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, TAC S223B, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520. fax: (203) 785-7273.Section of Digestive DiseasesDepartment of Internal MedicineYale University School of MedicineTAC S223B, 333 Cedar StreetNew HavenConnecticut 06520
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19
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Nuclear receptor NR5A2 controls neural stem cell fate decisions during development. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12230. [PMID: 27447294 PMCID: PMC4961839 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The enormous complexity of mammalian central nervous system (CNS) is generated by highly synchronized actions of diverse factors and signalling molecules in neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs). However, the molecular mechanisms that integrate extrinsic and intrinsic signals to control proliferation versus differentiation decisions of NSCs are not well-understood. Here we identify nuclear receptor NR5A2 as a central node in these regulatory networks and key player in neural development. Overexpression and loss-of-function experiments in primary NSCs and mouse embryos suggest that NR5A2 synchronizes cell-cycle exit with induction of neurogenesis and inhibition of astrogliogenesis by direct regulatory effects on Ink4/Arf locus, Prox1, a downstream target of proneural genes, as well as Notch1 and JAK/STAT signalling pathways. Upstream of NR5a2, proneural genes, as well as Notch1 and JAK/STAT pathways control NR5a2 endogenous expression. Collectively, these observations render NR5A2 a critical regulator of neural development and target gene for NSC-based treatments of CNS-related diseases. The molecular signals regulating the decision of neural stem cells (NSC) to proliferate versus differentiate are unclear. Here, the authors identify the nuclear receptor NR5A2 as coordinating cell-cycle exit with differentiation of NSCs via direct actions on Ink4, Prox1, Notch1 and JAK/STAT.
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20
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Olivares AM, Moreno-Ramos OA, Haider NB. Role of Nuclear Receptors in Central Nervous System Development and Associated Diseases. J Exp Neurosci 2016; 9:93-121. [PMID: 27168725 PMCID: PMC4859451 DOI: 10.4137/jen.s25480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) superfamily is composed of a wide range of receptors involved in a myriad of important biological processes, including development, growth, metabolism, and maintenance. Regulation of such wide variety of functions requires a complex system of gene regulation that includes interaction with transcription factors, chromatin-modifying complex, and the proper recognition of ligands. NHRs are able to coordinate the expression of genes in numerous pathways simultaneously. This review focuses on the role of nuclear receptors in the central nervous system and, in particular, their role in regulating the proper development and function of the brain and the eye. In addition, the review highlights the impact of mutations in NHRs on a spectrum of human diseases from autism to retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Olivares
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oscar Andrés Moreno-Ramos
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Neena B Haider
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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21
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Kwon S, Jeon JS, Kim SB, Hong YK, Ahn C, Sung JS, Choi I. Rapamycin up-regulates triglycerides in hepatocytes by down-regulating Prox1. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:41. [PMID: 26922671 PMCID: PMC4769820 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0211-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although the prolonged use of rapamycin may cause unwanted side effects such as hyperlipidemia, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Prox1 is a transcription factor responsible for the development of several tissues including lymphatics and liver. There is growing evidences that Prox1 participates in metabolism in addition to embryogenesis. However, whether Prox1 is directly related to lipid metabolism is currently unknown. Methods HepG2 human hepatoma cells were treated with rapamycin and total lipids were analyzed by thin layer chromatography. The effect of rapamycin on the expression of Prox1 was determined by western blotting. To investigate the role of Prox1 in triglycerides regulation, siRNA and overexpression system were employed. Rapamycin was injected into mice for 2 weeks and total lipids and proteins in liver were measured by thin layer chromatography and western blot analysis, respectively. Results Rapamycin up-regulated the amount of triglyceride and down-regulated the expression of Prox1 in HepG2 cells by reducing protein half-life but did not affect its transcript. The loss-of-function of Prox1 was coincident with the increase of triglycerides in HepG2 cells treated with rapamycin. The up-regulation of triglycerides by rapamycin in HepG2 cells reverted to normal levels by the compensation of Prox1 using the overexpression system. Rapamycin also down-regulated Prox1 expression but increased triglycerides in mouse liver. Conclusion This study suggests that rapamycin can increase the amount of triglycerides by down-regulating Prox1 expression in hepatocytes, which means that the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is important for the regulation of triglycerides by maintaining Prox1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sora Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hoseo University, Asan, 336-795, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Sook Jeon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hoseo University, Asan, 336-795, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Bin Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hoseo University, Asan, 336-795, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kwon Hong
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Curie Ahn
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Suk Sung
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University, Goyang, 410-820, Republic of Korea.
