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Dodonova SA, Zhidkova EM, Kryukov AA, Valiev TT, Kirsanov KI, Kulikov EP, Budunova IV, Yakubovskaya MG, Lesovaya EA. Synephrine and Its Derivative Compound A: Common and Specific Biological Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17537. [PMID: 38139366 PMCID: PMC10744207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This review is focused on synephrine, the principal phytochemical found in bitter orange and other medicinal plants and widely used as a dietary supplement for weight loss/body fat reduction. We examine different aspects of synephrine biology, delving into its established and potential molecular targets, as well as its mechanisms of action. We present an overview of the origin, chemical composition, receptors, and pharmacological properties of synephrine, including its anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity in various in vitro and animal models. Additionally, we conduct a comparative analysis of the molecular targets and effects of synephrine with those of its metabolite, selective glucocorticoid receptor agonist (SEGRA) Compound A (CpdA), which shares a similar chemical structure with synephrine. SEGRAs, including CpdA, have been extensively studied as glucocorticoid receptor activators that have a better benefit/risk profile than glucocorticoids due to their reduced adverse effects. We discuss the potential of synephrine usage as a template for the synthesis of new generation of non-steroidal SEGRAs. The review also provides insights into the safe pharmacological profile of synephrine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana A. Dodonova
- Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Kursk State Medical University, 305041 Kursk, Russia; (S.A.D.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Ekaterina M. Zhidkova
- Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (E.M.Z.); (T.T.V.); (K.I.K.); (M.G.Y.)
| | - Alexey A. Kryukov
- Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Kursk State Medical University, 305041 Kursk, Russia; (S.A.D.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Timur T. Valiev
- Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (E.M.Z.); (T.T.V.); (K.I.K.); (M.G.Y.)
| | - Kirill I. Kirsanov
- Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (E.M.Z.); (T.T.V.); (K.I.K.); (M.G.Y.)
- Faculty of Oncology, Ryazan State Medical University Named after Academician I.P. Pavlov, 390026 Ryazan, Russia
| | - Evgeny P. Kulikov
- Laboratory of Single Cell Biology, Russian University of People’s Friendship (RUDN) University, 117198 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Irina V. Budunova
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
| | - Marianna G. Yakubovskaya
- Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (E.M.Z.); (T.T.V.); (K.I.K.); (M.G.Y.)
- Faculty of Oncology, Ryazan State Medical University Named after Academician I.P. Pavlov, 390026 Ryazan, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A. Lesovaya
- Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (E.M.Z.); (T.T.V.); (K.I.K.); (M.G.Y.)
- Faculty of Oncology, Ryazan State Medical University Named after Academician I.P. Pavlov, 390026 Ryazan, Russia
- Laboratory of Single Cell Biology, Russian University of People’s Friendship (RUDN) University, 117198 Moscow, Russia;
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El Kharraz S, Dubois V, Launonen KM, Helminen L, Palvimo JJ, Libert C, Smeets E, Moris L, Eerlings R, Vanderschueren D, Helsen C, Claessens F. N/C Interactions Are Dispensable for Normal In Vivo Functioning of the Androgen Receptor in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6652495. [PMID: 35908178 PMCID: PMC9756762 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) plays a central role in the development and maintenance of the male phenotype. The binding of androgens to the receptor induces interactions between the carboxyterminal ligand-binding domain and the highly conserved 23FQNLF27 motif in the aminoterminal domain. The role of these so-called N/C interactions in AR functioning is debated. In vitro assays show that mutating the AR in the 23FQNLF27 motif (called ARNoC) attenuates the AR transactivation of reporter genes, has no effect on ligand binding, but does affect protein-protein interactions with several AR coregulators. To test the in vivo relevance of the N/C interaction, we analyzed the consequences of the genomic introduction of the ARNoC mutation in mice. Surprisingly, the ARNoC/Y mice show a normal male development, with unaffected male anogenital distance and normal accessory sex glands, male circulating androgen levels, body composition, and fertility. The responsiveness of androgen target genes in kidney, prostate, and testes was also unaffected. We thus conclude that the N/C interactions in the AR are not essential for the development of a male phenotype under normal physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah El Kharraz
- Correspondence: Frank Claessens, PhD, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium. . Reprint requests can be sent to or
| | - Vanessa Dubois
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Basic and Translational Endocrinology, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Kaisa-Mari Launonen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
| | - Laura Helminen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
| | - Jorma J Palvimo
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
| | - Claude Libert
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- Department for Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Elien Smeets
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Lisa Moris
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Roy Eerlings
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Dirk Vanderschueren
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Christine Helsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Frank Claessens
- Correspondence: Frank Claessens, PhD, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium. . Reprint requests can be sent to or
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Wang Q, Shen JY, Zhang R, Hong JW, Li Z, Ding Z, Wang HX, Zhang JP, Zhang MR, Xu LC. Effects and mechanisms of pyrethroids on male reproductive system. Toxicology 2020; 438:152460. [PMID: 32278050 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic pyrethroids are used as insecticides in agriculture and a variety of household applications worldwide. Pyrethroids are widely distributed in all environmental compartments and the general populations are exposed to pyrethroids through various routes. Pyrethroids have been identified as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) which are responsible for the male reproductive impairments. The data confirm pyrethroids cause male reproductive damages. The insecticides exert the toxic effects on male reproductive system through various complex mechanisms including antagonizing androgen receptor (AR), inhibiting steroid synthesis, affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, acting as estrogen receptor (ER) modulators and inducing oxidative stress. The mechanisms of male reproductive toxicity of pyrethroids involve multiple targets and pathways. The review will provide further insight into pyrethroid-induced male reproductive toxicity and mechanisms, which is crucial to preserve male reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun-Yu Shen
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia-Wei Hong
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zheng Li
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhen Ding
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Heng-Xue Wang
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin-Peng Zhang
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mei-Rong Zhang
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li-Chun Xu
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
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Dilsizoglu Senol A, Tagliafierro L, Gorisse-Hussonnois L, Rebeillard F, Huguet L, Geny D, Contremoulins V, Corlier F, Potier MC, Chasseigneaux S, Darmon M, Allinquant B. Protein interacting with Amyloid Precursor Protein tail-1 (PAT1) is involved in early endocytosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4995-5009. [PMID: 31139847 PMCID: PMC11105537 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein interacting with Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) tail 1 (PAT1) also called APPBP2 or Ara 67 has different targets such as APP or androgen receptor and is expressed in several tissues. PAT1 is known to be involved in the subcellular trafficking of its targets. We previously observed in primary neurons that PAT1 is poorly associated with APP at the cell surface. Here we show that PAT1 colocalizes with vesicles close to the cell surface labeled with Rab5, Rab4, EEA1 and Rabaptin-5 but not with Rab11 and Rab7. Moreover, PAT1 expression regulates the number of EEA1 and Rab5 vesicles, and endocytosis/recycling of the transferrin receptor. In addition, low levels of PAT1 decrease the size of transferrin-colocalized EEA1 vesicles with time following transferrin uptake. Finally, overexpression of the APP binding domain to PAT1 is sufficient to compromise endocytosis. Altogether, these data suggest that PAT1 is a new actor in transferrin early endocytosis. Whether this new function of PAT1 may have consequences in pathology remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysegul Dilsizoglu Senol
- Faculté de Médecine, UMR_S894 INSERM, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 102-108 rue de la Santé, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Lidia Tagliafierro
- Faculté de Médecine, UMR_S894 INSERM, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 102-108 rue de la Santé, 75014, Paris, France
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Lucie Gorisse-Hussonnois
- Faculté de Médecine, UMR_S894 INSERM, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 102-108 rue de la Santé, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Florian Rebeillard
- Faculté de Médecine, UMR_S894 INSERM, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 102-108 rue de la Santé, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Léa Huguet
- Faculté de Médecine, UMR_S894 INSERM, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 102-108 rue de la Santé, 75014, Paris, France
| | - David Geny
- Faculté de Médecine, UMR_S894 INSERM, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 102-108 rue de la Santé, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Contremoulins
- ImagoSeine, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592, CNRS and Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Fabian Corlier
- Institut du Cerveau et la Moelle épinière, ICM, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Claude Potier
- Institut du Cerveau et la Moelle épinière, ICM, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Chasseigneaux
- Faculté de Médecine, UMR_S894 INSERM, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 102-108 rue de la Santé, 75014, Paris, France
- INSERM U1144, Université Paris Descartes and Université Paris Diderot UMR-S 1144, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Michèle Darmon
- Faculté de Médecine, UMR_S894 INSERM, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 102-108 rue de la Santé, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Bernadette Allinquant
- Faculté de Médecine, UMR_S894 INSERM, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 102-108 rue de la Santé, 75014, Paris, France.
