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Pérez-Henríquez P, Nagawa S, Liu Z, Pan X, Michniewicz M, Tang W, Rasmussen C, Van Norman J, Strader L, Yang Z. PIN2-mediated self-organizing transient auxin flow contributes to auxin maxima at the tip of Arabidopsis cotyledons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.24.599792. [PMID: 38979163 PMCID: PMC11230289 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.24.599792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Directional auxin transport and formation of auxin maxima are critical for embryogenesis, organogenesis, pattern formation, and growth coordination in plants, but the mechanisms underpinning the initiation and establishment of these auxin dynamics are not fully understood. Here we show that a self-initiating and -terminating transient auxin flow along the marginal cells (MCs) contributes to the formation of an auxin maximum at the tip of Arabidopsis cotyledon that globally coordinates the interdigitation of puzzle-shaped pavement cells in the cotyledon epidermis. Prior to the interdigitation, indole butyric acid (IBA) is converted to indole acetic acid (IAA) to induce PIN2 accumulation and polarization in the marginal cells, leading to auxin flow toward and accumulation at the cotyledon tip. When IAA levels at the cotyledon tip reaches a maximum, it activates pavement cell interdigitation as well as the accumulation of the IBA transporter TOB1 in MCs, which sequesters IBA to the vacuole and reduces IBA availability and IAA levels. The reduction of IAA levels results in PIN2 down-regulation and cessation of the auxin flow. Hence, our results elucidate a self-activating and self-terminating transient polar auxin transport system in cotyledons, contributing to the formation of localized auxin maxima that spatiotemporally coordinate pavement cell interdigitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Pérez-Henríquez
- Institute of Integrated Genome Biology, and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Shingo Nagawa
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhongchi Liu
- Faculty of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen University of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- The Key Laboratory of Quantitative Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xue Pan
- Institute of Integrated Genome Biology, and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto-Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C1A4, Canada
| | | | - Wenxin Tang
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Carolyn Rasmussen
- Institute of Integrated Genome Biology, and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jaimie Van Norman
- Institute of Integrated Genome Biology, and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Lucia Strader
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- Institute of Integrated Genome Biology, and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Faculty of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen University of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- The Key Laboratory of Quantitative Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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2
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Zumel D, Diéguez X, Werner O, Moreno-Ortiz MC, Muñoz J, Ros RM. High endoreduplication after drought-related conditions in haploid but not diploid mosses. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:1249-1258. [PMID: 37823772 PMCID: PMC10902894 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Endoreduplication, the duplication of the nuclear genome without mitosis, is a common process in plants, especially in angiosperms and mosses. Accumulating evidence supports the relationship between endoreduplication and plastic responses to stress factors. Here, we investigated the level of endoreduplication in Ceratodon (Bryophyta), which includes the model organism Ceratodon purpureus. METHODS We used flow cytometry to estimate the DNA content of 294 samples from 67 localities and found three well-defined cytotypes, two haploids and one diploid, the haploids corresponding to C. purpureus and Ceratodon amazonum, and the diploid to Ceratodon conicus, recombination occurring between the former two. KEY RESULTS The endoreduplication index (EI) was significantly different for each cytotype, being higher in the two haploids. In addition, the EI of the haploids was higher during the hot and dry periods typical of the Mediterranean summer than during spring, whereas the EI of the diploid cytotype did not differ between seasons. CONCLUSIONS Endopolyploidy may be essential in haploid mosses to buffer periods of drought and to respond rapidly to desiccation events. Our results also suggest that the EI is closely related to the basic ploidy level, but less so to the nuclear DNA content as previously suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Zumel
- Real Jardín Botánico (CSIC), Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain
| | - X Diéguez
- Real Jardín Botánico (CSIC), Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain
| | - O Werner
- Universidad de Murcia, Facultad de Biología, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - M C Moreno-Ortiz
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Muñoz
- Real Jardín Botánico (CSIC), Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain
| | - R M Ros
- Universidad de Murcia, Facultad de Biología, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
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3
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Goh T, Song Y, Yonekura T, Obushi N, Den Z, Imizu K, Tomizawa Y, Kondo Y, Miyashima S, Iwamoto Y, Inami M, Chen YW, Nakajima K. In-Depth Quantification of Cell Division and Elongation Dynamics at the Tip of Growing Arabidopsis Roots Using 4D Microscopy, AI-Assisted Image Processing and Data Sonification. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:1262-1278. [PMID: 37861079 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
One of the fundamental questions in plant developmental biology is how cell proliferation and cell expansion coordinately determine organ growth and morphology. An amenable system to address this question is the Arabidopsis root tip, where cell proliferation and elongation occur in spatially separated domains, and cell morphologies can easily be observed using a confocal microscope. While past studies revealed numerous elements of root growth regulation including gene regulatory networks, hormone transport and signaling, cell mechanics and environmental perception, how cells divide and elongate under possible constraints from cell lineages and neighboring cell files has not been analyzed quantitatively. This is mainly due to the technical difficulties in capturing cell division and elongation dynamics at the tip of growing roots, as well as an extremely labor-intensive task of tracing the lineages of frequently dividing cells. Here, we developed a motion-tracking confocal microscope and an Artificial Intelligence (AI)-assisted image-processing pipeline that enables semi-automated quantification of cell division and elongation dynamics at the tip of vertically growing Arabidopsis roots. We also implemented a data sonification tool that facilitates human recognition of cell division synchrony. Using these tools, we revealed previously unnoted lineage-constrained dynamics of cell division and elongation, and their contribution to the root zonation boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu Song
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577 Japan
| | - Takaaki Yonekura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Noriyasu Obushi
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Tokyo, 153-8904 Japan
| | - Zeping Den
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577 Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Imizu
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Yoko Tomizawa
- The Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787 Japan
| | - Yohei Kondo
- The Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787 Japan
| | - Shunsuke Miyashima
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Yutaro Iwamoto
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577 Japan
- Faculty of Information and Communication Engineering, Osaka Electro-Communication University, 18-8 Hatsucho, Neyagawa, Osaka, 572-8530 Japan
| | - Masahiko Inami
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Tokyo, 153-8904 Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Yen-Wei Chen
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577 Japan
| | - Keiji Nakajima
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
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4
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Lasok H, Nziengui H, Kochersperger P, Ditengou FA. Arabidopsis Root Development Regulation by the Endogenous Folate Precursor, Para-Aminobenzoic Acid, via Modulation of the Root Cell Cycle. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:4076. [PMID: 38140403 PMCID: PMC10748309 DOI: 10.3390/plants12244076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The continuous growth of roots depends on their ability to maintain a balanced ratio between cell production and cell differentiation at the tip. This process is regulated by the hormonal balance of cytokinin and auxin. However, other important regulators, such as plant folates, also play a regulatory role. In this study, we investigated the impact of the folate precursor para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) on root development. Using pharmacological, genetic, and imaging approaches, we show that the growth of Arabidopsis thaliana roots is repressed by either supplementing the growth medium with PABA or overexpressing the PABA synthesis gene GAT-ADCS. This is associated with a smaller root meristem consisting of fewer cells. Conversely, reducing the levels of free root endogenous PABA results in longer roots with extended meristems. We provide evidence that PABA represses Arabidopsis root growth in a folate-independent manner and likely acts through two mechanisms: (i) the G2/M transition of cell division in the root apical meristem and (ii) promoting premature cell differentiation in the transition zone. These data collectively suggest that PABA plays a role in Arabidopsis root growth at the intersection between cell division and cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Lasok