| | - Inho Choi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hoseo University, Asan, 336-795, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Kramer HB, Lai CF, Patel H, Periyasamy M, Lin ML, Feller SM, Fuller-Pace FV, Meek DW, Ali S, Buluwela L. LRH-1 drives colon cancer cell growth by repressing the expression of the CDKN1A gene in a p53-dependent manner. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:582-94. [PMID: 26400164 PMCID: PMC4737183 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver receptor homologue 1 (LRH-1) is an orphan nuclear receptor that has been implicated in the progression of breast, pancreatic and colorectal cancer (CRC). To determine mechanisms underlying growth promotion by LRH-1 in CRC, we undertook global expression profiling following siRNA-mediated LRH-1 knockdown in HCT116 cells, which require LRH-1 for growth and in HT29 cells, in which LRH-1 does not regulate growth. Interestingly, expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p21 (CDKN1A) was regulated by LRH-1 in HCT116 cells. p21 regulation was not observed in HT29 cells, where p53 is mutated. p53 dependence for the regulation of p21 by LRH-1 was confirmed by p53 knockdown with siRNA, while LRH-1-regulation of p21 was not evident in HCT116 cells where p53 had been deleted. We demonstrate that LRH-1-mediated p21 regulation in HCT116 cells does not involve altered p53 protein or phosphorylation, and we show that LRH-1 inhibits p53 recruitment to the p21 promoter, likely through a mechanism involving chromatin remodelling. Our study suggests an important role for LRH-1 in the growth of CRC cells that retain wild-type p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly B Kramer
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Chun-Fui Lai
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Hetal Patel
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Manikandan Periyasamy
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Meng-Lay Lin
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Stephan M Feller
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Str. 1, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Frances V Fuller-Pace
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - David W Meek
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Simak Ali
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Laki Buluwela
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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23
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Nadolny C, Dong X. Liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1): a potential therapeutic target for cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 16:997-1004. [PMID: 25951367 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2015.1045693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) is a nuclear receptor involved in various biological processes. This nuclear receptor has critical functions in embryonic development as well as in adult homeostasis. Although the physiological functions of LRH-1 in normal breast, pancreas, and intestine have been widely investigated, the dysregulation that occurs during pathological conditions is not well understood. LRH-1 has been implicated in pancreatic, breast, and gastrointestinal cancer, where it exerts its effect of initiation and progression by promoting cell proliferation and metastasis. In addition to mechanistic studies, LRH-1 agonists and antagonists are being explored. Identification and development of endogenous and synthetic ligands has been pursued using computational-based structural analysis. Through ligand identification and a thorough understanding of the pathological roles of LRH-1, new therapeutic avenues for cancer treatment based upon LRH-1 may be a desirable focus for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Nadolny
- a Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Rhode Island ; Kingston , RI , USA
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24
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Stein S, Schoonjans K. Molecular basis for the regulation of the nuclear receptor LRH-1. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015; 33:26-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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25
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Liu Y, Ye X, Zhang JB, Ouyang H, Shen Z, Wu Y, Wang W, Wu J, Tao S, Yang X, Qiao K, Zhang J, Liu J, Fu Q, Xie Y. PROX1 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation and sorafenib resistance by enhancing β-catenin expression and nuclear translocation. Oncogene 2015; 34:5524-35. [PMID: 25684142 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is frequent in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and contributes to HCC initiation and progression. This abnormal activation may result from somatic mutations in the genes of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and/or dysregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. The mechanism for the latter remains poorly understood. Prospero-related homeobox 1 (PROX1) is a downstream target of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in human colorectal cancer and elevated PROX1 expression promotes malignant progression. However, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway does not regulate PROX1 expression in the liver and HCC cells. Here we report that PROX1 promotes HCC cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in HCC xenograft mice. PROX1 and β-catenin levels are positively correlated in tumor tissues as well as in cultured HCC cells. PROX1 can upregulate β-catenin transcription by stimulating the β-catenin promoter and enhance the nuclear translocation of β-catenin in HCC cells, which leads to the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Moreover, we show that increase in PROX1 expression renders HCC cells more resistant to sorafenib treatment, which is the standard therapy for advanced HCC. Overall, we have pinpointed PROX1 as a critical factor activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in HCC, which promotes HCC proliferation and sorafenib resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE & MOH), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - X Ye
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE & MOH), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - J-B Zhang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - H Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE & MOH), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Z Shen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE & MOH), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE & MOH), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - W Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE & MOH), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - J Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE & MOH), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - S Tao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE & MOH), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - X Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE & MOH), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - K Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE & MOH), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - J Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE & MOH), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - J Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE & MOH), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Q Fu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE & MOH), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Y Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE & MOH), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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26