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Liu N, Zhou W, Guo Y, Wang J, Fu W, Sun H, Li D, Duan M, Hou T. Molecular Dynamics Simulations Revealed the Regulation of Ligands to the Interactions between Androgen Receptor and Its Coactivator. J Chem Inf Model 2018; 58:1652-1661. [PMID: 29993249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.8b00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) plays important roles in gene expression regulation, sexual phenotype maintenance, and prostate cancer (PCa) development. The communications between the AR ligand-binding domain (LBD) and its coactivator are critical to the activation of AR. It is still unclear how the ligand binding would affect the AR-coactivator interactions. In this work, the effects of the ligand binding on the AR-coactivator communications were explored by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The results showed that the ligand binding regulates the residue interactions in the function site AF-2. The ligand-to-coactivator allosteric pathway, which involves the coactivator, helix 3 (H3), helix 4 (H4), the loop between H3 and H4 (L3), and helix 12 (H12), and ligands, was characterized. In addition, the interactions of residues on the function site BF-3, especially on the boundary of AF-2 and BF-3, are also affected by the ligands. The MM/GBSA free energy calculations demonstrated that the binding affinity between the coactivator and apo-AR is roughly weaker than those between the coactivator and antagonistic ARs but stronger than those between the coactivator and agonistic ARs. The results indicated that the long-range electrostatic interactions and the conformational entropies are the main factors affecting the binding free energies. In addition, the F876L mutation on AR-LBD affects the ligand-to-coactivator allosteric pathway, which could be the reason for point mutation induced tolerance for the antagonistic drugs such as enzalutamide. Our study would help to develop novel drug candidates against PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan , Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wenfang Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310058 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Guo
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan , Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Junmei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
| | - Weitao Fu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310058 , People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyong Sun
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310058 , People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310058 , People's Republic of China
| | - Mojie Duan
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan , Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , China
| | - Tingjun Hou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310058 , People's Republic of China
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Lieberman HB, Rai AJ, Friedman RA, Hopkins KM, Broustas CG. Prostate cancer: unmet clinical needs and RAD9 as a candidate biomarker for patient management. Transl Cancer Res 2018; 7:S651-S661. [PMID: 30079300 PMCID: PMC6071673 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2018.01.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a complex disease, with multiple subtypes and clinical presentations. Much progress has been made in recent years to understand the underlying genetic basis that drives prostate cancer. Such mechanistic information is useful for development of novel therapeutic targets, to identify biomarkers for early detection or to distinguish between aggressive and indolent disease, and to predict treatment outcome. Multiple tests have become available in recent years to address these clinical needs for prostate cancer. We describe several of these assays, summarizing test details, performance characteristics, and acknowledging their limitations. There is a pressing unmet need for novel biomarkers that can demonstrate improvement in these areas. We introduce one such candidate biomarker, RAD9, describe its functions in the DNA damage response, and detail why it can potentially fill this void. RAD9 has multiple roles in prostate carcinogenesis, making it potentially useful as a clinical tool for men with prostate cancer. RAD9 was originally identified as a radioresistance gene, and subsequent investigations revealed several key functions in the response of cells to DNA damage, including involvement in cell cycle checkpoint control, at least five DNA repair pathways, and apoptosis. Further studies indicated aberrant overexpression in approximately 45% of prostate tumors, with a strong correlation between RAD9 abundance and cancer stage. A causal relationship between RAD9 and prostate cancer was first demonstrated using a mouse model, where tumorigenicity of human prostate cancer cells after subcutaneous injection into nude mice was diminished when RNA interference was used to reduce the normally high levels of the protein. In addition to activity needed for the initial development of tumors, cell culture studies indicated roles for RAD9 in promoting prostate cancer progression by controlling cell migration and invasion through regulation of ITGB1 protein levels, and anoikis resistance by modulating AKT activation. Furthermore, RAD9 enhances the resistance of human prostate cancer cells to radiation in part by regulating ITGB1 protein abundance. RAD9 binds androgen receptor and inhibits androgen-induced androgen receptor's activity as a transcription factor. Moreover, RAD9 also acts as a gene-specific transcription factor, through binding p53 consensus sequences at target gene promoters, and this likely contributes to its oncogenic activity. Given these diverse and extensive activities, RAD9 plays important roles in the initiation and progression of prostate cancer and can potentially serve as a valuable biomarker useful in the management of patients with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard B. Lieberman
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alex J. Rai
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and Special Chemistry Laboratories, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard A. Friedman
- Biomedical Informatics Shared Resource, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevin M. Hopkins
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Constantinos G. Broustas
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
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Mandel A, Larsson P, Sarwar M, Semenas J, Syed Khaja AS, Persson JL. The interplay between AR, EGF receptor and MMP-9 signaling pathways in invasive prostate cancer. Mol Med 2018; 24:34. [PMID: 30134822 PMCID: PMC6020326 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-018-0035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metastatic Prostate cancer (PCa) cells have gained survival and invasive advantages. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor is a receptor tyrosine kinase, which may mediate signalling to promote progression and invasion of various cancers. In this study, we uncovered the molecular mechanisms underlying the interconnection among the androgen receptor (AR), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) and EGFR in promoting PCa progression. Methods Immunohistochemical analysis of the tissue microarrays consisting of primary and metastatic PCa tissues was performed. The clinical importance of EGFR and its association with survivals were analyzed using three cohorts from MSKCC Prostate Oncogenome Project dataset (For primary tumors, n = 181; for metastatic tumors n = 37) and The Cancer Genome Atlas Prostate Adenocarcinoma Provisional dataset (n = 495). Targeted overexpression or inhibition of the proteins of interests was introduced into PCa cell lines. Treatment of PCa cell lines with the compounds was conducted. Immunoblot analysis was performed. Results We showed that AR, MMP-9 and EGFR are interconnect factors, which may cooperatively promote PCa progression. Altered EGFR expression was associated with poor disease-free survival in PCa patients. Induced overexpression of AR led to an increase in the expression of EGFR, p-GSK-3β and decrease in p27 expression in PCa cell lines in the presence of androgen stimulation. Overexpression of MMP9 significantly induced EGFR expression in PCa cells. Inhibition of PIP5K1α, a lipid kinase that acts upstream of PI3K/AKT greatly reduced expressions of AR, MMP-9 and EGFR. Conclusions Our findings also suggest that PCa cells may utilize AR, EGFR and MMP-9 pathways in androgen-dependent as well as in castration-resistant conditions. Our data suggest a new therapeutic potential to block cancer metastasis by targeting AR, EGFR and MMP-9 pathways in subsets of PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mandel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Per Larsson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Martuza Sarwar
- Division of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gatan 35, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Julius Semenas
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Jenny L Persson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden. .,Division of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gatan 35, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
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8
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Ramos-Treviño J, Bassol-Mayagoitia S, Hernández-Ibarra JA, Ruiz-Flores P, Nava-Hernández MP. Toxic Effect of Cadmium, Lead, and Arsenic on the Sertoli Cell: Mechanisms of Damage Involved. DNA Cell Biol 2018; 37:600-608. [PMID: 29746152 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2017.4081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, an increase has been described in exposure to environmental toxins; consequently, a series of studies has been carried out with the aim of identifying problems associated with health. One of the main risk factors is exposure to heavy metals. The adverse effects that these compounds exert on health are quite complex and difficult to elucidate, in that they act at different levels and there are various signaling pathways that are implicated in the mechanisms of damage. The Sertoli cells plays a role of vital importance during the process of spermatogenesis, and it has been identified as one of the principal targets of heavy metals. In the present review, cadmium, lead, and arsenic are broached as altering the physiology of the Sertoli cells, citing mechanisms that have been cited in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ramos-Treviño
- 1 Department of Reproductive Biology, Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Coahuila (UAdeC) , Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Susana Bassol-Mayagoitia
- 1 Department of Reproductive Biology, Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Coahuila (UAdeC) , Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - José Anselmo Hernández-Ibarra
- 1 Department of Reproductive Biology, Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Coahuila (UAdeC) , Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Pablo Ruiz-Flores
- 2 Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Coahuila (UAdeC) , Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Martha P Nava-Hernández
- 1 Department of Reproductive Biology, Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Coahuila (UAdeC) , Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico
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9
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Xu D, Chen Q, Liu Y, Wen X. Baicalein suppresses the androgen receptor (AR)-mediated prostate cancer progression via inhibiting the AR N-C dimerization and AR-coactivators interaction. Oncotarget 2017; 8:105561-105573. [PMID: 29285272 PMCID: PMC5739659 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen receptor (AR) plays a critical role in prostate cancer (PCa) development and progression. Androgen deprivation therapy with antiandrogens to reduce androgen biosynthesis or prevent androgens from binding to AR are widely used to suppress AR-mediated PCa growth. However, most of ADT may eventually fail with development of the castration resistance after 12-24 months. Here we found that a natural product baicalein can effectively suppress the PCa progression via targeting the androgen-induced AR transactivation with little effect to AR protein expression. METHODS PCa cells including LNCaP, CWR22Rv1, C4-2, PC-3, and DU145, were treated with baicalein and luciferase assay was used to evaluate their effect on the AR transactivation. Cell growth and IC50 were determined by MTT assay after 48 hrs treatment. RT-PCR was used to evaluate the mRNA levels of AR target genes including PSA, TMPRSS2, and TMEPA1. Western blot was used to determine AR and PSA protein expression. RESULTS The natural product of baicalein can selectively inhibit AR transactivation with little effect on the other nuclear receptors, including ERα, and GR. At a low concentration, 2.5 μM of baicalein effectively suppresses the growth of AR-positive PCa cells, and has little effect on AR-negative PCa cells. Mechanism dissection suggest that baicalein can suppress AR target genes (PSA, TMPRSS2, and TMEPA1) expression in both androgen responsive LNCaP cells and castration resistant CWR22Rv1 cells, that may involve the inhibiting the AR N/C dimerization and AR-coactivators interaction. CONCLUSIONS Baicalein may be developed as an effective anti-AR therapy via its ability to inhibit AR transactivation and AR-mediated PCa cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defeng Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, P.R. China
| | - Qiulu Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, P.R. China
| | - Yalin Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, P.R. China
| | - Xingqiao Wen
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, P.R. China
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Wang H, Ding Z, Shi QM, Ge X, Wang HX, Li MX, Chen G, Wang Q, Ju Q, Zhang JP, Zhang MR, Xu LC. Anti-androgenic mechanisms of Bisphenol A involve androgen receptor signaling pathway. Toxicology 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Characterization of a novel androgen receptor (AR) coregulator RIPK1 and related chemicals that suppress AR-mediated prostate cancer growth via peptide and chemical screening. Oncotarget 2017; 8:69508-69519. [PMID: 29050220 PMCID: PMC5642495 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Using bicalutamide-androgen receptor (AR) DNA binding domain-ligand binding domain as bait, we observed enrichment of FxxFY motif-containing peptides. Protein database searches revealed the presence of receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) harboring one FxxFY motif. RIPK1 interacted directly with AR and suppressed AR transactivation in a dose-dependent manner. Domain mapping experiments showed that the FxxFY motif in RIPK1 is critical for interactions with AR and the death domain of RIPK1 plays a crucial role in its inhibitory effect on transactivation. In terms of tissue expression, RIPK1 levels were markedly higher in benign prostate hyperplasia and non-cancerous tissue regions relative to the tumor area. With the aid of computer modeling for screening of chemicals targeting activation function 2 (AF-2) of AR, we identified oxadiazole derivatives as good candidates and subsequently generated a small library of these compounds. A number of candidates could effectively suppress AR transactivation and AR-related functions in vitro and in vivo with tolerable toxicity via inhibiting AR-peptide, AR-coregulator and AR N-C interactions. Combination of these chemicals with antiandrogen had an additive suppressive effect on AR transcriptional activity. Our collective findings may pave the way in creating new strategies for the development and design of anti-AR drugs.