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hugues Nziengui
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Science and Technology University of Masuku, Franceville P.O. Box 913, Gabon;
| | - Philip Kochersperger
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Franck Anicet Ditengou
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Lighthouse Core Facility, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Bio Imaging Core Light Microscopy (BiMiC), Institute for Disease Modelling and Targeted Medicine (IMITATE), Medical Center University of Freiburg, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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5
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Soni N, Bacete L. The interplay between cell wall integrity and cell cycle progression in plants. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:367-382. [PMID: 38091166 PMCID: PMC10730644 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-023-01394-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are dynamic structures that play crucial roles in growth, development, and stress responses. Despite our growing understanding of cell wall biology, the connections between cell wall integrity (CWI) and cell cycle progression in plants remain poorly understood. This review aims to explore the intricate relationship between CWI and cell cycle progression in plants, drawing insights from studies in yeast and mammals. We provide an overview of the plant cell cycle, highlight the role of endoreplication in cell wall composition, and discuss recent findings on the molecular mechanisms linking CWI perception to cell wall biosynthesis and gene expression regulation. Furthermore, we address future perspectives and unanswered questions in the field, such as the identification of specific CWI sensing mechanisms and the role of CWI maintenance in the growth-defense trade-off. Elucidating these connections could have significant implications for crop improvement and sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Soni
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute for Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Laura Bacete
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute for Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
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6
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Tang HB, Wang J, Wang L, Shang GD, Xu ZG, Mai YX, Liu YT, Zhang TQ, Wang JW. Anisotropic cell growth at the leaf base promotes age-related changes in leaf shape in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:1386-1407. [PMID: 36748203 PMCID: PMC10118278 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants undergo extended morphogenesis. The shoot apical meristem (SAM) allows for reiterative development and the formation of new structures throughout the life of the plant. Intriguingly, the SAM produces morphologically different leaves in an age-dependent manner, a phenomenon known as heteroblasty. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the SAM produces small orbicular leaves in the juvenile phase, but gives rise to large elliptical leaves in the adult phase. Previous studies have established that a developmental decline of microRNA156 (miR156) is necessary and sufficient to trigger this leaf shape switch, although the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Here we show that the gradual increase in miR156-targeted SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE transcription factors with age promotes cell growth anisotropy in the abaxial epidermis at the base of the leaf blade, evident by the formation of elongated giant cells. Time-lapse imaging and developmental genetics further revealed that the establishment of adult leaf shape is tightly associated with the longitudinal cell expansion of giant cells, accompanied by a prolonged cell proliferation phase in their vicinity. Our results thus provide a plausible cellular mechanism for heteroblasty in Arabidopsis, and contribute to our understanding of anisotropic growth in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Juan Wang
- School of Statistics and Mathematics, Inner Mongolia University of Finance and Economics, Huhehaote 010070, China
| | - Long Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guan-Dong Shang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhou-Geng Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yan-Xia Mai
- Core Facility Center of CEMPS, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ye-Tong Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Normal University, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Tian-Qi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jia-Wei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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7
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Šenkyřík JB, Křivánková T, Kaczorová D, Štefelová N. Investigation of the Effect of the Auxin Antagonist PEO-IAA on Cannabinoid Gene Expression and Content in Cannabis sativa L. Plants under In Vitro Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1664. [PMID: 37111886 PMCID: PMC10142887 DOI: 10.3390/plants12081664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro shoot propagation of Cannabis sativa L. is an emerging research area for large-scale plant material production. However, how in vitro conditions influence the genetic stability of maintained material, as well as whether changes in the concentration and composition of secondary metabolites can be expected are aspects that need to be better understood. These features are essential for the standardised production of medicinal cannabis. This work aimed to find out whether the presence of the auxin antagonist α-(2-oxo-2-phenylethyl)-1H-indole-3-acetic acid (PEO-IAA) in the culture media influenced the relative gene expression (RGE) of the genes of interest (OAC, CBCA, CBDA, THCA) and the concentrations of studied cannabinoids (CBCA, CBDA, CBC, ∆9-THCA, and ∆9-THC). Two C. sativa cultivars, 'USO-31' and 'Tatanka Pure CBD', were cultivated by in vitro conditions with PEO-IAA presence and then analysed. The RT-qPCR results indicated that even though some changes in the RGE profiles could be observed, no differences were statistically significant compared with the control variant. The results of the phytochemical analyses demonstrate that although there were some differences from the control variant, only the cultivar 'Tatanka Pure CBD' showed a statistically significant increase (at a statistical significance level α = 0.05) in the concentration of the cannabinoid CBDA. In conclusion, it would appear that using PEO-IAA in the culture medium is a suitable approach to improve in vitro cannabis multiplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Baltazar Šenkyřík
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Křivánková
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Dominika Kaczorová
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University Olomouc, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Štefelová
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University Olomouc, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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8
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García-Gómez ML, Reyes-Hernández BJ, Sahoo DP, Napsucialy-Mendivil S, Quintana-Armas AX, Pedroza-García JA, Shishkova S, Torres-Martínez HH, Pacheco-Escobedo MA, Dubrovsky JG. A mutation in THREONINE SYNTHASE 1 uncouples proliferation and transition domains of the root apical meristem: experimental evidence and in silico proposed mechanism. Development 2022; 149:278438. [PMID: 36278862 PMCID: PMC9796171 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A continuum from stem to transit-amplifying to a differentiated cell state is a common theme in multicellular organisms. In the plant root apical meristem (RAM), transit-amplifying cells are organized into two domains: cells from the proliferation domain (PD) are displaced to the transition domain (TD), suggesting that both domains are necessarily coupled. Here, we show that in the Arabidopsis thaliana mto2-2 mutant, in which threonine (Thr) synthesis is affected, the RAM lacks the PD. Through a combination of cell length profile analysis, mathematical modeling and molecular markers, we establish that the PD and TD can be uncoupled. Remarkably, although the RAM of mto2-2 is represented solely by the TD, the known factors of RAM maintenance and auxin signaling are expressed in the mutant. Mathematical modeling predicts that the stem cell niche depends on Thr metabolism and that, when disturbed, the normal continuum of cell states becomes aborted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L. García-Gómez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad, 2001, Cuernavaca 62250, Mexico
| | - Blanca J. Reyes-Hernández
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad, 2001, Cuernavaca 62250, Mexico
| | - Debee P. Sahoo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad, 2001, Cuernavaca 62250, Mexico
| | - Selene Napsucialy-Mendivil
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad, 2001, Cuernavaca 62250, Mexico
