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Kineman RD, Del Rio-Moreno M, Waxman DJ. Liver-specific actions of GH and IGF1 that protect against MASLD. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024:10.1038/s41574-024-01037-0. [PMID: 39322791 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-024-01037-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD; also known as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease) is a chronic condition associated with metabolic syndrome, a group of conditions that includes obesity, insulin resistance, hyperlipidaemia and cardiovascular disease. Primary growth hormone (GH) deficiency is associated with MASLD, and the decline in circulating levels of GH with weight gain might contribute to the development of MASLD. Raising endogenous GH secretion or administering GH replacement therapy in the context of MASLD enhances insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) production and reduces steatosis and the severity of liver injury. GH and IGF1 indirectly control MASLD progression by regulating systemic metabolic function. Evidence supports the proposal that GH and IGF1 also have a direct role in regulating liver metabolism and health. This Review focuses on how GH acts on the hepatocyte in a sex-dependent manner to limit lipid accumulation, reduce stress, and promote survival and regeneration. In addition, we discuss how GH and IGF1 might regulate non-parenchymal cells of the liver to control inflammation and fibrosis, which have a major effect on hepatocyte survival and regeneration. Development of a better understanding of how GH and IGF1 coordinate the functions of specific, individual liver cell types might provide insight into the aetiology of MASLD initiation and progression and suggest novel approaches for the treatment of MASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda D Kineman
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Research and Development Division, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Mercedes Del Rio-Moreno
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Research and Development Division, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David J Waxman
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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2
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Lee SB, Choi JE, Hong KW, Jung DH. Genetic Variants Linked to Myocardial Infarction in Individuals with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Their Potential Interaction with Dietary Patterns. Nutrients 2024; 16:602. [PMID: 38474730 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent studies, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been associated with a high risk of ischemic heart disease. This study aimed to investigate a genetic variant within a specific gene associated with myocardial infarction (MI) among patients with NAFLD. We included 57,205 participants from a Korean genome and epidemiology study. The baseline population consisted of 45,400 individuals, with 11,805 identified as patients with NAFLD. Genome-wide association studies were conducted for three groups: the entire sample, the healthy population, and patients with NAFLD. We defined the p-value < 1 × 10-5 as the nominal significance and the p-value < 5 × 10-2 as statistically significant for the gene-by-nutrient interaction. Among the significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the lead SNP of each locus was further analyzed. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 1529 participants (2.8%) had experienced MI. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to evaluate the association of 102 SNPs across nine loci. Nine SNPs (rs11891202, rs2278549, rs13146480, rs17293047, rs184257317, rs183081683, rs1887427, rs146939423, and rs76662689) demonstrated an association with MI in the group with NAFLD Notably, the MI-associated SNP, rs134146480, located within the SORCS2 gene, known for its role in secreting insulin in islet cells, showed the most significant association with MI (p-value = 2.55 × 10-7). Our study identifies candidate genetic polymorphisms associated with NAFLD-related MI. These findings may serve as valuable indicators for estimating MI risk and for conducting future investigations into the underlying mechanisms of NAFLD-related MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Bum Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 22972, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Eun Choi
- R&D Division, Theragen Health Co., Ltd., Seongnam-si 13493, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Won Hong
- R&D Division, Theragen Health Co., Ltd., Seongnam-si 13493, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyuk Jung
- Department of Family Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yongin-si 16995, Republic of Korea
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3
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Chhabra Y, Seiffert P, Gormal RS, Vullings M, Lee CMM, Wallis TP, Dehkhoda F, Indrakumar S, Jacobsen NL, Lindorff-Larsen K, Durisic N, Waters MJ, Meunier FA, Kragelund BB, Brooks AJ. Tyrosine kinases compete for growth hormone receptor binding and regulate receptor mobility and degradation. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112490. [PMID: 37163374 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) acts via JAK2 and LYN to regulate growth, metabolism, and neural function. However, the relationship between these tyrosine kinases remains enigmatic. Through an interdisciplinary approach combining cell biology, structural biology, computation, and single-particle tracking on live cells, we find overlapping LYN and JAK2 Box1-Box2-binding regions in GH receptor (GHR). Our data implicate direct competition between JAK2 and LYN for GHR binding and imply divergent signaling profiles. We show that GHR exhibits distinct mobility states within the cell membrane and that activation of LYN by GH mediates GHR immobilization, thereby initiating its nanoclustering in the membrane. Importantly, we observe that LYN mediates cytokine receptor degradation, thereby controlling receptor turnover and activity, and this applies to related cytokine receptors. Our study offers insight into the molecular interactions of LYN with GHR and highlights important functions for LYN in regulating GHR nanoclustering, signaling, and degradation, traits broadly relevant to many cytokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Chhabra
- Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21204, USA.
| | - Pernille Seiffert
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory (SBiNLab) and REPIN, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rachel S Gormal
- The Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Manon Vullings
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | - Tristan P Wallis
- The Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Farhad Dehkhoda
- Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Sowmya Indrakumar
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory (SBiNLab) and REPIN, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory & Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nina L Jacobsen
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory (SBiNLab) and REPIN, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kresten Lindorff-Larsen
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory & Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nela Durisic
- The Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Michael J Waters
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Frédéric A Meunier
- The Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Birthe B Kragelund
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory (SBiNLab) and REPIN, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Andrew J Brooks
- Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Feng Q, Zhang A, Xu D, Zeng F. Effect of growth hormone on endometrium growth of intrauterine adhesion and the underlying mechanism. ZHONG NAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 47:1522-1531. [PMID: 36481630 PMCID: PMC10930622 DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2022.220079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The main treatment for intrauterine adhesion (IUA) is hysteroscopic adhesiolysis (HA), which most of treatment frequently employs estrogen and progesterone cycle therapy. The growth and coverage of endometrium after operation is a difficult problem, and several hospitals in China have performed growth hormone (GH) in empirically treating IUA, which has achieved excellent curative effects. Unfortunately, the mechanism of action has not yet been clearly elucidated. In previous study, an IUA animal model after surgical abortion and curettage in pregnant rats has been successfully established. In this experiment, the IUA animal model after surgical abortion and curettage in pregnant rats, which is more in line with the mechanism of human intrauterine adhesion, was used for the first time to investigate the therapeutic effect of GH on IUA in the pregnant rat curettage model. The expression of signal transducers and activators of transcription 3(STAT3), phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3), STAT5 and p-STAT5 content were detected by immunohistochemistry to preliminarily explore the possible mechanism of GH involving in promoting endometrial growth of IUA, and to provide a theoretical basis for clinical medication and treatment. METHODS Pregnant rats were anesthetized, and the bilateral embryos were removed completely. Then the rat endometrium was scraped with a curette in 4 different directions (front, back, left, and right). After the IUA animal model was established, the rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=5): a control group, a GH group, and a GH + AG490 group. Normal saline (0.4 mL/100 g) was injected subcutaneously at the 7th day after curettage in the control group;0.15 U/100 g of GH was injected subcutaneously at the 7th day after curettage in the GH group; 0.15 U/100 g of GH was injected subcutaneously and 1 mg/100 g AG490 was injected intraperitoneally at the 7th day after curettage in the GH+ AG490 group. All the rats were injected continuously for 5 days. The rats in each group were sacrificed at the 14th day. The uterus of rats in each group was stained with HE staining to explore the endometrial morphology and the number of endometrial glands in each group, and Masson staining was utilized to observe the degree of endometrial fibrosis. The levels of STAT3, p-STAT3, STAT5 and p-STAT5 were detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS 1) The number of glands in the GH group was more than that in the control group on the 14th day, with statistical difference (P<0.05). However, the number of endometrial glands in the AG490+GH group was decreased compared with the GH group on the 14th day (P<0.05). 2) The fibrosis ratio in the GH group was less than that in the control group at the 14th day after operation (P<0.05). However, the area of endometrial interstitial fibrosis in the AG490+GH group was much higher than that in the GH group 14 days after operation (P<0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, there was not significant difference in the levels of STAT3 and STAT5 in GH group (both P>0.05), while the levels of protein p-STAT3 and p-STAT5 were increased in the GH group (both P<0.05). Compared with the GH group, there was not significant difference in the levels of STAT3 and STAT5 in the AG490+GH group (both P>0.05), while the levels of p-STAT3 and p-STAT5 were decreased in the AG490+GH group (both P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS GH can not only promote the growth of endometrial glands in the IUA model, but also reduce the degree of fibrosis and play a role in the treatment of IUA, which may be related to the activation of the Janus kinase (JAK), JAK/STAT3 and STAT5 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Feng
- Department of Gynecology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
| | - Aiqian Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Dabao Xu
- Department of Gynecology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
| | - Fei Zeng
- Department of Gynecology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
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Kaseb AO, Haque A, Vishwamitra D, Hassan MM, Xiao L, George B, Sahu V, Mohamed YI, Carmagnani Pestana R, Lombardo JL, Avritscher R, Yao JC, Wolff RA, Rashid A, Morris JS, Amin HM. Blockade of growth hormone receptor signaling by using pegvisomant: A functional therapeutic strategy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:986305. [PMID: 36276070 PMCID: PMC9582251 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.986305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive neoplasm with poor clinical outcome because most patients present at an advanced stage, at which point curative surgical options, such as tumor excision or liver transplantation, are not feasible. Therefore, the majority of HCC patients require systemic therapy. Nonetheless, the currently approved systemic therapies have limited effects, particularly in patients with advanced and resistant disease. Hence, there is a critical need to identify new molecular targets and effective systemic therapies to improve HCC outcome. The liver is a major target of the growth hormone receptor (GHR) signaling, and accumulating evidence suggests that GHR signaling plays an important role in HCC pathogenesis. We tested the hypothesis that GHR could represent a potential therapeutic target in this aggressive neoplasm. We measured GH levels in 767 HCC patients and 200 healthy controls, and then carried out clinicopathological correlation analyses. Moreover, specific inhibition of GHR was performed in vitro using siRNA and pegvisomant (a small peptide that blocks GHR signaling and is currently approved by the FDA to treat acromegaly) and in vivo, also using pegvisomant. GH was significantly elevated in 49.5% of HCC patients, and these patients had a more aggressive disease and poorer clinical outcome (P<0.0001). Blockade of GHR signaling with siRNA or pegvisomant induced substantial inhibitory cellular effects in vitro. In addition, pegvisomant potentiated the effects of sorafenib (P<0.01) and overcame sorafenib resistance (P<0.0001) in vivo. Mechanistically, pegvisomant decreased the phosphorylation of GHR downstream survival proteins including JAK2, STAT3, STAT5, IRS-1, AKT, ERK, and IGF-IR. In two patients with advanced-stage HCC and high GH who developed sorafenib resistance, pegvisomant caused tumor stability. Our data show that GHR signaling represents a novel “druggable” target, and pegvisomant may function as an effective systemic therapy in HCC. Our findings could also lead to testing GHR inhibition in other aggressive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed O. Kaseb