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Wang Q, Zhou JL, Wang H, Ju Q, Ding Z, Zhou XL, Ge X, Shi QM, Pan C, Zhang JP, Zhang MR, Yu HM, Xu LC. Inhibition effect of cypermethrin mediated by co-regulators SRC-1 and SMRT in interleukin-6-induced androgen receptor activation. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 158:24-29. [PMID: 27239967 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
It is hypothesized that the pesticide cypermethrin may induce androgen receptor (AR) antagonism via ligand-independent mechanisms. The Real-Time Cell Analysis (RTCA) iCELLigence system was used to investigate the inhibitory effect of cypermethrin on interleukin-6 (IL-6)-induced ligand-independent LNCaP cell growth. Then, the mammalian two-hybrid assays were applied to clarify whether the mechanism of IL-6-induced AR antagonism of cypermethrin was associated with the interactions of the AR and co-activator steroid receptor co-activator-1 (SRC-1) and co-repressor silencing mediator for retinoid and thyroid hormone receptors (SMRT). Cypermethrin inhibited the LNCaP cell growth induced by IL-6. The interactions of AR-SRC-1 and AR-SMRT mediated by IL-6 were suppressed by cypermethrin. The results indicate that the IL-6-mediated AR antagonism induced by cypermethrin is related to repress the recruitment of co-regulators SRC-1 and SMRT to the AR in a ligand-independent manner. Inhibition of the interactions of AR-SRC-1 and AR-SMRT mediated by IL-6 contributes to the AR antagonism induced by cypermethrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical College, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Ji-Long Zhou
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical College, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical College, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Qiang Ju
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical College, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Zhen Ding
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical College, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Xiao-Long Zhou
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical College, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Xing Ge
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical College, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Qiao-Mei Shi
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical College, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Chen Pan
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical College, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Jin-Peng Zhang
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical College, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Mei-Rong Zhang
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical College, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Hong-Min Yu
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical College, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Li-Chun Xu
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical College, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China.
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Hsu CL, Kuo YC, Huang Y, Huang YC, Lui KW, Chang KP, Lin TL, Fan HC, Lin AC, Hsieh CH, Lee LY, Wang HM, Li HP, Chang YS. Application of a patient-derived xenograft model in cytolytic viral activation therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:31323-34. [PMID: 26416517 PMCID: PMC4741608 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an Epstein Barr virus (EBV)-related malignancy in which the tumor microenvironment plays a pivotal role in tumor progression. Here, we developed two patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse lines from engrafted NPC metastatic tumors. Positive staining for EBV-encoded small RNAs confirmed that these tumors harbored EBV, and gene expression profile analyses further showed that the PDX was highly similar to the primary parent tumor. In vivo drug screening using the PDX system demonstrated that gemcitabine had the best antitumor effect among the tested drugs. The donor of this PDX also showed excellent responsiveness to gemcitabine treatment. The combination of gemcitabine and valproic acid exerted synergistic antitumor effects. Further addition of ganciclovir to this two-drug combination regimen enhanced cytolytic viral activation, yielding the best antitumor response among tested regimens. Treatment with this three-drug combination regimen decreased plasma EBV-DNA load, tumor viral concentration, and the number of viable tumor cells to a greater extent than the two-drug gemcitabine and valproic acid combination. These results highlight the value of PDX models in the development of EBV-targeted strategies to treat NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Lung Hsu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yung-Chia Kuo
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yenlin Huang
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yin-Cheng Huang
- Division of Neurologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kar-Wai Lui
- Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kai-Ping Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tung-Liang Lin
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsien-Chi Fan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - An-Chi Lin
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Hsun Hsieh
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Li-Yu Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hung-Ming Wang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsin-Pai Li
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Sun Chang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, ROC
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Sun F, Indran IR, Zhang ZW, Tan MHE, Li Y, Lim ZLR, Hua R, Yang C, Soon FF, Li J, Xu HE, Cheung E, Yong EL. A novel prostate cancer therapeutic strategy using icaritin-activated arylhydrocarbon-receptor to co-target androgen receptor and its splice variants. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36:757-68. [PMID: 25908644 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent androgen receptor (AR) signaling is the key driving force behind progression and development of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In many patients, AR COOH-terminal truncated splice variants (ARvs) play a critical role in contributing to the resistance against androgen depletion therapy. Unfortunately, clinically used antiandrogens like bicalutamide (BIC) and enzalutamide (MDV), which target the ligand binding domain, have failed to suppress these AR variants. Here, we report for the first time that a natural prenylflavonoid, icaritin (ICT), can co-target both persistent AR and ARvs. ICT was found to inhibit transcription of key AR-regulated genes, such as KLK3 [prostate-specific antigen (PSA)] and ARvs-regulated genes, such as UBE2C and induce apoptosis in AR-positive prostate cancer (PC) cells. Mechanistically, ICT promoted the degradation of both AR and ARvs by binding to arylhydrocarbon-receptor (AhR) to mediate ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation. Therefore, ICT impaired AR transactivation in PC cells. Knockdown of AhR gene restored AR stability and partially prevented ICT-induced growth suppression. In clinically relevant murine models orthotopically implanted with androgen-sensitive and CRPC cells, ICT was able to target AR and ARvs, to inhibit AR signaling and tumor growth with no apparent toxicity. Our results provide a mechanistic framework for the development of ICT, as a novel lead compound for AR-positive PC therapeutics, especially for those bearing AR splice variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119074 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Inthrani R Indran
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119074 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhi Wei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119074 Singapore, Singapore
| | - M H Eileen Tan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119074 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119074 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Z L Ryan Lim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119074 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rui Hua
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119074 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chong Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119074 Singapore, Singapore, Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 138672 Singapore, Singapore and
| | - Fen-Fen Soon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119074 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119074 Singapore, Singapore
| | - H Eric Xu
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Avenue, N.E., Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Edwin Cheung
- Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 138672 Singapore, Singapore and
| | - Eu-Leong Yong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119074 Singapore, Singapore,
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Hsu CL, Liu JS, Lin AC, Yang CH, Chung WH, Wu WG. Minoxidil may suppress androgen receptor-related functions. Oncotarget 2015; 5:2187-97. [PMID: 24742982 PMCID: PMC4039155 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Although minoxidil has been used for more than two decades to treat androgenetic alopecia (AGA), an androgen-androgen receptor (AR) pathway-dominant disease, its precise mechanism of action remains elusive. We hypothesized that minoxidil may influence the AR or its downstream signaling. These tests revealed that minoxidil suppressed AR-related functions, decreasing AR transcriptional activity in reporter assays, reducing expression of AR targets at the protein level, and suppressing AR-positive LNCaP cell growth. Dissecting the underlying mechanisms, we found that minoxidil interfered with AR-peptide, AR-coregulator, and AR N/C-terminal interactions, as well as AR protein stability. Furthermore, a crystallographic analysis using the AR ligand-binding domain (LBD) revealed direct binding of minoxidil to the AR in a minoxidil-AR-LBD co-crystal model, and surface plasmon resonance assays demonstrated that minoxidil directly bound the AR with a Kd value of 2.6 μM. Minoxidil also suppressed AR-responsive reporter activity and decreased AR protein stability in human hair dermal papilla cells. The current findings provide evidence that minoxidil could be used to treat both cancer and age-related disease, and open a new avenue for applications of minoxidil in treating androgen-AR pathway-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Lung Hsu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Departments of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | | | | - Wen-Guey Wu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC
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17
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Hsu CL, Liu JS, Wu PL, Guan HH, Chen YL, Lin AC, Ting HJ, Pang ST, Yeh SD, Ma WL, Chen CJ, Wu WG, Chang C. Identification of a new androgen receptor (AR) co-regulator BUD31 and related peptides to suppress wild-type and mutated AR-mediated prostate cancer growth via peptide screening and X-ray structure analysis. Mol Oncol 2014; 8:1575-87. [PMID: 25091737 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment with individual anti-androgens is associated with the development of hot-spot mutations in the androgen receptor (AR). Here, we found that anti-androgens-mt-ARs have similar binary structure to the 5α-dihydrotestosterone-wt-AR. Phage display revealed that these ARs bound to similar peptides, including BUD31, containing an Fxx(F/H/L/W/Y)Y motif cluster with Tyr in the +5 position. Structural analyses of the AR-LBD-BUD31 complex revealed formation of an extra hydrogen bond between the Tyr+5 residue of the peptide and the AR. Functional studies showed that BUD31-related peptides suppressed AR transactivation, interrupted AR N-C interaction, and suppressed AR-mediated cell growth. Combination of peptide screening and X-ray structure analysis may serve as a new strategy for developing anti-ARs that simultaneously suppress both wt and mutated AR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Lung Hsu
- The George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Department of Pathology and Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Jai-Shin Liu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Department of Physics, Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Po-Long Wu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Hsiang Guan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; Department of Physics, Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Ling Chen
- The George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Department of Pathology and Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Institute of Oral Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - An-Chi Lin
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Ju Ting
- The George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Department of Pathology and Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - See-Tong Pang
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Shauh-Der Yeh
- The George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Department of Pathology and Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Wen-Lung Ma
- The George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Department of Pathology and Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung 104, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Jung Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; Department of Physics, Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Guey Wu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; Department of Physics, Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| | - Chawnshang Chang
- The George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Department of Pathology and Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung 104, Taiwan.