| | - Aranza X. Quintana-Armas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad, 2001, Cuernavaca 62250, Mexico
| | - José A. Pedroza-García
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad, 2001, Cuernavaca 62250, Mexico
| | - Svetlana Shishkova
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad, 2001, Cuernavaca 62250, Mexico
| | - Héctor H. Torres-Martínez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad, 2001, Cuernavaca 62250, Mexico
| | - Mario A. Pacheco-Escobedo
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Tecnológica de México – UNITEC MÉXICO – Campus Atizapán, Av. Calacoaya 7, Atizapán de Zaragoza, Estado de México, 52970, Mexico
| | - Joseph G. Dubrovsky
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad, 2001, Cuernavaca 62250, Mexico,Author for correspondence ()
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9
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LaRue T, Lindner H, Srinivas A, Exposito-Alonso M, Lobet G, Dinneny JR. Uncovering natural variation in root system architecture and growth dynamics using a robotics-assisted phenomics platform. eLife 2022; 11:76968. [PMID: 36047575 PMCID: PMC9499532 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant kingdom contains a stunning array of complex morphologies easily observed above-ground, but more challenging to visualize below-ground. Understanding the magnitude of diversity in root distribution within the soil, termed root system architecture (RSA), is fundamental in determining how this trait contributes to species adaptation in local environments. Roots are the interface between the soil environment and the shoot system and therefore play a key role in anchorage, resource uptake, and stress resilience. Previously, we presented the GLO-Roots (Growth and Luminescence Observatory for Roots) system to study the RSA of soil-grown Arabidopsis thaliana plants from germination to maturity (Rellán-Álvarez et al., 2015). In this study, we present the automation of GLO-Roots using robotics and the development of image analysis pipelines in order to examine the temporal dynamic regulation of RSA and the broader natural variation of RSA in Arabidopsis, over time. These datasets describe the developmental dynamics of two independent panels of accessions and reveal highly complex and polygenic RSA traits that show significant correlation with climate variables of the accessions’ respective origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese LaRue
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Heike Lindner
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, United States
| | - Ankit Srinivas
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, United States
| | | | - Guillaume Lobet
- Agrosphere Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - José R Dinneny
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
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10
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Fukuda K, Uefune M, Fukaki H, Yamauchi Y, Hara-Nishimura I, Ozawa R, Matsui K, Sugimoto K, Okada K, Imai R, Takahashi K, Enami S, Wurst R, Takabayashi J. Aerial (+)-borneol modulates root morphology, auxin signalling and meristematic activity in Arabidopsis roots. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20210629. [PMID: 35506238 PMCID: PMC9065954 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the characteristic aspects of odour sensing in humans is the activation of olfactory receptors in a slightly different manner in response to different enantiomers. Here, we focused on whether plants showed enantiomer-specific response similar to that in humans. We exposed Arabidopsis seedlings to methanol (control) and (+)- or (-)-borneol, and found that only (+)-borneol reduced the root length. Furthermore, the root-tip width was more increased upon (+)-borneol exposure than upon (-)-borneol exposure. In addition, root-hair formation was observed near the root tip in response to (+)-borneol. Auxin signalling was strongly reduced in the root tip following exposure to (+)-borneol, but was detected following exposure to (-)-borneol and methanol. Similarly, in the root tip, the activity of cyclin B1:1 was detected on exposure to (-)-borneol and methanol, but not on exposure to (+)-borneol, indicating that (+)-borneol inhibits the meristematic activity in the root. These results partially explain the (+)-borneol-specific reduction in the root length of Arabidopsis. Our results indicate the presence of a sensing system specific for (+)-borneol in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyohei Fukuda
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu 520-2113, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Uefune
- Department of Agrobiological Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Fukaki
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yamauchi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | | | - Rika Ozawa
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu 520-2113, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsui
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation (Faculty of Agriculture), Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Koichi Sugimoto
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kazunori Okada
- Agro-Biotechnology Research Center (AgTech), Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences (GSALS), University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ryozo Imai
- Genome-Edited Crop Development Group, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-8604, Japan
| | - Kenshi Takahashi
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shinichi Enami
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - René Wurst
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu 520-2113, Japan
| | - Junji Takabayashi
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu 520-2113, Japan
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11
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Rutten J, van den Berg T, Tusscher KT. Modeling Auxin Signaling in Roots: Auxin Computations. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2022; 14:a040089. [PMID: 34001532 PMCID: PMC8805645 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Auxin signaling and patterning is an inherently complex process, involving polarized auxin transport, metabolism, and signaling, its effect on developmental zones, as well as growth rates, and the feedback between all these different aspects. This complexity has led to an important role for computational modeling in unraveling the multifactorial roles of auxin in plant developmental and adaptive processes. Here we discuss the basic ingredients of auxin signaling and patterning models for root development as well as a series of key modeling studies in this area. These modeling studies have helped elucidate how plants use auxin signaling to compute the size of their root meristem, the direction in which to grow, and when and where to form lateral roots. Importantly, these models highlight how auxin, through patterning of and collaborating with other factors, can fulfill all these roles simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap Rutten
- Computational Developmental Biology Group, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Thea van den Berg
- Computational Developmental Biology Group, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten Ten Tusscher
- Computational Developmental Biology Group, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
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12
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Kuan C, Yang SL, Ho CMK. Using quantitative methods to understand leaf epidermal development. QUANTITATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 3:e28. [PMID: 37077990 PMCID: PMC10097589 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2022.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
As the interface between plants and the environment, the leaf epidermis provides the first layer of protection against drought, ultraviolet light, and pathogen attack. This cell layer comprises highly coordinated and specialised cells such as stomata, pavement cells and trichomes. While much has been learned from the genetic dissection of stomatal, trichome and pavement cell formation, emerging methods in quantitative measurements that monitor cellular or tissue dynamics will allow us to further investigate cell state transitions and fate determination in leaf epidermal development. In this review, we introduce the formation of epidermal cell types in Arabidopsis and provide examples of quantitative tools to describe phenotypes in leaf research. We further focus on cellular factors involved in triggering cell fates and their quantitative measurements in mechanistic studies and biological patterning. A comprehensive understanding of how a functional leaf epidermis develops will advance the breeding of crops with improved stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Kuan
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Li Yang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Min Kimmy Ho
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Author for correspondence: C.-M. K. Ho, E-mail:
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13
