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Mackowetzky K, Dicipulo R, Fox SC, Philibert DA, Todesco H, Doshi JD, Kawakami K, Tierney K, Waskiewicz AJ. Retinoic acid signaling regulates late stages of semicircular canal morphogenesis and otolith maintenance in the zebrafish inner ear. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:1798-1815. [PMID: 35710880 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vitamin A derivative all-trans retinoic acid (RA) regulates early stages of inner ear development. As the early disruption of the RA pathway results in profound mispatterning of the developing inner ear, this confounds analyses of specific roles in later stages. Therefore, we used the temporal-specific exposure of all-trans RA or diethylaminobenzaldehyde to evaluate RA functions in late otic development. RESULTS Perturbing late RA signaling causes behavioral defects analogous to those expected in larvae suffering from vestibular dysfunction. These larvae also demonstrate malformations of the semi-circular canals, as visualized through (a) use of the transgenic strain nkhspdmc12a, a fluorescent reporter expressed in otic epithelium; and (b) injection of the fluorescent lipophilic dye DiI. We also noted the altered expression of genes encoding ECM proteins or modifying enzymes. Other malformations of the inner ear observed in our work include the loss or reduced size of the utricular and saccular otoliths, suggesting a role for RA in otolith maintenance. CONCLUSION Our work has identified a previously undescribed late phase of RA activity in otic development, demonstrating that vestibular defects observed in human patients in relation to perturbed RA signaling are not solely due to its early disruption in otic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacey Mackowetzky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Renée Dicipulo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sabrina C Fox
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Women & Children's Health Research Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Danielle A Philibert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hayley Todesco
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jainil D Doshi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Koichi Kawakami
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Keith Tierney
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew J Waskiewicz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Women & Children's Health Research Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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2
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Alekseenko Z, Dias JM, Adler AF, Kozhevnikova M, van Lunteren JA, Nolbrant S, Jeggari A, Vasylovska S, Yoshitake T, Kehr J, Carlén M, Alexeyenko A, Parmar M, Ericson J. Robust derivation of transplantable dopamine neurons from human pluripotent stem cells by timed retinoic acid delivery. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3046. [PMID: 35650213 PMCID: PMC9160024 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30777-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapies for Parkinson’s disease (PD) have entered first-in-human clinical trials using a set of technically related methods to produce mesencephalic dopamine (mDA) neurons from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Here, we outline an approach for high-yield derivation of mDA neurons that principally differs from alternative technologies by utilizing retinoic acid (RA) signaling, instead of WNT and FGF8 signaling, to specify mesencephalic fate. Unlike most morphogen signals, where precise concentration determines cell fate, it is the duration of RA exposure that is the key-parameter for mesencephalic specification. This concentration-insensitive patterning approach provides robustness and reduces the need for protocol-adjustments between hPSC-lines. RA-specified progenitors promptly differentiate into functional mDA neurons in vitro, and successfully engraft and relieve motor deficits after transplantation in a rat PD model. Our study provides a potential alternative route for cell therapy and disease modelling that due to its robustness could be particularly expedient when use of autologous- or immunologically matched cells is considered. Stem cell based replacement therapies could provide a treatment for Parkinson’s disease. Here the authors outline a retinoic acid-based approach for robust derivation of dopamine neurons from stem cells that restore motor deficits in parkinsonian rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanna Alekseenko
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - José M Dias
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew F Adler
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mariya Kozhevnikova
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Sara Nolbrant
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ashwini Jeggari
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Svitlana Vasylovska
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Takashi Yoshitake
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Kehr
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65, Stockholm, Sweden.,Pronexus Analytical AB, Bromma, Sweden
| | - Marie Carlén
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83, Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrey Alexeyenko
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65, Stockholm, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, 171 21, Solna, Sweden
| | - Malin Parmar
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Ericson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65, Stockholm, Sweden.
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3
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Gur M, Edri T, Moody SA, Fainsod A. Retinoic Acid is Required for Normal Morphogenetic Movements During Gastrulation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:857230. [PMID: 35531100 PMCID: PMC9068879 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.857230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is a central regulatory signal that controls numerous developmental processes in vertebrate embryos. Although activation of Hox expression is considered one of the earliest functions of RA signaling in the embryo, there is evidence that embryos are poised to initiate RA signaling just before gastrulation begins, and manipulations of the RA pathway have been reported to show gastrulation defects. However, which aspects of gastrulation are affected have not been explored in detail. We previously showed that partial inhibition of RA biosynthesis causes a delay in the rostral migration of some of the earliest involuting cells, the leading edge mesendoderm (LEM) and the prechordal mesoderm (PCM). Here we identify several detrimental gastrulation defects resulting from inhibiting RA biosynthesis by three different treatments. RA reduction causes a delay in the progression through gastrulation as well as the rostral migration of the goosecoid-positive PCM cells. RA inhibition also hampered the elongation of explanted dorsal marginal zones, the compaction of the blastocoel, and the length of Brachet’s cleft, all of which indicate an effect on LEM/PCM migration. The cellular mechanisms underlying this deficit were shown to include a reduced deposition of fibronectin along Brachet’s cleft, the substrate for their migration, as well as impaired separation of the blastocoel roof and involuting mesoderm, which is important for the formation of Brachet’s cleft and successful LEM/PCM migration. We further show reduced non-canonical Wnt signaling activity and altered expression of genes in the Ephrin and PDGF signaling pathways, both of which are required for the rostral migration of the LEM/PCM, following RA reduction. Together, these experiments demonstrate that RA signaling performs a very early function critical for the progression of gastrulation morphogenetic movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Gur
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tamir Edri
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sally A. Moody
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
- *Correspondence: Sally A. Moody, ; Abraham Fainsod,
| | - Abraham Fainsod
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- *Correspondence: Sally A. Moody, ; Abraham Fainsod,
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4
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Gur M, Bendelac-Kapon L, Shabtai Y, Pillemer G, Fainsod A. Reduced Retinoic Acid Signaling During Gastrulation Induces Developmental Microcephaly. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:844619. [PMID: 35372345 PMCID: PMC8967241 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.844619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is a central signaling molecule regulating multiple developmental decisions during embryogenesis. Excess RA induces head malformations, primarily by expansion of posterior brain structures at the expense of anterior head regions, i.e., hindbrain expansion. Despite this extensively studied RA teratogenic effect, a number of syndromes exhibiting microcephaly, such as DiGeorge, Vitamin A Deficiency, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, and others, have been attributed to reduced RA signaling. This causative link suggests a requirement for RA signaling during normal head development in all these syndromes. To characterize this novel RA function, we studied the involvement of RA in the early events leading to head formation in Xenopus embryos. This effect was mapped to the earliest RA biosynthesis in the embryo within the gastrula Spemann-Mangold organizer. Head malformations were observed when reduced RA signaling was induced in the endogenous Spemann-Mangold organizer and in the ectopic organizer of twinned embryos. Two embryonic retinaldehyde dehydrogenases, ALDH1A2 (RALDH2) and ALDH1A3 (RALDH3) are initially expressed in the organizer and subsequently mark the trunk and the migrating leading edge mesendoderm, respectively. Gene-specific knockdowns and CRISPR/Cas9 targeting show that RALDH3 is a key enzyme involved in RA production required for head formation. These observations indicate that in addition to the teratogenic effect of excess RA on head development, RA signaling also has a positive and required regulatory role in the early formation of the head during gastrula stages. These results identify a novel RA activity that concurs with its proposed reduction in syndromes exhibiting microcephaly.