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Hesham M. Amin, ; Ahmed O. Kaseb,
| | - Abedul Haque
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Deeksha Vishwamitra
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Manal M. Hassan
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lianchun Xiao
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Bhawana George
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Vishal Sahu
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yehia I. Mohamed
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Roberto Carmagnani Pestana
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jamie Lynne Lombardo
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Rony Avritscher
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - James C. Yao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Robert A. Wolff
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Asif Rashid
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Morris
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hesham M. Amin
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Hesham M. Amin, ; Ahmed O. Kaseb,
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6
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Haque A, Sahu V, Lombardo JL, Xiao L, George B, Wolff RA, Morris JS, Rashid A, Kopchick JJ, Kaseb AO, Amin HM. Disruption of Growth Hormone Receptor Signaling Abrogates Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2022; 9:823-837. [PMID: 35996397 PMCID: PMC9391993 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s368208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancers. It is an aggressive neoplasm with dismal outcome because most of the patients present with an advanced-stage disease, which precludes curative surgical options. Therefore, these patients require systemic therapies that typically induce small improvements in overall survival. Hence, it is crucial to identify new and promising therapeutic targets for HCC to improve the current outcome. The liver is a key organ in the signaling cascade triggered by the growth hormone receptor (GHR). Previous studies have shown that GHR signaling stimulates the proliferation and regeneration of liver cells and tissues; however, a definitive role of GHR signaling in HCC pathogenesis has not been identified. Methods In this study, we used a direct and specific approach to analyze the role of GHR in HCC development. This approach encompasses mice with global (Ghr-/- ) or liver-specific (LiGhr-/- ) disruption of GHR expression, and the injection of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) to develop HCC in these mice. Results Our data show that DEN induced HCC in a substantial majority of the Ghr+/+ (93.5%) and Ghr +/- (87.1%) mice but not in the Ghr-/- (5.6%) mice (P < 0.0001). Although 57.7% of LiGhr-/- mice developed HCC after injection of DEN, these mice had significantly fewer tumors than LiGhr+/+ (P < 0.001), which implies that the expression of GHR in the liver cells might increase tumor burden. Notably, the pathologic, histologic, and biochemical characteristics of DEN-induced HCC in mice resembled to a great extent human HCC, despite the fact that etiologically this model does not mimic this cancer in humans. Our data also show that the effects of DEN on mice livers were primarily related to its carcinogenic effects and ability to induce HCC, with minimal effects related to toxic effects. Conclusion Collectively, our data support an important role of GHR in HCC development, and suggest that exploiting GHR signaling may represent a promising approach to treat HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abedul Haque
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vishal Sahu
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jamie Lynne Lombardo
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lianchun Xiao
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bhawana George
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert A Wolff
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Morris
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Asif Rashid
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Ahmed O Kaseb
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hesham M Amin
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
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7
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Liu NQ, Lin Y, Li L, Lu J, Geng D, Zhang J, Jashashvili T, Buser Z, Magallanes J, Tassey J, Shkhyan R, Sarkar A, Lopez N, Lee S, Lee Y, Wang L, Petrigliano FA, Van Handel B, Lyons K, Evseenko D. gp130/STAT3 signaling is required for homeostatic proliferation and anabolism in postnatal growth plate and articular chondrocytes. Commun Biol 2022; 5:64. [PMID: 35039652 PMCID: PMC8763901 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02944-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth of long bones and vertebrae is maintained postnatally by a long-lasting pool of progenitor cells. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms that regulate the output and maintenance of the cells that give rise to mature cartilage. Here we demonstrate that postnatal chondrocyte-specific deletion of a transcription factor Stat3 results in severely reduced proliferation coupled with increased hypertrophy, growth plate fusion, stunting and signs of progressive dysfunction of the articular cartilage. This effect is dimorphic, with females more strongly affected than males. Chondrocyte-specific deletion of the IL-6 family cytokine receptor gp130, which activates Stat3, phenocopied Stat3-deletion; deletion of Lifr, one of many co-receptors that signals through gp130, resulted in a milder phenotype. These data define a molecular circuit that regulates chondrogenic cell maintenance and output and reveals a pivotal positive function of IL-6 family cytokines in the skeletal system with direct implications for skeletal development and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Q. Liu
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Yucheng Lin
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006 China ,grid.263826.b0000 0004 1761 0489Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009 China
| | - Liangliang Li
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006 China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211100 China
| | - Jinxiu Lu
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Dawei Geng
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006 China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 China
| | - Jiankang Zhang
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA ,grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Tea Jashashvili
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Zorica Buser
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Jenny Magallanes
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Jade Tassey
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Ruzanna Shkhyan
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Arijita Sarkar
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Noah Lopez
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Siyoung Lee
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Youngjoo Lee
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Liming Wang
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006 China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Institute of Digital Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006 China
| | - Frank A. Petrigliano
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA ,grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Ben Van Handel
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Karen Lyons
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Denis Evseenko
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA ,grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
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Proteomic analysis of hypothalamus in prepubertal and pubertal female goat. J Proteomics 2022; 251:104411. [PMID: 34728423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The functions of proteins at the onset of puberty in goats remain largely unexplored. To identify the proteins regulating puberty in goats, we analysed protein abundance and pathways in the hypothalamus of female goats. We applied tandem mass tag (TMT) labelling, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) to examine hypothalamus of pubertal (cases; n = 3) and prepubertal (controls; n = 3) goats. We identified 5119 proteins, including 69 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs), of which 35 were upregulated and 34 were downregulated. Fourteen DAPs were randomly selected to verify these results using PRM, and the results were consistent with the TMT quantitative results. DAPs were enriched in MAPK signalling pathway, Ras signalling pathway, Autophagy-animal, Endocytosis, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway categories. These pathways are related to embryogenesis, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and promoting the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the hypothalamus. In particular, PDGFRβ and MAP3K7 occupied important locations in the protein-protein interaction network. The results demonstrate that DAPs and their related signalling pathways are crucial in regulating puberty in goats. However, further research is needed to explore the functions of DAPs and their pathways to provide new insights into the mechanism of puberty onset. SIGNIFICANCE: In domestic animals, reaching the age of puberty is an event that contributes significantly to lifetime reproductive potential. And the hypothalamus functions directly in the complex systemic changes that control puberty. Our study was the first TMT proteomics analysis on hypothalamus tissues of pubertal goats, which revealed the changes of protein and pathways that are related to the onset of puberty. We identified 69 DAPs, which were enriched in the MAPK signaling pathway, the Ras signaling pathway, and the IGF-1/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, suggesting that these processes were probably involved in the onset of puberty.
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9
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van der Velden LM, Maas P, van Amersfoort M, Timmermans-Sprang EPM, Mensinga A, van der Vaart E, Malergue F, Viëtor H, Derksen PWB, Klumperman J, van Agthoven A, Egan DA, Mol JA, Strous GJ. Small molecules to regulate the GH/IGF1 axis by inhibiting the growth hormone receptor synthesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:926210. [PMID: 35966052 PMCID: PMC9365994 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.926210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) play an important role in mammalian development, cell proliferation and lifespan. Especially in cases of tumor growth there is an urgent need to control the GH/IGF1 axis. In this study we screened a 38,480-compound library, and in two consecutive rounds of analogues selection, we identified active lead compounds based on the following criteria: inhibition the GH receptor (GHR) activity and its downstream effectors Jak2 and STAT5, and inhibition of growth of breast and colon cancer cells. The most active small molecule (BM001) inhibited both the GH/IGF1 axis and cell proliferation with an IC50 of 10-30 nM of human cancer cells. BM001 depleted GHR in human lymphoblasts. In preclinical xenografted experiments, BM001 showed a strong decrease in tumor volume in mice transplanted with MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Mechanistically, the drug acts on the synthesis of the GHR. Our findings open the possibility to inhibit the GH/IGF1 axis with a small molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke M. van der Velden
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Peter Maas
- Specs Compound Handling, Zoetermeer, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Ger J. Strous, ; Jan A. Mol, ; Peter Maas,
| | | | | | - Anneloes Mensinga
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth van der Vaart
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Fabrice Malergue
- Department of Research and Development, Beckman Coulter Life Science, Immunotech Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Henk Viëtor
- Drug Discovery Factory (DDF) Ventures, Breukelen, Netherlands
| | - Patrick W B. Derksen
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Judith Klumperman
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Andreas van Agthoven
- Department of Research and Development, Beckman Coulter Life Science, Immunotech Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - David A. Egan
- Cell Screening Core, Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jan A. Mol
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Ger J. Strous, ; Jan A. Mol, ; Peter Maas,
| | - Ger J. Strous
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Ger J. Strous, ; Jan A. Mol, ; Peter Maas,
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10
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González L, Díaz ME, Miquet JG, Sotelo AI, Dominici FP. Growth Hormone Modulation of Hepatic Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:403-414. [PMID: 33838976 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling has a central role in the regenerative response of the liver upon injury and is involved in cellular transformation linked to chronic damage. Hepatic EGFR expression, trafficking, and signaling are regulated by growth hormone (GH). Chronically elevated GH levels are associated with liver cancer development and progression in mice. Studies in different in vivo experimental models indicate that EGF and GH mutually crossregulate in a complex manner. Several factors, such as the extent of exposure to supraphysiological GH levels and the pattern of GH administration, are important variables to be considered in exploring the interplay between the two hormones in connection with the progression of hepatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena González
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - María E Díaz
- Universidad Nacional de Luján, CONICET, Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Johanna G Miquet
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana I Sotelo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando P Dominici
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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11
