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Li J, Du B, Wang Y, Qiu J, Shi M, Wei M, Li L. Environmental perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate exposures and bone mineral density: a national cross-sectional study in the US adults. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:34459-34472. [PMID: 38703319 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33563-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Associations of perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate exposures with bone mineral density (BMD) in adults have not previously been studied. This study aimed to estimate the associations of individual and concurrent exposure of the three chemicals with adult BMD. Based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2011-2018), 1618 non-pregnant adults (age ≥ 20 years and 47.0% female) were included in this study. Survey-weighted linear regression models were used to estimate individual urinary perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate concentrations with lumbar spine BMD and total BMD in adults. Then, weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models were conducted to evaluate associations of co-occurrence of the three chemicals with adult BMD. In all participants, nitrate exposure was inversely associated with lumbar spine BMD (β = - 0.054, 95%CI: - 0.097, - 0.010). In stratification analyses, significant inverse associations were observed in female and participants older than 40 years old. In WQS regressions, significant negative associations of the weighted sum of the three chemicals with total and lumbar spine BMD (β = - 0.014, 95%CI: - 0.021, - 0.007; β = - 0.011, 95%CI: - 0.019, - 0.004, respectively) were found, and the dominant contributor was nitrate. In the BKMR models, non-linear dose-response associations of nitrate exposure with lumbar spine and total BMD were observed. These findings suggested that environmental perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate exposure may reduce adult BMD and nitrate is the main contributor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juxiao Li
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bohai Du
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahuang Qiu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Shi
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhong Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
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Durham EL, Grey ZJ, Black L, Howie RN, Barth JL, Lee BS, Cray JJ. Sfrp4 expression in thyroxine treated calvarial cells. Life Sci 2022; 311:121158. [PMID: 36370870 PMCID: PMC9719041 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Evidence suggests alterations of thyroid hormone levels can disrupt normal bone development. Most data suggest the major targets of thyroid hormones to be the Htra1/Igf1 pathway. Recent discovery by our group suggests involvement of targets WNT pathway, specifically overexpression of antagonist Sfrp4 in the presence of exogenous thyroid hormone. MAIN METHODS Here we aimed to model these interactions in vitro using primary and isotype cell lines to determine if thyroid hormone drives increased Sfrp4 expression in cells relevant to craniofacial development. Transcriptional profiling, bioinformatics interrogation, protein and function analyses were used. KEY FINDINGS Affymetrix transcriptional profiling found Sfrp4 overexpression in primary cranial suture derived cells stimulated with thyroxine in vitro. Interrogation of the SFRP4 promoter identified multiple putative binding sites for thyroid hormone receptors. Experimentation with several cell lines demonstrated that thyroxine treatment induced Sfrp4 expression, demonstrating that Sfrp4 mRNA and protein levels are not tightly coupled. Transcriptional and protein analyses demonstrate thyroid hormone receptor binding to the proximal promoter of the target gene Sfrp4 in murine calvarial pre-osteoblasts. Functional analysis after thyroxine hormone stimulation for alkaline phosphatase activity shows that pre-osteoblasts increase alkaline phosphatase activity compared to other cell types, suggesting cell type susceptibility. Finally, we added recombinant SFRP4 to pre-osteoblasts in combination with thyroxine treatment and observed a significant decrease in alkaline phosphatase positivity. SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, these results suggest SFRP4 may be a key regulatory molecule that prevents thyroxine driven osteogenesis. These data corroborate clinical findings indicating a potential for SFRP4 as a diagnostic or therapeutic target for hyperostotic craniofacial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Durham
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zachary J Grey
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Laurel Black
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - R Nicole Howie
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jeremy L Barth
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Beth S Lee
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - James J Cray
- Department of Biomedical Education and Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Hönes GS, Härting N, Mittag J, Kaiser FJ. TRα2—An Untuned Second Fiddle or Fine-Tuning Thyroid Hormone Action? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136998. [PMID: 35806002 PMCID: PMC9266318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) control a wide range of physiological functions essential for metabolism, growth, and differentiation. On a molecular level, TH action is exerted by nuclear receptors (TRs), which function as ligand-dependent transcription factors. Among several TR isoforms, the function of TRα2 remains poorly understood as it is a splice variant of TRα with an altered C-terminus that is unable to bind T3. This review highlights the molecular characteristics of TRα2, proposed mechanisms that regulate alternative splicing and indications pointing towards an antagonistic function of this TR isoform in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, remaining knowledge gaps and major challenges that complicate TRα2 characterization, as well as future strategies to fully uncover its physiological relevance, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Sebastian Hönes
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Nina Härting
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany; (N.H.); (F.J.K.)
| | - Jens Mittag
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes-Molecular Endocrinology, Center of Brain Behavior and Metabolism CBBM, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany;
| | - Frank J. Kaiser
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany; (N.H.); (F.J.K.)
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Zhu S, Pang Y, Xu J, Chen X, Zhang C, Wu B, Gao J. Endocrine Regulation on Bone by Thyroid. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:873820. [PMID: 35464058 PMCID: PMC9020229 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.873820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As an endocrine organ, the thyroid acts on the entire body by secreting a series of hormones, and bone is one of the main target organs of the thyroid. SUMMARY This review highlights the roles of thyroid hormones and thyroid diseases in bone homeostasis. CONCLUSION Thyroid hormones play significant roles in the growth and development of bone, and imbalance of thyroid hormones can impair bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yidan Pang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyi Chen
- Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Changqing Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Junjie Gao, ; Bo Wu, ; Changqing Zhang,
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Junjie Gao, ; Bo Wu, ; Changqing Zhang,
| | - Junjie Gao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Junjie Gao, ; Bo Wu, ; Changqing Zhang,
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Liang Y, Zhao D, Wang R, Dang P, Xi Y, Zhang D, Wang W, Shan Z, Teng X, Teng W. Generation and Characterization of a New Resistance to Thyroid Hormone Mouse Model with Thyroid Hormone Receptor Alpha Gene Mutation. Thyroid 2021; 31:678-691. [PMID: 32924834 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: In humans, resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) caused by mutations in the thyroid hormone receptor alpha (THRA) gene, RTHα, manifests as tissue-specific hypothyroidism and circulating thyroid hormone levels exhibit hypothyroid-like clinical features. Before the identification of patients with RTHα, several Thrα1 knock-in mouse models were generated to clarify the function of TRα1. However, the phenotypes of these mice were not consistent with the clinical presentation of RTHα in humans. For the present study, we generated an RTHα mouse model that carries the Thra1E403X mutation found in human RTHα patients. Here, we report the gross phenotypes of this mouse RTHα model. Methods: Traditional homologous recombination gene targeting techniques were used to introduce a mutation (Thra1E403X) in the mouse Thra gene. The phenotypes of the resulting mice were studied and compared with clinical features observed for RTHα with THRAE403X. Results: Thrα1E403X/E403X homozygous mice exhibited severe neurological phenotypes, such as spasticity and motor ataxia, which were similar to those observed in endemic cretinism. Thrα1E403X/+ heterozygous mice reproduced most clinical manifestations of patient with RTHα, such as a normal survival rate and male fertility, as well as delayed postnatal growth and development, neurological and motor coordination deficits, and anemia. The mice had typical thyroid function with a modest increase in serum triiodothyronine (T3) levels, a low thyroxine (T4)/T3 ratio, and low reverse T3 (rT3) levels. Conclusions: The Thrα1E403X/+ mice faithfully recapitulate the clinical features of human RTHα and thus can provide a useful tool to dissect the role of TRα1 in development and to determine the pathological mechanisms of RTHα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Institute, and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Defa Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Institute, and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ranran Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Institute, and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Pingping Dang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Institute, and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Xi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Institute, and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Institute, and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Institute, and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhongyan Shan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Institute, and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaochun Teng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Institute, and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Weiping Teng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Institute, and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Han CR, Wang H, Hoffmann V, Zerfas P, Kruhlak M, Cheng SY. Thyroid Hormone Receptor α Mutations Cause Heart Defects in Zebrafish. Thyroid 2021; 31:315-326. [PMID: 32762296 PMCID: PMC7891307 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2020.0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: Mutations of thyroid hormone receptor α1 (TRα1) cause resistance to thyroid hormone (RTHα). Patients exhibit growth retardation, delayed bone development, anemia, and bradycardia. By using mouse models of RTHα, much has been learned about the molecular actions of TRα1 mutants that underlie these abnormalities in adults. Using zebrafish models of RTHα that we have recently created, we aimed to understand how TRα1 mutants affect the heart function during this period. Methods: In contrast to human and mice, the thra gene is duplicated, thraa and thrab, in zebrafish. Using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted mutagenesis, we created C-terminal mutations in each of two duplicated thra genes in zebrafish (thraa 8-bp insertion or thrab 1-bp insertion mutations). We recently showed that these mutant fish faithfully recapitulated growth retardation as found in patients and thra mutant mice. In the present study, we used histological analysis, gene expression profiles, confocal fluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to comprehensively analyze the phenotypic characteristics of mutant fish heart during development. Results: We found both a dilated atrium and an abnormally shaped ventricle in adult mutant fish. The retention of red blood cells in the two abnormal heart chambers, and the decreased circulating blood speed and reduced expression of contractile genes indicated weakened contractility in the heart of mutant fish. These abnormalities were detected in mutant fish as early as 35 days postfertilization (juveniles). Furthermore, the expression of genes associated with the sarcomere assembly was suppressed in the heart of mutant fish, resulting in abnormalities of sarcomere organization as revealed by TEM, suggesting that the abnormal sarcomere organization could underlie the bradycardia exhibited in mutant fish. Conclusions: Using a zebrafish model of RTHα, the present study demonstrated for the first time that TRα1 mutants could act to cause abnormal heart structure, weaken contractility, and disrupt sarcomere organization that affect heart functions. These findings provide new insights into the bradycardia found in RTHα patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cho Rong Han
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Victoria Hoffmann