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Huerta-Venegas PI, Raya-González J, López-García CM, Barrera-Ortiz S, Ruiz-Herrera LF, López-Bucio J. Mutation of MEDIATOR16 promotes plant biomass accumulation and root growth by modulating auxin signaling. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 314:111117. [PMID: 34895546 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The MEDIATOR complex influences the transcription of genes acting as a RNA pol II co-activator. The MED16 subunit has been related to low phosphate sensing in roots, but how it influences the overall plant growth and root development remains unknown. In this study, we compared the root growth of Arabidopsis wild-type (WT), and two alleles of MED16 (med16-2 and med16-3) mutants in vitro. The MED16 loss-of-function seedlings showed longer primary roots with higher cell division capacity of meristematic cells, and an increased number of lateral roots than WT plants, which correlated with improved biomass accumulation. The auxin response reported by DR5:GFP fluorescence was comparable in WT and med16-2 root tips, but strongly decreased in pericycle cells and lateral root primordia in the mutants. Dose-response analysis supplementing indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), or the auxin transport inhibitor N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), indicated normal responses to auxin in the med16-2 and med16-3 mutants regarding primary root growth and lateral root formation, but strong resistance to NPA in primary roots, which could be correlated with cell division and elongation. Expression analysis of pPIN1::PIN1::GFP, pPIN3::PIN3::GFP, pIAA14:GUS, pIAA28:GUS and 35S:MED16-GFP suggests that MED16 could mediate auxin signaling. Our data imply that an altered auxin response in the med16 mutants is not necessarily deleterious for overall growth and developmental patterning and may instead directly regulate basic cellular programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Iván Huerta-Venegas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, CP 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
| | - Javier Raya-González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, CP 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
| | - Claudia Marina López-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, CP 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
| | - Salvador Barrera-Ortiz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, CP 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
| | - León Francisco Ruiz-Herrera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, CP 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
| | - José López-Bucio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, CP 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
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14
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Kościelniak P, Glazińska P, Kȩsy J, Zadworny M. Formation and Development of Taproots in Deciduous Tree Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:772567. [PMID: 34925417 PMCID: PMC8675582 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.772567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Trees are generally long-lived and are therefore exposed to numerous episodes of external stimuli and adverse environmental conditions. In certain trees e.g., oaks, taproots evolved to increase the tree's ability to acquire water from deeper soil layers. Despite the significant role of taproots, little is known about the growth regulation through internal factors (genes, phytohormones, and micro-RNAs), regulating taproot formation and growth, or the effect of external factors, e.g., drought. The interaction of internal and external stimuli, involving complex signaling pathways, regulates taproot growth during tip formation and the regulation of cell division in the root apical meristem (RAM). Assuming that the RAM is the primary regulatory center responsible for taproot growth, factors affecting the RAM function provide fundamental information on the mechanisms affecting taproot development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paulina Glazińska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Jacek Kȩsy
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Marcin Zadworny
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
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15
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Inada N, Takahashi N, Umeda M. Arabidopsis thaliana subclass I ACTIN DEPOLYMERIZING FACTORs and vegetative ACTIN2/8 are novel regulators of endoreplication. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:1291-1300. [PMID: 34282484 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01333-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Endoreplication is a type of cell cycle where genome replication occurs without mitosis. An increase of ploidy level by endoreplication is often associated with cell enlargement and an enhanced plant growth. Here we report Arabidopsis thaliana subclass I ACTIN DEPOLYMERIZING FACTORs (ADFs) and vegetative ACTIN2/8 as novel regulators of endoreplication. A. thaliana has 11 ADF members that are divided into 4 subclasses. Subclass I consists of four members, ADF1, -2, -3, and -4, all of which constitutively express in various tissues. We found that both adf4 knockout mutant and transgenic plants in which expressions of all of four subclass I ADFs are suppressed (ADF1-4Ri) showed an increased leaf area of mature first leaves, which was associated with a significant increase of epidermal pavement cell area. Ploidy analysis revealed that the ploidy level was significantly increased in mature leaves of ADF1-4Ri. The increased ploidy was also observed in roots of adf4 and ADF1-4Ri, as well as in dark-grown hypocotyls of adf4. Furthermore, double mutants of vegetative ACT2 and ACT8 (act2/8) exhibited an increase of leaf area and ploidy level in mature leaves. Therefore, actin-relating pathway could regulate endoreplication. The possible mechanisms that actin and ADFs regulate endoreplication are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Inada
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan.
| | - Naoki Takahashi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Masaaki Umeda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
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16
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Takatsuka H, Shibata A, Umeda M. Genome Maintenance Mechanisms at the Chromatin Level. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910384. [PMID: 34638727 PMCID: PMC8508675 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome integrity is constantly threatened by internal and external stressors, in both animals and plants. As plants are sessile, a variety of environment stressors can damage their DNA. In the nucleus, DNA twines around histone proteins to form the higher-order structure “chromatin”. Unraveling how chromatin transforms on sensing genotoxic stress is, thus, key to understanding plant strategies to cope with fluctuating environments. In recent years, accumulating evidence in plant research has suggested that chromatin plays a crucial role in protecting DNA from genotoxic stress in three ways: (1) changes in chromatin modifications around damaged sites enhance DNA repair by providing a scaffold and/or easy access to DNA repair machinery; (2) DNA damage triggers genome-wide alterations in chromatin modifications, globally modulating gene expression required for DNA damage response, such as stem cell death, cell-cycle arrest, and an early onset of endoreplication; and (3) condensed chromatin functions as a physical barrier against genotoxic stressors to protect DNA. In this review, we highlight the chromatin-level control of genome stability and compare the regulatory systems in plants and animals to find out unique mechanisms maintaining genome integrity under genotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotomo Takatsuka
- School of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
| | - Atsushi Shibata
- Signal Transduction Program, Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), 3-39-22, Showa-Machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan;
| | - Masaaki Umeda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
- Correspondence:
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17
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Malovichko YV, Shikov AE, Nizhnikov AA, Antonets KS. Temporal Control of Seed Development in Dicots: Molecular Bases, Ecological Impact and Possible Evolutionary Ramifications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179252. [PMID: 34502157 PMCID: PMC8430901 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In flowering plants, seeds serve as organs of both propagation and dispersal. The developing seed passes through several consecutive stages, following a conserved general outline. The overall time needed for a seed to develop, however, may vary both within and between plant species, and these temporal developmental properties remain poorly understood. In the present paper, we summarize the existing data for seed development alterations in dicot plants. For genetic mutations, the reported cases were grouped in respect of the key processes distorted in the mutant specimens. Similar phenotypes arising from the environmental influence, either biotic or abiotic, were also considered. Based on these data, we suggest several general trends of timing alterations and how respective mechanisms might add to the ecological plasticity of the families considered. We also propose that the developmental timing alterations may be perceived as an evolutionary substrate for heterochronic events. Given the current lack of plausible models describing timing control in plant seeds, the presented suggestions might provide certain insights for future studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury V. Malovichko
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (Y.V.M.); (A.E.S.); (A.A.N.)
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anton E. Shikov
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (Y.V.M.); (A.E.S.); (A.A.N.)
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anton A. Nizhnikov
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (Y.V.M.); (A.E.S.); (A.A.N.)
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kirill S. Antonets
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (Y.V.M.); (A.E.S.); (A.A.N.)