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Yang M, Lin X, Segers F, Suganthan R, Hildrestrand GA, Rinholm JE, Aas PA, Sousa MML, Holm S, Bolstad N, Warren D, Berge RK, Johansen RF, Yndestad A, Kristiansen E, Klungland A, Luna L, Eide L, Halvorsen B, Aukrust P, Bjørås M. OXR1A, a Coactivator of PRMT5 Regulating Histone Arginine Methylation. Cell Rep 2021; 30:4165-4178.e7. [PMID: 32209476 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidation resistance gene 1 (OXR1) protects cells against oxidative stress. We find that male mice with brain-specific isoform A knockout (Oxr1A-/-) develop fatty liver. RNA sequencing of male Oxr1A-/- liver indicates decreased growth hormone (GH) signaling, which is known to affect liver metabolism. Indeed, Gh expression is reduced in male mice Oxr1A-/- pituitary gland and in rat Oxr1A-/- pituitary adenoma cell-line GH3. Oxr1A-/- male mice show reduced fasting-blood GH levels. Pull-down and proximity ligation assays reveal that OXR1A is associated with arginine methyl transferase PRMT5. OXR1A-depleted GH3 cells show reduced symmetrical dimethylation of histone H3 arginine 2 (H3R2me2s), a product of PRMT5 catalyzed methylation, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) of H3R2me2s shows reduced Gh promoter enrichment. Finally, we demonstrate with purified proteins that OXR1A stimulates PRMT5/MEP50-catalyzed H3R2me2s. Our data suggest that OXR1A is a coactivator of PRMT5, regulating histone arginine methylation and thereby GH production within the pituitary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyi Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Xiaolin Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Filip Segers
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Per Arne Aas
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mirta M L Sousa
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility-PROMEC, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, the Central Norway Regional Health Authority, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sverre Holm
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nils Bolstad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - David Warren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rolf K Berge
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rune F Johansen
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arne Yndestad
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Arne Klungland
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Luisa Luna
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Eide
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bente Halvorsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Magnar Bjørås
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
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12
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Ishikawa M, Brooks AJ, Fernández-Rojo MA, Medina J, Chhabra Y, Minami S, Tunny KA, Parton RG, Vivian JP, Rossjohn J, Chikani V, Ramm GA, Ho KKY, Waters MJ. Growth Hormone Stops Excessive Inflammation After Partial Hepatectomy, Allowing Liver Regeneration and Survival Through Induction of H2-Bl/HLA-G. Hepatology 2021; 73:759-775. [PMID: 32342533 PMCID: PMC7894545 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Growth hormone (GH) is important for liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PHx). We investigated this process in C57BL/6 mice that express different forms of the GH receptor (GHR) with deletions in key signaling domains. APPROACH AND RESULTS PHx was performed on C57BL/6 mice lacking GHR (Ghr-/- ), disabled for all GH-dependent Janus kinase 2 signaling (Box1-/- ), or lacking only GH-dependent signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) signaling (Ghr391-/- ), and wild-type littermates. C57BL/6 Ghr-/- mice showed striking mortality within 48 hours after PHx, whereas Box1-/- or Ghr391-/- mice survived with normal liver regeneration. Ghr-/- mortality was associated with increased apoptosis and elevated natural killer/natural killer T cell and macrophage cell markers. We identified H2-Bl, a key immunotolerance protein, which is up-regulated by PHx through a GH-mediated, Janus kinase 2-independent, SRC family kinase-dependent pathway. GH treatment was confirmed to up-regulate expression of the human homolog of H2-Bl (human leukocyte antigen G [HLA-G]) in primary human hepatocytes and in the serum of GH-deficient patients. We find that injury-associated innate immune attack by natural killer/natural killer T cell and macrophage cells are instrumental in the failure of liver regeneration, and this can be overcome in Ghr-/- mice by adenoviral delivery of H2-Bl or by infusion of HLA-G protein. Further, H2-Bl knockdown in wild-type C57BL/6 mice showed elevated markers of inflammation after PHx, whereas Ghr-/- backcrossed on a strain with high endogenous H2-Bl expression showed a high rate of survival following PHx. CONCLUSIONS GH induction of H2-Bl expression is crucial for reducing innate immune-mediated apoptosis and promoting survival after PHx in C57BL/6 mice. Treatment with HLA-G may lead to improved clinical outcomes following liver surgery or transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Ishikawa
- Institute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQLDAustralia.,Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and ArteriosclerosisNippon Medical School Musashikosugi HospitalKawasakiJapan
| | - Andrew J Brooks
- Institute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQLDAustralia.,The University of Queensland Diamantina InstituteThe University of QueenslandWoolloongabbaQLDAustralia
| | - Manuel A Fernández-Rojo
- Institute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQLDAustralia.,The University of Queensland Diamantina InstituteThe University of QueenslandWoolloongabbaQLDAustralia.,Hepatic Fibrosis GroupQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQLDAustralia.,School of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia.,Hepatic Regenerative Medicine LaboratoryMadrid Institute for Advanced Studies in FoodCEI UAM+CSICMadridSpain
| | - Johan Medina
- The University of Queensland Diamantina InstituteThe University of QueenslandWoolloongabbaQLDAustralia
| | - Yash Chhabra
- Institute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQLDAustralia.,The University of Queensland Diamantina InstituteThe University of QueenslandWoolloongabbaQLDAustralia
| | - Shiro Minami
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and ArteriosclerosisNippon Medical School Musashikosugi HospitalKawasakiJapan
| | - Kathryn A Tunny
- The University of Queensland Diamantina InstituteThe University of QueenslandWoolloongabbaQLDAustralia
| | - Robert G Parton
- Institute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQLDAustralia.,Centre for Microscopy and MicroanalysisThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Julian P Vivian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Biomedical SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular ImagingMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Biomedical SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular ImagingMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia.,Institute of Infection and ImmunityCardiff University School of MedicineHeath ParkCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Viral Chikani
- Princess Alexandra Hospital and Faculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Grant A Ramm
- Hepatic Fibrosis GroupQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQLDAustralia.,School of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Ken K Y Ho
- Princess Alexandra Hospital and Faculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Michael J Waters
- Institute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQLDAustralia
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13
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Chhabra Y, Lee CMM, Müller AF, Brooks AJ. GHR signalling: Receptor activation and degradation mechanisms. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 520:111075. [PMID: 33181235 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) actions via initiating cell signalling through the GH receptor (GHR) are important for many physiological processes, in addition to its well-known role in regulating growth. The activation of JAK-STAT signalling by GH is well characterized, however knowledge on GH activation of SRC family kinases (SFKs) is still limited. In this review we summarise the collective knowledge on the activation, regulation, and downstream signalling of GHR. We highlight studies on GH activation of SFKs and the important outcome of this signalling pathway with a focus on the different degradation mechanisms that can regulate GHR availability since this is an area that warrants further study considering its role in tumour progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Chhabra
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Christine M M Lee
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Alexandra Franziska Müller
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Andrew J Brooks
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.
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14
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Growth Hormone Upregulates Mediators of Melanoma Drug Efflux and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition In Vitro and In Vivo. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123640. [PMID: 33291663 PMCID: PMC7761932 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Growth hormone (GH) action is strongly implicated in the progression and therapy resistance in several types of solid tumors which overexpress the GH receptor (GHR). The aim of our study was to characterize the effects of GH and its downstream effector insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) on melanoma using in vitro and in vivo models. We confirmed an IGF-1-independent role of elevated circulating GH in upregulating key mechanisms of therapy resistance and malignancy with analyses conducted at the molecular and cellular level. We identified that GH upregulates key mechanisms of therapy resistance and metastases in melanoma tumors in an IGF-1 dependent and independent manner by upregulating multidrug efflux pumps and EMT transcription factors. Our study reveals that GH action renders an intrinsic drug resistance phenotype to the melanoma tumors—a clinically crucial property of GH verifiable in other human cancers with GHR expression. Abstract Growth hormone (GH) and the GH receptor (GHR) are expressed in a wide range of malignant tumors including melanoma. However, the effect of GH/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) on melanoma in vivo has not yet been elucidated. Here we assessed the physical and molecular effects of GH on mouse melanoma B16-F10 and human melanoma SK-MEL-30 cells in vitro. We then corroborated these observations with syngeneic B16-F10 tumors in two mouse lines with different levels of GH/IGF: bovine GH transgenic mice (bGH; high GH, high IGF-1) and GHR gene-disrupted or knockout mice (GHRKO; high GH, low IGF-1). In vitro, GH treatment enhanced mouse and human melanoma cell growth, drug retention and cell invasion. While the in vivo tumor size was unaffected in both bGH and GHRKO mouse lines, multiple drug-efflux pumps were up regulated. This intrinsic capacity of therapy resistance appears to be GH dependent. Additionally, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) gene transcription markers were significantly upregulated in vivo supporting our current and recent in vitro observations. These syngeneic mouse melanoma models of differential GH/IGF action can be valuable tools in screening for therapeutic options where lowering GH/IGF-1 action is important.
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15
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Frank SJ. Classical and novel GH receptor signaling pathways. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:110999. [PMID: 32835785 PMCID: PMC7799394 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this review, I summarize historical and recent features of the classical pathways activated by growth hormone (GH) through the cell surface GH receptor (GHR). GHR is a cytokine receptor superfamily member that signals by activating the non-receptor tyrosine kinase, JAK2, and members of the Src family kinases. Activation of the GHR engages STATs, PI3K, and ERK pathways, among others, and details of these now-classical pathways are presented. Modulating elements, including the SOCS proteins, phosphatases, and regulated GHR metalloproteolysis, are discussed. In addition, a novel physical and functional interaction of GHR with IGF-1R is summarized and discussed in terms of its mechanisms, consequences, and physiological and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Frank
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, 1720 2nd Avenue South, BDB 485, AL, 35294-0012, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Endocrinology Section, Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.
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16
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Graceli JB, Dettogni RS, Merlo E, Niño O, da Costa CS, Zanol JF, Ríos Morris EA, Miranda-Alves L, Denicol AC. The impact of endocrine-disrupting chemical exposure in the mammalian hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:110997. [PMID: 32841708 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HP axis) plays a critical and integrative role in the endocrine system control to maintain homeostasis. The HP axis is responsible for the hormonal events necessary to regulate the thyroid, adrenal glands, gonads, somatic growth, among other functions. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are a worldwide public health concern. There is growing evidence that exposure to EDCs such as bisphenol A (BPA), some phthalates, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and biphenyls (PBBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), tributyltin (TBT), and atrazine (ATR), is associated with HP axis abnormalities. EDCs act on hormone receptors and their downstream signaling pathways and can interfere with hormone synthesis, metabolism, and actions. Because the HP axis function is particularly sensitive to endogenous hormonal changes, disruptions by EDCs can alter HP axis proper function, leading to important endocrine irregularities. Here, we review the evidence that EDCs could directly affect the mammalian HP axis function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jones B Graceli
- Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo. Av. Marechal Campos, 1468, CEP: 290440-090 Vitória, ES, Brazil.
| | - Raquel S Dettogni
- Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo. Av. Marechal Campos, 1468, CEP: 290440-090 Vitória, ES, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Merlo
- Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo. Av. Marechal Campos, 1468, CEP: 290440-090 Vitória, ES, Brazil.
| | - Oscar Niño
- Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo. Av. Marechal Campos, 1468, CEP: 290440-090 Vitória, ES, Brazil.
| | - Charles S da Costa
- Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo. Av. Marechal Campos, 1468, CEP: 290440-090 Vitória, ES, Brazil.