- Diagnostic and Research Services Branch, Office of Research Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Patricia Zerfas
- Diagnostic and Research Services Branch, Office of Research Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Kruhlak
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sheue-Yann Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Address correspondence to: Sheue-Yann Cheng, PhD, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Room 5128, Bethesda, MD 20892-4264, USA
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Kang YE, Kang YM, Park B, Shong M, Yi HS. Type 2 deiodinase Thr92Ala polymorphism is associated with a reduction in bone mineral density: A community-based korean genome and epidemiology study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2020; 93:238-247. [PMID: 32324283 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Type 2 deiodinase (DIO2)-mediated thyroid hormone synthesis stimulates osteoblast activity and increases the expression of osteoblast differentiation markers, but there are no large cohort studies to identify the role of the DIO2 polymorphism in bone mineral density in humans. METHODS To investigate the hypothesis that individuals with the DIO2 gene polymorphism are susceptible to osteoporosis, we assessed the polymorphism of the DIO2 gene in 7,524 Koreans drawn from the large-scale Ansan-Anseong cohort of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. All of the participants underwent genotyping of the DIO2 Thr92Ala polymorphism (rs225014). RESULTS A total of 6,022 participants were recruited; 1991 (33.0%) were homozygous for the Thr allele, 2,967 (49.3%) were heterozygous (Thr/Ala), and 1064 (17.7%) were homozygous for the Ala allele. The effects of the DIO2 Thr92Ala polymorphism on axial speed of sound (SOS) and the T-score in the tibia and radius were assessed, with age, gender, oestrogen status, body mass index (BMI), serum calcium, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) included as covariables. Female subjects carrying the DIO2 Thr92Ala polymorphism had significantly lower SOS and T-scores than control participants. Cox regression analysis revealed a significant relationship between the DIO2 polymorphism and diagnosis of osteoporosis in female participants. CONCLUSION DIO2 Thr92Ala polymorphism is associated with decreased SOS and T-scores in the tibia of female subjects independent of other clinical parameters, where this indicates a potential functional role of DIO2 in the maintenance of bone mineral density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yea Eun Kang
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Young Mi Kang
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Boyoung Park
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minho Shong
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyon-Seung Yi
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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Chen X, Hu Y, Jiang T, Xia C, Wang Y, Gao Y. Triiodothyronine Potentiates BMP9-Induced Osteogenesis in Mesenchymal Stem Cells Through the Activation of AMPK/p38 Signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:725. [PMID: 32850840 PMCID: PMC7413205 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4), which are released from the thyroid, control many cellular processes in various cell types. It is worth noting that TH plays a complex role in skeletal metabolic balance, and few studies have investigated whether TH exerts any effects on osteogenesis in bone mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). We explored the effects of T3 on bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9)-induced osteogenesis, which process is considered the most important in the osteogenic differentiation of C3H10T1/2 cells. In vitro osteogenesis was analyzed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and staining, bone mineralisation, and osteocalcin and osteopontin expression. Fetal limb explant cultures and ectopic MSC implantation further confirmed the role of T3. Finally, we examined the effect of AMPK/p38 signaling on the osteoblastic differentiation. T3 synergizes with BMP9 to enhance osteogenic marker expression induced by BMP9. Furthermore, T3 promotes BMP9-induced bone formation by fetal limb explant cultures and ectopic MSC implantation. Co-treatment with BMP9 and T3 can promote AMPK and p38 phosphorylation, and pretreatment with the AMPK inhibitor compound C and siRNA can abolish phosphorylation of p38 and BMP9+T3-induced ALP activity. Our results suggest that BMP9 and T3 promote osteogenic differentiation at least partially via the activation of the AMPK/p38 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Department of Geriatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyuan Jiang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Xia
- Department of Geriatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanhong Gao
- Department of Geriatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Leitch VD, Bassett JHD, Williams GR. Role of thyroid hormones in craniofacial development. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:147-164. [PMID: 31974498 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0304-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of the craniofacial skeleton relies on complex temporospatial organization of diverse cell types by key signalling molecules. Even minor disruptions to these processes can result in deleterious consequences for the structure and function of the skull. Thyroid hormone deficiency causes delayed craniofacial and tooth development, dysplastic facial features and delayed development of the ossicles in the middle ear. Thyroid hormone excess, by contrast, accelerates development of the skull and, in severe cases, might lead to craniosynostosis with neurological sequelae and facial hypoplasia. The pathogenesis of these important abnormalities remains poorly understood and underinvestigated. The orchestration of craniofacial development and regulation of suture and synchondrosis growth is dependent on several critical signalling pathways. The underlying mechanisms by which these key pathways regulate craniofacial growth and maturation are largely unclear, but studies of single-gene disorders resulting in craniofacial malformations have identified a number of critical signalling molecules and receptors. The craniofacial consequences resulting from gain-of-function and loss-of-function mutations affecting insulin-like growth factor 1, fibroblast growth factor receptor and WNT signalling are similar to the effects of altered thyroid status and mutations affecting thyroid hormone action, suggesting that these critical pathways interact in the regulation of craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria D Leitch
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) Centre for Additive Manufacturing, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - J H Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Shibata Y, Wen L, Okada M, Shi YB. Organ-Specific Requirements for Thyroid Hormone Receptor Ensure Temporal Coordination of Tissue-Specific Transformations and Completion of Xenopus Metamorphosis. Thyroid 2020; 30:300-313. [PMID: 31854240 PMCID: PMC7047119 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background: Thyroid hormone (triiodothyronine [T3]) is essential for the development throughout vertebrates. Anuran metamorphosis mimics mammalian postembryonic development, a period around birth when plasma T3 level peaks and many organs/tissues mature into their adult forms. Compared with the uterus-enclosed mammalian embryos, tadpoles can be easily manipulated to study the roles of T3 and T3 receptors (TRs) in tissue remodeling and adult organ development. We and others have previously knocked out TRα or TRβ in the diploid anuran Xenopus tropicalis and reported distinct effects of the two receptor knockouts on metamorphosis. However, animals lacking either TRα or TRβ can complete metamorphosis and develop into reproductive adults. Methods: We have generated TRα and TRβ double knockout animals and carried out molecular and morphological analyses to determine if TR is required for Xenopus development. Results: We found that the TR double knockout tadpoles do not respond to T3, supporting the view that there are no other TR genes in X. tropicalis and that TR is essential for mediating the effects of T3 in vivo. Surprisingly, the double knockout tadpoles are able to initiate metamorphosis and accomplish many metamorphic changes, such as limb development. However, all double knockout tadpoles stall and eventually die at stage 61, the climax of metamorphosis, before tail resorption takes place. Analyses of the knockout tadpoles at stage 61 revealed various developmental abnormalities, including precocious ossification and extra vertebrae. Conclusions: Our data indicate that TRs are not required for the initiation of metamorphosis but is essential for the completion of metamorphosis. Furthermore, the differential effects of TR knockout on different organs/tissues suggest tissue-specific roles for TR to control temporal coordination and progression of metamorphosis in various organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Shibata
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Luan Wen
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Morihiro Okada
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yun-Bo Shi
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Address correspondence to: Yun-Bo Shi, PhD, Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Freudenthal B, Shetty S, Butterfield NC, Logan JG, Han CR, Zhu X, Astapova I, Hollenberg AN, Cheng SY, Bassett JD, Williams GR. Genetic and Pharmacological Targeting of Transcriptional Repression in Resistance to Thyroid Hormone Alpha. Thyroid 2019; 29:726-734. [PMID: 30760120 PMCID: PMC6533791 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2018.0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Thyroid hormones act in bone and cartilage via thyroid hormone receptor alpha (TRα). In the absence of triiodothyronine (T3), TRα interacts with co-repressors, including nuclear receptor co-repressor-1 (NCoR1), which recruit histone deacetylases (HDACs) and mediate transcriptional repression. Dominant-negative mutations of TRα cause resistance to thyroid hormone alpha (RTHα; OMIM 614450), characterized by excessive repression of T3 target genes leading to delayed skeletal development, growth retardation, and bone dysplasia. Treatment with thyroxine has been of limited benefit, even in mildly affected individuals, and there is a need for new therapeutic strategies. It was hypothesized that (i) the skeletal manifestations of RTHα are mediated by the persistent TRα/NCoR1/HDAC repressor complex containing mutant TRα, and (ii) treatment with the HDAC inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) would ameliorate these manifestations. Methods: The skeletal phenotypes of (i) Thra1PV/+ mice, a well characterized model of RTHα; (ii) Ncor1ΔID/ΔID mice, which express an NCoR1 mutant that fails to interact with TRα; and (iii) Thra1PV/+Ncor1ΔID/ΔID double-mutant adult mice were determined. Wild-type, Thra1PV/+, Ncor1ΔID/ΔID, and Thra1PV/+Ncor1ΔID/ΔID double-mutant mice were also treated with SAHA to determine whether HDAC inhibition results in amelioration of skeletal abnormalities. Results:Thra1PV/+ mice had a severe skeletal dysplasia, characterized by short stature, abnormal bone morphology, and increased bone mineral content. Despite normal bone length, Ncor1ΔID/ΔID mice displayed increased cortical bone mass, mineralization, and strength. Thra1PV/+Ncor1ΔID/ΔID double-mutant mice displayed only a small improvement of skeletal abnormalities compared to Thra1PV/+ mice. Treatment with SAHA to inhibit histone deacetylation had no beneficial or detrimental effects on bone structure, mineralization, or strength in wild-type or mutant mice. Conclusions: These studies indicate treatment with SAHA is unlikely to improve the skeletal manifestations of RTHα. Nevertheless, the findings (i) confirm that TRα1 has a critical role in the regulation of skeletal development and adult bone mass, (ii) suggest a physiological role for alternative co-repressors that interact with TR in skeletal cells, and (iii) demonstrate a novel role for NCoR1 in the regulation of adult bone mass and strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Freudenthal
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Samiksha Shetty
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie C. Butterfield
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John G. Logan
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cho Rong Han
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xuguang Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Inna Astapova
- Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Anthony N. Hollenberg
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine and New York Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Sheue-Yann Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - J.H. Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Address correspondence to: J.H. Duncan Bassett, BMBCh, PhD, Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Graham R. Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Graham R. Williams, MBBS, PhD, Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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12
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Abstract
Thyroid hormone has profound effects on skeletal development and adult bone maintenance. Here, we review the current literature concerning thyroid hormone action in bone and cartilage in relation to human disease and animal models. We describe state-of-the-art imaging and biomechanical methods used to determine structural and functional parameters in the skeletal phenotyping of mouse models.