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Stergiopoulos A, Elkouris M, Politis PK. Prospero-related homeobox 1 (Prox1) at the crossroads of diverse pathways during adult neural fate specification. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 8:454. [PMID: 25674048 PMCID: PMC4306308 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, adult neurogenesis in the central nervous system (CNS) has emerged as a fundamental process underlying physiology and disease. Recent evidence indicates that the homeobox transcription factor Prox1 is a critical intrinsic regulator of neurogenesis in the embryonic CNS and adult dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus, acting in multiple ways and instructed by extrinsic cues and intrinsic factors. In the embryonic CNS, Prox1 is mechanistically involved in the regulation of proliferation vs. differentiation decisions of neural stem cells (NSCs), promoting cell cycle exit and neuronal differentiation, while inhibiting astrogliogenesis. During the complex differentiation events in adult hippocampal neurogenesis, Prox1 is required for maintenance of intermediate progenitors (IPs), differentiation and maturation of glutamatergic interneurons, as well as specification of DG cell identity over CA3 pyramidal fate. The mechanism by which Prox1 exerts multiple functions involves distinct signaling pathways currently not fully highlighted. In this mini-review, we thoroughly discuss the Prox1-dependent phenotypes and molecular pathways in adult neurogenesis in relation to different upstream signaling cues and cell fate determinants. In addition, we discuss the possibility that Prox1 may act as a cross-talk point between diverse signaling cascades to achieve specific outcomes during adult neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Stergiopoulos
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens Athens, Greece
| | - Maximilianos Elkouris
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis K Politis
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens Athens, Greece
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27
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Stein S, Oosterveer MH, Mataki C, Xu P, Lemos V, Havinga R, Dittner C, Ryu D, Menzies KJ, Wang X, Perino A, Houten SM, Melchior F, Schoonjans K. SUMOylation-dependent LRH-1/PROX1 interaction promotes atherosclerosis by decreasing hepatic reverse cholesterol transport. Cell Metab 2014; 20:603-13. [PMID: 25176150 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) is an antiatherogenic process in which excessive cholesterol from peripheral tissues is transported to the liver and finally excreted from the body via the bile. The nuclear receptor liver receptor homolog 1 (LRH-1) drives expression of genes regulating RCT, and its activity can be modified by different posttranslational modifications. Here, we show that atherosclerosis-prone mice carrying a mutation that abolishes SUMOylation of LRH-1 on K289R develop less aortic plaques than control littermates when exposed to a high-cholesterol diet. The mechanism underlying this atheroprotection involves an increase in RCT and its associated hepatic genes and is secondary to a compromised interaction of LRH-1 K289R with the corepressor prospero homeobox protein 1 (PROX1). Our study reveals that the SUMOylation status of a single nuclear receptor lysine residue can impact the development of a complex metabolic disease such as atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sokrates Stein
- Metabolic Signaling, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maaike H Oosterveer
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Chikage Mataki
- Metabolic Signaling, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pan Xu
- Metabolic Signaling, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vera Lemos
- Metabolic Signaling, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rick Havinga
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Claudia Dittner
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie Heidelberg (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Joint Division Molecular Metabolic Control, Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie Heidelberg, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) and University Hospital Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dongryeol Ryu
- Metabolic Signaling, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Keir J Menzies
- Metabolic Signaling, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xu Wang
- Metabolic Signaling, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alessia Perino
- Metabolic Signaling, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sander M Houten
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Frauke Melchior
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie Heidelberg (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Metabolic Signaling, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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28
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Abstract
The development of atherosclerosis is countered by the reverse transport of cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver for excretion. In this issue of Cell Metabolism, Stein et al. (2014) establish LRH-1 as an important regulator of reverse cholesterol transport and identify SUMOylation as a primary mode of LRH-1 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Priest
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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29
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Oosterveer MH, Schoonjans K. Hepatic glucose sensing and integrative pathways in the liver. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:1453-67. [PMID: 24196749 PMCID: PMC11114046 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1505-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The hepatic glucose-sensing system is a functional network of enzymes and transcription factors that is critical for the maintenance of energy homeostasis and systemic glycemia. Here we review the recent literature on its components and metabolic actions. Glucokinase (GCK) is generally considered as the initial postprandial glucose-sensing component, which acts as the gatekeeper for hepatic glucose metabolism and provides metabolites that activate the transcription factor carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP). Recently, liver receptor homolog 1 (LRH-1) has emerged as an upstream regulator of the central GCK-ChREBP axis, with a critical role in the integration of hepatic intermediary metabolism in response to glucose. Evidence is also accumulating that O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) and acetylation can act as glucose-sensitive modifications that may contribute to hepatic glucose sensing by targeting regulatory proteins and the epigenome. Further elucidation of the components and functional roles of the hepatic glucose-sensing system may contribute to the future treatment of liver diseases associated with deregulated glucose sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike H. Oosterveer
- Department of Pediatrics and Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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30
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Seth A, Ye J, Yu N, Guez F, Bedford DC, Neale GA, Cordi S, Brindle PK, Lemaigre FP, Kaestner KH, Sosa-Pineda B. Prox1 ablation in hepatic progenitors causes defective hepatocyte specification and increases biliary cell commitment. Development 2014; 141:538-47. [PMID: 24449835 DOI: 10.1242/dev.099481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The liver has multiple functions that preserve homeostasis. Liver diseases are debilitating, costly and often result in death. Elucidating the developmental mechanisms that establish the liver's architecture or generate the cellular diversity of this organ should help advance the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of hepatic diseases. We previously reported that migration of early hepatic precursors away from the gut epithelium requires the activity of the homeobox gene Prox1. Here, we show that Prox1 is a novel regulator of cell differentiation and morphogenesis during hepatogenesis. Prox1 ablation in bipotent hepatoblasts dramatically reduced the expression of multiple hepatocyte genes and led to very defective hepatocyte morphogenesis. As a result, abnormal epithelial structures expressing hepatocyte and cholangiocyte markers or resembling ectopic bile ducts developed in the Prox1-deficient liver parenchyma. By contrast, excessive commitment of hepatoblasts into cholangiocytes, premature intrahepatic bile duct morphogenesis, and biliary hyperplasia occurred in periportal areas of Prox1-deficient livers. Together, these abnormalities indicate that Prox1 activity is necessary to correctly allocate cell fates in liver precursors. These results increase our understanding of differentiation anomalies in pathological conditions and will contribute to improving stem cell protocols in which differentiation is directed towards hepatocytes and cholangiocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Seth
- Department of Genetics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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31