| | - Jordana F Zanol
- Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo. Av. Marechal Campos, 1468, CEP: 290440-090 Vitória, ES, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo A Ríos Morris
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology-LEEx, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Graduate Program in Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Leandro Miranda-Alves
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology-LEEx, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Graduate Program in Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Graduate Program in Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Anna C Denicol
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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17
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Strous GJ, Almeida ADS, Putters J, Schantl J, Sedek M, Slotman JA, Nespital T, Hassink GC, Mol JA. Growth Hormone Receptor Regulation in Cancer and Chronic Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:597573. [PMID: 33312162 PMCID: PMC7708378 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.597573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The GHR signaling pathway plays important roles in growth, metabolism, cell cycle control, immunity, homeostatic processes, and chemoresistance via both the JAK/STAT and the SRC pathways. Dysregulation of GHR signaling is associated with various diseases and chronic conditions such as acromegaly, cancer, aging, metabolic disease, fibroses, inflammation and autoimmunity. Numerous studies entailing the GHR signaling pathway have been conducted for various cancers. Diverse factors mediate the up- or down-regulation of GHR signaling through post-translational modifications. Of the numerous modifications, ubiquitination and deubiquitination are prominent events. Ubiquitination by E3 ligase attaches ubiquitins to target proteins and induces proteasomal degradation or starts the sequence of events that leads to endocytosis and lysosomal degradation. In this review, we discuss the role of first line effectors that act directly on the GHR at the cell surface including ADAM17, JAK2, SRC family member Lyn, Ubc13/CHIP, proteasome, βTrCP, CK2, STAT5b, and SOCS2. Activity of all, except JAK2, Lyn and STAT5b, counteract GHR signaling. Loss of their function increases the GH-induced signaling in favor of aging and certain chronic diseases, exemplified by increased lung cancer risk in case of a mutation in the SOCS2-GHR interaction site. Insight in their roles in GHR signaling can be applied for cancer and other therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ger J. Strous
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- BIMINI Biotech B.V., Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ana Da Silva Almeida
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Joyce Putters
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Julia Schantl
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Magdalena Sedek
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johan A. Slotman
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Tobias Nespital
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gerco C. Hassink
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jan A. Mol
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Abstract
Growth is the task of children. We review the normal process of linear growth from the fetus through adolescence and note that growth is the result of age- and gender-dependent interactions among key genetic, environmental, dietary, socioeconomic, developmental, behavioral, nutritional, metabolic, biochemical, and hormonal factors. We then define the wide range of normative data at each stage of growth and note that a pattern within this range is generally indicative of good general health and that growth significantly slower than this range may lead to growth faltering and subsequent short stature. Although not often emphasized, we detail how to properly measure infants and children because height velocity is usually determined from two height measurements (both relatively large values) to calculate the actual height velocity (a relatively much smaller number in comparison). Traditionally the physiology of growth has been taught from an endocrine-centric point-of-view. Here we review the hypothalamic-pituitary-end organ axes for the GH/IGF-1 and gonadal steroid hormones (hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis), both during "mini"-puberty as well as at puberty. However, over the past few decades much more emphasis has been placed on the growth plate and its many interactions with the endocrine system but also with its own intrinsic physiology and gene mutations. These latter, whether individually (large effect size) or in combination with many others including endocrine system-based, may account in toto for meaningful differences in adult height. The clinical assessment of children with short stature includes medical, social and family history, physical exam and importantly proper interpretation of the growth curve. This analysis should lead to judicious use of screening laboratory and imaging tests depending on the pre-test probability (Bayesian inference) of a particular diagnosis in that child. In particular for those with no pathological features in the history and physical exam and a low, but normal height velocity, may lead only to a bone age exam and reevaluation (re-measurement), perhaps 6 months later. he next step depends on the comfort level of the primary care physician, the patient, and the parent; that is, whether to continue with the evaluation with more directed, more sophisticated testing, again based on Bayesian inference or to seek consultation with a subspecialist pediatrician based on the data obtained. This is not necessarily an endocrinologist. The newest area and the one most in flux is the role for genetic testing, given that growth is a complex process with large effect size for single genes but smaller effect sizes for multiple other genes which in the aggregate may be relevant to attained adult height. Genetics is a discipline that is rapidly changing, especially as the cost of exome or whole gene sequencing diminishes sharply. Within a decade it is quite likely that a genetic approach to the evaluation of children with short stature will become the standard, truncating the diagnostic odyssey and be cost effective as fewer biochemical and imaging studies are required to make a proper diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bogarín
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, National Children's Hospital, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Erick Richmond
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, National Children's Hospital, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Alan D Rogol
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA -
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Growth hormone increases regulator of calcineurin 1-4 (Rcan1-4) mRNA through c-JUN in rat liver. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235270. [PMID: 32589657 PMCID: PMC7319343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) activates multiple signal transduction pathways. To investigate these pathways, we identified novel genes whose transcription was induced by GH in the liver of hypophysectomized (HPX) rats using the suppression subtractive hybridization technique. We found that regulator of calcineurin 1 (Rcan1) mRNA was upregulated by GH administration. RCAN1 regulates the activity of calcineurin, a Ca/calmodulin-dependent phosphatase. Rcan1 encodes two major transcripts, Rcan1-1 and Rcan1-4, resulting from differential promoter use and first exon choice. We found that a single injection of GH increased the levels of Rcan1-4 mRNA and RCAN1-4 protein transiently, but did not increase Rcan1-1 mRNA in HPX rat liver. Then the molecular mechanism of GH to induce Rcan1-4 transcription was examined in rat hepatoma H4IIE cells. Experiments using inhibitors suggested that c-JUN N-terminal kinase was required for the induction of Rcan1-4 mRNA by GH. GH increased the levels of phosphorylated c-JUN protein and c-Jun mRNA in HPX rat liver. The luciferase and electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that c-JUN upregulated Rcan1-4 mRNA by binding to the cAMP-responsive element in the upstream of Rcan1 exon 4. These results indicate that GH activates c-JUN to affect the activity of calcineurin by the induction of Rcan1-4 in rat liver.
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20
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Zhu X, Li Y, Xu G, Fu C. Growth hormone receptor promotes breast cancer progression via the BRAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:1013-1020. [PMID: 32069380 PMCID: PMC7262926 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone receptor (GHR), a member of the class I cytokine receptor family, plays key roles in cancer progression. Recently, GHR has been reported to be associated with breast cancer development, but the molecular mechanism of GHR in this malignancy is not fully understood. To investigate this issue, we stably inhibited GHR in breast cancer cell lines, which were observed to reduce cell proliferation, tumor growth and induction of apoptosis, and arrest the cell‐cycle arrest at the G1–S phase transition. In addition, GHR silencing suppressed the protein levels of B‐Raf proto‐oncogene, serine/threonine kinase (BRAF), Mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) and Extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK). These findings suggest that GHR may mediate breast cell progression and apoptosis through control of the cell cycle via the BRAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojue Zhu
- Clinical Laboratory, Zhangjiagang First People's Hospital, Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yonghao Li
- Clinical Laboratory, Zhangjiagang First People's Hospital, Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guoxin Xu
- Clinical Laboratory, Zhangjiagang First People's Hospital, Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - ChangQing Fu
- Zhangjiagang Fifth People's Hospital, Suzhou, China
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21
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Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) plays a pivotal role in many physiological processes in humans, and in other mammalian and non-mammalian vertebrate species, through actions on somatic growth, tissue development and repair, and intermediary metabolism. This review will focus on mechanisms of GH actions on gene expression, primarily from the perspective of the genes that encode proteins stimulated by GH to regulate somatic growth, especially insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I), but also others that are induced or repressed by GH. Topics to be discussed will include a brief overview of GH-mediated signal transduction pathways and how these cascades alter the functions of responsive transcription factors, with a specific focus on STAT5B, a key member of the signal transducers and activators of transcription family, characterization of essential GH-regulated genes, and elucidation of mechanisms of their regulation from biochemical, genetic, and genomic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Rotwein
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech Health University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA.
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22
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Nelson CN, List EO, Ieremia M, Constantin L, Chhabra Y, Kopchick JJ, Waters MJ. Growth hormone activated STAT5 is required for induction of beige fat in vivo. Growth Horm IGF Res 2018; 42-43:40-51. [PMID: 30193158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The anti-obesity actions of growth hormone (GH) led us to investigate if GH signaling is able to regulate beige/brite fat development of white adipose tissue (WAT). METHODS We studied WAT in GHR-391 mice engineered to be unable to activate STAT5 in response to GH, in mice with adipose specific deletion of GHR, in GHR-/- mice and in bGH transgenic mice. QPCR, immunoblots and immunohistochemistry were used to characterize WAT. The in vivo effects of β-3 adrenergic activation with CL-316,243 and that of FGF21 infusion were also studied. RESULTS GHR-391 mice had lower surface temperature than WT, with deficiency in β-oxidation and beiging transcripts including Ucp1. Oxidative phosphorylation complex subunit proteins were decreased dramatically in GHR-391 inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT), but increased in bGH iWAT, as were proteins for beige/brown markers. In accord with its lack of β-3 adrenergic receptors, iWAT of GHR-391 mice did not beige in response to administration of the β-3 specific agonist CL-316,243 in contrast to WT mice. GHR-391 mice are deficient in FGF21, but unlike WT, infusion of the purified protein was without effect on extent of beiging. Finally, fat-specific deletion of the GHR replicated the loss of beiging associated transcripts. CONCLUSION In addition to promoting lipolysis, our study suggests that GH is able to promote formation of beige adipose tissue through activation of STAT5 and induction of Adrb3. This sensitizes WAT to adrenergic input, and may contribute to the anti-obesity actions of GH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline N Nelson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, 4069, Australia
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Makerita Ieremia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, 4069, Australia
| | - Lena Constantin
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, 4069, Australia
| | - Yash Chhabra
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, 4069, Australia
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Michael J Waters
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, 4069, Australia.
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23
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Rooney J, Oshida K, Vasani N, Vallanat B, Ryan N, Chorley BN, Wang X, Bell DA, Wu KC, Aleksunes LM, Klaassen CD, Kensler TW, Corton JC. Activation of Nrf2 in the liver is associated with stress resistance mediated by suppression of the growth hormone-regulated STAT5b transcription factor. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200004. [PMID: 30114225 PMCID: PMC6095522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Nrf2 (encoded by Nfe2l2) induces expression of numerous detoxifying and antioxidant genes in response to oxidative stress. The cytoplasmic protein Keap1 interacts with and represses Nrf2 function. Computational approaches were developed to identify factors that modulate Nrf2 in a mouse liver gene expression compendium. Forty-eight Nrf2 biomarker genes were identified using profiles from the livers of mice in which Nrf2 was activated genetically in Keap1-null mice or chemically by a potent activator of Nrf2 signaling. The rank-based Running Fisher statistical test was used to determine the correlation between the Nrf2 biomarker genes and a test set of 81 profiles with known Nrf2 activation status demonstrating a balanced accuracy of 96%. For a large number of factors examined in the compendium, we found consistent relationships between activation of Nrf2 and feminization of the liver transcriptome through suppression of the male-specific growth hormone (GH)-regulated transcription factor STAT5b. The livers of female mice exhibited higher Nrf2 activation than male mice in untreated or chemical-treated conditions. In male mice, Nrf2 was activated by treatment with ethinyl estradiol, whereas in female mice, Nrf2 was suppressed by treatment with testosterone. Nrf2 was activated in 5 models of disrupted GH signaling containing mutations in Pit1, Prop1, Ghrh, Ghrhr, and Ghr. Out of 59 chemical treatments that activated Nrf2, 36 exhibited STAT5b suppression in the male liver. The Nrf2-STAT5b coupling was absent in in vitro comparisons of chemical treatments. Treatment of male and female mice with 11 chemicals that induce oxidative stress led to activation of Nrf2 to greater extents in females than males. The enhanced basal and inducible levels of Nrf2 activation in females relative to males provides a molecular explanation for the greater resistance often seen in females vs. males to age-dependent diseases and chemical-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Rooney
- NHEERL, US-EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Keiyu Oshida
- NHEERL, US-EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Naresh Vasani
- NHEERL, US-EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Beena Vallanat
- NHEERL, US-EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Natalia Ryan
- NHEERL, US-EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Brian N. Chorley
- NHEERL, US-EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Xuting Wang
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Douglas A. Bell
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Kai C. Wu
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America
| | - Lauren M. Aleksunes
- Rutgers University, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
| | | | - Thomas W. Kensler
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Jin C, Zhuo Y, Wang J, Zhao Y, Xuan Y, Mou D, Liu H, Zhou P, Fang Z, Che L, Xu S, Feng B, Li J, Jiang X, Lin Y, Wu D. Methyl donors dietary supplementation to gestating sows diet improves the growth rate of offspring and is associating with changes in expression and DNA methylation of insulin-like growth factor-1 gene. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 102:1340-1350. [PMID: 29959805 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the effects of maternal dietary methyl donors on the performance of sows and their offspring, and the associated hepatic insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) expression of the offspring. A total of 24 multiparous sows were randomly fed the control (CON) or the CON diet supplemented with methyl donors (MD) at 3 g/kg betaine, 15 mg/kg folic acid, 400 mg/kg choline and 150 μg/kg VB12 , from mating until delivery. After farrowing, sows were fed a common lactation diet through a 28-days lactation period and six litters per treatment were selected to be fed until at approximately 110 kg BW. Maternal MD supplementation resulted in greater birthweight (p < 0.05) and increased the piglet weights (p < 0.01) and litter weights (p < 0.05) at the age of day 28, compared with that in CON group. The offspring pigs in the MD group had greater ADG (p < 0.05) and tended to lower F:G ratio (p = 0.07) compared with that of CON group from day 28 to 180 of age. The offspring pigs from MD group had greater serum IGF-1 concentrations and expressions of hepatic IGF-1 gene and muscular IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1r) protein at birth (p < 0.05), and greater hepatic IGF-1 protein (p = 0.03) and muscular IGF-1r gene expressions (p < 0.05) at slaughter, than that from the CON group. Moreover, the methylation at the promoter of IGF-1 gene in the liver of newborn piglets and finishing pigs was greater in the MD group than that of the CON group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, maternal MD supplementation throughout gestation could enhance the birthweight and postnatal growth rate of offspring, associated with an increased expression of the IGF-1 gene and IGF-1r, as well as the altered DNA methylation of IGF-1 gene promotor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Jin
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Zhuo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuedong Xuan
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Daolin Mou
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pan Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengfeng Fang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lianqiang Che
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengyu Xu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Feng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuemei Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - De Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Growth Hormone Receptor Mutations Related to Individual Dwarfism. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051433. [PMID: 29748515 PMCID: PMC5983672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) promotes body growth by binding with two GH receptors (GHRs) at the cell surface. GHRs interact with Janus kinase, signal transducers, and transcription activators to stimulate metabolic effects and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) synthesis. However, process dysfunctions in the GH⁻GHR⁻IGF-1 axis cause animal dwarfism. If, during the GH process, GHR is not successfully recognized and/or bound, or GHR fails to transmit the GH signal to IGF-1, the GH dysfunction occurs. The goal of this review was to focus on the GHR mutations that lead to failures in the GH⁻GHR⁻IGF-1 signal transaction process in the dwarf phenotype. Until now, more than 90 GHR mutations relevant to human short stature (Laron syndrome and idiopathic short stature), including deletions, missense, nonsense, frameshift, and splice site mutations, and four GHR defects associated with chicken dwarfism, have been described. Among the 93 identified mutations of human GHR, 68 occur extracellularly, 13 occur in GHR introns, 10 occur intracellularly, and two occur in the transmembrane. These mutations interfere with the interaction between GH and GHRs, GHR dimerization, downstream signaling, and the expression of GHR. These mutations cause aberrant functioning in the GH-GHR-IGF-1 axis, resulting in defects in the number and diameter of muscle fibers as well as bone development.