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13
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Gao J, Li X, Zhang Y, Wang H. Endochondral ossification in hindlimbs during bufo gargarizans
metamorphosis: A model of studying skeletal development in vertebrates. Dev Dyn 2018; 247:1121-1134. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jinshu Gao
- College of Life Science; Shaanxi Normal University; Xi'an, 710119 China
| | - Xinyi Li
- College of Life Science; Shaanxi Normal University; Xi'an, 710119 China
| | - Yuhui Zhang
- College of Life Science; Shaanxi Normal University; Xi'an, 710119 China
| | - Hongyuan Wang
- College of Life Science; Shaanxi Normal University; Xi'an, 710119 China
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14
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Gouveia CHA, Miranda-Rodrigues M, Martins GM, Neofiti-Papi B. Thyroid Hormone and Skeletal Development. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2018; 106:383-472. [PMID: 29407443 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) is essential for skeletal development from the late fetal life to the onset of puberty. During this large window of actions, TH has key roles in endochondral and intramembranous ossifications and in the longitudinal bone growth. There is evidence that TH acts directly in skeletal cells but also indirectly, specially via the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 axis, to control the linear skeletal growth and maturation. The presence of receptors, plasma membrane transporters, and activating and inactivating enzymes of TH in skeletal cells suggests that direct actions of TH in these cells are crucial for skeletal development, which has been confirmed by several in vitro and in vivo studies, including mouse genetic studies, and clinical studies in patients with resistance to thyroid hormone due to dominant-negative mutations in TH receptors. This review examines progress made on understanding the mechanisms by which TH regulates the skeletal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia H A Gouveia
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Experimental Pathophysiology Program, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Gisele M Martins
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Experimental Pathophysiology Program, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Bianca Neofiti-Papi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Experimental Pathophysiology Program, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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15
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Abstract
Thyroid hormones are essential for skeletal development and are important regulators of bone maintenance in adults. Childhood hypothyroidism causes delayed skeletal development, retarded linear growth and impaired bone mineral accrual. Epiphyseal dysgenesis is evidenced by classic features of stippled epiphyses on X-ray. In severe cases, post-natal growth arrest results in a complex skeletal dysplasia. Thyroid hormone replacement stimulates catch-up growth and bone maturation, but recovery may be incomplete dependent on the duration and severity of hypothyroidism prior to treatment. A severe phenotype characteristic of hypothyroidism occurs in children with resistance to thyroid hormone due to mutations affecting THRA encoding thyroid hormone receptor α (TRα). Discovery of this rare condition recapitulated animal studies demonstrating that TRα mediates thyroid hormone action in the skeleton. In adults, thyrotoxicosis is well known to cause severe osteoporosis and fracture, but cases are rare because of prompt diagnosis and treatment. Recent data, however, indicate that subclinical hyperthyroidism is associated with low bone mineral density (BMD) and an increased risk of fracture. Population studies have also shown that variation in thyroid status within the reference range in post-menopausal women is associated with altered BMD and fracture risk. Thus, thyroid status at the upper end of the euthyroid reference range is associated with low BMD and increased risk of osteoporotic fragility fracture. Overall, extensive data demonstrate that euthyroid status is required for normal post-natal growth and bone mineral accrual, and is fundamental for maintenance of adult bone structure and strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. R. Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, 10N5 Commonwealth Building, London, W12 0NN UK
| | - J. H. D. Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, 10N6 Commonwealth Building, London, W12 0NN UK
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16
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Zsarnovszky A, Kiss D, Jocsak G, Nemeth G, Toth I, Horvath TL. Thyroid hormone- and estrogen receptor interactions with natural ligands and endocrine disruptors in the cerebellum. Front Neuroendocrinol 2018; 48:23-36. [PMID: 28987779 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Although the effects of phytoestrogens on brain function is widely unknown, they are often regarded as "natural" and thus as harmless. However, the effects of phytoestrogens or environmental pollutants on brain function is underestimated. Estrogen (17beta-estradiol, E2) and thyroid hormones (THs) play pivotal roles in brain development. In the mature brain, these hormones regulate metabolism on cellular and organismal levels. Thus, E2 and THs do not only regulate the energy metabolism of the entire organism, but simultaneously also regulate important homeostatic parameters of neurons and glia in the CNS. It is, therefore, obvious that the mechanisms through which these hormones exert their effects are pleiotropic and include both intra- and intercellular actions. These hormonal mechanisms are versatile, and the experimental investigation of simultaneous hormone-induced mechanisms is technically challenging. In addition, the normal physiological settings of metabolic parameters depend on a plethora of interactions of the steroid hormones. In this review, we discuss conceptual and experimental aspects of the gonadal and thyroid hormones as they relate to in vitro models of the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Zsarnovszky
- Department of Animal Physiology and Animal Health, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, Páter Károly u. 1, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - David Kiss
- Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest 1078, Hungary
| | - Gergely Jocsak
- Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest 1078, Hungary
| | - Gabor Nemeth
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Szeged, School of Medicine, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Istvan Toth
- Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest 1078, Hungary
| | - Tamas L Horvath
- Department of Animal Physiology and Animal Health, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, Páter Károly u. 1, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Departments of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest 1078, Hungary.
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17
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Thyroid Hormone Signaling in the Development of the Endochondral Skeleton. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2018; 106:351-381. [PMID: 29407442 PMCID: PMC9830754 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) is an established regulator of skeletal growth and maintenance both in clinical studies and in laboratory models. The clinical consequences of altered thyroid status on the skeleton during development and in adulthood are well known, and genetic mouse models in which elements of the TH signaling axis have been manipulated illuminate the mechanisms which underlie TH regulation of the skeleton. TH is involved in the regulation of the balance between proliferation and differentiation in several skeletal cell types including chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. The effects of TH are mediated primarily via the thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) α and β, ligand-inducible nuclear receptors which act as transcription factors to regulate target gene expression. Both TRα and TRβ signaling are important for different stages of skeletal development. The molecular mechanisms of TH action in bone are complex and include interaction with a number of growth factor signaling pathways. This review provides an overview of the regulation and mechanisms of TH action in bone, focusing particularly on the role of TH in endochondral bone formation during postnatal growth.