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5
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Kukreja S, Udaykumar N, Yogesh B, Sen J. Retinoic acid signaling regulates proliferation and lamina formation in the developing chick optic tectum. Dev Biol 2020; 467:95-107. [PMID: 32919944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The retinotectal system has been extensively studied for investigating the mechanism(s) for topographic map formation. The optic tectum, which is composed of multiple laminae, is the major retino recipient structure in the developing avian brain. Laminar development of the tectum results from cell proliferation, differentiation and migration, coordinated in strict temporal and spatial patterns. However, the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate these complex developmental events, have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we have identified the presence of differential retinoic acid (RA) signaling along the rostro-caudal and dorsoventral axis of the tectum. We show for the first time that loss of RA signaling in the anterior optic tectum, leads to an increase in cell proliferation and gross changes in the morphology manifested as defects in lamination. Detailed analysis points to delayed migration of cells as the plausible cause for the defects in lamina formation. Thus, we conclude that in the optic tectum, RA signaling is involved in maintaining cell proliferation and in regulating the formation of the tectal laminae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Kukreja
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India; Present address: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, USA
| | - Niveda Udaykumar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Baba Yogesh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India; Present address: Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jonaki Sen
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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6
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Goldeman C, Andersen M, Al-Robai A, Buchholtz T, Svane N, Ozgür B, Holst B, Shusta E, Hall VJ, Saaby L, Hyttel P, Brodin B. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (BIONi010-C) generate tight cell monolayers with blood-brain barrier traits and functional expression of large neutral amino acid transporter 1 (SLC7A5). Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 156:105577. [PMID: 33011235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The barrier properties of the brain capillary endothelium, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts uptake of most small and all large molecule drug compounds to the CNS. There is a need for predictive human in vitro models of the BBB to enable studies of brain drug delivery. Here, we investigated whether human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) line (BIONi010-C) could be differentiated to brain capillary endothelial- like cells (BCEC) and evaluated their potential use in drug delivery studies. BIONi010-C hIPSCs were differentiated according to established protocols. BCEC monolayers displayed transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) values of 5,829±354 Ω∙cm2, a Papp,mannitol of 1.09±0.15 ∙ 10-6 cm∙s-1 and a Papp,diazepam of 85.7 ± 5.9 ∙ 10-6 cm ∙s-1. The Pdiazepam/Pmannitol ratio of ~80, indicated a large dynamic passive permeability range. Monolayers maintained their integrity after medium exchange. Claudin-5, Occludin, Zonulae Occludens 1 and VE-Cadherin were expressed at the cell-cell contact zones. Efflux transporters were present at the mRNA level, but functional efflux of substrates was not detected. Transferrin-receptor (TFR), Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) and Basigin receptors were expressed at the mRNA-level. The presence and localization of TFR and LRP1 were verified at the protein level. A wide range of BBB-expressed solute carriers (SLC's) were detected at the mRNA level. The presence and localization of SLC transporters GLUT1 and LAT1 was verified at the protein level. Functional studies revealed transport of the LAT1 substrate [3H]-L-Leucine and the LRP1 substrate angiopep-2. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that BIONi010-C-derived BCEC monolayers exhibited, BBB properties including barrier tightness and integrity, a high dynamic range, expression of some of the BBB receptor and transporter expression, as well as functional transport of LAT1 and LRP1 substrates. This suggests that BIONi010-C-derived BCEC monolayers may be useful for studying the roles of LAT-1 and LRP1 in brain drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Goldeman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Andersen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Al-Robai
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T Buchholtz
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - N Svane
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - B Ozgür
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - B Holst
- Bioneer A/S, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - E Shusta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - V J Hall
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L Saaby
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Bioneer A/S, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - P Hyttel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - B Brodin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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7
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Friedl RM, Raja S, Metzler MA, Patel ND, Brittian KR, Jones SP, Sandell LL. RDH10 function is necessary for spontaneous fetal mouth movement that facilitates palate shelf elevation. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:12/7/dmm039073. [PMID: 31300413 PMCID: PMC6679383 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.039073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleft palate is a common birth defect, occurring in approximately 1 in 1000 live births worldwide. Known etiological mechanisms of cleft palate include defects within developing palate shelf tissues, defects in mandibular growth and defects in spontaneous fetal mouth movement. Until now, experimental studies directly documenting fetal mouth immobility as an underlying cause of cleft palate have been limited to models lacking neurotransmission. This study extends the range of anomalies directly demonstrated to have fetal mouth movement defects correlated with cleft palate. Here, we show that mouse embryos deficient in retinoic acid (RA) have mispatterned pharyngeal nerves and skeletal elements that block spontaneous fetal mouth movement in utero. Using X-ray microtomography, in utero ultrasound video, ex vivo culture and tissue staining, we demonstrate that proper retinoid signaling and pharyngeal patterning are crucial for the fetal mouth movement needed for palate formation. Embryos with deficient retinoid signaling were generated by stage-specific inactivation of retinol dehydrogenase 10 (Rdh10), a gene crucial for the production of RA during embryogenesis. The finding that cleft palate in retinoid deficiency results from a lack of fetal mouth movement might help elucidate cleft palate etiology and improve early diagnosis in human disorders involving defects of pharyngeal development. Summary: Fetal mouth immobility and defects in pharyngeal patterning underlie cleft palate in retinoid-deficient Rdh10 mutant mouse embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina M Friedl
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Swetha Raja
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Melissa A Metzler
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Niti D Patel
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Kenneth R Brittian
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Steven P Jones
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Lisa L Sandell
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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8
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Petrelli B, Bendelac L, Hicks GG, Fainsod A. Insights into retinoic acid deficiency and the induction of craniofacial malformations and microcephaly in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Genesis 2019; 57:e23278. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Berardino Petrelli
- Regenerative Medicine Program and the Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Liat Bendelac
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel‐CanadaFaculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Jerusalem Israel
| | - Geoffrey G. Hicks
- Regenerative Medicine Program and the Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Abraham Fainsod
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel‐CanadaFaculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Jerusalem Israel
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9
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Kiecker C. The chick embryo as a model for the effects of prenatal exposure to alcohol on craniofacial development. Dev Biol 2016; 415:314-325. [PMID: 26777098 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to ethanol results in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), a syndrome characterised by a broad range of clinical manifestations including craniofacial dysmorphologies and neurological defects. The characterisation of the mechanisms by which ethanol exerts its teratogenic effects is difficult due to the pleiotropic nature of its actions. Different experimental model systems have been employed to investigate the aetiology of FASD. Here, I will review studies using these different model organisms that have helped to elucidate how ethanol causes the craniofacial abnormalities characteristic of FASD. In these studies, ethanol was found to impair the prechordal plate-an important embryonic signalling centre-during gastrulation and to negatively affect the induction, migration and survival of the neural crest, a cell population that generates the cartilage and most of the bones of the skull. At the cellular level, ethanol appears to inhibit Sonic hedgehog signalling, alter levels of retionoic acid activity, trigger a Ca(2+)-CamKII-dependent pathway that antagonises WNT signalling, affect cytoskeletal dynamics and increase oxidative stress. Embryos of the domestic chick Gallus gallus domesticus have played a central role in developing a working model for the effects of ethanol on craniofacial development because they are easily accessible and because key steps in craniofacial development are particularly well established in the avian embryo. I will finish this review by highlighting some potential future avenues of fetal alcohol research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Kiecker
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, 4th Floor, Hodgkin Building, Guy's Hospital Campus, King's College London, UK.