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26
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Dehkhoda F, Lee CMM, Medina J, Brooks AJ. The Growth Hormone Receptor: Mechanism of Receptor Activation, Cell Signaling, and Physiological Aspects. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:35. [PMID: 29487568 PMCID: PMC5816795 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth hormone receptor (GHR), although most well known for regulating growth, has many other important biological functions including regulating metabolism and controlling physiological processes related to the hepatobiliary, cardiovascular, renal, gastrointestinal, and reproductive systems. In addition, growth hormone signaling is an important regulator of aging and plays a significant role in cancer development. Growth hormone activates the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway, and recent studies have provided a new understanding of the mechanism of JAK2 activation by growth hormone binding to its receptor. JAK2 activation is required for growth hormone-mediated activation of STAT1, STAT3, and STAT5, and the negative regulation of JAK-STAT signaling comprises an important step in the control of this signaling pathway. The GHR also activates the Src family kinase signaling pathway independent of JAK2. This review covers the molecular mechanisms of GHR activation and signal transduction as well as the physiological consequences of growth hormone signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Dehkhoda
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Christine M. M. Lee
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Johan Medina
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Brooks
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Corbit KC, Camporez JPG, Edmunds LR, Tran JL, Vera NB, Erion DM, Deo RC, Perry RJ, Shulman GI, Jurczak MJ, Weiss EJ. Adipocyte JAK2 Regulates Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity Independently of Body Composition, Liver Lipid Content, and Hepatic Insulin Signaling. Diabetes 2018; 67:208-221. [PMID: 29203511 PMCID: PMC5780061 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of hepatocyte growth hormone (GH) signaling through disruption of Jak2 (JAK2L) leads to fatty liver. Previously, we demonstrated that development of fatty liver depends on adipocyte GH signaling. We sought to determine the individual roles of hepatocyte and adipocyte Jak2 on whole-body and tissue insulin sensitivity and liver metabolism. On chow, JAK2L mice had hepatic steatosis and severe whole-body and hepatic insulin resistance. However, concomitant deletion of Jak2 in hepatocytes and adipocytes (JAK2LA) completely normalized insulin sensitivity while reducing liver lipid content. On high-fat diet, JAK2L mice had hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance despite protection from diet-induced obesity. JAK2LA mice had higher liver lipid content and no protection from obesity but retained exquisite hepatic insulin sensitivity. AKT activity was selectively attenuated in JAK2L adipose tissue, whereas hepatic insulin signaling remained intact despite profound hepatic insulin resistance. Therefore, JAK2 in adipose tissue is epistatic to liver with regard to insulin sensitivity and responsiveness, despite fatty liver and obesity. However, hepatocyte autonomous JAK2 signaling regulates liver lipid deposition under conditions of excess dietary fat. This work demonstrates how various tissues integrate JAK2 signals to regulate insulin/glucose and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Corbit
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Lia R Edmunds
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jennifer L Tran
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Nicholas B Vera
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Pfizer, Cambridge, MA
| | - Derek M Erion
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Pfizer, Cambridge, MA
| | - Rahul C Deo
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Rachel J Perry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Michael J Jurczak
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Ethan J Weiss
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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28
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Guevara-Aguirre J, Guevara A, Palacios I, Pérez M, Prócel P, Terán E. GH and GHR signaling in human disease. Growth Horm IGF Res 2018; 38:34-38. [PMID: 29395968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Along with its inherent properties in growth promotion, cell division and regeneration, growth hormone (GH) exerts a variety of miscellaneous and widespread actions on the human body after binding to its receptor (GHR). Indeed, GH influences the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins; shapes body composition, influences cardiovascular profile, quality of life, and induces other direct and indirect physiologic effects. Besides this salutary actions, GH and its derived peptide insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), main product of the GH/GHR interaction, have been implicated in the genesis of diseases such as cancer and insulin-resistant diabetes. The effects of these peptides are difficult to discern in healthy individuals but can be better evaluated in disease states in which their action in target tissues is abnormal. In consequence, we selected acromegaly and Laron syndrome due to GH receptor deficiency (GHRD) as models for excess and absence of GH action, and focused in the role of GH/GHR signaling in the genesis of cancer and diabetes. Considering that malignancy has been linked at epidemiological level to type 2 diabetes and high body mass index, suggesting that hyperinsulinemia is an independent contributor to cancer genesis and progression, we propose that the GH-derived IGF-I is also an independent influence for progression to neoplasia since its absence associates with less DNA damage, diminished mutagenesis and efficient apoptosis. Regarding development of type 2 diabetes, we support the notion that GH, by influencing insulin sensitivity via its counter-regulatory properties on carbohydrate metabolism, is an important contributor for development of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Guevara-Aguirre
- Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Ecuador; Instituto de Endocrinología IEMYR, Quito, Ecuador.
| | | | - Iván Palacios
- Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Ecuador
| | - Mónica Pérez
- Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Enrique Terán
- Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Ecuador
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Wang S, Wu J, Wang N, Zeng L, Wu Y. The role of growth hormone receptor in β cell function. Growth Horm IGF Res 2017; 36:30-35. [PMID: 28915386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) exerts numerous effects on tissues through binding to its receptor, GHR, which resides on cell membranes in many different organs and tissues. Endocrine pancreatic β cells are the only source of insulin secretion in response to metabolic demand, thereby regulating blood glucose and maintaining metabolic homeostasis. β cell dysfunction is the main composition of diabetes mellitus. Numerous studies have provided strong evidence that GHR signaling plays an independent role in β cell function. In this review, we focus on the role of GHR signaling in β cell actions and the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- Institute of Genome Engineered Animal Models for Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jin Wu
- Institute of Genome Engineered Animal Models for Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Institute of Genome Engineered Animal Models for Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Li Zeng
- Institute of Genome Engineered Animal Models for Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Yingjie Wu
- Institute of Genome Engineered Animal Models for Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
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Kwan R, Brady GF, Brzozowski M, Weerasinghe SV, Martin H, Park MJ, Brunt MJ, Menon RK, Tong X, Yin L, Stewart CL, Omary MB. Hepatocyte-Specific Deletion of Mouse Lamin A/C Leads to Male-Selective Steatohepatitis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 4:365-383. [PMID: 28913408 PMCID: PMC5582719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Lamins are nuclear intermediate filament proteins that comprise the major components of the nuclear lamina. Mutations in LMNA, which encodes lamins A/C, cause laminopathies, including lipodystrophy, cardiomyopathy, and premature aging syndromes. However, the role of lamins in the liver is unknown, and it is unclear whether laminopathy-associated liver disease is caused by primary hepatocyte defects or systemic alterations. METHODS To address these questions, we generated mice carrying a hepatocyte-specific deletion of Lmna (knockout [KO] mice) and characterized the KO liver and primary hepatocyte phenotypes by immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, microarray analysis, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Oil Red O and Picrosirius red staining. RESULTS KO hepatocytes manifested abnormal nuclear morphology, and KO mice showed reduced body mass. KO mice developed spontaneous male-selective hepatosteatosis with increased susceptibility to high-fat diet-induced steatohepatitis and fibrosis. The hepatosteatosis was associated with up-regulated transcription of genes encoding lipid transporters, lipid biosynthetic enzymes, lipid droplet-associated proteins, and interferon-regulated genes. Hepatic Lmna deficiency led to enhanced signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (Stat1) expression and blocked growth hormone-mediated Janus kinase 2 (Jak2), signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (Stat5), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) signaling. CONCLUSIONS Lamin A/C acts cell-autonomously to maintain hepatocyte homeostasis and nuclear shape and buffers against male-selective steatohepatitis by positively regulating growth hormone signaling and negatively regulating Stat1 expression. Lamins are potential genetic modifiers for predisposition to steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis. The microarray data can be found in the Gene Expression Omnibus repository (accession number: GSE93643).