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18
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Han CR, Park S, Cheng SY. NCOR1 modulates erythroid disorders caused by mutations of thyroid hormone receptor α1. Sci Rep 2017; 7:18080. [PMID: 29273766 PMCID: PMC5741760 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18409-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone receptor α (THRA) gene mutations, via dominant negative mode, cause erythroid abnormalities in patients. Using mice expressing a dominant negative TRα1 mutant (TRα1PV; Thra1PV/+ mice), we showed that TRα1PV acted directly to suppress the expression of key erythroid genes, causing erythroid defects. The nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCOR1) was reported to mediate the dominant negative effects of mutated TRα1. However, how NCOR1 could regulate TRα1 mutants in erythroid defects in vivo is not known. In the present study, we crossed Thra1PV/+ mice with mice expressing a mutant Ncor1 allele (NCOR1ΔID; Ncor1ΔID mice). TRα1PV mutant cannot bind to NCOR1ΔID. The expression of NCOR1ΔID ameliorated abnormalities in the peripheral blood indices, and corrected the defective differentiation potential of progenitors in the erythroid lineage. The defective terminal erythropoiesis of lineage-negative bone marrow cells of Thra1PV/+ mice was rescued by the expression of NCOR1ΔID. De-repression of key erythroid genes in Thra1PV/+Ncor1ΔID/ΔID mice led to partial rescue of terminal erythroid differentiation. These results indicate that the inability of TRα1PV to recruit NCOR1ΔID to form a repressor complex relieved the deleterious actions of TRα1 mutants in vivo. NCOR1 is a critical novel regulator underpining the pathogenesis of erythroid abnormalities caused by TRα1 mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cho Rong Han
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sunmi Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sheue-Yann Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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19
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Park S, Han CR, Park JW, Zhao L, Zhu X, Willingham M, Bodine DM, Cheng SY. Defective erythropoiesis caused by mutations of the thyroid hormone receptor α gene. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006991. [PMID: 28910278 PMCID: PMC5621702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with mutations of the THRA gene exhibit classical features of hypothyroidism, including erythroid disorders. We previously created a mutant mouse expressing a mutated TRα1 (denoted as PV; Thra1PV/+ mouse) that faithfully reproduces the classical hypothyroidism seen in patients. Using Thra1PV/+ mice, we explored how the TRα1PV mutant acted to cause abnormalities in erythropoiesis. Thra1PV/+ mice exhibited abnormal red blood cell indices similarly as reported for patients. The total bone marrow cells and erythrocytic progenitors were markedly reduced in the bone marrow of Thra1PV/+ mice. In vitro terminal differentiation assays showed a significant reduction of mature erythrocytes in Thra1PV/+ mice. In wild-type mice, the clonogenic potential of progenitors in the erythrocytic lineage was stimulated by thyroid hormone (T3), suggesting that T3 could directly accelerate the differentiation of progenitors to mature erythrocytes. Analysis of gene expression profiles showed that the key regulator of erythropoiesis, the Gata-1 gene, and its regulated genes, such as the Klf1, β-globin, dematin genes, CAII, band3 and eALAS genes, involved in the maturation of erythrocytes, was decreased in the bone marrow cells of Thra1PV/+ mice. We further elucidated that the Gata-1 gene was a T3-directly regulated gene and that TRα1PV could impair erythropoiesis via repression of the Gata-1 gene and its regulated genes. These results provide new insights into how TRα1 mutants acted to cause erythroid abnormalities in patients with mutations of the THRA gene. Importantly, the Thra1PV/+ mouse could serve as a preclinical mouse model to identify novel molecular targets for treatment of erythroid disorders. Patients with mutations of the THRA gene exhibit erythroid disorders. The molecular pathogenesis underlying erythroid abnormalities is poorly understood. In Thra1PV/+ mice expressing a dominant negative mutant TRα1PV, we found abnormal red blood cell indices similar to patients. Total bone marrow cells, the clonogenic potential of erythrocytic progenitors, and terminal differentiation of erythrocytes were markedly decreased in Thra1PV/+ mice. We elucidated that Gata-1, a key erythroid gene, was directly positively regulated by TRα1. The erythroid defects in Thra1PV/+ mice were due, at least partly, to the TRα1PV-mediated suppression of the Gata-1 gene and its down-stream target genes. Over-expression of Gata-1 rescued impaired terminal differentiation. Our studies elucidated molecular mechanisms by which TRα1 mutants caused erythroid disorders in patients. The present study suggests that therapies aimed at GATA1 could be tested as a potential target in treating erythroid abnormalities in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunmi Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, the Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cho Rong Han
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, the Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeong Won Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, the Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Li Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, the Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xuguang Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, the Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mark Willingham
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, the Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David M. Bodine
- Hematopoiesis Section, National Human Geneome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sheue-yann Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, the Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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van Gucht ALM, Moran C, Meima ME, Visser WE, Chatterjee K, Visser TJ, Peeters RP. Resistance to Thyroid Hormone due to Heterozygous Mutations in Thyroid Hormone Receptor Alpha. Curr Top Dev Biol 2017; 125:337-355. [PMID: 28527577 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormone (TH) acts via nuclear thyroid hormone receptors (TRs). TR isoforms (TRα1, TRα2, TRβ1, TRβ2) are encoded by distinct genes (THRA and THRB) and show differing tissue distributions. Patients with mutations in THRB, exhibiting resistance within the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis with elevated TH and nonsuppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, were first described decades ago. In 2012, the first patients with mutations in THRA were identified. Scope of this review: This review describes the clinical and biochemical characteristics of patients with resistance to thyroid hormone alpha (RTHα) due to heterozygous mutations in THRA. The genetic basis and molecular pathogenesis of the disorder together with effects of levothyroxine treatment are discussed. CONCLUSIONS The severity of the clinical phenotype of RTHα patients seems to be associated with the location and type of mutation in THRA. The most frequent abnormalities observed include anemia, constipation, and growth and developmental delay. In addition, serum (F)T3 levels can be high-normal to high, (F)T4 and rT3 levels normal to low, while TSH is normal or mildly raised. Despite heterogeneous consequences of mutations in THRA, RTHα should be suspected in subjects with even mild clinical features of hypothyroidism together with high/high-normal (F)T3, low/low-normal (F)T4, and normal TSH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carla Moran
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marcel E Meima
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W Edward Visser
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Krishna Chatterjee
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Theo J Visser
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Marelli F, Carra S, Rurale G, Cotelli F, Persani L. In vivo Functional Consequences of Human THRA Variants Expressed in the Zebrafish. Thyroid 2017; 27:279-291. [PMID: 27809680 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2016.0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterozygous mutations in the thyroid hormone receptor alpha (THRA) gene cause resistance to thyroid hormone alpha (RTHα), a disease characterized by variable manifestations reminiscent of untreated congenital hypothyroidism but a raised triiodothyronine/thyroxine ratio and normal thyrotropin levels. It was recently described that zebrafish embryos expressing a dominant negative (DN) form of thraa recapitulate the key features of RTHα, and that zebrafish and human receptors are functionally interchangeable. METHODS This study expressed several human thyroid hormone receptor alpha (hTRα) variants in zebrafish embryos and analyzed the resulting phenotypes. RESULTS All hTRα-injected embryos showed variable defects, including cerebral and cardiac edema likely caused by an aberrant looping during heart development, anemia, and an incomplete formation of the vascular network. Moreover, the hTRα-injected embryos presented severe defects of motorneurons and craniofacial development, thus affecting their autonomous feeding and swimming behaviors. Surprisingly, expression of all hTRα mutants had no detectable effect on thyrotropin beta and thyrotropin-releasing hormone transcripts, indicating that their DN action is limited on the thyroid hormone reception beta 2 targets at the hypothalamic/pituitary level in vivo. As previously described in vitro, treatment with high triiodothyronine doses can efficiently revert the observed defects only in embryos injected with missense hTRα variants. CONCLUSION Injection of human THRA variants in zebrafish embryos causes tissue-specific defects recapitulating most of the RTHα clinical and biochemical manifestations. The described manipulation of zebrafish embryos represents a novel in vivo model to screen the functional consequences of THRA variants and the rescue potential of new therapeutic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Marelli
- 1 Laboratorio Sperimentale di Ricerche Endocrino-Metaboliche, Istituto Auxologico Italiano , Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Carra
- 2 Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan, Italy
| | - Giuditta Rurale
- 3 Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan, Italy
| | - Franco Cotelli
- 2 Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Persani
- 1 Laboratorio Sperimentale di Ricerche Endocrino-Metaboliche, Istituto Auxologico Italiano , Milan, Italy
- 3 Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan, Italy
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22
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Durham EL, Howie RN, Black L, Bennfors G, Parsons TE, Elsalanty M, Yu JC, Weinberg SM, Cray JJ. Effects of thyroxine exposure on the Twist 1 +/- phenotype: A test of gene-environment interaction modeling for craniosynostosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 106:803-813. [PMID: 27435288 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Craniosynostosis, the premature fusion of one or more of the cranial sutures, is estimated to occur in 1:1800 to 2500 births. Genetic murine models of craniosynostosis exist, but often imperfectly model human patients. Case, cohort, and surveillance studies have identified excess thyroid hormone as an agent that can either cause or exacerbate human cases of craniosynostosis. METHODS Here we investigate the influence of in utero and in vitro exogenous thyroid hormone exposure on a murine model of craniosynostosis, Twist 1 +/-. RESULTS By 15 days post-natal, there was evidence of coronal suture fusion in the Twist 1 +/- model, regardless of exposure. With the exception of craniofacial width, there were no significant effects of exposure; however, the Twist 1 +/- phenotype was significantly different from the wild-type control. Twist 1 +/- cranial suture cells did not respond to thyroxine treatment as measured by proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and gene expression of osteogenic markers. However, treatment of these cells did result in modulation of thyroid associated gene expression. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest the phenotypic effects of the genetic mutation largely outweighed the effects of thyroxine exposure in the Twist 1 +/- model. These results highlight difficultly in experimentally modeling gene-environment interactions for craniosynostotic phenotypes. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:803-813, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Durham
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - R Nicole Howie
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Laurel Black
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Grace Bennfors
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Trish E Parsons
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mohammed Elsalanty
- Departments of Oral Biology, Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Orthopaedic Surgery and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.,Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Jack C Yu
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.,Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Seth M Weinberg
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - James J Cray
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
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23
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Ock SY, Chung YS, Choi YJ. Changes in bone mineral density and trabecular bone score in Graves' disease patients after anti-thyroid therapy. Osteoporos Sarcopenia 2016; 2:175-179. [PMID: 30775484 PMCID: PMC6372732 DOI: 10.1016/j.afos.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in bone quantity based on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone quality based on trabecular bone score (TBS) in Graves' disease patients after anti-thyroid therapy. Research design and method This retrospective study included premenopausal female and male patients with Graves' disease who received BMD measurement more than two times during treatment. BMD and thyroid function tests with free thyroxine (FT4), total triiodothyronine (T3), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and TSH receptor antibody (TRAb) levels were collected two times during follow-up. TBS was calculated using TBS insight® software (version 2.1) from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry images. Results Thirty Graves' disease patients (17 males, 56%; 13 premenopausal females, 44%) with a mean age of 35.3 ± 9.9 years were included. The mean follow-up period was 20.7 ± 8.5 months. The median levels of FT4, TSH and TRAb improved at follow-up [2.55 ng/dL (Interquartile range (IQR) 2.07–3.78) to 1.28 ng/dL (IQR 1.23–1.39), 0.015 mIU/L (IQR 0.01–0.04) to 0.89 mIU/L (IQR 0.35–1.55), 17.0 IU/L (IQR 5.0–40.3) to 5.0 IU/L (5.0–6.0), respectively; p < 0.001]. Median BMD (lumbar spine) values also improved from 1.118 g/cm2 (IQR 1.000–1.119) to 1.167 g/cm2 (IQR 1.050–1.219) (p = 0.001) at follow-up. TBS increased from 1.377 (IQR 1.299–1.422) to 1.390 (IQR 1.327–1.430) after treatment (p = 0.038). Conclusion Both bone quality and density improved after anti-thyroid treatment in premenopausal female and male Graves' disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Ock
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Sok Chung
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jun Choi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Tang Y, Yu M, Lian X. Resistance to thyroid hormone α, revelation of basic study to clinical consequences. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2016; 29:511-22. [PMID: 26812777 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2015-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the past 3 years, 15 patients with resistance to thyroid hormone α (RTHα), nine THRA gene mutations have been reported, reforming classification of RTH. RTHα exhibits distinguished clinical manifestations from RTHβ, including growth retardation, skeletal dysplasia, impaired neurodevelopment, cardiovascular dysfunction, constipation and specific thyroid axis type. This review focuses on possible pathogenesis by revelatory basic science of RTHα animal models in vivo, and patients' mutant thyroid hormone receptor α (TRα) in vitro. Clinical manifestations and L-T4 effects are summarized, showing strong correlation to the severity of mutation mostly within the domain which dominated TR interaction with T3 and its corepressors/coactivators. In particular, we propose the diagnosis clues and promising treatment for clinicians.