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Liu Y, Zhang JB, Qin Y, Wang W, Wei L, Teng Y, Guo L, Zhang B, Lin Z, Liu J, Ren ZG, Ye QH, Xie Y. PROX1 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis by way of up-regulating hypoxia-inducible factor 1α expression and protein stability. Hepatology 2013; 58:692-705. [PMID: 23505027 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers and the third leading cause of death from cancer worldwide. HCC has a very poor prognosis because of tumor invasiveness, frequent intrahepatic spread, and extrahepatic metastasis. The molecular mechanism of HCC invasiveness and metastasis is poorly understood. The homeobox protein PROX1 is required for hepatocyte migration during mouse embryonic liver development. In this study, we show that high PROX1 protein expression in primary HCC tissues is associated with significantly worse survival and early tumor recurrence in postoperative HCC patients. Knockdown of PROX1 expression in HCC cells inhibited cell migration and invasiveness in vitro and HCC metastasis in nude mice while overexpression of PROX1 in HCC cells promoted these processes. PROX1's pro-metastasis activity is most likely attributed to its up-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) transcription and stabilization of HIF-1α protein by recruiting histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) to prevent the acetylation of HIF-1α, which subsequently induces an epithelial-mesenchymal transition response in HCC cells. We further demonstrated the prognostic value of using the combination of PROX1 and HDAC1 levels to predict postoperative survival and early recurrence of HCC. CONCLUSION PROX1 is a critical factor that promotes HCC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE & MOH), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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32
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Benod C, Carlsson J, Uthayaruban R, Hwang P, Irwin JJ, Doak AK, Shoichet BK, Sablin EP, Fletterick RJ. Structure-based discovery of antagonists of nuclear receptor LRH-1. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:19830-44. [PMID: 23667258 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.411686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver receptor homolog 1 (nuclear receptor LRH-1, NR5A2) is an essential regulator of gene transcription, critical for maintenance of cell pluripotency in early development and imperative for the proper functions of the liver, pancreas, and intestines during the adult life. Although physiological hormones of LRH-1 have not yet been identified, crystallographic and biochemical studies demonstrated that LRH-1 could bind regulatory ligands and suggested phosphatidylinositols as potential hormone candidates for this receptor. No synthetic antagonists of LRH-1 are known to date. Here, we identify the first small molecule antagonists of LRH-1 activity. Our search for LRH-1 modulators was empowered by screening of 5.2 million commercially available compounds via molecular docking followed by verification of the top-ranked molecules using in vitro direct binding and transcriptional assays. Experimental evaluation of the predicted ligands identified two compounds that inhibit the transcriptional activity of LRH-1 and diminish the expression of the receptor's target genes. Among the affected transcriptional targets are co-repressor SHP (small heterodimer partner) as well as cyclin E1 (CCNE1) and G0S2 genes that are known to regulate cell growth and proliferation. Treatments of human pancreatic (AsPC-1), colon (HT29), and breast adenocarcinoma cells T47D and MDA-MB-468 with the LRH-1 antagonists resulted in the receptor-mediated inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. Our data suggest that specific antagonists of LRH-1 could be used as specific molecular probes for elucidating the roles of the receptor in different types of malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Benod
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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33
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Prox1 directly interacts with LSD1 and recruits the LSD1/NuRD complex to epigenetically co-repress CYP7A1 transcription. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62192. [PMID: 23626788 PMCID: PMC3633876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in the classical pathway of bile acids synthesis in liver and is crucial for maintaining lipid homeostasis. Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) and α1-fetoprotein transcription factor (FTF) are two major transcription factors driving CYP7A1 promoter activity in hepatocytes. Previous researches have shown that Prospero-related homeobox (Prox1) directly interacts with both HNF4α and FTF and potently co-represses CYP7A1 transcription and bile acid synthesis through unidentified mechanisms. In this work, mechanisms involved in Prox1-mediated co-repression were explored by identifying Prox1-associated proteins using immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry (IP-MS) methodology. Multiple components of the epigenetically repressive lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1)/nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylase (NuRD) complex, most notably LSD1 and histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2), were found to be associated with Prox1 and GST pulldown assay demonstrated that Prox1 directly interacts with LSD1. Sequential chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays showed that Prox1 co-localizes with HNF4α, LSD1 and HDAC2 on CYP7A1 promoter in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, by using ChIP assay on HepG2 cells with endogenous Prox1 knocked down by RNA interference, Prox1 was shown to recruit LSD1 and HDAC2 onto CYP7A1 promoter and cause increased H3K4 demethylation. Finally, bile acids treatment of HepG2 cells, which significantly repressed CYP7A1 transcription, resulted in increased Prox1 and LSD1/NuRD complex occupancy on CYP7A1 promoter with a concurrent increase in H3K4 demethylation and H3/H4 deacetylation. These results showed that Prox1 interacts with LSD1 to recruit the repressive LSD1/NuRD complex to CYP7A1 promoter and co-represses transcription through epigenetic mechanisms. In addition, such Prox1-mediated epigenetic repression is involved in the physiologically essential negative feedback inhibition of CYP7A1 transcription by bile acids.
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Qin Y, Ouyang H, Liu J, Xie Y. Proteome identification of proteins interacting with histone methyltransferase SET8. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2013; 45:303-8. [PMID: 23419719 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmt011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
SET8 (also known as PR-Set7/9, SETD8, KMT5A), a member of the SET domain containing methyltransferase family, which specifically catalyzes mono-methylation of K20 on histone H4 (H4K20me1), has been implicated in multiple biological processes, such as gene transcriptional regulation, cell cycle control, genomic integrity maintenance and development. In this study, we used GST-SET8 fusion protein as bait to search for SET8 interaction partners to elucidate physiological functions of SET8. In combination with mass spectrometry, we identified 40 proteins that potentially interact with SET8. DDX21, a nucleolar protein, was further confirmed to associate with SET8. Furthermore, we discovered a novel function of SET8 in the regulation of rRNA transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Qin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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Transcriptional activation of the Prox1 gene by HIF-1α and HIF-2α in response to hypoxia. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:724-31. [PMID: 23395615 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Prox1 encodes a homeobox transcription factor critical to organ development, but its regulation is poorly understood. Here, we show that Prox1 expression is induced by hypoxia, and controlled by a hypoxia-response element (HRE) at the Prox1 promoter/regulatory region and HIF-1α/HIF-2α. EMSA and ChIP assays demonstrated the direct interaction of the HRE with HIF-1α or HIF-2α. Overexpression of HIF-1α or HIF-2α increased activation of the Prox1 promoter, whereas knockdown of HIF-1α or HIF-2α inhibited the activation. These data reveal a novel molecular mechanism for regulation of Prox1 expression in response to hypoxia and provide new insights into Prox1-controlled processes such as lymphangiogenesis.