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Key Words
- % liver weight, liver percentage of body mass
- Erk, extracellular signal–regulated kinase
- FPLD2, Dunnigan familial partial lipodystrophy
- Fibrosis
- GH, growth hormone
- Growth Hormone Signaling
- HFD, high-fat diet
- Het, heterozygous
- Igf1, insulin-like growth factor 1
- Jak2, Janus kinase 2
- KO, knockout
- Laminopathy
- Lipodystrophy
- NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- ND, normal diet
- Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- Stat, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- WT, wild type
- qPCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Kwan
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Raymond Kwan, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, 7720 Med Sci II, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109.Department of Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Michigan7720 Med Sci IIAnn ArborMichigan 48109
| | - Graham F. Brady
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Maria Brzozowski
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sujith V. Weerasinghe
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Hope Martin
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Min-Jung Park
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Makayla J. Brunt
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ram K. Menon
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Xin Tong
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lei Yin
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Colin L. Stewart
- Development and Regenerative Biology Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Immunos, Singapore
| | - M. Bishr Omary
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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31
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Seim I, Jeffery PL, Thomas PB, Nelson CC, Chopin LK. Whole-Genome Sequence of the Metastatic PC3 and LNCaP Human Prostate Cancer Cell Lines. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2017; 7:1731-1741. [PMID: 28413162 PMCID: PMC5473753 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.039909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The bone metastasis-derived PC3 and the lymph node metastasis-derived LNCaP prostate cancer cell lines are widely studied, having been described in thousands of publications over the last four decades. Here, we report short-read whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and de novo assembly of PC3 (ATCC CRL-1435) and LNCaP (clone FGC; ATCC CRL-1740) at ∼70 × coverage. A known homozygous mutation in TP53 and homozygous loss of PTEN were robustly identified in the PC3 cell line, whereas the LNCaP cell line exhibited a larger number of putative inactivating somatic point and indel mutations (and in particular a loss of stop codon events). This study also provides preliminary evidence that loss of one or both copies of the tumor suppressor Capicua (CIC) contributes to primary tumor relapse and metastatic progression, potentially offering a treatment target for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Our work provides a resource for genetic, genomic, and biological studies employing two commonly-used prostate cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Seim
- Comparative and Endocrine Biology Laboratory, Translational Research Institute-Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
- Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute-Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Penny L Jeffery
- Comparative and Endocrine Biology Laboratory, Translational Research Institute-Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
- Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute-Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Patrick B Thomas
- Comparative and Endocrine Biology Laboratory, Translational Research Institute-Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
- Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute-Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Colleen C Nelson
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Lisa K Chopin
- Comparative and Endocrine Biology Laboratory, Translational Research Institute-Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
- Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute-Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
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Basu R, Wu S, Kopchick JJ. Targeting growth hormone receptor in human melanoma cells attenuates tumor progression and epithelial mesenchymal transition via suppression of multiple oncogenic pathways. Oncotarget 2017; 8:21579-21598. [PMID: 28223541 PMCID: PMC5400608 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports have confirmed highest levels of growth hormone (GH) receptor (GHR) transcripts in melanoma, one of the most aggressive forms of human cancer. Yet the mechanism of GH action in melanoma remains mostly unknown. Here, using human malignant melanoma cells, we examined the effects of GH excess or siRNA mediated GHR knock-down (GHRKD) on tumor proliferation, migration and invasion. GH promoted melanoma progression while GHRKD attenuated the same. Western blot analysis revealed drastic modulation of multiple oncogenic signaling pathways (JAK2, STAT1, STAT3, STAT5, AKT, mTOR, SRC and ERK1/2) following addition of GH or GHRKD. Further, we show that GH excess upregulates expression of markers of epithelial mesenchymal transition in human melanoma, while the effects were reversed by GHRKD. Interestingly, we observed consistent expression of GH transcript in the melanoma cells as well as marked modulation of the IGF receptors and binding proteins (IGF1R, IGF2R, IR, IGFBP2, IGFBP3) and the oncogenic HGF-MET mRNA, in response to excess GH or GHRKD. Our study thus identifies the mechanistic model of GH-GHR action in human melanoma and validates it as an important pharmacological target of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetobrata Basu
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Shiyong Wu
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - John J. Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, Ohio, USA
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33
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Martinez CS, Piazza VG, González L, Fang Y, Bartke A, Turyn D, Miquet JG, Sotelo AI. Mitogenic signaling pathways in the liver of growth hormone (GH)-overexpressing mice during the growth period. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:748-59. [PMID: 27028000 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1148844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is a pleiotropic hormone that triggers STATs, ERK1/2 and Akt signaling, related to cell growth and proliferation. Transgenic mice overexpressing GH present increased body size, with a disproportionate liver enlargement due to hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the hepatocytes. We had described enhanced mitogenic signaling in liver of young adult transgenic mice. We now evaluate the activation of these signaling cascades during the growth period and relate them to the morphological alterations found. Signaling mediators, cell cycle regulators and transcription factors involved in cellular growth in the liver of GH-overexpressing growing mice were assessed by immunoblotting, RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry. Hepatocyte enlargement can be seen as early as 2-weeks of age in GH-overexpressing animals, although it is more pronounced in young adults. Levels of cell cycle mediators PCNA and cyclin D1, and transcription factor c-Jun increase with age in transgenic mice with no changes in normal mice, whereas c-Myc levels are higher in 2-week-old transgenic animals and cyclin E levels decline with age for both genotypes. STAT3, Akt and GSK3 present higher activation in the adult transgenic mice than in the growing animals, while for c-Src and mTOR, phosphorylation in GH-overexpressing mice is higher than in control siblings at 4 and 9 weeks of age. No significant changes are observed for ERK1/2, neither by age or genotype. Thus, the majority of the mitogenic signaling pathways are gradually up-regulated in the liver of GH-transgenic mice, giving rise to the hepatic morphological changes these mice exhibit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina S Martinez
- a Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Verónica G Piazza
- a Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Lorena González
- a Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Yimin Fang
- b Department of Geriatrics (A.B.) , School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University , Springfield , IL , USA
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- b Department of Geriatrics (A.B.) , School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University , Springfield , IL , USA
| | - Daniel Turyn
- a Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Johanna G Miquet
- a Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Ana I Sotelo
- a Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica , Buenos Aires , Argentina
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van der Kaay DCM, Levine BS, Doyle D, Mendoza-Londono R, Palmert MR. RASopathies Are Associated With Delayed Puberty; Are They Associated With Precocious Puberty Too? Pediatrics 2016; 138:peds.2016-0182. [PMID: 27940666 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
RASopathies, such as Noonan, Costello, and cardio-facio-cutaneous syndromes, are developmental disorders caused by mutations in rat sarcoma-mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway genes. Mutations that cause Noonan syndrome have been associated with delayed puberty. Here we report 4 patients with either Costello or cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome who developed precocious puberty, suggesting complex regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and the timing of puberty by the rat sarcoma-mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Additional study of the timing of puberty among patients with RASopathies is warranted to ascertain the incidence of delayed and precocious puberty in these conditions and to examine genotype-phenotype correlations, which may provide insight into pathways that regulate the timing of puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bat-Sheva Levine
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Daniel Doyle
- Division of Endocrinology, Nemours Alfred I. Dupont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Roberto Mendoza-Londono
- Divisions of Endocrinology and.,Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, and
| | - Mark R Palmert
- Divisions of Endocrinology and.,Departments of Pediatrics and.,Physiology, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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35
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Hepatic Deletion of Janus Kinase 2 Counteracts Oxidative Stress in Mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34719. [PMID: 27713471 PMCID: PMC5054456 DOI: 10.1038/srep34719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic deletion of the tyrosine kinase JAK2 or the downstream transcription factor STAT5 in liver impairs growth hormone (GH) signalling and thereby promotes fatty liver disease. Hepatic STAT5 deficiency accelerates liver tumourigenesis in presence of high GH levels. To determine whether the upstream kinase JAK2 exerts similar functions, we crossed mice harbouring a hepatocyte-specific deletion of JAK2 (JAK2Δhep) to GH transgenic mice (GHtg) and compared them to GHtgSTAT5Δhep mice. Similar to GHtgSTAT5Δhep mice, JAK2 deficiency resulted in severe steatosis in the GHtg background. However, in contrast to STAT5 deficiency, loss of JAK2 significantly delayed liver tumourigenesis. This was attributed to: (i) activation of STAT3 in STAT5-deficient mice, which was prevented by JAK2 deficiency and (ii) increased detoxification capacity of JAK2-deficient livers, which diminished oxidative damage as compared to GHtgSTAT5Δhep mice, despite equally severe steatosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The reduced oxidative damage in JAK2-deficient livers was linked to increased expression and activity of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). Consistent with genetic deletion of Jak2, pharmacological inhibition and siRNA-mediated knockdown of Jak2 led to significant upregulation of Gst isoforms and to reduced hepatic oxidative DNA damage. Therefore, blocking JAK2 function increases detoxifying GSTs in hepatocytes and protects against oxidative liver damage.
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36
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Abstract
Once thought to be present only in liver, muscle and adipose tissue, the GH receptor is now known to be ubiquitously distributed, in accord with the many pleiotropic actions of GH. These include the regulation of metabolism, postnatal growth, cognition, immune, cardiac and renal systems and gut function. GH exerts these actions primarily through alterations in gene expression, initiated by activation of its membrane receptor and the resultant activation of the associated JAK2 (Janus kinase 2) and Src family kinases. Receptor activation involves hormone initiated movements within a receptor homodimer, rather than simple receptor dimerization. We have shown that binding of the hormone realigns the orientation of the two receptors both by relative rotation and by closer apposition just above the cell membrane. This is a consequence of the asymmetric placement of the binding sites on the hormone. Binding results in a conversion of parallel receptor transmembrane domains into a rotated crossover orientation, which produces separation of the lower part of the transmembrane helices. Because the JAK2 is bound to the Box1 motif proximal to the inner membrane, receptor activation results in separation of the two associated JAK2s, and in particular the removal of the inhibitory pseudokinase domain from the kinase domain of the other JAK2 (and vice versa). This brings the two kinase domains into position for trans-activation and initiates tyrosine phosphorylation of the receptor cytoplasmic domain and other substrates such as STAT5, the key transcription factor mediating most genomic actions of GH. There are a limited number of genomic actions initiated by the Src kinase family member which also associates with the upper cytoplasmic domain of the receptor, including important immune regulatory actions to dampen exuberant innate immune activation of cells involved in transplant rejection. These findings offer insights for developing specific receptor antagonists which may be valuable in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Waters
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia.
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37
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Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) excess in acromegaly is associated with increased precancerous colon polyps and soft tissue adenomas, whereas short-stature humans harboring an inactivating GH receptor mutation do not develop cancer. We show that locally expressed colon GH is abundant in conditions predisposing to colon cancer and in colon adenocarcinoma-associated stromal fibroblasts. Administration of a GH receptor (GHR) blocker in acromegaly patients induced colon p53 and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), reversing progrowth GH signals. p53 was also induced in skin fibroblasts derived from short-statured humans with mutant GHR. GH-deficient prophet of pituitary-specific positive transcription factor 1 (Prop1)(-/-) mice exhibited induced colon p53 levels, and cross-breeding them with Apc(min+/-) mice that normally develop intestinal and colon tumors resulted in GH-deficient double mutants with markedly decreased tumor number and size. We also demonstrate that GH suppresses p53 and reduces apoptosis in human colon cell lines as well as in induced human pluripotent stem cell-derived intestinal organoids, and confirm in vivo that GH suppresses colon mucosal p53/p21. GH excess leads to decreased colon cell phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), increased cell survival with down-regulated APC, nuclear β-catenin accumulation, and increased epithelial-mesenchymal transition factors and colon cell motility. We propose that GH is a molecular component of the "field change" milieu permissive for neoplastic colon growth.