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Abstract
The skeleton is an exquisitely sensitive and archetypal T3-target tissue that demonstrates the critical role for thyroid hormones during development, linear growth, and adult bone turnover and maintenance. Thyrotoxicosis is an established cause of secondary osteoporosis, and abnormal thyroid hormone signaling has recently been identified as a novel risk factor for osteoarthritis. Skeletal phenotypes in genetically modified mice have faithfully reproduced genetic disorders in humans, revealing the complex physiological relationship between centrally regulated thyroid status and the peripheral actions of thyroid hormones. Studies in mutant mice also established the paradigm that T3 exerts anabolic actions during growth and catabolic effects on adult bone. Thus, the skeleton represents an ideal physiological system in which to characterize thyroid hormone transport, metabolism, and action during development and adulthood and in response to injury. Future analysis of T3 action in individual skeletal cell lineages will provide new insights into cell-specific molecular mechanisms and may ultimately identify novel therapeutic targets for chronic degenerative diseases such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state of the art.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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Marelli F, Carra S, Agostini M, Cotelli F, Peeters R, Chatterjee K, Persani L. Patterns of thyroid hormone receptor expression in zebrafish and generation of a novel model of resistance to thyroid hormone action. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 424:102-17. [PMID: 26802880 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to thyroid hormone can be due to heterozygous, dominant negative (DN) THRA (RTHα) or THRB (RTHβ) mutations, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Here, we delineate the spatiotemporal expression of TH receptors (TRs) in zebrafish and generated morphants expressing equivalent amounts of wild-type and DN TRαs (thraa_MOs) and TRβs (thrb_MOs) in vivo. Both morphants show severe developmental abnormalities. The phenotype of thraa_MOs includes brain and cardiac defects, but normal thyroid volume and tshba expression. A combined modification of dio2 and dio3 expression can explain the high T3/T4 ratio seen in thraa_MOs, as in RTHα. Thrb_MOs show abnormal eyes and otoliths, with a typical RTHβ pattern of thyroid axis. The coexpression of wild-type, but not mutant, human TRs can rescue the phenotype in both morphants. High T3 doses can partially revert the dominant negative action of mutant TRs in morphant fish. Therefore, our morphants recapitulate the RTHα and RTHβ key manifestations representing new models in which the functional consequences of human TR mutations can be rapidly and faithfully evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Marelli
- Laboratorio Sperimentale di Ricerche Endocrino-Metaboliche, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Carra
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Maura Agostini
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Franco Cotelli
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Krishna Chatterjee
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Luca Persani
- Laboratorio Sperimentale di Ricerche Endocrino-Metaboliche, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milan, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy.
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TRα receptor mutations extend the spectrum of syndromes of reduced sensitivity to thyroid hormone. Presse Med 2015; 44:1103-12. [PMID: 26585273 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2012, eight different abnormalities have been described in the THRA gene (encoding the TRα1 thyroid hormone receptor) of 14 patients from 9 families. These mutations induce a clinical phenotype (resistance to thyroid hormone type α) associating symptoms of untreated mild congenital hypothyroidism and a near-normal range of free and total thyroid hormones and TSH (the T4/T3 ratio is nevertheless usually low). The phenotype can diversely include short stature (due to growth retardation), dysmorphic syndrome (face and limb extremities), psychoneuromotor disorders, constipation and bradycardia. The identified genetic abnormalities are located within the ligand-binding domain and result in defective T3 binding, an abnormally strong interaction with corepressors and a dominant negative activity against still functional receptors. The identification of patients with consistent phenotypes and the underlying mutations are warranted to better delineate the spectrum of the syndromes of reduced sensitivity to thyroid hormone.
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Klein Hesselink E, Links T. Radioiodine Treatment and Thyroid Hormone Suppression Therapy for Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma: Adverse Effects Support the Trend toward Less Aggressive Treatment for Low-Risk Patients. Eur Thyroid J 2015; 4:82-92. [PMID: 26279993 PMCID: PMC4521066 DOI: 10.1159/000432397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, the incidence of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) has steadily increased, with especially a growing number of low-risk patients. Whereas DTC used to be treated rather aggressively, it is now acknowledged that aggressive treatment does not affect outcome for low-risk patients and that it can induce adverse effects. In this review an overview of the most clinically relevant adverse effects of radioiodine treatment and thyroid hormone suppression therapy (THST) is presented, and the trend toward less aggressive treatment for low-risk patients is outlined. Salivary gland dysfunction occurs in roughly 30% of patients, and is probably due to the concentration of radioiodine in the salivary glands by the sodium/iodide symporter. Beta radiation from radioiodine can result in sialoadenitis and eventually fibrosis and loss of salivary function. Furthermore, patients can experience bone marrow dysfunction following radioiodine treatment. Although this is in general subclinical and transient, patients that receive very high cumulative radioiodine doses may be at risk for more severe bone marrow dysfunction. THST can induce adverse cardiovascular effects in patients with DTC, such as diastolic and systolic dysfunction, and also adverse vascular and prothrombotic effects have been described. Finally, the effects of THST on bone formation and resorption are outlined; especially postmenopausal women with DTC on THST seem to be at risk of bone loss. In the past years, advances have been made in preventing low-risk patients from being overtreated. Improved biomarkers are still needed to further optimize risk stratification and personalize medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - T.P. Links
- *Prof. Dr. T.P. Links, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Endocrinology, HPC AA31, PO Box 30.001, NL-9700 RB Groningen (The Netherlands), E-Mail
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Tuchendler D, Bolanowski M. The influence of thyroid dysfunction on bone metabolism. Thyroid Res 2014; 7:12. [PMID: 25648501 PMCID: PMC4314789 DOI: 10.1186/s13044-014-0012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of bone mineral density due to osteoporosis is the main cause of fragility fractures and leads to dropped quality of life and increased mortality. Disturbance of balance between bone formation and bone resorption is dangerous, can cause loss of bone mass and disruption of it's architecture. Correct development, achievement of peak bone mass and normal functioning of human skeleton depend on different factors. The pivotal role in bone metabolism play thyroid hormones. Both excess as well as deficiency of fT4 and fT3 can be potentially deleterious for bone tissue. The aim of this study is to review the current literature concerning the role of thyroid hormones on bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Tuchendler
- />Endocrinology Department, Clinic of Internal Medicine, 4th Military Hospital, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marek Bolanowski
- />Chair and Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Isotope Therapy, Medical University Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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Xing W, Cheng S, Wergedal J, Mohan S. Epiphyseal chondrocyte secondary ossification centers require thyroid hormone activation of Indian hedgehog and osterix signaling. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:2262-75. [PMID: 24753031 PMCID: PMC4487616 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are known to regulate endochondral ossification during skeletal development via acting directly in chondrocytes and osteoblasts. In this study, we focused on TH effects on the secondary ossification center (SOC) because the time of appearance of SOCs in several species coincides with the time when peak levels of TH are attained. Accordingly, micro-computed tomography (µCT) evaluation of femurs and tibias at day 21 in TH-deficient and control mice revealed that endochondral ossification of SOCs is severely compromised owing to TH deficiency and that TH treatment for 10 days completely rescued this phenotype. Staining of cartilage and bone in the epiphysis revealed that whereas all of the cartilage is converted into bone in the prepubertal control mice, this conversion failed to occur in the TH-deficient mice. Immunohistochemistry studies revealed that TH treatment of thyroid stimulating hormone receptor mutant (Tshr(-/-) ) mice induced expression of Indian hedgehog (Ihh) and Osx in type 2 collagen (Col2)-expressing chondrocytes in the SOC at day 7, which subsequently differentiate into type 10 collagen (Col10)/osteocalcin-expressing chondro/osteoblasts at day 10. Consistent with these data, treatment of tibia cultures from 3-day-old mice with 10 ng/mL TH increased expression of Osx, Col10, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and osteocalcin in the epiphysis by sixfold to 60-fold. Furthermore, knockdown of the TH-induced increase in Osx expression using lentiviral small hairpin RNA (shRNA) significantly blocked TH-induced ALP and osteocalcin expression in chondrocytes. Treatment of chondrogenic cells with an Ihh inhibitor abolished chondro/osteoblast differentiation and SOC formation. Our findings indicate that TH regulates the SOC initiation and progression via differentiating chondrocytes into bone matrix-producing osteoblasts by stimulating Ihh and Osx expression in chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weirong Xing
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial VA Medical Center, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Shaohong Cheng
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial VA Medical Center, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Jon Wergedal
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial VA Medical Center, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Subburaman Mohan
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial VA Medical Center, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
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31