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10
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Gupta S, Sen J. Retinoic acid signaling regulates development of the dorsal forebrain midline and the choroid plexus in the chick. Development 2015; 142:1293-8. [PMID: 25758461 DOI: 10.1242/dev.122390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The developing forebrain roof plate (RP) contains a transient signaling center, perturbations in which have been linked to holoprosencephaly (HPE). Here, we describe a novel domain of retinoic acid (RA) signaling that is specific to the chick RP and demonstrate that RA signaling is sufficient for inducing characteristics of the RP in ectopic locations. We further demonstrate that, unlike what has been observed in the mouse, RA signaling is essential for invagination of the RP in chick, failure of which leads to an HPE-like phenotype. In addition, we found that RA exerts a negative influence on choroid plexus differentiation. Thus, our findings identify RA as a novel regulator of chick forebrain RP development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Jonaki Sen
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
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11
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Samarut E, Fraher D, Laudet V, Gibert Y. ZebRA: An overview of retinoic acid signaling during zebrafish development. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1849:73-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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13
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Ross AP, Zarbalis KS. The emerging roles of ribosome biogenesis in craniofacial development. Front Physiol 2014; 5:26. [PMID: 24550838 PMCID: PMC3912750 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCCs) are a transient, migratory cell population, which originates during neurulation at the neural folds and contributes to the majority of tissues, including the mesenchymal structures of the craniofacial skeleton. The deregulation of the complex developmental processes that guide migration, proliferation, and differentiation of NCCs may result in a wide range of pathological conditions grouped together as neurocristopathies. Recently, due to their multipotent properties neural crest stem cells have received considerable attention as a possible source for stem cell based regenerative therapies. This exciting prospect underlines the need to further explore the developmental programs that guide NCC differentiation. This review explores the particular importance of ribosome biogenesis defects in this context since a specific interface between ribosomopathies and neurocristopathies exists as evidenced by disorders such as Treacher-Collins-Franceschetti syndrome (TCS) and Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Ross
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Konstantinos S Zarbalis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis Sacramento, CA, USA
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14
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Lleras-Forero L, Tambalo M, Christophorou N, Chambers D, Houart C, Streit A. Neuropeptides: developmental signals in placode progenitor formation. Dev Cell 2013; 26:195-203. [PMID: 23906067 PMCID: PMC3748341 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Few families of signaling factors have been implicated in the control of development. Here, we identify the neuropeptides nociceptin and somatostatin, a neurotransmitter and neuroendocrine hormone, as a class of developmental signals in both chick and zebrafish. We show that signals from the anterior mesendoderm are required for the formation of anterior placode progenitors, with one of the signals being somatostatin. Somatostatin controls ectodermal expression of nociceptin, and both peptides regulate Pax6 in lens and olfactory progenitors. Consequently, loss of somatostatin and nociceptin signaling leads to severe reduction of lens formation. Our findings not only uncover these neuropeptides as developmental signals but also identify a long-sought-after mechanism that initiates Pax6 in placode progenitors and may explain the ancient evolutionary origin of neuropeptides, predating a complex nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lleras-Forero
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King’s College London, Guy’s Tower Wing, Floor 27, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Monica Tambalo
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King’s College London, Guy’s Tower Wing, Floor 27, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Nicolas Christophorou
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King’s College London, Guy’s Tower Wing, Floor 27, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - David Chambers
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King’s College London, New Hunts House, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Corinne Houart
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King’s College London, New Hunts House, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Andrea Streit
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King’s College London, Guy’s Tower Wing, Floor 27, London SE1 9RT, UK
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15
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Chatzi C, Cunningham TJ, Duester G. Investigation of retinoic acid function during embryonic brain development using retinaldehyde-rescued Rdh10 knockout mice. Dev Dyn 2013; 242:1056-65. [PMID: 23765990 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoic acid (RA) signaling controls patterning and neuronal differentiation within the hindbrain, but forebrain RA function remains controversial. RA is produced from metabolism of retinol to retinaldehyde by retinol dehydrogenase (RDH), followed by metabolism of retinaldehyde to RA by retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (RALDH). Previous studies on Raldh2-/- and Raldh3-/- mice demonstrated an RA requirement for γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic and dopaminergic differentiation in forebrain basal ganglia, but no RA requirement was observed during early forebrain patterning or subsequent forebrain cortical expansion. However, other studies suggested that RA controls forebrain patterning, and analysis of ethylnitrosourea-induced Rdh10 mutants suggested that RA synthesized in the meninges stimulates forebrain cortical expansion. RESULTS We generated Rdh10-/- mouse embryos that lack RA activity early in the head and later in the meninges. We observed defects in hindbrain patterning and eye RA signaling, but early forebrain patterning was unaffected. Retinaldehyde treatment of Rdh10-/- embryos from E7-E9 rescues a cranial skeletal defect, resulting in E14.5 embryos lacking meningeal RA activity but maintaining normal forebrain shape and cortical expansion. CONCLUSIONS Rdh10-/- embryos demonstrate that RA controls hindbrain but not early forebrain patterning, while studies on retinaldehyde-rescued Rdh10-/- embryos show that meningeal RA synthesis is unnecessary to stimulate forebrain cortical expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Chatzi
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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16
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Paschaki M, Cammas L, Muta Y, Matsuoka Y, Mak SS, Rataj-Baniowska M, Fraulob V, Dollé P, Ladher RK. Retinoic acid regulates olfactory progenitor cell fate and differentiation. Neural Dev 2013; 8:13. [PMID: 23829703 PMCID: PMC3717070 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-8-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to fulfill their chemosensory function, olfactory neurons are in direct contact with the external environment and are therefore exposed to environmental aggressive factors. Olfaction is maintained through life because, unlike for other sensory neuroepithelia, olfactory neurons have a unique capacity to regenerate after trauma. The mechanisms that control the ontogenesis and regenerative ability of these neurons are not fully understood. Here, we used various experimental approaches in two model systems (chick and mouse) to assess the contribution of retinoic acid signaling in the induction of the olfactory epithelium, the generation and maintenance of progenitor populations, and the ontogenesis and differentiation of olfactory neurons. RESULTS We show that retinoic acid signaling, although dispensable for initial induction of the olfactory placode, plays a key role in neurogenesis within this neuroepithelium. Retinoic acid depletion in the olfactory epithelium, both in chick and mouse models, results in a failure of progenitor cell maintenance and, consequently, differentiation of olfactory neurons is not sustained. Using an explant system, we further show that renewal of olfactory neurons is hindered if the olfactory epithelium is unable to synthesize retinoic acid. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that retinoic acid is not a simple placodal inductive signal, but rather controls olfactory neuronal production by regulating the fate of olfactory progenitor cells. Retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 3 (RALDH3) is the key enzyme required to generate retinoic acid within the olfactory epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Paschaki
- Laboratory for Sensory Development, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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17
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Andoniadou CL, Martinez-Barbera JP. Developmental mechanisms directing early anterior forebrain specification in vertebrates. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:3739-52. [PMID: 23397132 PMCID: PMC3781296 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1269-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Research from the last 15 years has provided a working model for how the anterior forebrain is induced and specified during the early stages of embryogenesis. This model relies on three basic processes: (1) induction of the neural plate from naive ectoderm requires the inhibition of BMP/TGFβ signaling; (2) induced neural tissue initially acquires an anterior identity (i.e., anterior forebrain); (3) maintenance and expansion of the anterior forebrain depends on the antagonism of posteriorizing signals that would otherwise transform this tissue into posterior neural fates. In this review, we present a historical perspective examining some of the significant experiments that have helped to delineate this molecular model. In addition, we discuss the function of the relevant tissues that act prior to and during gastrulation to ensure proper anterior forebrain formation. Finally, we elaborate data, mainly obtained from the analyses of mouse mutants, supporting a role for transcriptional repressors in the regulation of cell competence within the anterior forebrain. The aim of this review is to provide the reader with a general overview of the signals as well as the signaling centers that control the development of the anterior neural plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Lilian Andoniadou
- Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
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18
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Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is a vitamin A-derived, non-peptidic, small lipophilic molecule that acts as ligand for nuclear RA receptors (RARs), converting them from transcriptional repressors to activators. The distribution and levels of RA in embryonic tissues are tightly controlled by regulated synthesis through the action of specific retinol and retinaldehyde dehydrogenases and by degradation via specific cytochrome P450s (CYP26s). Recent studies indicate that RA action involves an interplay between diffusion (morphogen-like) gradients and the establishment of signalling boundaries due to RA metabolism, thereby allowing RA to finely control the differentiation and patterning of various stem/progenitor cell populations. Here, we provide an overview of the RA biosynthesis, degradation and signalling pathways and review the main functions of this molecule during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Rhinn
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.