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence:
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18
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Cui G, Zhao M, Tan H, Wang Z, Meng M, Sun F, Zhang C, Xi Y. RNA Sequencing Reveals Dynamic Carbohydrate Metabolism and Phytohormone Signaling Accompanying Post-mowing Regeneration of Forage Winter Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:664933. [PMID: 34394136 PMCID: PMC8358837 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.664933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is used as fresh green winter forage worldwide, and its ability to regenerate after mowing determines whether it can be used for forage production; however, the molecular mechanism of regeneration is poorly understood. This study identified long-chain coding and non-coding RNAs in the wheat cultivar "XN9106," which is cultivated for forage and grain production separately in winter and summer, and analyzed their function during post-mowing regeneration. The results showed that the degradation of carbohydrate plays an important role in regeneration, as demonstrated by decreased carbohydrate content. The increased gene expression of enzymes including β-amylase, β-fructofuranosidase, sucrose synthase, sucrose-6-phosphate synthase, trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase in mowed seedlings suggests regeneration is fueled by degraded carbohydrates that provide energy and carbon skeletons for the Krebs cycle and amino acid synthesis. The decreased auxin content relieved the inhibition of cytokinin synthesis, that controls the transition from cell division to cell expansion and stimulates cell expansion and differentiation during the cell expansion phase, and eventually accelerate post-mowing regeneration of seedlings. Additionally, differentially expressed long-chain non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) might participate in the regulation of gene expression related to carbohydrate metabolism and hormone signal transduction. This study demonstrated the responses of key mRNAs and lncRNAs during post-mowing regeneration of winter wheat and revealed the importance of carbohydrate and hormone during regeneration, providing valuable information for genetic improvement of forage wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guibin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
| | - Mei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
| | - Hongbin Tan
- Shaanxi Province Seed Industry Group Co., Ltd., Xi’an, China
| | - Zhulin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
| | - Min Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
| | - Fengli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
| | - Yajun Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
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19
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Mahapatra K, Roy S. SOG1 transcription factor promotes the onset of endoreduplication under salinity stress in Arabidopsis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11659. [PMID: 34079040 PMCID: PMC8172935 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91293-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
As like in mammalian system, the DNA damage responsive cell cycle checkpoint functions play crucial role for maintenance of genome stability in plants through repairing of damages in DNA and induction of programmed cell death or endoreduplication by extensive regulation of progression of cell cycle. ATM and ATR (ATAXIA-TELANGIECTASIA-MUTATED and -RAD3-RELATED) function as sensor kinases and play key role in the transmission of DNA damage signals to the downstream components of cell cycle regulatory network. The plant-specific NAC domain family transcription factor SOG1 (SUPPRESSOR OF GAMMA RESPONSE 1) plays crucial role in transducing signals from both ATM and ATR in presence of double strand breaks (DSBs) in the genome and found to play crucial role in the regulation of key genes involved in cell cycle progression, DNA damage repair, endoreduplication and programmed cell death. Here we report that Arabidopsis exposed to high salinity shows generation of oxidative stress induced DSBs along with the concomitant induction of endoreduplication, displaying increased cell size and DNA ploidy level without any change in chromosome number. These responses were significantly prominent in SOG1 overexpression line than wild-type Arabidopsis, while sog1 mutant lines showed much compromised induction of endoreduplication under salinity stress. We have found that both ATM-SOG1 and ATR-SOG1 pathways are involved in the salinity mediated induction of endoreduplication. SOG1was found to promote G2-M phase arrest in Arabidopsis under salinity stress by downregulating the expression of the key cell cycle regulators, including CDKB1;1, CDKB2;1, and CYCB1;1, while upregulating the expression of WEE1 kinase, CCS52A and E2Fa, which act as important regulators for induction of endoreduplication. Our results suggest that Arabidopsis undergoes endoreduplicative cycle in response to salinity induced DSBs, showcasing an adaptive response in plants under salinity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan Mahapatra
- Department of Botany, UGC Center for Advanced Studies, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag Campus, Burdwan, West Bengal, 713 104, India
| | - Sujit Roy
- Department of Botany, UGC Center for Advanced Studies, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag Campus, Burdwan, West Bengal, 713 104, India.
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20
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Takahashi N, Inagaki S, Nishimura K, Sakakibara H, Antoniadi I, Karady M, Ljung K, Umeda M. Alterations in hormonal signals spatially coordinate distinct responses to DNA double-strand breaks in Arabidopsis roots. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/25/eabg0993. [PMID: 34134976 PMCID: PMC8208723 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg0993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants have a high ability to cope with changing environments and grow continuously throughout life. However, the mechanisms by which plants strike a balance between stress response and organ growth remain elusive. Here, we found that DNA double-strand breaks enhance the accumulation of cytokinin hormones through the DNA damage signaling pathway in the Arabidopsis root tip. Our data showed that activation of cytokinin signaling suppresses the expression of some of the PIN-FORMED genes that encode efflux carriers of another hormone, auxin, thereby decreasing the auxin signals in the root tip and causing cell cycle arrest at G2 phase and stem cell death. Elevated cytokinin signaling also promotes an early transition from cell division to endoreplication in the basal part of the root apex. We propose that plant hormones spatially coordinate differential DNA damage responses, thereby maintaining genome integrity and minimizing cell death to ensure continuous root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Takahashi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Soichi Inagaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Kohei Nishimura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- Plant Productivity Systems Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro 1-7-22, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ioanna Antoniadi
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Michal Karady
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Karin Ljung
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Masaaki Umeda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
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21
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Heyduk K. The genetic control of succulent leaf development. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 59:101978. [PMID: 33454545 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Succulent leaves have long intrigued biologists; much research has been done to define succulence, understand the evolutionary trajectory and implications of leaf succulence, and contextualize the ecological importance of water storage for plants inhabiting dry habitats, particularly those using CAM photosynthesis. Surprisingly little is understood about the molecular regulation of leaf succulence, despite advances in our understanding of the molecular foundation of leaf architecture in model systems. Moreover, leaf succulence is a drought avoidance trait, one that has yet to be fully used for crop improvement. Here, connections between disparate literatures are highlighted: research on the regulation of cell size, the determination of vascular patterning, and water transport between cells have direct implications for our understanding of leaf succulence. Connecting functional genomics of leaf patterning with knowledge of the evolution and ecology of succulent species will guide future research on the determination and maintenance of leaf succulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Heyduk
- University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 1800 East West Rd., Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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22
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García-Gómez ML, Garay-Arroyo A, García-Ponce B, Sánchez MDLP, Álvarez-Buylla ER. Hormonal Regulation of Stem Cell Proliferation at the Arabidopsis thaliana Root Stem Cell Niche. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:628491. [PMID: 33747009 PMCID: PMC7966715 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.628491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The root stem cell niche (SCN) of Arabidopsis thaliana consists of the quiescent center (QC) cells and the surrounding initial stem cells that produce progeny to replenish all the tissues of the root. The QC cells divide rather slowly relative to the initials, yet most root tissues can be formed from these cells, depending on the requirements of the plant. Hormones are fundamental cues that link such needs with the cell proliferation and differentiation dynamics at the root SCN. Nonetheless, the crosstalk between hormone signaling and the mechanisms that regulate developmental adjustments is still not fully understood. Developmental transcriptional regulatory networks modulate hormone biosynthesis, metabolism, and signaling, and conversely, hormonal responses can affect the expression of transcription factors involved in the spatiotemporal patterning at the root SCN. Hence, a complex genetic-hormonal regulatory network underlies root patterning, growth, and plasticity in response to changing environmental conditions. In this review, we summarize the scientific literature regarding the role of hormones in the regulation of QC cell proliferation and discuss how hormonal signaling pathways may be integrated with the gene regulatory network that underlies cell fate in the root SCN. The conceptual framework we present aims to contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms by which hormonal pathways act as integrators of environmental cues to impact on SCN activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica L. García-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Adriana Garay-Arroyo