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Aguilar B, Choi I, Choi D, Chung HK, Lee S, Yoo J, Lee YS, Maeng YS, Lee HN, Park E, Kim KE, Kim NY, Baik JM, Jung JU, Koh CJ, Hong YK. Lymphatic reprogramming by Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus promotes the oncogenic activity of the virus-encoded G-protein-coupled receptor. Cancer Res 2012; 72:5833-42. [PMID: 22942256 PMCID: PMC3500425 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma, the most common cancer in HIV-positive individuals, is caused by endothelial transformation mediated by the Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV)-encoded G-protein-coupled receptor (vGPCR). Infection of blood vascular endothelial cells (BEC) by KSHV reactivates an otherwise silenced embryonic program of lymphatic differentiation. Thus, Kaposi sarcoma tumors express numerous lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) signature genes. A key unanswered question is how lymphatic reprogramming by the virus promotes tumorigenesis leading to Kaposi sarcoma formation. In this study, we present evidence that this process creates an environment needed to license the oncogenic activity of vGPCR. We found that the G-protein regulator RGS4 is an inhibitor of vGPCR that is expressed in BECs, but not in LECs. RGS4 was downregulated by the master regulator of LEC differentiation PROX1, which is upregulated by KSHV and directs KSHV-induced lymphatic reprogramming. Moreover, we found that KSHV upregulates the nuclear receptor LRH1, which physically interacts with PROX1 and synergizes with it to mediate repression of RGS4 expression. Mechanistic investigations revealed that RGS4 reduced vGPCR-enhanced cell proliferation, migration, VEGF expression, and Akt activation and suppressed tumor formation induced by vGPCR. Our findings resolve long-standing questions about the pathologic impact of KSHV-induced reprogramming of host cell identity, and they offer biologic and mechanistic insights supporting the hypothesis that a lymphatic microenvironment is more favorable for Kaposi sarcoma tumorigenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- Down-Regulation
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Endothelial Cells/virology
- Female
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/metabolism
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/physiology
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Nude
- Mice, SCID
- Oncogene Protein v-akt/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RGS Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- RGS Proteins/biosynthesis
- RGS Proteins/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/physiology
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Berenice Aguilar
- Department of Surgery and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Inho Choi
- Department of Surgery and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Dongwon Choi
- Department of Surgery and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Hee Kyoung Chung
- Department of Surgery and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Sunju Lee
- Department of Surgery and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Jaehyuk Yoo
- Department of Surgery and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Yong Suk Lee
- Department of Surgery and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Yong Sun Maeng
- Department of Surgery and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Ha Neul Lee
- Department of Surgery and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Eunkyung Park
- Department of Surgery and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Kyu Eui Kim
- Department of Surgery and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Nam Yoon Kim
- Department of Surgery and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Jae Myung Baik
- Department of Surgery and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Jae U. Jung
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Chester J. Koh
- Division of Pediatric Urology and Developmental Biology, Regenerative Medicine, and Surgery Program, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90027
| | - Young-Kwon Hong
- Department of Surgery and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
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Abstract
In recent years, many genes that participate in the specification, differentiation and steroidogenesis of the interrenal organ, the teleostean homologue of the adrenal cortex, have been identified and characterized in zebrafish. In-depth studies of these genes have helped to delineate the morphogenetic steps of interrenal organ formation, as well as some of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that govern these processes. The co-development of interrenal tissue with the embryonic kidney (pronephros), surrounding endothelium and invading chromaffin cells has been analyzed, by virtue of the amenability of zebrafish embryos to a variety of genetic, developmental and histological approaches. Moreover, zebrafish embryos can be subject to molecular as well as biochemical assays for the unraveling of the transcriptional regulation program underlying interrenal development. To this end, the key mechanisms that control organogenesis and steroidogenesis of the zebrafish interrenal gland have been shown to resemble those in mammals, justifying the future utilization of zebrafish model for discovering novel genes associated with adrenal development and disease.
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Matulis CK, Mayo KE. The LIM domain protein FHL2 interacts with the NR5A family of nuclear receptors and CREB to activate the inhibin-α subunit gene in ovarian granulosa cells. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:1278-90. [PMID: 22734036 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-1347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor transcriptional activity is enhanced by interaction with coactivators. The highly related nuclear receptor 5A (NR5A) subfamily members liver receptor homolog 1 and steroidogenic factor 1 bind to and activate several of the same genes, many of which are important for reproductive function. To better understand transcriptional activation by these nuclear receptors, we sought to identify interacting proteins that might function as coactivators. The LIM domain protein four and a half LIM domain 2 (FHL2) was identified as interacting with the NR5A receptors in a yeast two-hybrid screen of a human ovary cDNA library. FHL2, and the closely related FHL1, are both expressed in the rodent ovary and in granulosa cells. Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of FHL1 and FHL2 in primary mouse granulosa cells reduced expression of the NR5A target genes encoding inhibin-α and P450scc. In vitro assays confirmed the interaction between the FHL and NR5A proteins and revealed that a single LIM domain of FHL2 is sufficient for this interaction, whereas determinants in both the ligand binding domain and DNA binding domain of NR5A proteins are important. FHL2 enhances the ability of both liver receptor homolog 1 and steroidogenic factor 1 to activate the inhibin-α subunit gene promoter in granulosa cells and thus functions as a transcriptional coactivator. FHL2 also interacts with cAMP response element-binding protein and substantially augments activation of inhibin gene expression by the combination of NR5A receptors and forskolin, suggesting that FHL2 may facilitate integration of these two signals. Collectively these results identify FHL2 as a novel coactivator of NR5A nuclear receptors in ovarian granulosa cells and suggest its involvement in regulating target genes important for mammalian reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina K Matulis