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A Yeast Bioassay for Androgenic and Anti-Androgenic Compounds Based on the NH2- and COOH-Terminal Interaction of Androgen Receptor. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 74:1965-8. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.100323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Application of fluorine-containing non-steroidal anti-androgen compounds in treating prostate cancer. J Fluor Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
The RBR (RING-BetweenRING-RING) or TRIAD [two RING fingers and a DRIL (double RING finger linked)] E3 ubiquitin ligases comprise a group of 12 complex multidomain enzymes. This unique family of E3 ligases includes parkin, whose dysfunction is linked to the pathogenesis of early-onset Parkinson's disease, and HOIP (HOIL-1-interacting protein) and HOIL-1 (haem-oxidized IRP2 ubiquitin ligase 1), members of the LUBAC (linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex). The RBR E3 ligases share common features with both the larger RING and HECT (homologous with E6-associated protein C-terminus) E3 ligase families, directly catalysing ubiquitin transfer from an intrinsic catalytic cysteine housed in the C-terminal domain, as well as recruiting thioester-bound E2 enzymes via a RING domain. Recent three-dimensional structures and biochemical findings of the RBRs have revealed novel protein domain folds not previously envisioned and some surprising modes of regulation that have raised many questions. This has required renaming two of the domains in the RBR E3 ligases to more accurately reflect their structures and functions: the C-terminal Rcat (required-for-catalysis) domain, essential for catalytic activity, and a central BRcat (benign-catalytic) domain that adopts the same fold as the Rcat, but lacks a catalytic cysteine residue and ubiquitination activity. The present review discusses how three-dimensional structures of RBR (RING1-BRcat-Rcat) E3 ligases have provided new insights into our understanding of the biochemical mechanisms of these important enzymes in ubiquitin biology.
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Ronald S, Awate S, Rath A, Carroll J, Galiano F, Dwyer D, Kleiner-Hancock H, Mathis JM, Vigod S, De Benedetti A. Phenothiazine Inhibitors of TLKs Affect Double-Strand Break Repair and DNA Damage Response Recovery and Potentiate Tumor Killing with Radiomimetic Therapy. Genes Cancer 2013; 4:39-53. [PMID: 23946870 DOI: 10.1177/1947601913479020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tousled-like kinases (TLKs) are involved in chromatin assembly, DNA repair, and transcription. Two TLK genes exist in humans, and their expression is often dysregulated in cancer. TLKs phosphorylate Asf1 and Rad9, regulating double-strand break (DSB) repair and the DNA damage response (DDR). TLKs maintain genomic stability and are important therapeutic intervention targets. We identified specific inhibitors of TLKs from several compound libraries, some of which belong to the family of phenothiazine antipsychotics. The inhibitors prevented the TLK-mediated phosphorylation of Rad9(S328) and impaired checkpoint recovery and DSB repair. The inhibitor thioridazine (THD) potentiated tumor killing with chemotherapy and also had activity alone. Staining for γ-H2AX revealed few positive cells in untreated tumors, but large numbers in mice treated with low doxorubicin or THD alone, possibly the result of the accumulation of DSBs that are not promptly repaired as they may occur in the harsh tumor growth environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Ronald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
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Abankwa D, Millard SM, Martel N, Choong CS, Yang M, Butler LM, Buchanan G, Tilley WD, Ueki N, Hayman MJ, Leong GM. Ski-interacting protein (SKIP) interacts with androgen receptor in the nucleus and modulates androgen-dependent transcription. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2013; 14:10. [PMID: 23566155 PMCID: PMC3668167 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-14-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background The androgen receptor (AR) is a member of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily of ligand-inducible DNA transcription factors, and is the major mediator of male sexual development, prostate growth and the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. Cell and gene specific regulation by the AR is determined by availability of and interaction with sets of key accessory cofactors. Ski-interacting protein (SKIP; SNW1, NCOA62) is a cofactor shown to interact with several NRs and a diverse range of other transcription factors. Interestingly, SKIP as part of the spliceosome is thought to link mRNA splicing with transcription. SKIP has not been previously shown to interact with the AR. Results The aim of this study was to investigate whether SKIP interacts with the AR and modulates AR-dependent transcription. Here, we show by co-immunoprecipitation experiments that SKIP is in a complex with the AR. Moreover, SKIP increased 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) induced N-terminal/C-terminal AR interaction from 12-fold to almost 300-fold in a two-hybrid assay, and enhanced AR ligand-independent AF-1 transactivation. SKIP augmented ligand- and AR-dependent transactivation in PC3 prostate cancer cells. Live-cell imaging revealed a fast (half-time=129 s) translocation of AR from the cytoplasm to the nucleus upon DHT-stimulation. Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments suggest a direct AR-SKIP interaction in the nucleus upon translocation. Conclusions Our results suggest that SKIP interacts with AR in the nucleus and enhances AR-dependent transactivation and N/C-interaction supporting a role for SKIP as an AR co-factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Abankwa
- University of Queensland, Obesity Research Centre, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, St,Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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Kilbourne EJ, Kenney T, Chippari S, McNally C, Wang Y, Lam HS, Vishwanathan K, Nagpal S, Thompson CC, Piatnitski Chekler EL. Probing androgen receptor co-factor selectivity profiles: a chemical tool to determine cross-talk between androgen receptor and β-catenin in vivo. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md20341g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lai KP, Huang CK, Chang YJ, Chung CY, Yamashita S, Li L, Lee SO, Yeh S, Chang C. New therapeutic approach to suppress castration-resistant prostate cancer using ASC-J9 via targeting androgen receptor in selective prostate cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 182:460-73. [PMID: 23219429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Using androgen receptor (AR) knockout mice to determine AR functions in selective prostate cancer (PCa) cells, we determined that AR might play differential roles in various cell types, either to promote or suppress PCa development/progression. These observations partially explain the failure of current androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) to reduce/prevent androgen binding to AR in every cell. Herein, we identified the AR degradation enhancer ASC-J9, which selectively degrades AR protein via interruption of the AR-AR selective coregulator interaction. Such selective interruption could, therefore, suppress AR-mediated PCa growth in the androgen-sensitive stage before ADT and in the castration-resistant stage after ADT. Mechanistic dissection suggested that ASC-J9 could activate the proteasome-dependent pathway to promote AR degradation through the enhanced association of AR-Mdm2 complex. The consequences of ASC-J9-promoted AR degradation included reduced androgen binding to AR, AR N-C terminal interaction, and AR nuclear translocation. Such inhibitory regulation could then result in suppression of AR transactivation and AR-mediated cell growth in eight different mouse models, including intact or castrated nude mice xenografted with androgen-sensitive LNCaP cells or androgen-insensitive C81 cells and castrated nude mice xenografted with castration-resistant C4-2 and CWR22Rv1 cells, and TRAMP and Pten(+/-) mice. These results demonstrate that ASC-J9 could serve as an AR degradation enhancer that effectively suppresses PCa development/progression in the androgen-sensitive and castration-resistant stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Pao Lai
- Department of Pathology, Urology, and Radiation Oncology, the George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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Rao KVK, Samikkannu T, Dakshayani KB, Zhang X, Sathaye SS, Indap MA, Nair MPN. Chemopreventive potential of an ethyl acetate fraction from Curcuma longa is associated with upregulation of p57(kip2) and Rad9 in the PC-3M prostate cancer cell line. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:1031-8. [PMID: 22631633 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.3.1031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Turmeric (Curcuma longa) has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antitumor properties. However, despite the progress in research with C. longa, there is still a big lacuna in the information on the active principles and their molecular targets. More particularly very little is known about the role of cell cycle genes p57(kip2) and Rad9 during chemoprevention by turmeric and its derivatives especially in prostate cancer cell lines. METHODS Accordingly, in this study, we have examined the antitumor effect of several extracts of C. longa rhizomes by successive fractionation in clonogenic assays using highly metastatic PC-3M prostate cancer cell line. RESULTS A mixture of isopropyl alcohol: acetone: water: chloroform: and methanol extract of C. longa showed significant bioactivity. Further partition of this extract showed that bioactivity resides in the dichloromethane soluble fraction. Column chromatography of this fraction showed presence of biological activity only in ethyl acetate eluted fraction. HPLC, UV-Vis and Mass spectra studies showed presence three curcuminoids in this fraction besides few unidentified components. CONCLUSIONS From these observations it was concluded that the ethyl acetate fraction showed not only inhibition of colony forming ability of PC-3M cells but also up-regulated cell cycle genes p57(kip2) and Rad9 and further reduced the migration and invasive ability of prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V K Rao
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA.