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Berenice García-Ponce
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - María de la Paz Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Elena R. Álvarez-Buylla
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Elena R. Álvarez-Buylla,
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Zluhan-Martínez E, López-Ruíz BA, García-Gómez ML, García-Ponce B, de la Paz Sánchez M, Álvarez-Buylla ER, Garay-Arroyo A. Integrative Roles of Phytohormones on Cell Proliferation, Elongation and Differentiation in the Arabidopsis thaliana Primary Root. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:659155. [PMID: 33981325 PMCID: PMC8107238 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.659155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The growth of multicellular organisms relies on cell proliferation, elongation and differentiation that are tightly regulated throughout development by internal and external stimuli. The plasticity of a growth response largely depends on the capacity of the organism to adjust the ratio between cell proliferation and cell differentiation. The primary root of Arabidopsis thaliana offers many advantages toward understanding growth homeostasis as root cells are continuously produced and move from cell proliferation to elongation and differentiation that are processes spatially separated and could be studied along the longitudinal axis. Hormones fine tune plant growth responses and a huge amount of information has been recently generated on the role of these compounds in Arabidopsis primary root development. In this review, we summarized the participation of nine hormones in the regulation of the different zones and domains of the Arabidopsis primary root. In some cases, we found synergism between hormones that function either positively or negatively in proliferation, elongation or differentiation. Intriguingly, there are other cases where the interaction between hormones exhibits unexpected results. Future analysis on the molecular mechanisms underlying crosstalk hormone action in specific zones and domains will unravel their coordination over PR development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estephania Zluhan-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Brenda Anabel López-Ruíz
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Mónica L. García-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Berenice García-Ponce
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - María de la Paz Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Elena R. Álvarez-Buylla
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Adriana Garay-Arroyo
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Adriana Garay-Arroyo,
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24
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Paľová M, Ručová D, Goga M, Kolarčik V. Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Endopolyploidy in Mosses. Genes (Basel) 2020; 12:E27. [PMID: 33375487 PMCID: PMC7824635 DOI: 10.3390/genes12010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic polyploidy or endopolyploidy is common in the plant kingdom; it ensures growth and allows adaptation to the environment. It is present in the majority of plant groups, including mosses. Endopolyploidy had only been previously studied in about 65 moss species, which represents less than 1% of known mosses. We analyzed 11 selected moss species to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of endopolyploidy using flow cytometry to identify patterns in ploidy levels among gametophytes and sporophytes. All of the studied mosses possessed cells with various ploidy levels in gametophytes, and four of six species investigated in sporophytic stage had endopolyploid sporophytes. The proportion of endopolyploid cells varied among organs, parts of gametophytes and sporophytes, and ontogenetic stages. Higher ploidy levels were seen in basal parts of gametophytes and sporophytes than in apical parts. Slight changes in ploidy levels were observed during ontogenesis in cultivated mosses; the youngest (apical) parts of thalli tend to have lower levels of endopolyploidy. Differences between parts of cauloid and phylloids of Plagiomnium ellipticum and Polytrichum formosum were also documented; proximal parts had higher levels of endopolyploidy than distal parts. Endopolyploidy is spatially and temporally differentiated in the gametophytes of endopolyploid mosses and follows a pattern similar to that seen in angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vladislav Kolarčik
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University, Mánesova 23, SK-041 54 Košice, Slovakia; (M.P.); (D.R.); (M.G.)
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25
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Cortés Llorca L, Li R, Yon F, Schäfer M, Halitschke R, Robert CAM, Kim SG, Baldwin IT. ZEITLUPE facilitates the rhythmic movements of Nicotiana attenuata flowers. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:308-322. [PMID: 32130751 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Circadian organ movements are ubiquitous in plants. These rhythmic outputs are thought to be regulated by the circadian clock and auxin signalling, but the underlying mechanisms have not been clarified. Flowers of Nicotiana attenuata change their orientation during the daytime through a 140° arc to balance the need for pollinators and the protection of their reproductive organs. This rhythmic trait is under the control of the circadian clock and results from bending and re-straightening movements of the pedicel, stems that connect flowers to the inflorescence. Using an explant system that allowed pedicel growth and curvature responses to be characterized with high spatial and temporal resolution, we demonstrated that this movement is organ autonomous and mediated by auxin. Changes in the growth curvature of the pedicel are accompanied by an auxin gradient and dorsiventral asymmetry in auxin-dependent transcriptional responses; application of auxin transport inhibitors influenced the normal movements of this organ. Silencing the expression of the circadian clock component ZEITLUPE (ZTL) arrested changes in the growth curvature of the pedicel and altered auxin signalling and responses. IAA19-like, an Aux/IAA transcriptional repressor that is circadian regulated and differentially expressed between opposite tissues of the pedicel, and therefore possibly involved in the regulation of changes in organ curvature, physically interacted with ZTL. Together, these results are consistent with a direct link between the circadian clock and the auxin signalling pathway in the regulation of this rhythmic floral movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Cortés Llorca
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 007745, Germany
| | - Ran Li
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 007745, Germany
| | - Felipe Yon
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 007745, Germany
| | - Martin Schäfer
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 007745, Germany
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 007745, Germany
| | - Christelle A M Robert
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 007745, Germany
| | - Sang-Gyu Kim
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 007745, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 007745, Germany
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26
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Salvi E, Di Mambro R, Sabatini S. Dissecting mechanisms in root growth from the transition zone perspective. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2390-2396. [PMID: 32064533 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The root of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana is a dynamic structure in which cells continuously divide and differentiate to sustain its postembryonic undetermined growth. Cells at different developmental stages are organized in distinguished zones whose position and activities are maintained constant during root growth. In this review, we will discuss the latest discoveries on the regulatory networks involved in root zonation and, in particular, in the mechanisms involved in maintaining the position of the transition zone, a root developmental boundary. Developmental boundaries physically divide cells with different functions and identities. The transition zone separates dividing cells from differentiating cells in two functional domains, preserving their identity during root growth and thus controlling root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Salvi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Sabrina Sabatini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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27
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Ogura T, Goeschl C, Filiault D, Mirea M, Slovak R, Wolhrab B, Satbhai SB, Busch W. Root System Depth in Arabidopsis Is Shaped by EXOCYST70A3 via the Dynamic Modulation of Auxin Transport. Cell 2020; 178:400-412.e16. [PMID: 31299202 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Root system architecture (RSA), the distribution of roots in soil, plays a major role in plant survival. RSA is shaped by multiple developmental processes that are largely governed by the phytohormone auxin, suggesting that auxin regulates responses of roots that are important for local adaptation. However, auxin has a central role in numerous processes, and it is unclear which molecular mechanisms contribute to the variation in RSA for environmental adaptation. Using natural variation in Arabidopsis, we identify EXOCYST70A3 as a modulator of the auxin system that causes variation in RSA by acting on PIN4 protein distribution. Allelic variation and genetic perturbation of EXOCYST70A3 lead to alteration of root gravitropic responses, resulting in a different RSA depth profile and drought resistance. Overall our findings suggest that the local modulation of the pleiotropic auxin pathway can gives rise to distinct RSAs that can be adaptive in specific environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Ogura
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, and Integrative Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA; Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Goeschl