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Center of Reproductive Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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Risebro CA, Petchey LK, Smart N, Gomes J, Clark J, Vieira JM, Yanni J, Dobrzynski H, Davidson S, Zuberi Z, Tinker A, Shui B, Tallini YI, Kotlikoff MI, Miquerol L, Schwartz RJ, Riley PR. Epistatic rescue of Nkx2.5 adult cardiac conduction disease phenotypes by prospero-related homeobox protein 1 and HDAC3. Circ Res 2012; 111:e19-31. [PMID: 22647876 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.260695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Nkx2.5 is one of the most widely studied cardiac-specific transcription factors, conserved from flies to man, with multiple essential roles in both the developing and adult heart. Specific dominant mutations in NKX2.5 have been identified in adult congenital heart disease patients presenting with conduction system anomalies and recent genome-wide association studies implicate the NKX2.5 locus, as causative for lethal arrhythmias ("sudden cardiac death") that occur at a frequency in the population of 1 in 1000 per annum worldwide. Haploinsufficiency for Nkx2.5 in the mouse phenocopies human conduction disease pathology yet the phenotypes, described in both mouse and man, are highly pleiotropic, implicit of unknown modifiers and/or factors acting in epistasis with Nkx2.5/NKX2.5. OBJECTIVE To identify bone fide upstream genetic modifier(s) of Nkx2.5/NKX2.5 function and to determine epistatic effects relevant to the manifestation of NKX2.5-dependent adult congenital heart disease. METHODS AND RESULTS A study of cardiac function in prospero-related homeobox protein 1 (Prox1) heterozygous mice, using pressure-volume loop and micromannometry, revealed rescue of hemodynamic parameters in Nkx2.5(Cre/+); Prox1(loxP/+) animals versus Nkx2.5(Cre/+) controls. Anatomic studies, on a Cx40(EGFP) background, revealed Cre-mediated knock-down of Prox1 restored the anatomy of the atrioventricular node and His-Purkinje network both of which were severely hypoplastic in Nkx2.5(Cre/+) littermates. Steady state surface electrocardiography recordings and high-speed multiphoton imaging, to assess Ca(2+) handling, revealed atrioventricular conduction and excitation-contraction were also normalized by Prox1 haploinsufficiency, as was expression of conduction genes thought to act downstream of Nkx2.5. Chromatin immunoprecipitation on adult hearts, in combination with both gain and loss-of-function reporter assays in vitro, revealed that Prox1 recruits the corepressor HDAC3 to directly repress Nkx2.5 via a proximal upstream enhancer as a mechanism for regulating Nkx2.5 function in adult cardiac conduction. CONCLUSIONS Here we identify Prox1 as a direct upstream modifier of Nkx2.5 in the maintenance of the adult conduction system and rescue of Nkx2.5 conduction disease phenotypes. This study is the first example of rescue of Nkx2.5 function and establishes a model for ensuring electrophysiological function within the adult heart alongside insight into a novel Prox1-HDAC3-Nkx2.5 signaling pathway for therapeutic targeting in conduction disease.
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WESTMORELAND JOBYJ, KILIC GAMZE, SARTAIN CAROLINE, SIRMA SEMA, BLAIN JENNIFER, REHG JEROLD, HARVEY NATASHA, SOSA–PINEDA BEATRIZ. Pancreas-specific deletion of Prox1 affects development and disrupts homeostasis of the exocrine pancreas. Gastroenterology 2012; 142:999-1009.e6. [PMID: 22178591 PMCID: PMC3398795 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The exocrine portion of the pancreas functions in digestion and preserves pancreatic homeostasis. Learning how this tissue forms during embryogenesis could improve our understanding of human pancreatic diseases. Expression of the homeobox gene Prox1 in the exocrine pancreas changes throughout development in mice. We investigated the role of Prox1 in development of the exocrine pancreas in mice. METHODS Mice with pancreas-specific deletion of Prox1 (Prox1(ΔPanc)) were generated and their pancreatic tissues were analyzed using immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy, histologic techniques, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, and morphometric analysis. RESULTS Loss of Prox1 from the pancreas led to multiple exocrine alterations, most notably premature acinar cell differentiation, increased ductal cell proliferation, altered duct morphogenesis, and imbalanced expression of claudin proteins. Prox1(ΔPanc) mice also had some minor alterations in islet cells, but beta-cell development was not affected. The exocrine congenital defects of Prox1(ΔPanc) pancreata appeared to initiate a gradual process of deterioration that resulted in extensive loss of acinar cells, lipomatosis, and damage to ductal tissue in adult mice. CONCLUSIONS Pancreas-specific deletion of Prox1 causes premature differentiation of acinar cells and poor elongation of epithelial branches; these defects indicate that Prox1 controls the expansion of tip progenitors in the early developing pancreas. During later stages of embryogenesis, Prox1 appears to regulate duct cell proliferation and morphogenesis. These findings identify Prox1 as an important regulator of pancreatic exocrine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- JOBY J. WESTMORELAND
- Department of Genetics, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - GAMZE KILIC
- Department of Genetics, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - CAROLINE SARTAIN
- Department of Genetics, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - SEMA SIRMA
- Department of Genetics, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - JENNIFER BLAIN
- Department of Genetics, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - JEROLD REHG
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - NATASHA HARVEY
- Department of Genetics, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - BEATRIZ SOSA–PINEDA
- Department of Genetics, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
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41
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Yoshimatsu Y, Yamazaki T, Mihira H, Itoh T, Suehiro J, Yuki K, Harada K, Morikawa M, Iwata C, Minami T, Morishita Y, Kodama T, Miyazono K, Watabe T. Ets family members induce lymphangiogenesis through physical and functional interaction with Prox1. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:2753-62. [PMID: 21807940 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.083998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prox1 plays pivotal roles during embryonic lymphatic development and maintenance of adult lymphatic systems by modulating the expression of various lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) markers, such as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR3). However, the molecular mechanisms by which Prox1 transactivates its target genes remain largely unknown. Here, we identified Ets-2 as a candidate molecule that regulates the functions of Prox1. Whereas Ets-2 has been implicated in angiogenesis, its roles during lymphangiogenesis have not yet been elucidated. We found that endogenous Ets-2 interacts with Prox1 in LECs. Using an in vivo model of chronic aseptic peritonitis, we found that Ets-2 enhanced inflammatory lymphangiogenesis, whereas a dominant-negative mutant of Ets-1 suppressed it. Ets-2 also enhanced endothelial migration towards VEGF-C through induction of expression of VEGFR3 in collaboration with Prox1. Furthermore, we found that both Prox1 and Ets-2 bind to the VEGFR3 promoter in intact chromatin. These findings suggest that Ets family members function as transcriptional cofactors that enhance Prox1-induced lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Yoshimatsu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Nuclear receptor liver receptor homologue 1 (LRH-1) regulates pancreatic cancer cell growth and proliferation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:16927-31. [PMID: 21949357 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1112047108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An essential regulator of gene transcription, nuclear receptor liver receptor homologue 1 (LRH-1) controls cell differentiation in the developing pancreas and maintains cholesterol homeostasis in adults. Recent genome-wide association studies linked mutations in the LRH-1 gene and its up-stream regulatory regions to development of pancreatic cancer. In this work, we show that LRH-1 transcription is activated up to 30-fold in human pancreatic cancer cells compared to normal pancreatic ductal epithelium. This activation correlates with markedly increased LRH-1 protein expression in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas in vivo. Selective blocking of LRH-1 by receptor specific siRNA significantly inhibits pancreatic cancer cell proliferation in vitro. The inhibition is tracked in part to the attenuation of the receptor's transcriptional targets controlling cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. Previously, LRH-1 was shown to contribute to formation of intestinal tumors. This study demonstrates the critical involvement of LRH-1 in development and progression of pancreatic cancer, suggesting the LRH-1 receptor as a plausible therapeutic target for treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas.