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19
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Stuhlmiller TJ, García-Castro MI. Current perspectives of the signaling pathways directing neural crest induction. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:3715-37. [PMID: 22547091 PMCID: PMC3478512 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-0991-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The neural crest is a migratory population of embryonic cells with a tremendous potential to differentiate and contribute to nearly every organ system in the adult body. Over the past two decades, an incredible amount of research has given us a reasonable understanding of how these cells are generated. Neural crest induction involves the combinatorial input of multiple signaling pathways and transcription factors, and is thought to occur in two phases from gastrulation to neurulation. In the first phase, FGF and Wnt signaling induce NC progenitors at the border of the neural plate, activating the expression of members of the Msx, Pax, and Zic families, among others. In the second phase, BMP, Wnt, and Notch signaling maintain these progenitors and bring about the expression of definitive NC markers including Snail2, FoxD3, and Sox9/10. In recent years, additional signaling molecules and modulators of these pathways have been uncovered, creating an increasingly complex regulatory network. In this work, we provide a comprehensive review of the major signaling pathways that participate in neural crest induction, with a focus on recent developments and current perspectives. We provide a simplified model of early neural crest development and stress similarities and differences between four major model organisms: Xenopus, chick, zebrafish, and mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Stuhlmiller
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8103, USA
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20
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Goulburn AL, Alden D, Davis RP, Micallef SJ, Ng ES, Yu QC, Lim SM, Soh CL, Elliott DA, Hatzistavrou T, Bourke J, Watmuff B, Lang RJ, Haynes JM, Pouton CW, Giudice A, Trounson AO, Anderson SA, Stanley EG, Elefanty AG. A targeted NKX2.1 human embryonic stem cell reporter line enables identification of human basal forebrain derivatives. Stem Cells 2011; 29:462-73. [PMID: 21425409 DOI: 10.1002/stem.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We have used homologous recombination in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to insert sequences encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) into the NKX2.1 locus, a gene required for normal development of the basal forebrain. Generation of NKX2.1-GFP(+) cells was dependent on the concentration, timing, and duration of retinoic acid treatment during differentiation. NKX2.1-GFP(+) progenitors expressed genes characteristic of the basal forebrain, including SHH, DLX1, LHX6, and OLIG2. Time course analysis revealed that NKX2.1-GFP(+) cells could upregulate FOXG1 expression, implying the existence of a novel pathway for the generation of telencephalic neural derivatives. Further maturation of NKX2.1-GFP(+) cells gave rise to γ-aminobutyric acid-, tyrosine hydroxylase-, and somatostatin-expressing neurons as well as to platelet-derived growth factor receptor α-positive oligodendrocyte precursors. These studies highlight the diversity of cell types that can be generated from human NKX2.1(+) progenitors and demonstrate the utility of NKX2.1(GFP/w) hESCs for investigating human forebrain development and neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Goulburn
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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21
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Gongal PA, March LD, Holly VL, Pillay LM, Berry-Wynne KM, Kagechika H, Waskiewicz AJ. Hmx4 regulates Sonic hedgehog signaling through control of retinoic acid synthesis during forebrain patterning. Dev Biol 2011; 355:55-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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22
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Clagett-Dame M, Knutson D. Vitamin A in reproduction and development. Nutrients 2011; 3:385-428. [PMID: 22254103 PMCID: PMC3257687 DOI: 10.3390/nu3040385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The requirement for vitamin A in reproduction was first recognized in the early 1900's, and its importance in the eyes of developing embryos was realized shortly after. A greater understanding of the large number of developmental processes that require vitamin A emerged first from nutritional deficiency studies in rat embryos, and later from genetic studies in mice. It is now generally believed that all-trans retinoic acid (RA) is the form of vitamin A that supports both male and female reproduction as well as embryonic development. This conclusion is based on the ability to reverse most reproductive and developmental blocks found in vitamin A deficiency induced either by nutritional or genetic means with RA, and the ability to recapitulate the majority of embryonic defects in retinoic acid receptor compound null mutants. The activity of the catabolic CYP26 enzymes in determining what tissues have access to RA has emerged as a key regulatory mechanism, and helps to explain why exogenous RA can rescue many vitamin A deficiency defects. In severely vitamin A-deficient (VAD) female rats, reproduction fails prior to implantation, whereas in VAD pregnant rats given small amounts of carotene or supported on limiting quantities of RA early in organogenesis, embryos form but show a collection of defects called the vitamin A deficiency syndrome or late vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is also essential for the maintenance of the male genital tract and spermatogenesis. Recent studies show that vitamin A participates in a signaling mechanism to initiate meiosis in the female gonad during embryogenesis, and in the male gonad postnatally. Both nutritional and genetic approaches are being used to elucidate the vitamin A-dependent pathways upon which these processes depend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Clagett-Dame
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Danielle Knutson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
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23
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Gongal PA, French CR, Waskiewicz AJ. Aberrant forebrain signaling during early development underlies the generation of holoprosencephaly and coloboma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1812:390-401. [PMID: 20850526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we highlight recent literature concerning the signaling mechanisms underlying the development of two neural birth defects, holoprosencephaly and coloboma. Holoprosencephaly, the most common forebrain defect, occurs when the cerebral hemispheres fail to separate and is typically associated with mispatterning of embryonic midline tissue. Coloboma results when the choroid fissure in the eye fails to close. It is clear that Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling regulates both forebrain and eye development, with defects in Shh, or components of the Shh signaling cascade leading to the generation of both birth defects. In addition, other intercellular signaling pathways are known factors in the incidence of holoprosencephaly and coloboma. This review will outline recent advances in our understanding of forebrain and eye embryonic pattern formation, with a focus on zebrafish studies of Shh and retinoic acid pathways. Given the clear overlap in the mechanisms that generate both diseases, we propose that holoprosencephaly and coloboma can represent mild and severe aspects of single phenotypic spectrum resulting from aberrant forebrain development. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Zebrafish Models of Neurological Diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Gongal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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24
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Bayha E, Jørgensen MC, Serup P, Grapin-Botton A. Retinoic acid signaling organizes endodermal organ specification along the entire antero-posterior axis. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5845. [PMID: 19516907 PMCID: PMC2690404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoderm organ primordia become specified between gastrulation and gut tube folding in Amniotes. Although the requirement for RA signaling for the development of a few individual endoderm organs has been established a systematic assessment of its activity along the entire antero-posterior axis has not been performed in this germ layer. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS RA is synthesized from gastrulation to somitogenesis in the mesoderm that is close to the developing gut tube. In the branchial arch region specific levels of RA signaling control organ boundaries. The most anterior endoderm forming the thyroid gland is specified in the absence of RA signaling. Increasing RA in anterior branchial arches results in thyroid primordium repression and the induction of more posterior markers such as branchial arch Hox genes. Conversely reducing RA signaling shifts Hox genes posteriorly in endoderm. These results imply that RA acts as a caudalizing factor in a graded manner in pharyngeal endoderm. Posterior foregut and midgut organ primordia also require RA, but exposing endoderm to additional RA is not sufficient to expand these primordia anteriorly. We show that in chick, in contrast to non-Amniotes, RA signaling is not only necessary during gastrulation, but also throughout gut tube folding during somitogenesis. Our results show that the induction of CdxA, a midgut marker, and pancreas induction require direct RA signaling in endoderm. Moreover, communication between CdxA(+) cells is necessary to maintain CdxA expression, therefore synchronizing the cells of the midgut primordium. We further show that the RA pathway acts synergistically with FGF4 in endoderm patterning rather than mediating FGF4 activity. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our work establishes that retinoic acid (RA) signaling coordinates the position of different endoderm organs along the antero-posterior axis in chick embryos and could serve as a basis for the differentiation of specific endodermal organs from ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Bayha