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Mitani T, Harada N, Nakano Y, Inui H, Yamaji R. Coordinated action of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and β-catenin in androgen receptor signaling. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:33594-606. [PMID: 22865883 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.388298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) acts as a ligand-dependent transcriptional factor and plays a critical role in the development and progression of androgen-dependent and castration-resistant prostate cancer. Castration results in hypoxia in prostate cancer cells, and hypoxia enhances transcriptional activity of AR through hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α at low serum androgen levels mimicking the castration-resistant stage. However, HIF-1α is necessary but not sufficient for hypoxia-activated AR transactivation, and the molecular mechanism that regulates AR function in castration-resistant prostate cancer remains unclear. Here, we report that β-catenin is required for HIF-1α-mediated AR transactivation in hypoxic LNCaP prostate cancer cells under low androgen conditions. HIF-1α and β-catenin coordinately enhanced AR N-terminal and C-terminal interaction. β-Catenin accumulated in the nucleus in the HIF-1α protein-positive cells of LNCaP xenografts in castrated mice. In LNCaP cells, when HIF-1α was knocked down or was exogenously expressed in the cytoplasm, hypoxia-induced nuclear localization of β-catenin was inhibited. β-Catenin formed a complex with HIF-1α both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm. Hypoxia increased the amount of a complex composed of AR and β-catenin, and knockdown of HIF-1α attenuated the recruitment of AR and β-catenin to the androgen response elements (AREs) of androgen-responsive genes. Furthermore, together with β-catenin, HIF-1α bound to the AREs in the presence of androgen. These results demonstrate that (i) HIF-1α and β-catenin coordinately enhance AR transactivation by accelerating N-terminal and C-terminal interaction; (ii) HIF-1α promotes nuclear translocation of β-catenin in hypoxia; and (iii) AR, HIF-1α, and β-catenin form a ternary complex on AREs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takakazu Mitani
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
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De Benedetti A. The Tousled-Like Kinases as Guardians of Genome Integrity. ISRN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 2012:627596. [PMID: 23869254 PMCID: PMC3712517 DOI: 10.5402/2012/627596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Tousled-like kinases (TLKs) function in processes of chromatin assembly, including replication, transcription, repair, and chromosome segregation. TLKs interact specifically (and phosphorylate) with the chromatin assembly factor Asf1, a histone H3-H4 chaperone, histone H3 itself at Ser10, and also Rad9, a key protein involved in DNA repair and cell cycle signaling following DNA damage. These interactions are believed to be responsible for the action of TLKs in double-stranded break repair and radioprotection and also in the propagation of the DNA damage response. Hence, I propose that TLKs play key roles in maintenance of genome integrity in many organisms of both kingdoms. In this paper, I highlight key issues of the known roles of these proteins, particularly in the context of DNA repair (IR and UV), their possible relevance to genome integrity and cancer development, and as possible targets for intervention in cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arrigo De Benedetti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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Xu D, Lin TH, Zhang C, Tsai YC, Li S, Zhang J, Yin M, Yeh S, Chang C. The selective inhibitory effect of a synthetic tanshinone derivative on prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2012; 72:803-16. [PMID: 21932429 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen receptor (AR) is the main therapeutic target for the treatment of prostate cancer (PCa). Anti-androgens to reduce or prevent androgens binding to AR are widely used to suppress AR-mediated PCa growth; however, the androgen depletion therapy (ADT) is only effective for a short period of time. Here we tested PTS33, a new sodium derivative of cryptotanshinone, which can effectively inhibit the DHT-induced AR transactivation and PCa cell growth, and then explored the effects of PTS33 on inhibiting the expressions of AR target genes and proteins. METHODS PCa cells, LNCaP, CWR22Rv1, C4-2, PC-3, and DU145, were treated with PTS33 and luciferase assay was used to evaluate the ability of each to regulate AR transactivation. RT-PCR was used to evaluate the mRNA levels of AR target genes such as PSA, TMPRSS2, and TMEPA1. Western blot was used to determine AR, PSA, estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and progesterone receptor (PR) protein expression. Cell growth and IC50 were determined by MTT assay after 48 hr treatment. RESULTS Our data showed that PTS33 selectively inhibits AR activities, but PTS33 does not repress the activities of other nuclear receptors, including ERα, GR, and PR. At a low concentration, 2 µM of PTS33 effectively suppresses the growth of AR-positive PCa cells, and has little effect on AR-negative PCa cells. Furthermore, our data indicated that PTS33 could modulate AR transactivation and suppress the AR target genes (PSA, TMPRSS2, and TMEPA1) expression in both androgen responsive PCa LNCaP cells and castration-resistant C4-2 cells. In addition, PTS33 can also inhibit estrogen/Δ5-androstenediol induced AR activities. The mechanistic studies indicate that PTS33 can inhibit AR function by suppression of AR protein expression, the AR N-C interaction, and AR-coregulator interaction. CONCLUSIONS PTS33 has shown a good efficacy to inhibit AR transactivation, block AR regulated gene expression, and reduce cell growth in AR positive PCa cells. The structure of PTS33 could be used as a base for development of novel AR signaling inhibitors to treat PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defeng Xu
- Department of Urology, Pathology, Radiation Oncology, George H. Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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van de Wijngaart DJ, Dubbink HJ, van Royen ME, Trapman J, Jenster G. Androgen receptor coregulators: recruitment via the coactivator binding groove. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 352:57-69. [PMID: 21871527 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Androgens are key regulators of male sexual differentiation and essential for development and maintenance of male reproductive tissues. The androgens testosterone and dihydrotestosterone mediate their effect by binding to, and activation of the androgen receptor (AR). Upon activation, the AR is able to recognize specific DNA sequences in gene promoters and enhancers from where it recruits coregulators to orchestrate chromatin remodeling and transcription regulation. The number of proteins that bind to the AR has surpassed 200 and many of them enhance (coactivator) or repress (corepressor) its transactivating capacity. For most of these coregulators, their AR binding interface and their exact mode of action still needs to be elucidated, but for some of the more classical coactivators and corepressors, we gained insight in their working mechanisms. Of particular interest are specific sequences (LxxLL and FxxLF-like motifs) in a subset of coactivators that interact with the AR via a coactivator binding groove in the ligand-binding domain. As compared to other steroid receptors, the conformation of the AR coactivator binding pocket is unique and preferentially binds FxxLF-like motifs. This predisposition is expected to contribute to the regulation of specific sets of target genes via recruitment of selected coregulators. This review provides an overview of these (inter)actions with a focus on the unique characteristics of the AR coactivator binding groove.