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Cardoso LF, de Paula FJA, Maciel LMZ. Resistance to thyroid hormone due to mutations in the THRB gene impairs bone mass and affects calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. Bone 2014; 67:222-7. [PMID: 25063548 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) is an inherited syndrome of reduced tissue responsiveness to thyroid hormone, which is usually due to mutations in the thyroid hormone receptor β gene (THRB). Few studies have been conducted to investigate bone and mineral metabolism in RTH. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to evaluate the clinical and biochemical parameters related to bone and mineral metabolism in RTH due to mutations in the THRB gene (RTHβ). DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS We conducted a cross-sectional study on 14 patients with RTHβ (RTHG), eight adults and six children, and 24 control subjects (CG). OUTCOMES Serum measures included total calcium (TCa), inorganic phosphate (iP), alkaline phosphatase (AP), parathyroid hormone (PTH), 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), osteocalcin (OC), carboxyterminal telopeptide (CTX), and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23). We estimated the renal threshold phosphate concentration (TmPO4/GFR) and assessed bone mass using dual X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS Adults and children with RTH showed higher serum levels of TCa than controls (P=.029 and, P=.018 respectively). However, only children with RTH exhibited lower serum levels of iP than controls (P=.048). FGF-23 was higher in RTHβ children (P=.04). RTHβ adults had lower whole-body (P=.01) and lumbar spine (P=.01) bone mineral density than control subjects. The same pattern was observed when the results were expressed as Z-scores between groups, with a lower value in RTHG than in CG for the lumbar spine of adults (P=.03). No difference was observed between groups in PTH, 25OHD, AP, OC, and CTX. CONCLUSION Biochemical abnormalities are seen in children with RTH (Low iP, high FGF23), while high calcium (with normal UCa) is seen in RTH subjects of all ages, and later on, in adult life, low BMD is seen. Considering that the TRα1 isoform is the predominant TR in the skeleton, we hypothesize that probably these patients may exhibit enhanced calcium flux from bone to circulation. Our data represent a challenge for new studies to unveil the control of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis and fracture risk in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Cardoso
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F J A de Paula
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L M Z Maciel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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32
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Ortiga-Carvalho TM, Sidhaye AR, Wondisford FE. Thyroid hormone receptors and resistance to thyroid hormone disorders. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2014; 10:582-91. [PMID: 25135573 PMCID: PMC4578869 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2014.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone action is predominantly mediated by thyroid hormone receptors (THRs), which are encoded by the thyroid hormone receptor α (THRA) and thyroid hormone receptor β (THRB) genes. Patients with mutations in THRB present with resistance to thyroid hormone β (RTHβ), which is a disorder characterized by elevated levels of thyroid hormone, normal or elevated levels of TSH and goitre. Mechanistic insights about the contributions of THRβ to various processes, including colour vision, development of the cochlea and the cerebellum, and normal functioning of the adult liver and heart, have been obtained by either introducing human THRB mutations into mice or by deletion of the mouse Thrb gene. The introduction of the same mutations that mimic human THRβ alterations into the mouse Thra and Thrb genes resulted in distinct phenotypes, which suggests that THRA and THRB might have non-overlapping functions in human physiology. These studies also suggested that THRA mutations might not be lethal. Seven patients with mutations in THRα have since been described. These patients have RTHα and presented with major abnormalities in growth and gastrointestinal function. The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in these individuals is minimally affected, which suggests that the central T3 feedback loop is not impaired in patients with RTHα, in stark contrast to patients with RTHβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia M Ortiga-Carvalho
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, S/N, Cidade Universitária, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aniket R Sidhaye
- Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, CMSC 10-113, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Fredric E Wondisford
- Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, CMSC 10-113, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Bassett JHD, Boyde A, Zikmund T, Evans H, Croucher PI, Zhu X, Park JW, Cheng SY, Williams GR. Thyroid hormone receptor α mutation causes a severe and thyroxine-resistant skeletal dysplasia in female mice. Endocrinology 2014; 155:3699-712. [PMID: 24914936 PMCID: PMC4138578 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-2156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A new genetic disorder has been identified that results from mutation of THRA, encoding thyroid hormone receptor α1 (TRα1). Affected children have a high serum T3:T4 ratio and variable degrees of intellectual deficit and constipation but exhibit a consistently severe skeletal dysplasia. In an attempt to improve developmental delay and alleviate symptoms of hypothyroidism, patients are receiving varying doses and durations of T4 treatment, but responses have been inconsistent so far. Thra1(PV/+) mice express a similar potent dominant-negative mutant TRα1 to affected individuals, and thus represent an excellent disease model. We hypothesized that Thra1(PV/+) mice could be used to predict the skeletal outcome of human THRA mutations and determine whether prolonged treatment with a supraphysiological dose of T4 ameliorates the skeletal abnormalities. Adult female Thra1(PV/+) mice had short stature, grossly abnormal bone morphology but normal bone strength despite high bone mass. Although T4 treatment suppressed TSH secretion, it had no effect on skeletal maturation, linear growth, or bone mineralization, thus demonstrating profound tissue resistance to thyroid hormone. Despite this, prolonged T4 treatment abnormally increased bone stiffness and strength, suggesting the potential for detrimental consequences in the long term. Our studies establish that TRα1 has an essential role in the developing and adult skeleton and predict that patients with different THRA mutations will display variable responses to T4 treatment, which depend on the severity of the causative mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Duncan Bassett
- Department of Medicine (J.H.D.B., G.R.W.), Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom; Dental Physical Sciences, Oral Growth and Development (A.B.), Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom; Laboratory of X-Ray Micro-Computed Tomography and Nano-Computed Tomography (T.Z.), Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology CZ-61600 Brno, Czech Republic; Sheffield Myeloma Research Team (H.E.), University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom; Bone Biology Program (P.I.C.), Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney NSW 2010, Australia; and Laboratory of Molecular Biology (X.Z., J.W.P., S-y.C.), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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35
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Desjardin C, Charles C, Benoist-Lasselin C, Riviere J, Gilles M, Chassande O, Morgenthaler C, Laloé D, Lecardonnel J, Flamant F, Legeai-Mallet L, Schibler L. Chondrocytes play a major role in the stimulation of bone growth by thyroid hormone. Endocrinology 2014; 155:3123-35. [PMID: 24914940 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (T3) is required for postnatal skeletal growth. It exerts its effect by binding to nuclear receptors, TRs including TRα1 and TRβ1, which are present in most cell types. These cell types include chondrocytes and osteoblasts, the interactions of which are known to regulate endochondral bone formation. In order to analyze the respective functions of T3 stimulation in chondrocytes and osteoblasts during postnatal growth, we use Cre/loxP recombination to express a dominant-negative TRα1(L400R) mutant receptor in a cell-specific manner. Phenotype analysis revealed that inhibiting T3 response in chondrocytes is sufficient to reproduce the defects observed in hypothyroid mice, not only for cartilage maturation, but also for ossification and mineralization. TRα1(L400R) in chondrocytes also results in skull deformation. In the meantime, TRα1(L400R) expression in mature osteoblasts has no visible effect. Transcriptome analysis identifies a number of changes in gene expression induced by TRα1(L400R) in cartilage. These changes suggest that T3 normally cross talks with several other signaling pathways to promote chondrocytes proliferation, differentiation, and skeletal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Desjardin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) (C.D., J.R., M.G., C.M., D.L., J.L., L.S.), UMR1313, Biologie Intégrative et Génétique Animale, Jouy-en-Josas, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 5242 (C.C.), ENS Lyon, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Institut Imagine (C.B.-L., L.L.-G.) Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale, U1163, Université Paris Descartes, 75015 Paris, France; University of Bordeaux (O.C.), U1026, Bioingénierie Tissulaire, Bordeaux, France; and Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (F.F.), Université de Lyon, CNRS, INRA, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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Cardoso LF, Maciel LMZ, de Paula FJA. The multiple effects of thyroid disorders on bone and mineral metabolism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 58:452-63. [DOI: 10.1590/0004-2730000003311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Differently from most hormones, which commonly are specialized molecules able to influence other cells, tissues and systems, thyroid hormones (TH) are pleiotropic peptides, whose primordial function is difficult to identify. The complex action of TH on human economy can be easily witnessed by examining the diverse consequences of TH excess and deficiency during development and after maturity. In particular, different manifestations in bone modeling and remodeling reflect the circumstantial consequences of thyroid disturbances, which are age dependent. While hyperthyroidism during childhood enhances bone mineralization and accelerates epiphyseal maturation, in adults it induces bone loss by predominant activation of osteoclast activity. Furthermore, the syndrome of TH resistance is a multifaceted condition in which different sites exhibit signs of hormone excess or deficiency depending on the configuration of the TH receptor isoform. The investigation of the impact of TH resistance on the skeleton still remains to be elucidated. We present here a thorough review of the action of TH on bone and of the impact of thyroid disorders, including hyper- and hypothyroidism and the syndrome of TH resistance, on the skeleton.