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniele Filiault
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Madalina Mirea
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Radka Slovak
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bonnie Wolhrab
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Santosh B Satbhai
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, and Integrative Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA; Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Busch
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, and Integrative Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA; Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
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28
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Slovak R, Setzer C, Roiuk M, Bertels J, Göschl C, Jandrasits K, Beemster GTS, Busch W. Ribosome assembly factor Adenylate Kinase 6 maintains cell proliferation and cell size homeostasis during root growth. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:2064-2076. [PMID: 31665812 PMCID: PMC7028144 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
From the cellular perspective, organ growth is determined by production and growth of cells. Uncovering how these two processes are coordinated is essential for understanding organogenesis and regulation of organ growth. We utilized phenotypic and genetic variation of 252 natural accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana to conduct genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for identifying genes underlying root growth variation; using a T-DNA line candidate approach, we identified one gene involved in root growth control and characterized its function using microscopy, root growth kinematics, G2/M phase cell count, ploidy levels and ribosome polysome profiles. We identified a factor contributing to root growth control: Arabidopsis Adenylate Kinase 6 (AAK6). AAK6 is required for normal cell production and normal cell elongation, and its natural genetic variation is involved in determining root growth differences between Arabidopsis accessions. A lack of AAK6 reduces cell production in the aak6 root apex, but this is partially compensated for by longer mature root cells. Thereby, aak6 mutants exhibit compensatory cell enlargement, a phenomenon unexpected in roots. Moreover, aak6 plants accumulate 80S ribosomes while the polysome profile remains unchanged, consistent with a phenotype of perturbed ribosome biogenesis. In conclusion, AAK6 impacts ribosome abundance, cell production and thereby root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Slovak
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI)Austrian Academy of SciencesVienna Biocenter (VBC)Dr Bohr‐Gasse 31030ViennaAustria
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3RBUK
| | - Claudia Setzer
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI)Austrian Academy of SciencesVienna Biocenter (VBC)Dr Bohr‐Gasse 31030ViennaAustria
| | - Mykola Roiuk
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories (MFPL)Vienna Biocenter (VBC)Dr Bohr‐Gasse 91030ViennaAustria
| | - Jonas Bertels
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES)Department of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpGroenenborgerlaan 1712020AntwerpenBelgium
| | - Christian Göschl
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI)Austrian Academy of SciencesVienna Biocenter (VBC)Dr Bohr‐Gasse 31030ViennaAustria
| | - Katharina Jandrasits
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI)Austrian Academy of SciencesVienna Biocenter (VBC)Dr Bohr‐Gasse 31030ViennaAustria
| | - Gerrit T. S. Beemster
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES)Department of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpGroenenborgerlaan 1712020AntwerpenBelgium
| | - Wolfgang Busch
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI)Austrian Academy of SciencesVienna Biocenter (VBC)Dr Bohr‐Gasse 31030ViennaAustria
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology LaboratorySalk Institute For Biological Studies10010 N Torrey Pines RdLa JollaCA92037USA
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29
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Torii K, Kubota A, Araki T, Endo M. Time-Series Single-Cell RNA-Seq Data Reveal Auxin Fluctuation during Endocycle. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:243-254. [PMID: 31841158 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Appropriate cell cycle regulation is crucial for achieving coordinated development and cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. In Arabidopsis, endoreduplication is often observed in terminally differentiated cells and several reports have shown its molecular mechanisms. Auxin is a key factor for the mode transition from mitotic cell cycle to endocycle; however, it remains unclear if and how auxin maintains the endocycle mode. In this study, we reanalyzed root single-cell transcriptome data and reconstructed cell cycle trajectories of the mitotic cell cycle and endocycle. With progression of the endocycle, genes involved in auxin synthesis, influx and efflux were induced at the specific cell phase, suggesting that auxin concentration fluctuated dynamically. Such induction of auxin-related genes was not observed in the mitotic cell cycle, suggesting that the auxin fluctuation plays some roles in maintaining the endocycle stage. In addition, the expression level of CYCB1;1, which is required for cell division in the M phase, coincided with the expected amount of auxin and cell division. Our analysis also provided a set of genes expressed in specific phases of the cell cycle. Taking these findings together, reconstruction of single-cell transcriptome data enables us to identify properties of the cell cycle more accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Torii
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501 Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Akane Kubota
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Takashi Araki
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501 Japan
| | - Motomu Endo
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
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30
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Leitão N, Dangeville P, Carter R, Charpentier M. Nuclear calcium signatures are associated with root development. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4865. [PMID: 31653864 PMCID: PMC6814746 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12845-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In plants, nuclear Ca2+ releases are essential to the establishment of nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-delivering arbuscular mycorrhizal endosymbioses. In the legume Medicago truncatula, these nuclear Ca2+ signals are generated by a complex of nuclear membrane-localised ion channels including the DOES NOT MAKE INFECTIONS 1 (DMI1) and the cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (CNGC) 15s. DMI1 and CNCG15s are conserved among land plants, suggesting roles for nuclear Ca2+ signalling that extend beyond symbioses. Here we show that nuclear Ca2+ signalling initiates in the nucleus of Arabidopsis root cells and that these signals are correlated with primary root development, including meristem development and auxin homeostasis. In addition, we demonstrate that altering genetically AtDMI1 is sufficient to modulate the nuclear Ca2+ signatures, and primary root development. This finding supports the postulate that stimulus-specific information can be encoded in the frequency and duration of a Ca2+ signal and thereby regulate cellular function. Nuclear Ca2+ signals generated by DMI1 and CNGC15 ion channels in plant roots are needed to establish symbiotic relationships with soil microbes. Here Leitão et al. show that DMI1- dependent nuclear Ca2+ spiking also occurs in Arabidopsis root meristems and are linked to root development
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Leitão
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.,Synthace Ltd, The Westworks, London, W12 7FQ, UK
| | - Pierre Dangeville
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Ross Carter
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Myriam Charpentier
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
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31
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Bhosale R, Maere S, De Veylder L. Endoreplication as a potential driver of cell wall modifications. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 51:58-65. [PMID: 31071565 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Endoreplication represents a variant of the mitotic cell cycle during which cells replicate their DNA without mitosis and/or cytokinesis, resulting in an increase in the cells' ploidy level. This process is especially prominent in higher plants, where it has been correlated with cell differentiation, metabolic output and rapid cell growth. However, different reports argue against a ploidy-dependent contribution to cell growth. Here, we review accumulating data suggesting that endocycle onset might exert an effect on cell growth through transcriptional control of cell wall-modifying genes to drive cell wall changes required to accommodate turgor-driven rapid cell expansion, consistent with the idea that vacuolar expansion rather than a ploidy-driven increase in cellular volume represents the major force driving cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Bhosale
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom; Center for Plant Integrative Biology (CPIB), University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Maere
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Bioinformatics Institute Ghent, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lieven De Veylder
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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32