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mette C. Jørgensen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Hagedorn Research Institute, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Palle Serup
- Department of Developmental Biology, Hagedorn Research Institute, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Anne Grapin-Botton
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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25
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Hoch RV, Rubenstein JL, Pleasure S. Genes and signaling events that establish regional patterning of the mammalian forebrain. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2009; 20:378-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Revised: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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26
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Sánchez-Guardado LÓ, Ferran JL, Mijares J, Puelles L, Rodríguez-Gallardo L, Hidalgo-Sánchez M. Raldh3gene expression pattern in the developing chicken inner ear. J Comp Neurol 2009; 514:49-65. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.21984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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27
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Maclean G, Dollé P, Petkovich M. Genetic disruption of CYP26B1 severely affects development of neural crest derived head structures, but does not compromise hindbrain patterning. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:732-45. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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28
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Koop D, Holland LZ. The basal chordate amphioxus as a simple model for elucidating developmental mechanisms in vertebrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 84:175-87. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Niederreither K, Dollé P. Retinoic acid in development: towards an integrated view. Nat Rev Genet 2008; 9:541-53. [PMID: 18542081 DOI: 10.1038/nrg2340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 520] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) has complex and pleiotropic functions during vertebrate development. Recent work in several species has increased our understanding of the roles of RA as a signalling molecule. These functions rely on a tight control of RA distribution within embryonic tissues through the combined action of synthesizing and metabolizing enzymes, possibly leading to diffusion gradients. Also important is the switching of nuclear receptors from a transcriptionally repressing state to an activating state. In addition, cross-talk with other key embryonic signals, especially fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and sonic hedgehog (SHH), is being uncovered. Some of these functions could be maintained throughout the life of an organism to regulate cell-lineage decisions and/or the differentiation of stem cell populations, highlighting possibilities for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Niederreither
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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30
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Zhang D, Zeldin DC, Blackshear PJ. Regulatory factor X4 variant 3: a transcription factor involved in brain development and disease. J Neurosci Res 2008; 85:3515-22. [PMID: 17510980 PMCID: PMC2367213 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory factor X4 variant 3 (RFX4_v3) is a recently identified transcription factor specifically expressed in the brain. Gene disruption in mice demonstrated that interruption of a single allele (heterozygous, +/-) prevented formation of the subcommissural organ (SCO), resulting in congenital hydrocephalus, whereas interruption of two alleles (homozygous, -/-) caused fatal failure of dorsal midline brain structure formation. These mutagenesis studies implicated RFX4_v3 in early brain development as well as the genesis of the SCO. Rfx4_v3 deficiency presumably causes abnormalities in brain by altering the expression levels of many genes that are crucial for brain morphogenesis, such as the signaling components in the Wnt, bone morphogenetic protein, and retinoic acid pathways. RFX4_v3 might affect these critical signaling pathways in brain development. Cx3cl1, a chemokine gene highly expressed in brain, was identified as a direct target for RFX4_v3, indicating that RFX4_v3 possesses trans-acting activity to stimulate gene expression. Rfx4_v3 is highly expressed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and might be involved in regulating the circadian clock. One haplotype in RFX4_v3 gene is linked to a higher risk of bipolar disorder, suggesting that this protein might contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. This Mini-Review describes our current knowledge about RFX4_v3, an important protein that appears to be involved in many aspects of brain development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Zhang
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Darryl C. Zeldin
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- Office of Clinical Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Perry J. Blackshear
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- Office of Clinical Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- *Correspondence to: Dr. Perry J. Blackshear, A2-05 NIEHS, 111 Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. E-mail:
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Rajaii F, Bitzer ZT, Xu Q, Sockanathan S. Expression of the dominant negative retinoid receptor, RAR403, alters telencephalic progenitor proliferation, survival, and cell fate specification. Dev Biol 2008; 316:371-82. [PMID: 18329011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Revised: 01/26/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) signaling plays critical roles in diverse cellular processes during nervous system development. In mouse models, the roles for RA signals in telencephalic development remain unclear, partly because of the ambiguity of RA telencephalic sources after E8.75. Here, we have developed a genetic approach that utilizes Cre-lox technology to conditionally express a potent dominant negative retinoid receptor, RAR403, in vivo. This approach blocks RA signaling pathways at the receptor level, enabling the disruption of RA signals in contexts in which the RA source is unknown. RAR403 expression throughout the developing telencephalon causes pronounced hypoplasia resulting from defective proliferation in dorsal telencephalic progenitors and extensive cell death. Furthermore, Nkx2.1(+) progenitors in the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) are misspecified such that they acquire a subset of lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE)-specific properties at the expense of MGE fates. This genetic approach reveals new roles for RA signaling in telencephalic proliferation, survival and fate specification, and underscores its utility in investigating the function of retinoid signaling pathways throughout peri- and postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Rajaii
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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32
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Gongal PA, Waskiewicz AJ. Zebrafish model of holoprosencephaly demonstrates a key role for TGIF in regulating retinoic acid metabolism. Hum Mol Genet 2007; 17:525-38. [PMID: 17998248 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddm328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is the most common human congenital forebrain defect, affecting specification of forebrain tissue and subsequent division of the cerebral hemispheres. The causes of HPE are multivariate and heterogeneous, and include exposure to teratogens, such as retinoic acid (RA), and mutations in forebrain patterning genes. Many of the defects in HPE patients resemble animal models with aberrant RA levels, which also show severe forebrain abnormalities. RA plays an important role in early neural patterning of the vertebrate embryo: expression of RA-synthesizing enzymes initiates high RA levels in the trunk, which are required for proper anterior-posterior patterning of the hindbrain and spinal cord. In the forebrain and midbrain, RA-degrading enzymes are expressed, protecting these regions from the effects of RA. However, the mechanisms that regulate RA-synthesizing and RA-degrading enzymes are poorly understood. Mutations in the gene TGIF are associated with incidence of HPE. We demonstrate in zebrafish that Tgif plays a key role in regulating RA signaling, and is essential to properly pattern the forebrain. Tgif is necessary for normal initiation of genes that control RA synthesis and degradation, resulting in defects in RA-dependent central nervous system patterning in Tgif-depleted embryos. The loss of the forebrain-specific RA-degrading enzyme cyp26a1 causes a forebrain phenotype that mimics tgif morphants. We propose a model in which Tgif controls forebrain patterning by regulating RA degradation. The consequences of abnormal RA levels for forebrain patterning are profound, and imply that in human patients with TGIF deficiencies, increased forebrain RA levels contribute to the development of HPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Gongal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Etchevers HC, Amiel J, Lyonnet S. Molecular bases of human neurocristopathies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 589:213-34. [PMID: 17076285 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-46954-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather C Etchevers
- Département de Génétique Médicale, INSERM U393, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris 15, France.