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Gogakos A, Logan JG, Waung JA, Bassett JHD, Glüer CC, Reid DM, Felsenberg D, Roux C, Eastell R, Williams GR. THRA and DIO2 mutations are unlikely to be a common cause of increased bone mineral density in euthyroid post-menopausal women. Eur J Endocrinol 2014; 170:637-44. [PMID: 24480136 DOI: 10.1530/eje-13-1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A new autosomal dominant disorder due to mutation of THRA, which encodes thyroid hormone receptor α, is characterised by severely delayed skeletal development but only slightly abnormal thyroid status. Adult mice with disrupted thyroid hormone action in bone due to a mutation of Thra or deletion of Dio2, encoding the type 2 deiodinase, have high bone mass and mineralisation despite essentially euthyroid status. No individuals with DIO2 mutations have been described and the adult phenotype of patients with THRA mutations is largely unknown. We hypothesised that screening euthyroid adults with high bone mineral density (BMD) could be used to identify individuals with mutations of THRA or DIO2. DESIGN The Osteoporosis and Ultrasound Study (OPUS) is a 6-year prospective study of fracture-related factors from five European centres. METHODS A cohort of 100 healthy euthyroid post-menopausal women with the highest BMD was selected from the OPUS population. We sequenced the intron-exon boundaries and critical exons of THRA and DIO2 in these subjects. TSH, free 3,5,3'-l-triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, vitamin D, parathyroid hormone and bone turnover marker concentrations, and BMD measurements were available in all OPUS participants. RESULTS No coding sequence or splice site mutations affecting THRA or DIO2 were identified. CONCLUSIONS Mutations affecting THRA or DIO2 are not a common cause of high BMD in healthy euthyroid post-menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Gogakos
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, 10th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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Zuckerman-Levin N, Hochberg Z, Latzer Y. Bone health in eating disorders. Obes Rev 2014; 15:215-23. [PMID: 24165231 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Eating disorders (EDs) put adolescents and young adults at risk for impaired bone health. Low bone mineral density (BMD) with ED is caused by failure to accrue peak bone mass in adolescence and bone loss in young adulthood. Although ED patients diagnosed with bone loss may be asymptomatic, some suffer bone pains and have increased incidence of fractures. Adolescents with ED are prone to increased prevalence of stress fractures, kyphoscoliosis and height loss. The clinical picture of the various EDs involves endocrinopathies that contribute to impaired bone health. Anorexia nervosa (AN) is characterized by low bone turnover, with relatively higher osteoclastic (bone resorptive) than osteoblastic (bone formation) activity. Bone loss in AN occurs in both the trabecular and cortical bones, although the former is more vulnerable. Bone loss in AN has been shown to be influenced by malnutrition and low weight, reduced fat mass, oestrogen and androgen deficiency, glucocorticoid excess, impaired growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor 1 axis, and more. Bone loss in AN may not be completely reversible despite recovery from the illness. Treatment modalities involving hormonal therapies have limited effectiveness, whereas increased caloric intake, weight gain and resumption of menses are essential to improved BMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Zuckerman-Levin
- Eating Disorders Clinic, Psychiatric Division, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
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van Mullem AA, Visser TJ, Peeters RP. Clinical Consequences of Mutations in Thyroid Hormone Receptor-α1. Eur Thyroid J 2014; 3:17-24. [PMID: 24847461 PMCID: PMC4005264 DOI: 10.1159/000360637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) exerts its biological activity via the TH receptors TRα1 and TRβ1/2, which are encoded by the THRA and THRB genes. The first patients with mutations in THRB were identified decades ago. These patients had a clinical syndrome of resistance to TH associated with high serum TH and nonsuppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone levels. Until recently, no patients with mutations in THRA had been identified. In an attempt to predict the clinical phenotype of such patients, different TRα1 mutant mouse models have been generated. These mice have a variable phenotype depending on the location and severity of the mutation. Recently, the first humans with mutations in THRA were identified. Their phenotype consists of relatively low serum T4 and high serum T3 levels (and thus an elevated T3/T4 ratio), growth retardation, delayed mental and bone development, and constipation. While, in retrospect, certain features present in humans can also be found in mouse models, the first humans carrying a defect in TRα1 were not suspected of having a THRA gene mutation initially. The current review focuses on the clinical consequences of TRα1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robin P. Peeters
- *Robin P. Peeters, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Dr Molewaterplein 50, NL-3015 Rotterdam (The Netherlands), E-Mail
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Bianco AC, Anderson G, Forrest D, Galton VA, Gereben B, Kim BW, Kopp PA, Liao XH, Obregon MJ, Peeters RP, Refetoff S, Sharlin DS, Simonides WS, Weiss RE, Williams GR. American Thyroid Association Guide to investigating thyroid hormone economy and action in rodent and cell models. Thyroid 2014; 24:88-168. [PMID: 24001133 PMCID: PMC3887458 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2013.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An in-depth understanding of the fundamental principles that regulate thyroid hormone homeostasis is critical for the development of new diagnostic and treatment approaches for patients with thyroid disease. SUMMARY Important clinical practices in use today for the treatment of patients with hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, or thyroid cancer are the result of laboratory discoveries made by scientists investigating the most basic aspects of thyroid structure and molecular biology. In this document, a panel of experts commissioned by the American Thyroid Association makes a series of recommendations related to the study of thyroid hormone economy and action. These recommendations are intended to promote standardization of study design, which should in turn increase the comparability and reproducibility of experimental findings. CONCLUSIONS It is expected that adherence to these recommendations by investigators in the field will facilitate progress towards a better understanding of the thyroid gland and thyroid hormone dependent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C. Bianco
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Grant Anderson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Douglas Forrest
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Valerie Anne Galton
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Balázs Gereben
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Brian W. Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Peter A. Kopp
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, and Center for Genetic Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiao Hui Liao
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Maria Jesus Obregon
- Institute of Biomedical Investigation (IIB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) and Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Robin P. Peeters
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Samuel Refetoff
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David S. Sharlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Minnesota State University, Mankato, Minnesota
| | - Warner S. Simonides
- Laboratory for Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roy E. Weiss
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Graham R. Williams
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom
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Kim DW, Park JW, Willingham MC, Cheng SY. A histone deacetylase inhibitor improves hypothyroidism caused by a TRα1 mutant. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:2651-64. [PMID: 24381310 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the thyroid hormone receptor α gene (THRA) cause hypothyroidism in patients with growth and developmental retardation, and skeletal dysplasia. Genetic evidence indicates that the dominant negative activity of TRα1 mutants underlies pathological manifestations. Using a mouse model of hypothyroidism caused by a dominant negative TRα1PV mutant and its derived mouse model harboring a mutated nuclear receptor corepressor (NCOR1ΔID) (Thra1(PV/+)Ncor1(ΔID/ΔID) mice), we recently showed that aberrant release of TRα1 mutants from the NCOR1 repressor complex mediates dominant negative actions of TRα1 mutants in vivo. We tested the hypothesis that deacetylation of nucleosomal histones associated with aberrant recruitment of corepressors by TRα1 mutants underlies pathological phenotypic expression. We treated Thra1(PV/+)and Thra1(PV/+)Ncor1(ΔID/ΔID) mice with a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, suberoylanilide hydroxyamic acid (SAHA). SAHA significantly ameliorated the impaired growth, bone development and adipogenesis of Thra1(PV/+) mice. In Thra1(PV/+)Ncor1(ΔID/ΔID) mice, SAHA improved these abnormalities even further. We focused our molecular analyses on how SAHA improved the impaired adipogenesis leading to the lean phenotype. We found that SAHA reverted the impaired adipogenesis by de-repressing the expression of the two master regulators of adipogenesis, C/ebpα and Pparγ, as well as other adipogenic genes at both the mRNA and protein levels. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses indicated SAHA increased the extent of acetylation of nucleosomal H4K5 and H3 to re-activate adipogenic genes to reverting adipogenesis. Thus, HDAC confers in vivo aberrant actions of TRα1 mutants. Importantly, for the first time, the present studies show that HDAC inhibitors are clearly beneficial for hypothyroidism and could be therapeutics for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wook Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Kim HY, Mohan S. Role and Mechanisms of Actions of Thyroid Hormone on the Skeletal Development. Bone Res 2013; 1:146-61. [PMID: 26273499 DOI: 10.4248/br201302004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of the thyroid hormone axis in the regulation of skeletal growth and maintenance has been well established from clinical studies involving patients with mutations in proteins that regulate synthesis and/or actions of thyroid hormone. Data from genetic mouse models involving disruption and overexpression of components of the thyroid hormone axis also provide direct support for a key role for thyroid hormone in the regulation of bone metabolism. Thyroid hormone regulates proliferation and/or differentiated actions of multiple cell types in bone including chondrocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Thyroid hormone effects on the target cells are mediated via ligand-inducible nuclear receptors/transcription factors, thyroid hormone receptor (TR) α and β, of which TRα seems to be critically important in regulating bone cell functions. In terms of mechanisms for thyroid hormone action, studies suggest that thyroid hormone regulates a number of key growth factor signaling pathways including insulin-like growth factor-I, parathyroid hormone related protein, fibroblast growth factor, Indian hedgehog and Wnt to influence skeletal growth. In this review we describe findings from various genetic mouse models and clinical mutations of thyroid hormone signaling related mutations in humans that pertain to the role and mechanism of action of thyroid hormone in the regulation of skeletal growth and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Young Kim
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Loma Linda VA HealthCare System , Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA ; Departments of Medicine, Loma Linda University , Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA ; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wonkwang University Sanbon Hospital , Gunpo, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Subburaman Mohan
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Loma Linda VA HealthCare System , Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA ; Departments of Medicine, Loma Linda University , Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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Schoenmakers N, Moran C, Peeters RP, Visser T, Gurnell M, Chatterjee K. Resistance to thyroid hormone mediated by defective thyroid hormone receptor alpha. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:4004-8. [PMID: 23528896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormone acts via receptor subtypes (TRα1, TRβ1, TRβ2) with differing tissue distributions, encoded by distinct genes (THRA, THRB). THRB mutations cause a disorder with central (hypothalamic-pituitary) resistance to thyroid hormone action with markedly elevated thyroid hormone and normal TSH levels. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review describes the clinical features, genetic and molecular pathogenesis of a homologous human disorder mediated by defective THRA. Clinical features include growth retardation, skeletal dysplasia and constipation associated with low-normal T4 and high-normal T3 levels and a low T4/T3 ratio, together with subnormal reverse T3 levels. Heterozygous TRa1 mutations in affected individuals generate defective mutant receptors which inhibit wild-type receptor action in a dominant negative manner. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Mutations in human TRα1 mediate RTH with features of hypothyroidism in particular tissues (e.g. skeleton, gastrointestinal tract), but are not associated with a markedly dysregulated pituitary-thyroid axis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Human THRA mutations could be more common but may have eluded discovery due to the absence of overt thyroid dysfunction. Nevertheless, in the appropriate clinical context, a thyroid biochemical signature (low T4/T3 ratio, subnormal reverse T3 levels), may enable future identification of cases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Thyroid hormone signalling.