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38
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Oshida K, Vasani N, Waxman DJ, Corton JC. Disruption of STAT5b-Regulated Sexual Dimorphism of the Liver Transcriptome by Diverse Factors Is a Common Event. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148308. [PMID: 26959975 PMCID: PMC4784905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b (STAT5b) is a growth hormone (GH)-activated transcription factor and a master regulator of sexually dimorphic gene expression in the liver. Disruption of the GH hypothalamo-pituitary-liver axis controlling STAT5b activation can lead to metabolic dysregulation, steatosis, and liver cancer. Computational approaches were developed to identify factors that disrupt STAT5b function in a mouse liver gene expression compendium. A biomarker comprised of 144 STAT5b-dependent genes was derived using comparisons between wild-type male and wild-type female mice and between STAT5b-null and wild-type mice. Correlations between the STAT5b biomarker gene set and a test set comprised of expression datasets (biosets) with known effects on STAT5b function were evaluated using a rank-based test (the Running Fisher algorithm). Using a similarity p-value ≤ 10(-4), the test achieved a balanced accuracy of 99% and 97% for detection of STAT5b activation or STAT5b suppression, respectively. The STAT5b biomarker gene set was then used to identify factors that activate (masculinize) or suppress (feminize) STAT5b function in an annotated mouse liver and primary hepatocyte gene expression compendium of ~1,850 datasets. Disruption of GH-regulated STAT5b is a common phenomenon in liver in vivo, with 5% and 29% of the male datasets, and 11% and 13% of the female datasets, associated with masculinization or feminization, respectively. As expected, liver STAT5b activation/masculinization occurred at puberty and suppression/feminization occurred during aging and in mutant mice with defects in GH signaling. A total of 70 genes were identified that have effects on STAT5b activation in genetic models in which the gene was inactivated or overexpressed. Other factors that affected liver STAT5b function were shown to include fasting, caloric restriction and infections. Together, these findings identify diverse factors that perturb the hypothalamo-pituitary-liver GH axis and disrupt GH-dependent STAT5b activation in mouse liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiyu Oshida
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL/ORD, US-EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States of America
| | - Naresh Vasani
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL/ORD, US-EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States of America
| | - David J. Waxman
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
| | - J. Christopher Corton
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL/ORD, US-EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States of America
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Lebedeva IY, Singina GN, Lopukhov AV, Shedova EN, Zinovieva NA. Prolactin and growth hormone affect metaphase-II chromosomes in aging oocytes via cumulus cells using similar signaling pathways. Front Genet 2015; 6:274. [PMID: 26379702 PMCID: PMC4550791 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
General senescence of the adult organism is closely connected with reproductive one. Meanwhile, the age-related reduction in the female fertility is primarily associated with a decline in the gamete quality. Molecular and cellular changes in oocytes of old mammalian females are very similar to those occurring during aging of matured ova of their young counterparts, suggesting similarities in underlying mechanisms. The aim of the present work was to study actions of two related pituitary hormones, prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH), on age-associated modifications of metaphase-II (M-II) chromosomes in bovine oocytes using a model of the prolonged culture. We analyzed: (1) effects of PRL and GH on abnormal changes in the chromosome morphology in aging matured oocytes and the role of cumulus cells in these effects and (2) signaling pathways involved in the hormone actions. During the prolonged culture of oocytes, a gradual rise in the frequency of destructive modifications of M-II chromosomes was revealed. In the case of cumulus-enclosed oocytes (CEOs), PRL and GH exerted dose-dependent biphasic effects on the frequency of these modifications. Both PRL (50 ng/ml) and GH (10 ng/ml) decelerated the abnormal chromosome changes in CEOs, but did not affect the chromosome configuration in denuded oocytes. Concurrently, the presence of PRL and GH receptors in cumulus cells surrounding matured oocytes was demonstrated. Attenuating effects of both hormones on the chromosome modifications in aging CEOs were abolished by PP2 (an inhibitor of Src-family tyrosine kinases), triciribine (an inhibitor of Akt kinase), and calphostin C (a protein kinase C inhibitor). Our findings indicate that PRL and GH can exert the similar decelerating action on age-associated alterations in the M-II chromosome morphology in bovine ova, which is mediated by cumulus cells and may be related to activation of Src-family tyrosine kinases as well as Akt- and protein kinase C-dependent signal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Y Lebedeva
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Molecular Diagnostics, L.K. Ernst Institute of Animal Husbandry , Podolsk, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Galina N Singina
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Molecular Diagnostics, L.K. Ernst Institute of Animal Husbandry , Podolsk, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Alexander V Lopukhov
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Molecular Diagnostics, L.K. Ernst Institute of Animal Husbandry , Podolsk, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Ekaterina N Shedova
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Molecular Diagnostics, L.K. Ernst Institute of Animal Husbandry , Podolsk, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Natalia A Zinovieva
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Molecular Diagnostics, L.K. Ernst Institute of Animal Husbandry , Podolsk, Moscow Region, Russia
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40
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Qi HL, Li CS, Qian CW, Xiao YS, Yuan YF, Liu QY, Liu ZS. The long noncoding RNA, EGFR-AS1, a target of GHR, increases the expression of EGFR in hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:1079-89. [PMID: 26271667 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3887-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
LncRNA has provided an important new perspective regarding gene regulation. Both the expression and activation of EGFR have been proven to be under the tight control of the GHR pathway. EGFR-AS1 has been found to inhibit the expression of EGFR. GHR-siRNA and EGFR-AS1-siRNA were transfected into HCC cell lines, and a series of WB, q-PCR, and IF experiments was conducted to evaluate whether EGFR-AS1 participated in the regulation of GHR and EGFR. We found that impeded expression of GHR decreased the expression of EGFR and EGFR-AS1 in vivo and in vitro. Then, it was verified that EGFR and EGFR-AS1 were relatively upregulated in HCC tissue, and they were significantly related to some clinical characteristics and patient prognosis. Furthermore, EGFR-AS1 was determined to promote HCC development by improving the ability of invasion and proliferation of HCC cells in vitro, and it was also found to affect the cell cycle. Our study identified that EGFR-AS1 may promote HCC genesis and development. EGFR-AS1 may act as a prognostic factor in HCC. More importantly, we observed that the inhibition of EGFR-AS1 in HCC cells significantly impeded cell proliferation and invasion in vivo, which might provide a potential possibility for targeted therapy of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Long Qi
- Department of General Surgery, Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chang-Sheng Li
- Department of General Surgery, Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong-Wei Qian
- Department of General Surgery, Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Sha Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Feng Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan-Yan Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Su Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
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41
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Martinez CS, Piazza VG, Díaz ME, Boparai RK, Arum O, Ramírez MC, González L, Becú-Villalobos D, Bartke A, Turyn D, Miquet JG, Sotelo AI. GH/STAT5 signaling during the growth period in livers of mice overexpressing GH. J Mol Endocrinol 2015; 54:171-84. [PMID: 25691498 PMCID: PMC4811361 DOI: 10.1530/jme-14-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
GH/STAT5 signaling is desensitized in the liver in adult transgenic mice overexpressing GH; however, these animals present greater body size. To assess whether the STAT5 pathway is active during the growth period in the liver in these animals, and how signaling modulators participate in this process, growing transgenic mice and normal siblings were evaluated. STAT5 does not respond to an acute GH-stimulus, but displays higher basal phosphorylation in the livers of growing GH-overexpressing mice. GH receptor and the positive modulators glucocorticoid receptor and HNF1 display greater abundance in transgenic animals, supporting the activity of STAT5. The negative modulators cytokine-induced suppressor and PTP1B are increased in GH-overexpressing mice. The suppressors SOCS2 and SOCS3 exhibit higher mRNA levels in transgenic mice but lower protein content, indicating that they are being actively degraded. Therefore, STAT5 signaling is increased in the liver in GH-transgenic mice during the growth period, with a balance between positive and negative effectors resulting in accelerated but controlled growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina S Martinez
- Facultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaInstituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartment of Geriatrics (A.B.)School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, Illinois, USAInstituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (CONICET)Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica G Piazza
- Facultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaInstituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartment of Geriatrics (A.B.)School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, Illinois, USAInstituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (CONICET)Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María E Díaz
- Facultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaInstituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartment of Geriatrics (A.B.)School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, Illinois, USAInstituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (CONICET)Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ravneet K Boparai
- Facultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaInstituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartment of Geriatrics (A.B.)School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, Illinois, USAInstituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (CONICET)Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Oge Arum
- Facultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaInstituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartment of Geriatrics (A.B.)School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, Illinois, USAInstituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (CONICET)Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María C Ramírez
- Facultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaInstituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartment of Geriatrics (A.B.)School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, Illinois, USAInstituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (CONICET)Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lorena González
- Facultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaInstituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartment of Geriatrics (A.B.)School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, Illinois, USAInstituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (CONICET)Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Damasia Becú-Villalobos
- Facultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaInstituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartment of Geriatrics (A.B.)School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, Illinois, USAInstituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (CONICET)Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- Facultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaInstituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartment of Geriatrics (A.B.)School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, Illinois, USAInstituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (CONICET)Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Turyn
- Facultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaInstituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartment of Geriatrics (A.B.)School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, Illinois, USAInstituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (CONICET)Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Johanna G Miquet
- Facultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaInstituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartment of Geriatrics (A.B.)School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, Illinois, USAInstituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (CONICET)Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana I Sotelo
- Facultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaInstituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDepartment of Geriatrics (A.B.)School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, Illinois, USAInstituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (CONICET)Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Moraga I, Wernig G, Wilmes S, Gryshkova V, Richter CP, Hong WJ, Sinha R, Guo F, Fabionar H, Wehrman TS, Krutzik P, Demharter S, Plo I, Weissman IL, Minary P, Majeti R, Constantinescu SN, Piehler J, Garcia KC. Tuning cytokine receptor signaling by re-orienting dimer geometry with surrogate ligands. Cell 2015; 160:1196-208. [PMID: 25728669 PMCID: PMC4766813 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Most cell-surface receptors for cytokines and growth factors signal as dimers, but it is unclear whether remodeling receptor dimer topology is a viable strategy to "tune" signaling output. We utilized diabodies (DA) as surrogate ligands in a prototypical dimeric receptor-ligand system, the cytokine Erythropoietin (EPO) and its receptor (EpoR), to dimerize EpoR ectodomains in non-native architectures. Diabody-induced signaling amplitudes varied from full to minimal agonism, and structures of these DA/EpoR complexes differed in EpoR dimer orientation and proximity. Diabodies also elicited biased or differential activation of signaling pathways and gene expression profiles compared to EPO. Non-signaling diabodies inhibited proliferation of erythroid precursors from patients with a myeloproliferative neoplasm due to a constitutively active JAK2V617F mutation. Thus, intracellular oncogenic mutations causing ligand-independent receptor activation can be counteracted by extracellular ligands that re-orient receptors into inactive dimer topologies. This approach has broad applications for tuning signaling output for many dimeric receptor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Moraga
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5345, USA,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5345, USA
| | - Gerlinde Wernig
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5345, USA,Department of Pathology, Division of Hematopathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5345, USA
| | - Stephan Wilmes
- Division of Biophysics, Department of Biology, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Germany
| | - Vitalina Gryshkova
- Ludwig Institute For Cancer Research and de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Wan-Jen Hong
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5345, USA,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5345, USA
| | - Rahul Sinha
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5345, USA
| | - Feng Guo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5345, USA,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5345, USA
| | - Hyna Fabionar
- DiscoveRx, 42501 Albrae St, Fremont, California, 94538, USA
| | - Tom S. Wehrman
- Primity Bio, 3350 Scott blvd ste 6101, Santa Clara, CA 95054
| | - Peter Krutzik
- Primity Bio, 3350 Scott blvd ste 6101, Santa Clara, CA 95054
| | - Samuel Demharter
- Department of Computer Science Wolfson Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QD, United Kingdom
| | - Isabelle Plo
- Institut Gustave Roussy, INSERM U1009, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Irving L. Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5345, USA
| | - Peter Minary
- Department of Computer Science Wolfson Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QD, United Kingdom
| | - Ravindra Majeti
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5345, USA,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5345, USA
| | - Stefan N. Constantinescu
- Ludwig Institute For Cancer Research and de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jacob Piehler
- Division of Biophysics, Department of Biology, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Germany
| | - K. Christopher Garcia
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5345, USA,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5345, USA,Correspondence to:
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43
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Varco-Merth B, Rotwein P. Differential effects of STAT proteins on growth hormone-mediated IGF-I gene expression. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 307:E847-55. [PMID: 25205818 PMCID: PMC4216947 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00324.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) plays a key role regulating somatic growth and in controlling metabolism and other physiological processes in humans and other animal species. GH acts by binding to the extracellular part of its transmembrane receptor, leading to induction of multiple intracellular signal transduction pathways that culminate in changes in gene and protein expression. A key agent in GH-stimulated growth is the latent transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 5B, one of four STAT proteins induced by the GH receptor in cultured cells and in vivo. As shown by genetic and biochemical studies, GH-activated STAT5B promotes transcription of the gene encoding the critical growth peptide, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and natural null mutations of STAT5B in humans lead to growth failure accompanied by diminished IGF-I expression. Here we have examined the possibility that other GH-activated STATs can enhance IGF-I gene transcription, and thus potentially contribute to GH-regulated somatic growth. We find that human STAT5A is nearly identical to STAT5B in its biochemical and functional responses to GH but that STAT1 and STAT3 show a weaker profile of in vitro binding to STAT DNA elements from the IGF-I gene than STAT5B, and are less potent inducers of gene transcription through these elements. Taken together, our results offer a molecular explanation for why STAT5B is a key in vivo mediator of GH-activated IGF-I gene transcription and thus of GH-regulated somatic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Varco-Merth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Peter Rotwein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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44
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Lan H, Li W, Fu Z, Yang Y, Wu T, Liu Y, Zhang H, Cui H, Li Y, Hong P, Liu J, Zheng X. Differential intracellular signalling properties of the growth hormone receptor induced by the activation of an anti-GHR antibody. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 390:54-64. [PMID: 24755421 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of studies have reported that anti-GHR antibody can function as a GHR agonist and may serve as an attractive tool for studying the mechanisms of GHR activation. However, to date, there is relatively little information about intracellular signalling triggered by anti-GHR antibody. Therefore, in this work, we have developed a panel of monoclonal antibodies to GHBP, among which one Mab, termed CG-172, was selected for further characterisation because of its signalling properties. The results from FACS assays, receptor binding and immunoprecipitation assays and western blotting demonstrated that CG-172 specifically binds to GHR expressed on target cells. Subsequently, epitope mapping studies that used receptor binding analysis showed that CG-172 specifically binds subdomain 1 of GHR ECD. We next examined the resulting signal transduction pathways triggered by this antibody in CHO-GHR638 cells and rat hepatocytes. We found that CG-172 can activate JAK2, AKT, ERK1/2 and STAT1/3 but not STAT5. The phosphorylation kinetics of STAT1/3, AKT and ERK1/2 induced by either GH or CG-172 were analysed in dose-response and time course experiments. Our observations demonstrated that an anti-GHR monoclonal antibody (CG-172) can serve as an attractive tool to study the mechanism(s) of GHR-mediated intracellular signalling pathways and may lead to the production of signal-specific molecules that are capable of inducing different biochemical responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hainan Lan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Zhiling Fu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Yanhong Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Tiancheng Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Huanzhong Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Yumeng Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Pan Hong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Jingsheng Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Xin Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun 130118, PR China.