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Xu D, Lin TH, Li S, Da J, Wen XQ, Ding J, Chang C, Yeh S. Cryptotanshinone suppresses androgen receptor-mediated growth in androgen dependent and castration resistant prostate cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2012; 316:11-22. [PMID: 22154085 PMCID: PMC3283034 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) is the major therapeutic target for the treatment of prostate cancer (PCa). Anti-androgens to reduce or prevent androgens binding to AR are widely used to suppress AR-mediated PCa growth; however, the androgen depletion therapy is only effective for a short period of time. Here we found a natural product/Chinese herbal medicine cryptotanshinone (CTS), with a structure similar to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), can effectively inhibit the DHT-induced AR transactivation and prostate cancer cell growth. Our results indicated that 0.5 μM CTS effectively suppresses the growth of AR-positive PCa cells, but has little effect on AR negative PC-3 cells and non-malignant prostate epithelial cells. Furthermore, our data indicated that CTS could modulate AR transactivation and suppress the DHT-mediated AR target genes (PSA, TMPRSS2, and TMEPA1) expression in both androgen responsive PCa LNCaP cells and castration resistant CWR22rv1 cells. Importantly, CTS selectively inhibits AR without repressing the activities of other nuclear receptors, including ERα, GR, and PR. The mechanistic studies indicate that CTS functions as an AR inhibitor to suppress androgen/AR-mediated cell growth and PSA expression by blocking AR dimerization and the AR-coregulator complex formation. Furthermore, we showed that CTS effectively inhibits CWR22Rv1 cell growth and expressions of AR target genes in the xenograft animal model. The previously un-described mechanisms of CTS may explain how CTS inhibits the growth of PCa cells and help us to establish new therapeutic concepts for the treatment of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defeng Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Urology, Pathology, Radiation Oncology, and the Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Tzu-Hua Lin
- George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Urology, Pathology, Radiation Oncology, and the Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Shaoshun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jun Da
- George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Urology, Pathology, Radiation Oncology, and the Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Urology Department, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xing-Qiao Wen
- George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Urology, Pathology, Radiation Oncology, and the Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Urology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jiang Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chawnshang Chang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Urology, Pathology, Radiation Oncology, and the Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Shuyuan Yeh
- George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Urology, Pathology, Radiation Oncology, and the Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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Anti-androgen effects of cypermethrin on the amino- and carboxyl-terminal interaction of the androgen receptor. Toxicology 2012; 292:99-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ronald S, Sunavala-Dossabhoy G, Adams L, Williams B, De Benedetti A. The expression of Tousled kinases in CaP cell lines and its relation to radiation response and DSB repair. Prostate 2011; 71:1367-73. [PMID: 21647934 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Tousled-like kinases (TLKs) function in processes of chromatin assembly, including replication, transcription, repair, and chromosome segregation. TLK1/1B interacts specifically with the chromatin assembly factor Asf1, a histone H3-H4 chaperone, and with Rad9, a protein involved in DNA repair, and these interactions are believed to be responsible for the action of TLKs in double-strand break repair and radioprotection. METHODS Western blotting and RT-PCR were used to analyze the expression of TLK1, TLK1B, and TLK2 in a panel of prostate cancer (CaP) cell lines. The pattern of radiotolerance in the cell lines was analyzed in parallel. DU145 and PC-3 cells were also probed with assays utilizing transfected plasmids that could be cleaved in vivo with adeno-expressed HO nuclease to assess the potential contribution of TLK1/1B in DSB repair. RESULTS This is the first report of TLKs' expression in a panel of CaP cell lines and their relationship to radioresistance. Furthermore, expression of TLK1B in non-expressing PC-3 cells rendered them highly resistant to radiation, and conversely, knockdown to TLK1/1B in expressing DU145 reduced their radiotolerance. CONCLUSIONS TLKs appear to be intimately linked to the pattern of resistance to DNA damage, and specifically DSBs, a finding that was not reported before for any cell lines, and certainly not systematically for human prostate cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Ronald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130-3932, USA
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van de Wijngaart DJ, Dubbink HJ, Molier M, de Vos C, Jenster G, Trapman J. Inhibition of androgen receptor functions by gelsolin FxxFF peptide delivered by transfection, cell-penetrating peptides, and lentiviral infection. Prostate 2011; 71:241-53. [PMID: 20690138 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PC) growth is dependent on the androgen-androgen receptor (AR) axis. Because current androgen ablation therapies of PC lead to resistance, novel approaches to block AR activity are urgently needed. METHODS We inhibited AR function beyond the level of hormone binding by blockade of the coactivator groove in the ligand-binding domain (LBD) using a high-affinity gelsolin FxxFF peptide. Following peptide selection, the effect of the gelsolin FxxFF peptide on AR functions was determined in Hep3B cells that were transiently transfected with pM-peptide expression vectors or were incubated with synthetic gelsolin FxxFF peptide coupled to the TAT cell-penetrating peptide. Lentiviruses expressing the gelsolin FxxFF peptide were used to study endogenous AR target gene expression in LNCaP cells. RESULTS pM-Gelsolin FxxFF efficiently interfered with AR N/C interaction and specifically inhibited AR-regulated reporter gene activity. The peptide did not inhibit progesterone receptor (PR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activity, nor constitutively active gene promoters. The peptide also specifically blocked in vitro interactions of AR LBD with peptides. Like the gelsolin FxxFF peptide expressed by an expression vector, synthetic TAT-gelsolin FxxFF peptide efficiently blocked AR N/C interaction and inhibited full-length AR-regulated reporter gene activity. It hardly affected PR and GR activity, but the effect on constitutively active promoters was variable. Lentiviral gelsolin FxxFF peptide inhibited expression of KLK2 and NDRG1, but hardly affected PSA and TMPRSS2. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that the AR coactivator groove may function as a target to overcome therapeutic failure that arises during current androgen ablation therapies.
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Siddiqui IA, Asim M, Hafeez BB, Adhami VM, Tarapore RS, Mukhtar H. Green tea polyphenol EGCG blunts androgen receptor function in prostate cancer. FASEB J 2010; 25:1198-207. [PMID: 21177307 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-167924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy is the major treatment for advanced prostate cancer (PCa). However, it is a temporary remission, and the patients almost inevitably develop hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC). HRPC is almost incurable, although most HRPC cells still express androgen receptor (AR) and depend on the AR for growth, making AR a prime drug target. Here, we provide evidence that epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major polyphenol in green tea, is a direct antagonist of androgen action. In silico modeling and FRET-based competition assay showed that EGCG physically interacts with the ligand-binding domain of AR by replacing a high-affinity labeled ligand (IC(50) 0.4 μM). The functional consequence of this interaction was a decrease in AR-mediated transcriptional activation, which was due to EGCG mediated inhibition of interdomain N-C termini interaction of AR. Treatment with EGCG also repressed the transcriptional activation by a hotspot mutant AR (T877A) expressed ectopically as well as the endogenous AR mutant. As the physiological consequence of AR antagonism, EGCG repressed R1881-induced PCa cell growth. In a xenograft model, EGCG was found to inhibit AR nuclear translocation and protein expression. We also observed a significant down-regulation of androgen-regulated miRNA-21 and up-regulation of a tumor suppressor, miRNA-330, in tumors of mice treated with EGCG. Taken together, we provide evidence that EGCG functionally antagonizes androgen action at multiple levels, resulting in inhibition of PCa growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtiaz A Siddiqui
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Gaughan L, Stockley J, Wang N, McCracken SRC, Treumann A, Armstrong K, Shaheen F, Watt K, McEwan IJ, Wang C, Pestell RG, Robson CN. Regulation of the androgen receptor by SET9-mediated methylation. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 39:1266-79. [PMID: 20959290 PMCID: PMC3045589 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor family of transcription factors that plays a critical role in regulating expression of genes involved in prostate development and transformation. Upon hormone binding, the AR associates with numerous co-regulator proteins that regulate the activation status of target genes via flux to the post-translational modification status of histones and the receptor. Here we show that the AR interacts with and is directly methylated by the histone methyltransferase enzyme SET9. Methylation of the AR on lysine 632 is necessary for enhancing transcriptional activity of the receptor by facilitating both inter-domain communication between the N- and C-termini and recruitment to androgen-target genes. We also show that SET9 is pro-proliferative and anti-apoptotic in prostate cancer cells and demonstrates up-regulated nuclear expression in prostate cancer tissue. In all, our date indicate a new mechanism of AR regulation that may be therapeutically exploitable for prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Gaughan
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Paul O'Gorman Building, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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Yang Y, Zou W, Kong X, Wang H, Zong H, Jiang J, Wang Y, Hong Y, Chi Y, Xie J, Gu J. Trihydrophobin 1 attenuates androgen signal transduction through promoting androgen receptor degradation. J Cell Biochem 2010; 109:1013-24. [PMID: 20069563 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The androgen-signaling pathway plays critical roles in normal prostate development, benign prostatic hyperplasia, established prostate cancer, and in prostate carcinogenesis. In this study, we report that trihydrophobin 1 (TH1) is a potent negative regulator to attenuate the androgen signal-transduction cascade through promoting androgen receptor (AR) degradation. TH1 interacts with AR both in vitro and in vivo, decreases the stability of AR, and promotes AR ubiquitination in a ligand-independent manner. TH1 also associates with AR at the active androgen-responsive prostate-specific antigen (PSA) promoter in the nucleus of LNCaP cells. Decrease of endogenous AR protein by TH1 interferes with androgen-induced luciferase reporter expression and reduces endogenous PSA expression. Taken together, these results indicate that TH1 is a novel regulator to control the duration and magnitude of androgen signal transduction and might be directly involved in androgen-related developmental, physiological, and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhong Yang
- Gene Research Center, Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
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Structural and functional analysis of amino-terminal enhancer of split in androgen-receptor-driven transcription. Biochem J 2010; 427:499-511. [PMID: 20163360 DOI: 10.1042/bj20091631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that the Groucho protein AES (amino-terminal enhancer of split) functions as a co-repressor of the AR (androgen receptor). It physically interacts with the N-terminal domain of AR and inhibits AR-driven transcription, but the molecular mechanism of its action remained unclear. In the present paper we report that the AES protein contains one inhibitory domain, and one positive and one negative regulatory domain. The negative regulatory domain inhibits AES dimerization and AES-mediated inhibition of AR-driven transcription through an interaction with the inhibitory domain. The positive regulatory domain blocked this interaction and relieved the inhibitory effect. In addition, we discovered mechanisms by which AES regulates AR transcriptional activity, which included disruption of the interaction between the AR N-terminal and C-terminal domains, and inhibition of AR-DNA interaction. Although AES broadly inhibited the activity of androgen-dependent luciferase reporters in a transient transfection assay, it selectively regulated the expression of endogenous androgen-dependent genes in prostate cancer cells.