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Halilagic A, Ribes V, Ghyselinck NB, Zile MH, Dollé P, Studer M. Retinoids control anterior and dorsal properties in the developing forebrain. Dev Biol 2007; 303:362-75. [PMID: 17184764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Revised: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that retinoic acid (RA) synthesized by the retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (RALDH2) is required in forebrain development. Deficiency in RA due to inactivation of the mouse Raldh2 gene or to complete absence of retinoids in vitamin-A-deficient (VAD) quails, leads to abnormal morphogenesis of various forebrain derivatives. In this study we show that double Raldh2/Raldh3 mouse mutants have a more severe phenotype in the craniofacial region than single null mutants. In particular, the nasal processes are truncated and the eye abnormalities are exacerbated. It has been previously shown that retinoids act mainly on cell proliferation and survival in the ventral forebrain by regulating SHH and FGF8 signaling. Using the VAD quail model, which survives longer than the Raldh-deficient mouse embryos, we found that retinoids act in maintaining the correct position of anterior and dorsal boundaries in the forebrain by modulating FGF8 anteriorly and WNT signaling dorsally. Furthermore, BMP4 and FGF8 signaling are affected in the nasal region and BMP4 is ventrally expanded in the optic vesicle. At the optic cup stage, Pax6, Tbx5 and Bmp4 are ectopically expressed in the presumptive retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE), while Otx2 and Mitf are not induced, leading to a dorsal transdifferentiation of RPE to neural retina. Therefore, besides being required for survival of ventral structures, retinoids are involved in restricting anterior identity in the telencephalon and dorsal identity in the diencephalon and the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Halilagic
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
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Ribes V, Fraulob V, Petkovich M, Dollé P. The oxidizing enzyme CYP26a1 tightly regulates the availability of retinoic acid in the gastrulating mouse embryo to ensure proper head development and vasculogenesis. Dev Dyn 2007; 236:644-53. [PMID: 17211890 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) has been implicated as one of the signals providing a posterior character to the developing vertebrate central nervous system. Embryonic RA first appears in the posterior region of the gastrulating embryo up to the node level, where it may signal within the adjacent epiblast and/or newly induced neural plate to induce a hindbrain and spinal cord fate. Conversely, rostral head development requires forebrain-inducing signals produced by the anterior visceral endoderm and/or prechordal mesoderm, and there is evidence that RA receptors must be in an unliganded state to ensure proper head development. As RA is a diffusible lipophilic molecule, some mechanism(s) must therefore have evolved to prevent activation of RA targets in anterior regions of the embryo. This might result from RA catabolism mediated by the CYP26A1 oxidizing enzyme, which is transiently expressed in anteriormost embryonic tissues; however, previous analysis of Cyp26a1(-/-) mouse mutants did not clearly support this hypothesis. Here we show that Cyp26a1(-/-) null mutants undergo head truncations when exposed to maternally-derived RA, at doses that do not affect wild-type head development. These anomalies are linked to a widespread ectopic RA signaling activity in rostral head tissues of CYP26A1-deficient embryos. Thus, CYP26A1 is required in the anterior region of the gastrulating mouse embryo to prevent teratological effects that may result from RA signaling. We also report a novel role of CYP26A1 during early development of the intra- and extra-embryonic vascular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Ribes
- IGBMC, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, BP 10142, Illkirch, France
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Depew MJ, Simpson CA. 21st century neontology and the comparative development of the vertebrate skull. Dev Dyn 2006; 235:1256-91. [PMID: 16598716 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Classic neontology (comparative embryology and anatomy), through the application of the concept of homology, has demonstrated that the development of the gnathostome (jawed vertebrate) skull is characterized both by a fidelity to the gnathostome bauplan and the exquisite elaboration of final structural design. Just as homology is an old concept amended for modern purposes, so are many of the questions regarding the development of the skull. With due deference to Geoffroy-St. Hilaire, Cuvier, Owen, Lankester et al., we are still asking: How are bauplan fidelity and elaboration of design maintained, coordinated, and modified to generate the amazing diversity seen in cranial morphologies? What establishes and maintains pattern in the skull? Are there universal developmental mechanisms underlying gnathostome autapomorphic structural traits? Can we detect and identify the etiologies of heterotopic (change in the topology of a developmental event), heterochronic (change in the timing of a developmental event), and heterofacient (change in the active capacetence, or the elaboration of capacity, of a developmental event) changes in craniofacial development within and between taxa? To address whether jaws are all made in a like manner (and if not, then how not), one needs a starting point for the sake of comparison. To this end, we present here a "hinge and caps" model that places the articulation, and subsequently the polarity and modularity, of the upper and lower jaws in the context of cranial neural crest competence to respond to positionally located epithelial signals. This model expands on an evolving model of polarity within the mandibular arch and seeks to explain a developmental patterning system that apparently keeps gnathostome jaws in functional registration yet tractable to potential changes in functional demands over time. It relies upon a system for the establishment of positional information where pattern and placement of the "hinge" is driven by factors common to the junction of the maxillary and mandibular branches of the first arch and of the "caps" by the signals emanating from the distal-most first arch midline and the lamboidal junction (where the maxillary branch meets the frontonasal processes). In this particular model, the functional registration of jaws is achieved by the integration of "hinge" and "caps" signaling, with the "caps" sharing at some critical level a developmental history that potentiates their own coordination. We examine the evidential foundation for this model in mice, examine the robustness with which it can be applied to other taxa, and examine potential proximate sources of the signaling centers. Lastly, as developmental biologists have long held that the anterior-most mesendoderm (anterior archenteron roof or prechordal plate) is in some way integral to the normal formation of the head, including the cranial skeletal midlines, we review evidence that the seminal patterning influences on the early anterior ectoderm extend well beyond the neural plate and are just as important to establishing pattern within the cephalic ectoderm, in particular for the "caps" that will yield medial signaling centers known to coordinate jaw development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Depew
- Department of Craniofacial Development, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, London, United Kingdom.
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Molotkova N, Molotkov A, Duester G. Role of retinoic acid during forebrain development begins late when Raldh3 generates retinoic acid in the ventral subventricular zone. Dev Biol 2006; 303:601-10. [PMID: 17207476 PMCID: PMC1994967 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2006] [Revised: 11/02/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) synthesized by Raldh3 in the frontonasal surface ectoderm of chick embryos has been suggested to function in early forebrain patterning by regulating Fgf8, Shh, and Meis2 expression. Similar expression of Raldh3 exists in E8.75 mouse embryos, but Raldh2 is also expressed in the optic vesicle at this stage suggesting that both genes may play a role in early forebrain patterning. Furthermore, Raldh3 is expressed later in the forebrain itself (lateral ganglionic eminence; LGE) starting at E12.5, suggesting a later role in forebrain neurogenesis. Here we have analyzed mouse embryos carrying single or double null mutations in Raldh2 and Raldh3 for defects in forebrain development. Raldh2(-/-);Raldh3(-/-) embryos completely lacked RA signaling activity in the early forebrain, but exhibited relatively normal expression of Fgf8, Shh, and Meis2 in the forebrain. Thus, we find no clear requirement for RA in controlling expression of these important forebrain patterning genes, but Raldh3 expression in the frontonasal surface ectoderm was found to be needed for normal Fgf8 expression in the olfactory pit. Our studies revealed that later expression of Raldh3 in the subventricular zone of the LGE is required for RA signaling activity in the ventral forebrain. Importantly, expression of dopamine receptor D2 in E18.5 Raldh3(-/-) embryos was essentially eliminated in the developing nucleus accumbens, a tissue lying close to the source of RA provided by Raldh3. Our results suggest that the role of RA during forebrain development begins late when Raldh3 expression initiates in the ventral subventricular zone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gregg Duester
- * Corresponding author. Fax: +1 858 646 3138. E-mail address: (G. Duester)