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Williams GR. Thyroid hormone actions in cartilage and bone. Eur Thyroid J 2013; 2:3-13. [PMID: 24783033 PMCID: PMC3821494 DOI: 10.1159/000345548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones exert widespread and complex actions in almost all tissues during development, throughout childhood and in adults. The skeleton is an important T3-target tissue that exemplifies these processes, and yet understanding of the specific cellular and molecular mechanisms of T3 action in bone and cartilage remains incomplete. Here, the skeleton is considered as a T3-target tissue. The actions of thyroid hormones during skeletal development and in chondrocytes and growth plate cartilage during post-natal linear growth are outlined. The physiological importance of these actions are discussed in relation to patients with autosomal dominant mutations in genes encoding the thyroid hormone receptors TRα1 and TRβ, and in mice harbouring deletions or mutations of the orthologous genes. The role of thyroid hormones and the control of T3 action in bone turnover and maintenance are also outlined, and T3 action in bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts discussed. The physiological and functional consequences of T3 action in bone are considered in relation to mutant mouse models and to effects on bone mineral density and fracture susceptibility in humans. Finally, new studies identifying a putative role for thyroid hormone metabolism in articular cartilage maintenance and the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis are considered. The pharmacological context of these new findings is discussed, emphasising the importance of this emerging field of study in thyroid hormone pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham R. Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Gorka J, Taylor-Gjevre RM, Arnason T. Metabolic and clinical consequences of hyperthyroidism on bone density. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:638727. [PMID: 23970897 PMCID: PMC3736466 DOI: 10.1155/2013/638727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1891, Von Recklinghausen first established the association between the development of osteoporosis in the presence of overt hyperthyroidism. Subsequent reports have demonstrated that BMD loss is common in frank hyperthyroidism, and, to a lesser extent, in subclinical presentations. With the introduction of antithyroid medication in the 1940s to control biochemical hyperthyroidism, the accompanying bone disease became less clinically apparent as hyperthyroidism was more successfully treated medically. Consequently, the impact of the above normal thyroid hormones in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis may be presently underrecognized due to the widespread effective treatments. This review aims to present the current knowledge of the consequences of hyperthyroidism on bone metabolism. The vast number of recent papers touching on this topic highlights the recognized impact of this common medical condition on bone health. Our focus in this review was to search for answers to the following questions. What is the mechanisms of action of thyroid hormones on bone metabolism? What are the clinical consequences of hyperthyroidism on BMD and fracture risk? What differences are there between men and women with thyroid disease and how does menopause change the clinical outcomes? Lastly, we report how different treatments for hyperthyroidism benefit thyroid hormone-induced osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagoda Gorka
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 0W8
| | - Regina M. Taylor-Gjevre
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 0W8
| | - Terra Arnason
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 0W8
- *Terra Arnason:
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Bassett JHD, Logan JG, Boyde A, Cheung MS, Evans H, Croucher P, Sun XY, Xu S, Murata Y, Williams GR. Mice lacking the calcineurin inhibitor Rcan2 have an isolated defect of osteoblast function. Endocrinology 2012; 153:3537-48. [PMID: 22593270 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Calcineurin-nuclear factor of activated T cells signaling controls the differentiation and function of osteoclasts and osteoblasts, and regulator of calcineurin-2 (Rcan2) is a physiological inhibitor of this pathway. Rcan2 expression is regulated by T(3), which also has a central role in skeletal development and bone turnover. To investigate the role of Rcan2 in bone development and maintenance, we characterized Rcan2(-/-) mice and determined its skeletal expression in T(3) receptor (TR) knockout and thyroid-manipulated mice. Rcan2(-/-) mice had normal linear growth but displayed delayed intramembranous ossification, impaired cortical bone formation, and reduced bone mineral accrual during development as well as increased mineralization of adult bone. These abnormalities resulted from an isolated defect in osteoblast function and are similar to skeletal phenotypes of mice lacking the type 2 deiodinase thyroid hormone activating enzyme or with dominant-negative mutations of TRα, the predominant TR isoform in bone. Rcan2 mRNA was expressed in primary osteoclasts and osteoblasts, and its expression in bone was differentially regulated in TRα and TRβ knockout and thyroid-manipulated mice. However, in primary osteoblast cultures, T(3) treatment did not affect Rcan2 mRNA expression or nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 expression and phosphorylation. Overall, these studies establish that Rcan2 regulates osteoblast function and its expression in bone is regulated by thyroid status in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The importance of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I axis in the regulation of bone size and bone mineral density, two important determinants of bone strength, has been well established from clinical studies involving patients with growth hormone deficiency and IGF-I gene disruption. Data from transgenic animal studies involving disruption and overexpression of components of the IGF-I axis also provide support for a key role for IGF-I in bone metabolism. IGF-I actions in bone are subject to regulation by systemic hormones, local growth factors, as well as mechanical stress. In this review we describe findings from various genetic mouse models that pertain to the role of endocrine and local sources of IGF-I in the regulation of skeletal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subburaman Mohan
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Research Service (151), Jerry L Pettis VA Medical Center, 11201 Benton Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92357, USA.
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Abstract
Euthyroid status is essential for normal skeletal development and the maintenance of adult bone structure and strength. Established thyrotoxicosis has long been recognised as a cause of high bone turnover osteoporosis and fracture but more recent studies have suggested that subclinical hyperthyroidism and long-term suppressive doses of thyroxine (T4) may also result in decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and an increased risk of fragility fracture, particularly in postmenopausal women. Furthermore, large population studies of euthyroid individuals have demonstrated that a hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis set point at the upper end of the normal reference range is associated with reduced BMD and increased fracture susceptibility. Despite these findings, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of thyroid hormone action in bone remain controversial and incompletely understood. In this review, we discuss the role of thyroid hormones in bone and the skeletal consequences of hyperthyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Nicholls
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Room 7N2b, Commonwealth Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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Wojcicka A, Bassett JHD, Williams GR. Mechanisms of action of thyroid hormones in the skeleton. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1830:3979-86. [PMID: 22634735 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormones regulate skeletal development, acquisition of peak bone mass and adult bone maintenance. Abnormal thyroid status during childhood disrupts bone maturation and linear growth, while in adulthood it results in altered bone remodeling and an increased risk of fracture SCOPE OF REVIEW This review considers the cellular effects and molecular mechanisms of thyroid hormone action in the skeleton. Human clinical and population data are discussed in relation to the skeletal phenotypes of a series of genetically modified mouse models of disrupted thyroid hormone signaling. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Euthyroid status is essential for normal bone development and maintenance. Major thyroid hormone actions in skeletal cells are mediated by thyroid hormone receptor α (TRα) and result in anabolic responses during growth and development but catabolic effects in adulthood. These homeostatic responses to thyroid hormone are locally regulated in individual skeletal cell types by the relative activities of the type 2 and 3 iodothyronine deiodinases, which control the supply of the active thyroid hormone 3,5,3'-L-triiodothyronine (T3) to its receptor. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Population studies indicate that both thyroid hormone deficiency and excess are associated with an increased risk of fracture. Understanding the cellular and molecular basis of T3 action in skeletal cells will lead to the identification of new targets to regulate bone turnover and mineralization in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Thyroid hormone signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wojcicka
- The Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ul.Marymoncka 99/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
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