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Fan LQ, Hardy DO, Catterall JF, Zhao J, Li SX. Identification and characterization of an androgen-responsive Kap promoter enhancer located in the intron II region of human angiotensinogen gene. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 119:135-40. [PMID: 20153828 PMCID: PMC2881338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2008] [Revised: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic expression of the human angiotensinogen (HAGT) gene directed by the mouse kidney androgen-regulated protein (Kap) gene promoter is proximal tubule cell-specific and androgen-regulated in vivo. The same Kap promoter fragment did not support similar regulation of other genes, but a transgene based on the original chimeric KAP-hAGT construct successfully directed NHE3 to kidney, suggesting that sequences within the HAGT gene fragment of the construct contributed to the regulation of its expression in vivo. In the present study, androgen-responsive regulatory sequences in the HAGT gene portions of the transgene were examined in transfected renal cells. A 1.4-kb enhancer between exons 2 and 3 was identified that increased the basal expression of Kap promoter 1.5- to 2-fold, its induction by dihydrotestosterone (DHT) 2- to 3-fold and its induction by dexamethasone (Dex) 4- to 5-fold. Sequence analysis revealed two potential hormone-responsive elements. Mutational assays and electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed one of these elements was androgen-specific. These findings may influence future strategies for the design of inducible, cell-specific transgenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-qiang Fan
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York 10021 U.S.A
- Corresponding authors: Li-qiang Fan, Ph.D. PO Box 365, The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R China. 200237; Tel: 86-21-64252257; Fax: 86-21-64252257; ; Dianne O Hardy, Ph.D. Centre for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021 USA; Tel: 1-212-327-8754; Fax: 1-212-327-7678;
| | - Dianne O. Hardy
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York 10021 U.S.A
- Corresponding authors: Li-qiang Fan, Ph.D. PO Box 365, The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R China. 200237; Tel: 86-21-64252257; Fax: 86-21-64252257; ; Dianne O Hardy, Ph.D. Centre for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021 USA; Tel: 1-212-327-8754; Fax: 1-212-327-7678;
| | - James F Catterall
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York 10021 U.S.A
| | - Jian Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Su-xia Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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Need EF, Scher HI, Peters AA, Moore NL, Cheong A, Ryan CJ, Wittert GA, Marshall VR, Tilley WD, Buchanan G. A novel androgen receptor amino terminal region reveals two classes of amino/carboxyl interaction-deficient variants with divergent capacity to activate responsive sites in chromatin. Endocrinology 2009; 150:2674-82. [PMID: 19282387 PMCID: PMC2689802 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is an important signaling molecule in multiple tissues, yet its mode of action and cell-specific activities remain enigmatic. AR function has been best studied in the prostate, in which it is essential for growth and homeostasis of the normal organ as well as each stage of cancer development. Investigation of mechanisms responsible for continued AR action that evolve during prostate cancer progression or after hormonal management of the disease have been instructive in defining AR signaling pathways. In the current paper, we use sequence similarity and the collocation of somatic mutations in prostate cancer to define residues 501-535 of the AR amino-terminal domain as an important mediator of receptor function. Specifically, the 501-535 region is required for optimal interaction of the amino-terminal domain with both the p160 coactivator, nuclear receptor coactivator-2, and the AR-ligand binding domain in the amino/carboxyl (N/C) interaction. The N/C interaction is decreased by deletion of the 501-535 region but is distinct from deletion of the (23)FQNLF(27) peptide in that it does not affect the capacity of the AR to activate transcription from a chromatin integrated reporter or recruitment of the receptor to androgen-responsive loci in vivo. Collectively, we have been able to outline two classes of N/C-deficient AR variant that are divergent in their capacity to act in a chromatin context, thereby further defining the interplay between N/C interaction and coregulator recruitment via multiple receptor domains. These mechanisms are likely to be key determinants of the cell and promoter specific activities of the AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor F Need
- Molecular Ageing Laboratory, Freemasons Foundation Centre for Mens Health, Dame RomaMitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, University of Adelaide/Hanson Institute, Adelaide, Australia
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40
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Ma Q, Fu W, Li P, Nicosia SV, Jenster G, Zhang X, Bai W. FoxO1 mediates PTEN suppression of androgen receptor N- and C-terminal interactions and coactivator recruitment. Mol Endocrinol 2008; 23:213-25. [PMID: 19074551 DOI: 10.1210/me.2008-0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
FoxO (mammalian forkhead subclass O) proteins are transcription factors acting downstream of the PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10) tumor suppressor. Their activity is negatively regulated by AKT-mediated phosphorylation. Our previous studies showed that the transcriptional activity of the androgen receptor (AR) was inhibited by PTEN in an AKT-sensitive manner. Here, we report the repression of the activity of the full-length AR and its N-terminal domain by FoxO1 and the participation of FoxO1 in AR inhibition by PTEN. Ectopic expression of active FoxO1 decreased the transcriptional activity of AR as well as androgen-induced cell proliferation and production of prostate-specific antigen. FoxO1 knock down by RNA interference increased the transcriptional activity of the AR in PTEN-intact cells and relieved its inhibition by ectopic PTEN in PTEN-null cells. Mutational analysis revealed that FoxO1 fragment 150-655, which contains the forkhead box and C-terminal activation domain, was required for AR inhibition. Mammalian two-hybrid and glutathione-S-transferase pull-down assays demonstrated that the inhibition of AR activity by PTEN through FoxO1 involved the interference of androgen-induced interaction of the N- and C-termini of the AR and the recruitment of the p160 coactivators to its N terminus and to the androgen response elements of natural AR target genes. These studies reveal new mechanisms for the inhibition of AR activity by PTEN-FoxO axis and establish FoxO proteins as important nuclear factors that mediate the mutual antagonism between AR and PTEN tumor suppressor in prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuping Ma
- Department of Pathology, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida 33612-4799, USA
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Fan L, Hardy DO, Catteral JF, Zhao J, Li S. Identification and characterization of the minimal androgen-regulated kidney-specific kidney androgen-regulated protein gene promoter. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2008; 40:979-88. [PMID: 19089304 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7270.2008.00482.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney androgen-regulated protein (Kap) gene is tissue specific and regulated by androgen in mouse kidney proximal tubule cells (PTCs). In the present study, we aimed to identify the minimal PTC-specific androgen-regulated Kap promoter and analyze its androgen response elements (AREs). A deletion series of the Kap1542 promoter/luciferase constructs were assayed in opossum kidney (OK) PTCs in the presence or absence of 15 nM dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Kap1542 and Kap637 had low activity and no androgen induction; Kap224 had a basal activity that was 4- to 5-fold higher than that of Kap1542, but was only slightly induced by DHT. Kap147 had a basal activity that was 2- to 3-fold higher than that of Kap1542 and was induced by DHT 4- to 6-fold. Kap77 abolished basal promoter activity but was still induced by DHT. Results showed that, in vitro, Kap147 was a minimal androgen-regulated promoter. Transient transfection in different cells demonstrated that Kap147 specifically initiated reporter gene expression in PTCs. Sequence analysis revealed two potential AREs located at positions -124 and -39 of Kap147. Mutational assays showed that only the ARE at -124 was involved in androgen response in OK cells. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay also verified -124 ARE bound specifically to androgen receptor. In conclusion, we defined the minimal Kap147 promoter that may be a good model for the study of kidney PTC-specific expression and molecular mechanisms that lead to an androgen-specific responsiveness in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Fan
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
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Khan N, Asim M, Afaq F, Abu Zaid M, Mukhtar H. A novel dietary flavonoid fisetin inhibits androgen receptor signaling and tumor growth in athymic nude mice. Cancer Res 2008; 68:8555-63. [PMID: 18922931 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR)-mediated signaling plays an important role in the development and progression of prostate cancer (PCa). Hormonal therapies, mainly with combinations of antiandrogens and androgen deprivation, are the mainstay treatment for advanced disease. However, emergence of androgen resistance largely due to inefficient antihormone action limits their therapeutic usefulness. Here, we report that fisetin, a novel dietary flavonoid, acts as a novel AR ligand by competing with the high-affinity androgen to interact with the ligand binding domain of AR. We show that this physical interaction results in substantial decrease in AR stability and decrease in amino-terminal/carboxyl-terminal (N-C) interaction of AR. This results in blunting of AR-mediated transactivation of target genes including prostate-specific antigen (PSA). In addition, treatment of LNCaP cells with fisetin decreased AR protein levels, in part, by decreasing its promoter activity and by accelerating its degradation. Fisetin also synergized with Casodex in inducing apoptosis in LNCaP cells. Treatment with fisetin in athymic nude mice implanted with AR-positive CWR22Rupsilon1 human PCa cells resulted in inhibition of tumor growth and reduction in serum PSA levels. These data identify fisetin as an inhibitor of AR signaling axis and suggest that it could be a useful chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent to delay progression of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naghma Khan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Harada N, Ohmori Y, Yamaji R, Higashimura Y, Okamoto K, Isohashi F, Nakano Y, Inui H. ARA24/Ran enhances the androgen-dependent NH2- and COOH-terminal interaction of the androgen receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 373:373-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is currently the most common type of neoplasm found in American men, other than skin cancer, and is the second leading cause of cancer death in males. Because cell cycle checkpoint proteins stabilize the genome, the relationship of one such protein, Rad9, to prostate cancer was investigated. We found that four prostate cancer cell lines (CWR22, DU145, LNCaP, and PC-3), relative to PrEC normal prostate cells, have aberrantly high levels of Rad9 protein. The 3'-end region of intron 2 of Rad9 in DU145 cells is hypermethylated at CpG islands, and treatment with 5'-aza-2'-deoxycytidine restores near-normal levels of methylation and reduces Rad9 protein abundance. Southern blot analyses indicate that PC-3 cells contain an amplified Rad9 copy number. Therefore, we provide evidence that Rad9 levels are high in prostate cancer cells due at least in part to aberrant methylation or gene amplification. The effectiveness of small interfering RNA to lower Rad9 protein levels in CWR22, DU145, and PC-3 cells correlated with reduction of tumorigenicity in nude mice, indicating that Rad9 actively contributes to the disease. Rad9 protein levels were high in 153 of 339 human prostate tumor biopsy samples examined and detectable in only 2 of 52 noncancerous prostate tissues. There was a strong correlation between Rad9 protein abundance and cancer stage. Rad9 protein level can thus provide a biomarker for advanced prostate cancer and is causally related to the disease, suggesting the potential for developing novel diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic tools based on detection or manipulation of Rad9 protein abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Zhu