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Albazerchi A, Stern CD. A role for the hypoblast (AVE) in the initiation of neural induction, independent of its ability to position the primitive streak. Dev Biol 2006; 301:489-503. [PMID: 17010966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2006] [Revised: 07/29/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The mouse anterior visceral endoderm (AVE) has been implicated in embryonic polarity: it helps to position the primitive streak and some have suggested that it might act as a "head organizer", inducing forebrain directly. Here we explore the role of the hypoblast (the chick equivalent of the AVE) in the early steps of neural induction and patterning. We report that the hypoblast can induce a set of very early markers that are later expressed in the nervous system and in the forebrain, but only transiently. Different combinations of signals are responsible for different aspects of this early transient induction: FGF initiates expression of Sox3 and ERNI, retinoic acid can induce Cyp26A1 and only a combination of low levels of FGF8 together with Wnt- and BMP-antagonists can induce Otx2. BMP- and Wnt-antagonists and retinoic acid, in different combinations, can maintain the otherwise transient induction of these markers. However, neither the hypoblast nor any of these factors or combinations thereof can induce the definitive neural marker Sox2 or the formation of a mature neural plate or a forebrain, suggesting that the hypoblast is not a head organizer and that other signals remain to be identified. Interestingly, FGF and retinoids, generally considered as caudalizing factors, are shown here to play a role in the induction of a transient "pre-neural/pre-forebrain" state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Albazerchi
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Puppin C, Puglisi F, Pellizzari L, Manfioletti G, Pestrin M, Pandolfi M, Piga A, Di Loreto C, Damante G. HEX expression and localization in normal mammary gland and breast carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2006; 6:192. [PMID: 16854221 PMCID: PMC1550255 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-6-192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The homeobox gene HEX is expressed in several cell types during different phases of animal development. It encodes for a protein localized in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. During early mouse development, HEX is expressed in the primitive endoderm of blastocyst. Later, HEX is expressed in developing thyroid, liver, lung, as well as in haematopoietic progenitors and endothelial cells. Absence of nuclear expression has been observed during neoplastic transformation of the thyroid follicular cells. Aim of the present study was to evaluate the localization and the function of the protein HEX in normal and tumoral breast tissues and in breast cancer cell lines. Methods HEX expression and nuclear localization were investigated by immunohistochemistry in normal and cancerous breast tissue, as well as in breast cancer cell lines. HEX mRNA levels were evaluated by real-time PCR. Effects of HEX expression on Sodium Iodide Symporter (NIS) gene promoter activity was investigated by HeLa cell transfection. Results In normal breast HEX was detected both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm. In both ductal and lobular breast carcinomas, a great reduction of nuclear HEX was observed. In several cells from normal breast tissue as well as in MCF-7 and T47D cell line, HEX was observed in the nucleolus. MCF-7 treatment with all-trans retinoic acid enhanced HEX expression and induced a diffuse nuclear localization. Enhanced HEX expression and diffuse nuclear localization were also obtained when MCF-7 cells were treated with inhibitors of histone deacetylases such as sodium butyrate and trichostatin A. With respect to normal non-lactating breast, the amount of nuclear HEX was greatly increased in lactating tissue. Transfection experiments demonstrated that HEX is able to up-regulate the activity of NIS promoter. Conclusion Our data indicate that localization of HEX is regulated in epithelial breast cells. Since modification of localization occurs during lactation and tumorigenesis, we suggest that HEX may play a role in differentiation of the epithelial breast cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Puppin
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Università di Udine, Italy
| | - Fabio Puglisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Morfologiche, Università di Udine, Italy
- Associazione Ricerca Traslazionale In Senologia
| | - Lucia Pellizzari
- Istituto di Genetica del Policlinico Universitario, Università di Udine, Italy
| | - Guidalberto Manfioletti
- Dipartimento di Biofisica, Biochimica e Chimica delle Macromolecole, Università di Trieste, Italy
| | - Marta Pestrin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Morfologiche, Università di Udine, Italy
| | - Maura Pandolfi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Morfologiche, Università di Udine, Italy
| | - Andrea Piga
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Morfologiche, Università di Udine, Italy
| | - Carla Di Loreto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Morfologiche, Università di Udine, Italy
- Associazione Ricerca Traslazionale In Senologia
| | - Giuseppe Damante
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Università di Udine, Italy
- Associazione Ricerca Traslazionale In Senologia
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Ribes V, Wang Z, Dollé P, Niederreither K. Retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (RALDH2)-mediated retinoic acid synthesis regulates early mouse embryonic forebrain development by controlling FGF and sonic hedgehog signaling. Development 2006; 133:351-61. [PMID: 16368932 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although retinoic acid (RA) has been implicated as one of the diffusible signals regulating forebrain development, patterning of the forebrain has not been analyzed in detail in knockout mouse mutants deficient in embryonic RA synthesis. We show that the retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (RALDH2) enzyme is responsible for RA synthesis in the mouse craniofacial region and forebrain between the 8- and 15-somite stages. Raldh2-/- knockout embryos exhibit defective morphogenesis of various forebrain derivatives, including the ventral diencephalon, the optic and telencephalic vesicles. These defects are preceded by regionally decreased cell proliferation in the neuroepithelium, correlating with abnormally low D-cyclin gene expression. Increases in cell death also contribute to the morphological deficiencies at later stages. Molecular analyses reveal abnormally low levels of FGF signaling in the craniofacial region, and impaired sonic hedgehog signaling in the ventral diencephalon. Expression levels of several regulators of diencephalic, telencephalic and optic development therefore cannot be maintained. These results unveil crucial roles of RA during early mouse forebrain development, which may involve the regulation of the expansion of neural progenitor cells through a crosstalk with FGF and sonic hedgehog signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Ribes
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, INSERM, Université Louis Pasteur, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, CU de Strasbourg, France
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Zhang X, Cai J, Klueber KM, Guo Z, Lu C, Winstead WI, Qiu M, Roisen FJ. Role of Transcription Factors in Motoneuron Differentiation of Adult Human Olfactory Neuroepithelial-Derived Progenitors. Stem Cells 2006; 24:434-42. [PMID: 16141360 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2005-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurosphereforming cell (NSFC) lines have been established from cultures of human adult olfactory neuroepithelium. Few of these cells ever express mature neuronal or glial markers in minimal essential medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum or defined medium. However, these neural progenitors have the potential to differentiate along glial or neuronal lineages. To evaluate the potential of NSFCs to form motoneurons, transcription factors Olig2, Ngn2, and HB9 were introduced into NSFCs to determine if their expression is sufficient for motoneuron specification and differentiation, as has been shown in the early development of the avian and murine central nervous systems in vivo. NSFCs transfected with Olig2, Ngn2, and HB9 alone exhibited no phenotypic lineage restriction. In contrast, simultaneous transfection of Ngn2 and HB9 cDNA increased the expression of Isl1/2, a motoneuron marker, when the cells were maintained in medium supplemented with retinoic acid, forskolin, and sonic hedgehog. Furthermore, a population of Olig2-expressing NSFCs also expressed Ngn2. Cotransfection of NSFCs with Olig2 and HB9, but not Olig2 and Ngn2, increased Isl1/2 expression. Coculture of NSFCs trans-fected with Ngn2-HB92 or Olig2 and HB9 with purified chicken skeletal muscle demonstrated frequent contacts that resembled neuromuscular junctions. These studies demonstrate that transcription factors governing the early development of chick and mouse motoneuron formation are able to drive human adult olfactory neuroepithelial progenitors to differentiate into motoneurons in vitro. Our long-term goal is to develop cell populations for future studies of the therapeutic utility of these olfactory-derived NSFCs for autologous cell replacement strategies for central nervous system trauma and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, KY 40202, USA