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Interleukin enhancer-binding factor 3 functions as a liver receptor homologue-1 co-activator in synergy with the nuclear receptor co-activators PRMT1 and PGC-1α. Biochem J 2011; 437:531-40. [PMID: 21554248 DOI: 10.1042/bj20101793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
LRH-1 (liver receptor homologue-1), a transcription factor and member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, regulates the expression of its target genes, which are involved in bile acid and cholesterol homoeostasis. However, the molecular mechanisms of transcriptional control by LRH-1 are not completely understood. Previously, we identified Ku80 and Ku70 as LRH-1-binding proteins and reported that they function as co-repressors. In the present study, we identified an additional LRH-1-binding protein, ILF3 (interleukin enhancer-binding factor 3). ILF3 formed a complex with LRH-1 and the other two nuclear receptor co-activators PRMT1 (protein arginine methyltransferase 1) and PGC-1α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator-1α). We demonstrated that ILF3, PRMT1 and PGC-1α were recruited to the promoter region of the LRH-1-regulated SHP (small heterodimer partner) gene, encoding one of the nuclear receptors. ILF3 enhanced SHP gene expression in co-operation with PRMT1 and PGC-1α through the C-terminal region of ILF3. In addition, we found that the small interfering RNA-mediated down-regulation of ILF3 expression led to a reduction in the occupancy of PGC-1α at the SHP promoter and SHP expression. Taken together, our results suggest that ILF3 functions as a novel LRH-1 co-activator by acting synergistically with PRMT1 and PGC-1α, thereby promoting LRH-1-dependent gene expression.
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Dufour CR, Levasseur MP, Pham NHH, Eichner LJ, Wilson BJ, Charest-Marcotte A, Duguay D, Poirier-Héon JF, Cermakian N, Giguère V. Genomic convergence among ERRα, PROX1, and BMAL1 in the control of metabolic clock outputs. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002143. [PMID: 21731503 PMCID: PMC3121748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic homeostasis and circadian rhythms are closely intertwined biological processes. Nuclear receptors, as sensors of hormonal and nutrient status, are actively implicated in maintaining this physiological relationship. Although the orphan nuclear receptor estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα, NR3B1) plays a central role in the control of energy metabolism and its expression is known to be cyclic in the liver, its role in temporal control of metabolic networks is unknown. Here we report that ERRα directly regulates all major components of the molecular clock. ERRα-null mice also display deregulated locomotor activity rhythms and circadian period lengths under free-running conditions, as well as altered circulating diurnal bile acid and lipid profiles. In addition, the ERRα-null mice exhibit time-dependent hypoglycemia and hypoinsulinemia, suggesting a role for ERRα in modulating insulin sensitivity and glucose handling during the 24-hour light/dark cycle. We also provide evidence that the newly identified ERRα corepressor PROX1 is implicated in rhythmic control of metabolic outputs. To help uncover the molecular basis of these phenotypes, we performed genome-wide location analyses of binding events by ERRα, PROX1, and BMAL1, an integral component of the molecular clock. These studies revealed the existence of transcriptional regulatory loops among ERRα, PROX1, and BMAL1, as well as extensive overlaps in their target genes, implicating these three factors in the control of clock and metabolic gene networks in the liver. Genomic convergence of ERRα, PROX1, and BMAL1 transcriptional activity thus identified a novel node in the molecular circuitry controlling the daily timing of metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie-Pier Levasseur
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Lillian J. Eichner
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Alexis Charest-Marcotte
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - David Duguay
- Laboratory of Molecular Chronobiology, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Jean-François Poirier-Héon
- Laboratory of Molecular Chronobiology, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Nicolas Cermakian
- Laboratory of Molecular Chronobiology, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Vincent Giguère
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
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Edvardsson K, Ström A, Jonsson P, Gustafsson JÅ, Williams C. Estrogen receptor β induces antiinflammatory and antitumorigenic networks in colon cancer cells. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25:969-79. [PMID: 21493669 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies suggest estrogen to be protective against the development of colon cancer. Estrogen receptor β (ERβ) is the predominant estrogen receptor expressed in colorectal epithelium and is the main candidate to mediate the protective effects. We have previously shown that expression of ERβ reduces growth of colorectal cancer in xenografts. Little is known of the actions of ERβ and its effect on gene transcription in colon cancers. To dissect the processes that ERβ mediates and to investigate cell-specific mechanisms, we reexpressed ERβ in three colorectal cancer cell lines (SW480, HT29, and HCT-116) and conducted genome-wide expression studies in combination with gene-pathway analyses and cross-correlation to ERβ-chromatin-binding sites. Although induced gene regulation was cell specific, overrepresentation analysis of functional classes indicated that the same biological themes, including apoptosis, cell differentiation, and regulation of the cell cycle, were affected in all three cell lines. Novel findings include a strong ERβ-mediated down-regulation of IL-6 and downstream networks with significant implications for inflammatory mechanisms involved in colon carcinogenesis. We also discovered cross talk between the suggested nuclear receptor coregulator PROX1 and ERβ, demonstrating that ERβ both regulates and shares target genes with PROX1. The influence of ERβ on apoptosis was further explored using functional studies, which suggested an increased DNA-repair capacity. We conclude that reexpression of ERβ induces transcriptome changes that, through several parallel pathways, converge into antitumorigenic capabilities in all three cell lines. We propose that enhancing ERβ action has potential as a novel therapeutic approach for prevention and/or treatment of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Edvardsson
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5056, USA
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46
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Baxter SA, Cheung DY, Bocangel P, Kim HK, Herbert K, Douville JM, Jangamreddy JR, Zhang S, Eisenstat DD, Wigle JT. Regulation of the lymphatic endothelial cell cycle by the PROX1 homeodomain protein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2011; 1813:201-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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47