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Epidermal-growth-factor-dependent phosphorylation and ubiquitinylation of MAGE-11 regulates its interaction with the androgen receptor. Mol Cell Biol 2008; 28:1947-63. [PMID: 18212060 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01672-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that interacts with coregulatory proteins during androgen-dependent gene regulation. Melanoma antigen gene protein 11 (MAGE-11) is an AR coregulator that specifically binds the AR NH(2)-terminal FXXLF motif and modulates the AR NH(2)- and carboxyl-terminal N/C interaction to increase AR transcriptional activity. Here we demonstrate that epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling increases androgen-dependent AR transcriptional activity through the posttranslational modification of MAGE-11. EGF in the presence of dihydrotestosterone stabilizes the AR-MAGE complex through the site-specific phosphorylation of MAGE-11 at Thr-360 and ubiquitinylation at Lys-240 and Lys-245. The time-dependent EGF-induced increase in AR transcriptional activity by MAGE-11 is mediated through AR activation functions 1 and 2 in association with the increased turnover of AR and MAGE-11. The results reveal a dynamic mechanism whereby growth factor signaling increases AR transcriptional activity through the covalent modification of an AR-specific coregulatory protein. Sequence conservation of the MAGE-11 phosphorylation and ubiquitinylation sites throughout the MAGE gene family suggests common regulatory mechanisms for this group of cancer-testis antigens.
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46
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Askew EB, Gampe RT, Stanley TB, Faggart JL, Wilson EM. Modulation of androgen receptor activation function 2 by testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:25801-16. [PMID: 17591767 PMCID: PMC4075031 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703268200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is transcriptionally activated by high affinity binding of testosterone (T) or its 5alpha-reduced metabolite, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a more potent androgen required for male reproductive tract development. The molecular basis for the weaker activity of T was investigated by determining T-bound ligand binding domain crystal structures of wild-type AR and a prostate cancer somatic mutant complexed with the AR FXXLF or coactivator LXXLL peptide. Nearly identical interactions of T and DHT in the AR ligand binding pocket correlate with similar rates of dissociation from an AR fragment containing the ligand binding domain. However, T induces weaker AR FXXLF and coactivator LXXLL motif interactions at activation function 2 (AF2). Less effective FXXLF motif binding to AF2 accounts for faster T dissociation from full-length AR. T can nevertheless acquire DHT-like activity through an AR helix-10 H874Y prostate cancer mutation. The Tyr-874 mutant side chain mediates a new hydrogen bonding scheme from exterior helix-10 to backbone protein core helix-4 residue Tyr-739 to rescue T-induced AR activity by improving AF2 binding of FXXLF and LXXLL motifs. Greater AR AF2 activity by improved core helix interactions is supported by the effects of melanoma antigen gene protein-11, an AR coregulator that binds the AR FXXLF motif and targets AF2 for activation. We conclude that T is a weaker androgen than DHT because of less favorable T-dependent AR FXXLF and coactivator LXXLL motif interactions at AF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B. Askew
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Laboratories for Reproductive Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Robert T. Gampe
- Computational and Structural Sciences, Division of Molecular Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Thomas B. Stanley
- Computational and Structural Sciences, Division of Molecular Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Jonathan L. Faggart
- Laboratories for Reproductive Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Elizabeth M. Wilson
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Laboratories for Reproductive Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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Chmelar R, Buchanan G, Need EF, Tilley W, Greenberg NM. Androgen receptor coregulators and their involvement in the development and progression of prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:719-33. [PMID: 17163421 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor signaling axis plays an essential role in the development, function and homeostasis of male urogenital structures including the prostate gland although the mechanism by which the AR axis contributes to the initiation, progression and metastatic spread of prostate cancer remains somewhat enigmatic. A number of molecular events have been proposed to act at the level of the AR and associated coregulators to influence the natural history of prostate cancer including deregulated expression, somatic mutation, and post-translational modification. The purpose of this article is to review the evidence for deregulated expression and function of the AR and associated coactivators and corepressors and how such events might contribute to the progression of prostate cancer by controlling the selection and expression of AR targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée Chmelar
- Department of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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48
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Cell Adhesion Regulates Expression of the Androgen Receptor and Coregulators in Different Prostate Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.3390/i8020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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49
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Dong B, Kim S, Hong S, Das Gupta J, Malathi K, Klein EA, Ganem D, DeRisi JL, Chow SA, Silverman RH. An infectious retrovirus susceptible to an IFN antiviral pathway from human prostate tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:1655-60. [PMID: 17234809 PMCID: PMC1776164 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0610291104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported identification of a previously undescribed gammaretrovirus genome, xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV), in prostate cancer tissue from patients homozygous for a reduced activity variant of the antiviral enzyme RNase L. Here we constructed a full-length XMRV genome from prostate tissue RNA and showed that the molecular viral clone is replication-competent. XMRV replication in the prostate cancer cell line DU145 was sensitive to inhibition by IFN-beta. However, LNCaP prostate cancer cells, which are deficient in JAK1 and RNase L, were resistant to the effects of IFN-beta against XMRV. Furthermore, DU145 cells rendered deficient in RNase L with siRNA were partially resistant to IFN inhibition of XMRV. Expression in hamster cells of the xenotropic and polytropic retrovirus receptor 1 allowed these cells to be infected by XMRV. XMRV provirus integration sites were mapped in DNA isolated from human prostate tumor tissue to genes for two transcription factors (NFATc3 and CREB5) and to a gene encoding a suppressor of androgen receptor transactivation (APPBP2/PAT1/ARA67). Our studies demonstrate that XMRV is a virus that has infected humans and is susceptible to inhibition by IFN and its downstream effector, RNase L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beihua Dong
- *Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, and
| | - Sanggu Kim
- Biomedical Engineering Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Seunghee Hong
- *Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, and
- Graduate Program in Molecular Virology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | | | | | - Eric A. Klein
- Glickman Urologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Don Ganem
- Microbiology, and
- Medicine and
- **Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158; and
| | - Joseph L. DeRisi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics
- **Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158; and
| | - Samson A. Chow
- Biomedical Engineering Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Robert H. Silverman
- *Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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50
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Qi W, Wu H, Yang L, Boyd DD, Wang Z. A novel function of caspase-8 in the regulation of androgen-receptor-driven gene expression. EMBO J 2006; 26:65-75. [PMID: 17170703 PMCID: PMC1782381 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2006] [Accepted: 09/11/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation by the androgen receptor (AR) is critical for male sexual development and prostate cancer. In this study, we used an expression cloning strategy to identify molecules that regulate AR-driven transcription. Screening of a human cDNA library resulted in isolation of caspase-8 (Casp8), an initiator caspase that mediates death-receptor-induced apoptosis. Casp8 repressed AR-dependent gene expression independently of its apoptotic protease activity by disrupting AR amino-terminal and carboxy-terminal (N/C) interaction and inhibiting androgen-induced AR nuclear localization. Protein-protein interaction analysis revealed that three motifs in Casp8 specifically interacted with the motifs that are known to be involved in AR N/C interaction. Substitutions of the amino-acid residues critical for AR-Casp8 interactions abolished the Casp8-mediated inhibition of AR transactivation. In addition, knockdown of Casp8 by RNA interference specifically affected the androgen-dependent expression of AR-targeting genes in LNCaP cells. These results indicate that Casp8 has a novel function beyond its known role in the mediation of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qi
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hong Wu
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Douglas D Boyd
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhengxin Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 173, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA. Tel.: +1 713 794 1035; Fax: +1 713 792 8747; E-mail:
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