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Molecular mediators of retinoic acid signaling during development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1574-3349(06)16004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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Yelin R, Schyr RBH, Kot H, Zins S, Frumkin A, Pillemer G, Fainsod A. Ethanol exposure affects gene expression in the embryonic organizer and reduces retinoic acid levels. Dev Biol 2005; 279:193-204. [PMID: 15708568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2004] [Revised: 11/17/2004] [Accepted: 12/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is a set of developmental malformations caused by alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), the strongest manifestation of FASD, results in short stature, microcephally and facial dysmorphogenesis including microphthalmia. Using Xenopus embryos as a model developmental system, we show that ethanol exposure recapitulates many aspects of FAS, including a shortened rostro-caudal axis, microcephally and microphthalmia. Temporal analysis revealed that Xenopus embryos are most sensitive to ethanol exposure between late blastula and early/mid gastrula stages. This window of sensitivity overlaps with the formation and early function of the embryonic organizer, Spemann's organizer. Molecular analysis revealed that ethanol exposure of embryos induces changes in the domains and levels of organizer-specific gene expression, identifying Spemann's organizer as an early target of ethanol. Ethanol also induces a defect in convergent extension movements that delays gastrulation movements and may affect the overall length. We show that mechanistically, ethanol is antagonistic to retinol (Vitamin A) and retinal conversion to retinoic acid, and that the organizer is active in retinoic acid signaling during early gastrulation. The model suggests that FASD is induced in part by an ethanol-dependent reduction in retinoic acid levels that are necessary for the normal function of Spemann's organizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Yelin
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, POB 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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Merrill RA, See AWM, Wertheim ML, Clagett-Dame M. Crk-associated substrate (Cas) family member, NEDD9, is regulated in human neuroblastoma cells and in the embryonic hindbrain by all-trans retinoic acid. Dev Dyn 2005; 231:564-75. [PMID: 15376324 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The vitamin A metabolite, all-trans retinoic acid (atRA), plays an essential role in vertebrate embryogenesis, including development of the nervous system. In the human neuroblastoma cell line, SH-SY5Y, atRA rapidly induces (within 4 hr) the expression of the Crk-associated substrate (Cas) family member, neural precursor cell-expressed, developmentally down-regulated gene 9 (NEDD9) also called the human enhancer of filamentation (HEF1). NEDD9 is expressed in the developing hindbrain (5-somite stage) in the presumptive rhombomeres 2, 3, and 5 before the onset of overt segmentation. Exposure of rat embryos to excess atRA at times ranging from E9.25 to E12 leads to altered NEDD9 expression in the developing hindbrain within 6 hr. NEDD9 expression is also perturbed in vitamin A-deficient embryos. A putative retinoic acid response element in the 5' region of the NEDD9 promoter binds specifically to a RXR/RAR heterodimer and forms a higher molecular weight complex upon addition of a retinoic acid receptor-specific antibody. Regulation of NEDD9 may be an important means whereby atRA promotes cell spreading and neurite outgrowth in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells, and NEDD9 represents a new downstream target of atRA and its receptors in the developing hindbrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald A Merrill
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Marklund M, Sjödal M, Beehler BC, Jessell TM, Edlund T, Gunhaga L. Retinoic acid signalling specifies intermediate character in the developing telencephalon. Development 2004; 131:4323-32. [PMID: 15294870 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The organisation of the telencephalon into its major structures depends on its early regionalisation along the dorsoventral axis. Previous studies have provided evidence that sonic hedgehog (SHH) is required for the generation of telencephalic cells of ventral character, and that sequential WNT and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling specifies cells of dorsal telencephalic character. However, the signalling mechanisms that specify telencephalic cells of an intermediate character remain to be defined. We provide evidence here that retinoic acid has a crucial role in specifying telencephalic progenitor cells of intermediate character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Marklund
- Umeå Center for Molecular Medicine, Building 6M, 4th floor, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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Zile MH. Vitamin a requirement for early cardiovascular morphogenesis specification in the vertebrate embryo: insights from the avian embryo. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2004; 229:598-606. [PMID: 15229353 DOI: 10.1177/153537020422900703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A is required throughout the life cycle, including crucial stages of embryonic and fetal development. With the identification of retinoic acid-specific nuclear transcription factors, the retinoid receptors, considerable advances have been made in understanding the molecular function of vitamin A. The requirement for vitamin A during early embryogenesis has successfully been examined in the vitamin A-deficient avian embryo during neurulation, when in the vertebrates crucial developmental decisions take place. These studies revealed that retinoic acid is essential during these early stages of embryogenesis for the initiation of organogenesis (i.e., formation of the heart). If retinoic acid is not present at this time, abnormal development ensues, leading to early embryonic death. Though the initial insult of the absence of vitamin A appears to be on the specification of cardiovascular tissues, subsequently all development is adversely affected and the embryo dies. Molecular and functional studies revealed that retinoic acid regulates the expression of the cardiogenic transcription factor GATA-4 and several heart asymmetry genes, which explains why the heart position is random in vitamin A-deficient quail embryos. During the crucial retinoic acid-requiring developmental window, retinoic acid transduces its signals to genes for heart morphogenesis via the receptors RARalpha2, RARgamma, and RXRalpha. Elucidation of the function of vitamin A during early embryonic development may lead to a better understanding of the cardiovascular birth defects prevalent in the Western world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija H Zile
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, 234 G.M. Trout Bldg., East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Romeih M, Cui J, Michaille JJ, Jiang W, Zile MH. Function of RARgamma and RARalpha2 at the initiation of retinoid signaling is essential for avian embryo survival and for distinct events in cardiac morphogenesis. Dev Dyn 2003; 228:697-708. [PMID: 14648846 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.10419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian embryogenesis requires retinoid receptor activation by the vitamin A active form, retinoic acid (RA), during neurulation. We conducted loss-of-function analysis in quail embryos by nutritional deprivation of RA and by blocking generation of retinoid receptors. Here we identify a distinct role for RARalpha2 in cardiac inflow tract morphogenesis and for RARgamma in cardiac left/right orientation and looping morphogenesis. Blocking normal embryos with antisense oligonucleotides to RARalpha2 or RXRalpha diminishes GATA-4 transcripts, while blocking RARgamma or RXRalpha diminishes nodal and Pitx2 transcripts; the expression of these genes in the heart forming region resembles that of the vitamin A-deficient embryo. Blocking the function of RARgamma, RARalpha2, and RXRalpha recapitulates the complete vitamin A-deficient phenotype. RARgamma is the most potent mediator of the retinoid signal at this time of development. Our studies provide strong evidence that critical RA-requiring developmental events in the early avian embryo are regulated by means of distinct retinoid receptor signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Romeih
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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Hochgreb T, Linhares VL, Menezes DC, Sampaio AC, Yan CYI, Cardoso WV, Rosenthal N, Xavier-Neto J. A caudorostral wave of RALDH2 conveys anteroposterior information to the cardiac field. Development 2003; 130:5363-74. [PMID: 13129847 DOI: 10.1242/dev.00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Establishment of anteroposterior (AP) polarity is one of the earliest decisions in cardiogenesis and plays an important role in the coupling between heart and blood vessels. Recent research implicated retinoic acid (RA) in the communication of AP polarity to the heart. We utilized embryo culture, in situ hybridization, morphometry, fate mapping and treatment with the RA pan-antagonist BMS493 to investigate the relationship between cardiac precursors and RA signalling. We describe two phases of AP signalling by RA, reflected in RALDH2 expression. The first phase (HH4-7) is characterized by increasing proximity between sino-atrial precursors and the lateral mesoderm expressing RALDH2. In this phase, RA signalling is consistent with diffusion of the morphogen from a large field rather than a single hot spot. The second phase (HH7-8) is characterized by progressive encircling of cardiac precursors by a field of RALDH2 originating from a dynamic and evolutionary-conserved caudorostral wave pattern in the lateral mesoderm. At this phase, cardiac AP patterning by RA is consistent with localized action of RA by regulated activation of the Raldh2 gene within an embryonic domain. Systemic treatment with BMS493 altered the cardiac fate map such that ventricular precursors were found in areas normally devoid of them. Topical application of BMS493 inhibited atrial differentiation in left anterior lateral mesoderm. Identification of the caudorostral wave of RALDH2 as the endogenous source of RA establishing cardiac AP fates provides a useful model to approach the mechanisms whereby the vertebrate embryo confers axial information on its organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Hochgreb
- Laboratório de Genética e Cardiologia Molecular InCor--HC.FMUSP 05403-900 São Paulo-SP, Brazil
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