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Locker J. Transcriptional Control of Hepatocyte Differentiation. MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY LIBRARY 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7107-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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48
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Emerging actions of the nuclear receptor LRH-1 in the gut. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1812:947-55. [PMID: 21194563 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Liver receptor homolog-1 (NR5A2) is a nuclear receptor originally identified in the liver and mostly known for its regulatory role in cholesterol and bile acid homeostasis. More recently, liver receptor homolog-1 has emerged as a key regulator of intestinal function, coordinating unanticipated actions, such as cell renewal and local immune function with important implications to common intestinal diseases, including colorectal cancer and inflammatory bowel disease. Unlike most of the other nuclear receptors, liver receptor homolog-1 acts as a constitutively active transcription factor to drive the transcription of its target genes. Liver receptor homolog-1 activity however is to a major extent regulated by different corepressors and posttranslational modifications, which may account for its tissue-specific functions. This review will provide an update on the molecular aspects of liver receptor homolog-1 action and focus on some emerging aspects of its function in normal and diseased gut. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Translating nuclear receptors from health to disease.
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Kaltezioti V, Kouroupi G, Oikonomaki M, Mantouvalou E, Stergiopoulos A, Charonis A, Rohrer H, Matsas R, Politis PK. Prox1 regulates the notch1-mediated inhibition of neurogenesis. PLoS Biol 2010; 8:e1000565. [PMID: 21203589 PMCID: PMC3006385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During development of the spinal cord, Prox1 controls the balance between proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor cells via suppression of Notch1 gene expression. Activation of Notch1 signaling in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) induces self-renewal and inhibits neurogenesis. Upon neuronal differentiation, NPCs overcome this inhibition, express proneural genes to induce Notch ligands, and activate Notch1 in neighboring NPCs. The molecular mechanism that coordinates Notch1 inactivation with initiation of neurogenesis remains elusive. Here, we provide evidence that Prox1, a transcription repressor and downstream target of proneural genes, counteracts Notch1 signaling via direct suppression of Notch1 gene expression. By expression studies in the developing spinal cord of chick and mouse embryo, we showed that Prox1 is limited to neuronal precursors residing between the Notch1+ NPCs and post-mitotic neurons. Physiological levels of Prox1 in this tissue are sufficient to allow binding at Notch1 promoter and they are critical for proper Notch1 transcriptional regulation in vivo. Gain-of-function studies in the chick neural tube and mouse NPCs suggest that Prox1-mediated suppression of Notch1 relieves its inhibition on neurogenesis and allows NPCs to exit the cell cycle and differentiate. Moreover, loss-of-function in the chick neural tube shows that Prox1 is necessary for suppression of Notch1 outside the ventricular zone, inhibition of active Notch signaling, down-regulation of NPC markers, and completion of neuronal differentiation program. Together these data suggest that Prox1 inhibits Notch1 gene expression to control the balance between NPC self-renewal and neuronal differentiation. Early during development, neural progenitor cells (NPCs) can either proliferate or differentiate into neurons. Thus, generation of the correct number of neurons is governed by a tightly regulated balance between proliferation and differentiation, and disruption of this balance can result in severe developmental deficits, malformations, or cancers. Notch1 is a member of the Notch family of receptors, which make up a highly conserved cell signaling system. Notch1 signaling has been shown to inhibit NPC differentiation and to promote self-renewal, thereby allowing NPCs to divide and progressively generate the enormous number of neurons present in the central nervous system. The molecular mechanism by which NPCs overcome Notch1-mediated inhibition in order to differentiate into neurons, however, is not completely understood. In this study, we show that Prox1, a homeobox transcriptional repressor, plays a fundamental role in the switch to differentiation by suppressing the expression of Notch1 receptor, thereby preventing newly produced neuronal precursors from receiving inhibitory signals from Notch ligands present in neighboring cells. This transcriptional repression may regulate cell cycle exit and differentiation of NPCs as they migrate towards different regions and adopt their final cell fates. We suggest that Prox1 may exert its known influence on embryonic development, organ morphogenesis, and cancer through its ability to counteract Notch1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Kaltezioti
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Kouroupi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Oikonomaki
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Mantouvalou
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Stergiopoulos
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Aristidis Charonis
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Hermann Rohrer
- Department of Neurochemistry, Max-Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Rebecca Matsas
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis K. Politis
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is tightly controlled by a number of noncytotoxic mechanisms. This control occurs within the host hepatocyte at different steps of the HBV replication cycle. HBV persists by establishing a nuclear minichromosome, HBV cccDNA, serving as a transcription template for the viral pregenome and viral mRNAs. Nucleoside/nucleotide analogues widely used for antiviral therapy as well as most antiviral cytokines act at steps after transcription of HBV RNAs and thus can control virus replication but do not directly affect its gene expression. Control of HBV at the level of transcription in contrast is able to restrict both, HBV replication and gene expression. In the review, we focus on how HBV is controlled at the level of transcription. We discuss how the composition of transcription factors determines HBV gene expression and replication and how this may be influenced by antivirally active substances, e.g. the cytokine IL-6 or helioxanthin analogues, or by the differentiation state of the hepatocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Quasdorff
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Cologne, Germany
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