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45
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Chia DJ. Minireview: mechanisms of growth hormone-mediated gene regulation. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:1012-25. [PMID: 24825400 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
GH exerts a diverse array of physiological actions that include prominent roles in growth and metabolism, with a major contribution via stimulating IGF-1 synthesis. GH achieves its effects by influencing gene expression profiles, and Igf1 is a key transcriptional target of GH signaling in liver and other tissues. This review examines the mechanisms of GH-mediated gene regulation that begin with signal transduction pathways activated downstream of the GH receptor and continue with chromatin events at target genes and additionally encompasses the topics of negative regulation and cross talk with other cellular inputs. The transcription factor, signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b, is regarded as the major signaling pathway by which GH achieves its physiological effects, including in stimulating Igf1 gene transcription in liver. Recent studies exploring the mechanisms of how activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b accomplishes this are highlighted, which begin to characterize epigenetic features at regulatory domains of the Igf1 locus. Further research in this field offers promise to better understand the GH-IGF-1 axis in normal physiology and disease and to identify strategies to manipulate the axis to improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Chia
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029
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46
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Molina DP, Ariwodola OJ, Weiner JL, Brunso-Bechtold JK, Adams MM. Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I alter hippocampal excitatory synaptic transmission in young and old rats. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:1575-87. [PMID: 22851280 PMCID: PMC3776110 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-012-9460-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In rats, as in humans, normal aging is characterized by a decline in hippocampal-dependent learning and memory, as well as in glutamatergic function. Both growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) levels have been reported to decrease with age, and treatment with either GH or IGF-I can ameliorate age-related cognitive decline. Interestingly, acute GH and IGF-I treatments enhance glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the rat hippocampus of juvenile animals. However, whether this enhancement also occurs in old rats, when cognitive impairment is ameliorated by GH and IGF-I (des-IGF-I), remains to be determined. To address this issue, we used an in vitro CA1 hippocampal slice preparation and extracellular recording techniques to study the effects of acute application of GH and IGF-I on compound field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs), as well as AMPA- and NMDA-dependent fEPSPs, in young adult (10 months) and old (28 months) rats. The results indicated that both GH and IGF-I increased compound-, AMPA-, and NMDA-dependent fEPSPs to a similar extent in slices from both age groups and that this augmentation was likely mediated via a postsynaptic mechanism. Initial characterization of the signaling cascades underlying these effects revealed that the GH-induced enhancement was not mediated by the JAK2 signaling element in either young adult or old rats but that the IGF-I-induced enhancement involved a PI3K-mediated mechanism in old, but not young adults. The present findings are consistent with a role for a GH- or IGF-I-induced enhancement of glutamatergic transmission in mitigating age-related cognitive impairment in old rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris P. Molina
- />Departments of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1010 USA
| | - Olusegun J. Ariwodola
- />Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1010 USA
| | - Jeff L. Weiner
- />Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1010 USA
| | - Judy K. Brunso-Bechtold
- />Departments of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1010 USA
- />Roena Kulynych Center for Memory and Cognition Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1010 USA
| | - Michelle M. Adams
- />Departments of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1010 USA
- />Roena Kulynych Center for Memory and Cognition Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1010 USA
- />Department of Psychology, Bilkent University, 06800 Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey
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Growth hormone is a cellular senescence target in pituitary and nonpituitary cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E3331-9. [PMID: 23940366 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1310589110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Premature proliferative arrest in benign or early-stage tumors induced by oncoproteins, chromosomal instability, or DNA damage is associated with p53/p21 activation, culminating in either senescence or apoptosis, depending on cell context. Growth hormone (GH) elicits direct peripheral metabolic actions as well as growth effects mediated by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1). Locally produced peripheral tissue GH, in contrast to circulating pituitary-derived endocrine GH, has been proposed to be both proapoptotic and prooncogenic. Pituitary adenomas expressing and secreting GH are invariably benign and exhibit DNA damage and a senescent phenotype. We therefore tested effects of nutlin-induced p53-mediated senescence in rat and human pituitary cells. We show that DNA damage senescence induced by nutlin triggers the p53/p21 senescent pathway, with subsequent marked induction of intracellular pituitary GH in vitro. In contrast, GH is not induced in cells devoid of p53. Furthermore we show that p53 binds specific GH promoter motifs and enhances GH transcription and secretion in senescent pituitary adenoma cells and also in nonpituitary (human breast and colon) cells. In vivo, treatment with nutlin results in up-regulation of both p53 and GH in the pituitary gland, as well as increased GH expression in nonpituitary tissues (lung and liver). Intracrine GH acts in pituitary cells as an apoptosis switch for p53-mediated senescence, likely protecting the pituitary adenoma from progression to malignancy. Unlike in the pituitary, in nonpituitary cells GH exerts antiapoptotic properties. Thus, the results show that GH is a direct p53 transcriptional target and fulfills criteria as a p53 target gene. Induced GH is a readily measurable cell marker for p53-mediated cellular senescence.
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48
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Varco-Merth B, Mirza K, Alzhanov DT, Chia DJ, Rotwein P. Biochemical characterization of diverse Stat5b-binding enhancers that mediate growth hormone-activated insulin-like growth factor-I gene transcription. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23185594 PMCID: PMC3502335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the biological effects of growth hormone (GH) are mediated by insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), a 70-amino acid secreted peptide whose gene expression is rapidly induced by GH via the Stat5b transcription factor. We previously identified multiple evolutionarily conserved GH-activated chromosomal binding domains for Stat5b within the rat Igf1 locus, and proposed that they could regulate IGF-I gene activity. Here we investigate the biochemical and functional characteristics of these putative long-range transcriptional enhancers. Each element contained 2 or 3 individual Stat5b recognition sequences that could bind Stat5b in vitro, but with affinities that varied over a >100-fold range. Full transcriptional responsiveness to GH required that all Stat5b sites be intact within an individual enhancer. Replacement of a single lower-affinity Stat5b sequence with a higher-affinity one increased in vitro binding of Stat5b, and boosted transcriptional potency of the entire element to GH. As enhanced transcriptional activity involved changes in only one or two nucleotides within an enhancer DNA segment, there appears to be remarkable specificity and sensitivity in the ability of Stat5b to transform DNA binding activity into transcriptional function. Stat5b was able to stimulate the transcriptional activity of two enhancers in the absence of GH, indicating that individual Stat5b-regulated elements possess distinct functional features. We conclude that combinatorial interplay among multiple Stat5b-binding response elements with distinguishable biochemical properties is responsible for highly regulated control of IGF-I gene activity by GH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Varco-Merth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Kasim Mirza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Damir T. Alzhanov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Dennis J. Chia
- Department of Pediatrics, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Peter Rotwein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Rotwein P. Mapping the growth hormone--Stat5b--IGF-I transcriptional circuit. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2012; 23:186-93. [PMID: 22361342 PMCID: PMC3313013 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) exert powerful influences on somatic growth, metabolism, and tissue repair, and have been implicated in aging and carcinogenesis. Since the formulation of the somatomedin hypothesis over 50 years ago, GH and IGF-I have been linked intimately to one another. Recent studies have established that GH potently stimulates IGF-I gene transcription, and through this mechanism controls production of IGF-I. A key mediator of the GH-IGF-I biosynthetic pathway is the latent transcription factor Stat5b. This review summarizes the potentially complex mechanistic relationship between GH action, Stat5b, and IGF-I gene activation, and suggests that Stat5b may have a broad role in mediating IGF-I gene regulation in response to diverse physiological inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Rotwein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA.
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Fuentes EN, Einarsdottir IE, Valdes JA, Alvarez M, Molina A, Björnsson BT. Inherent growth hormone resistance in the skeletal muscle of the fine flounder is modulated by nutritional status and is characterized by high contents of truncated GHR, impairment in the JAK2/STAT5 signaling pathway, and low IGF-I expression. Endocrinology 2012; 153:283-94. [PMID: 22028448 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A detailed understanding of how the GH and IGF-I regulate muscle growth, especially in early vertebrates, is still lacking. The fine flounder is a flatfish species exhibiting remarkably slow growth, representing an intriguing model for elucidating growth regulatory mechanisms. Key components of the GH system were examined in groups of fish during periods of feeding, fasting, and refeeding. Under feeding conditions, there is an inherent systemic and local (muscle) GH resistance, characterized by higher levels of plasma GH than of IGF-I, skeletal muscle with a greater content of the truncated GH receptor (GHRt) than of full-length GHR (GHRfl), an impaired activation of the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)-signal transducers and activators of transcription 5 (STAT5) signaling pathway, and low IGF-I expression. Fasting leads to further elevation of plasma GH levels concomitant with suppressed IGF-I levels. The ratio of GHRfl to GHRt in muscle decreases during fasting, causing an inactivation of the JAK2/STAT5 signaling pathway and suppressed IGF-I expression, further impairing growth. When fish are returned to nutritionally favorable conditions, plasma GH levels decrease, and the ratio of GHRfl to GHRt in muscle increases, triggering JAK2/STAT5 reactivation and local IGF-I expression, concomitant with increased growth. The study suggests that systemic IGF-I is supporting basal slow growth in this species, without ruling out that local IGF-I is participating in muscle growth. These results reveal for the first time a unique model of inherent GH resistance in the skeletal muscle of a nonmammalian species and contribute to novel insights of the endocrine and molecular basis of growth regulation in earlier vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo N Fuentes
- Laboratorio de Biotecnologia Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
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