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Ren D, Guo W, Yang P, Song J, He J, Zhao L, Kang L. Structural and functional differentiation of a fat body-like tissue adhering to testis follicles facilitates spermatogenesis in locusts. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 113:103207. [PMID: 31421206 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.103207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The fat body is distributed throughout the body of insects, playing the essential role in intermediary metabolism and nutrient storage. However, the function of differentiation of fat bodies adhering to different tissues remains largely unknown. Here, we identified a fat body-like tissue (FLT) surrounding testis follicles and described its features at morphological, cellular and molecular levels. The FLT is morphologically distinguished with the abdominal fat body (FB) and dominated by diploid cells instead of polyploid cells. The transcriptomic analysis demonstrated that the FLT and FB have dramatically different gene expression profiles. Moreover, genes in the cell cycle pathway, which include both DNA replication- and cell division-related genes, were successively active during development of the FLT, suggesting that FLT cells possibly undergo a mitotic cycle rather than an endocycle. Deprivation of the FLT resulted in distortion of the testis follicles, disappearance of sperm bundles, reduction of total sperm number and increase of dead sperm, indicating a critical role of the FLT in the spermatogenesis in testis follicles. The special functional differentiation of the two similar tissues suggested that FLT-FB cells are able to establish a promising system to study mitotic-to-endocycle transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dani Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pengcheng Yang
- Beijing Institute of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing He
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lianfeng Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Le Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Mesa JM, Juvik JA, Paige KN. Individual and interactive effects of herbivory on plant fitness: endopolyploidy as a driver of genetic variation in tolerance and resistance. Oecologia 2019; 190:847-856. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04458-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Carotenuto G, Sciascia I, Oddi L, Volpe V, Genre A. Size matters: three methods for estimating nuclear size in mycorrhizal roots of Medicago truncatula by image analysis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 156:265-273. [PMID: 31054574 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intracellular accommodation of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi involves a profound molecular reprogramming of the host cell architecture and metabolism, based on the activation of a symbiotic signaling pathway. In analogy with other plant biotrophs, AM fungi are reported to trigger cell cycle reactivation in their host tissues, possibly in support of the enhanced metabolic demand required for the symbiosis. RESULTS We here compare the efficiency of three Fiji/ImageJ image analysis plugins in localizing and quantifying the increase in nuclear size - a hallmark of recursive events of endoreduplication - in M. truncatula roots colonized by the AM fungus Gigaspora margarita. All three approaches proved to be versatile and upgradeable, allowing the investigation of nuclear changes in a complex tissue; 3D Object Counter provided more detailed information than both TrackMate and Round Surface Detector plugins. On this base we challenged 3D Object Counter with two case studies: verifying the lack of endoreduplication-triggering responses in Medicago truncatula mutants with a known non-symbiotic phenotype; and analysing the correlation in space and time between the induction of cortical cell division and endoreduplication upon AM colonization. Both case studies revealed important biological aspects. Mutant phenotype analyses have demonstrated that the knock-out mutation of different key genes in the symbiotic signaling pathway block AM-associated endoreduplication. Furthermore, our data show that cell divisions occur during initial stages of root colonization and are followed by recursive activation of the endocycle in preparation for arbuscule accommodation. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our results indicate 3D Object Counter as the best performing Fiji/ImageJ image analysis script in plant root thick sections and its application highlighted endoreduplication as a major feature of the AM pre-penetration response in root cortical cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Carotenuto
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Ivan Sciascia
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Ludovica Oddi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Veronica Volpe
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Genre
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Torino, Italy.
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Carotenuto G, Sciascia I, Oddi L, Volpe V, Genre A. Size matters: three methods for estimating nuclear size in mycorrhizal roots of Medicago truncatula by image analysis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:180. [PMID: 31054574 PMCID: PMC6500585 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1791-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intracellular accommodation of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi involves a profound molecular reprogramming of the host cell architecture and metabolism, based on the activation of a symbiotic signaling pathway. In analogy with other plant biotrophs, AM fungi are reported to trigger cell cycle reactivation in their host tissues, possibly in support of the enhanced metabolic demand required for the symbiosis. RESULTS We here compare the efficiency of three Fiji/ImageJ image analysis plugins in localizing and quantifying the increase in nuclear size - a hallmark of recursive events of endoreduplication - in M. truncatula roots colonized by the AM fungus Gigaspora margarita. All three approaches proved to be versatile and upgradeable, allowing the investigation of nuclear changes in a complex tissue; 3D Object Counter provided more detailed information than both TrackMate and Round Surface Detector plugins. On this base we challenged 3D Object Counter with two case studies: verifying the lack of endoreduplication-triggering responses in Medicago truncatula mutants with a known non-symbiotic phenotype; and analysing the correlation in space and time between the induction of cortical cell division and endoreduplication upon AM colonization. Both case studies revealed important biological aspects. Mutant phenotype analyses have demonstrated that the knock-out mutation of different key genes in the symbiotic signaling pathway block AM-associated endoreduplication. Furthermore, our data show that cell divisions occur during initial stages of root colonization and are followed by recursive activation of the endocycle in preparation for arbuscule accommodation. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our results indicate 3D Object Counter as the best performing Fiji/ImageJ image analysis script in plant root thick sections and its application highlighted endoreduplication as a major feature of the AM pre-penetration response in root cortical cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Carotenuto
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Ivan Sciascia
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Ludovica Oddi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Veronica Volpe
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Genre
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Torino, Italy.
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Del Prete S, Molitor A, Charif D, Bessoltane N, Soubigou-Taconnat L, Guichard C, Brunaud V, Granier F, Fransz P, Gaudin V. Extensive nuclear reprogramming and endoreduplication in mature leaf during floral induction. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:135. [PMID: 30971226 PMCID: PMC6458719 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1738-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The floral transition is a complex developmental event, fine-tuned by various environmental and endogenous cues to ensure the success of offspring production. Leaves are key organs in sensing floral inductive signals, such as a change in light regime, and in the production of the mobile florigen. CONSTANS and FLOWERING LOCUS T are major players in leaves in response to photoperiod. Morphological and molecular events during the floral transition have been intensively studied in the shoot apical meristem. To better understand the concomitant processes in leaves, which are less described, we investigated the nuclear changes in fully developed leaves during the time course of the floral transition. RESULTS We highlighted new putative regulatory candidates of flowering in leaves. We observed differential expression profiles of genes related to cellular, hormonal and metabolic actions, but also of genes encoding long non-coding RNAs and new natural antisense transcripts. In addition, we detected a significant increase in ploidy level during the floral transition, indicating endoreduplication. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that differentiated mature leaves, possess physiological plasticity and undergo extensive nuclear reprogramming during the floral transition. The dynamic events point at functionally related networks of transcription factors and novel regulatory motifs, but also complex hormonal and metabolic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Del Prete
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Bât. 2, RD10 Route de Saint-Cyr, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Anne Molitor
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Bât. 2, RD10 Route de Saint-Cyr, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Delphine Charif
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Bât. 2, RD10 Route de Saint-Cyr, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Nadia Bessoltane
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Bât. 2, RD10 Route de Saint-Cyr, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Ludivine Soubigou-Taconnat
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, Plateau du Moulon, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Bâtiment 630, Plateau du Moulon, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Cécile Guichard
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, Plateau du Moulon, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Bâtiment 630, Plateau du Moulon, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Véronique Brunaud
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, Plateau du Moulon, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Bâtiment 630, Plateau du Moulon, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Fabienne Granier
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Bât. 2, RD10 Route de Saint-Cyr, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Paul Fransz
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Valérie Gaudin
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Bât. 2, RD10 Route de Saint-Cyr, 78000 Versailles, France
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Ramula S, Paige KN, Lennartsson T, Tuomi J. Overcompensation: a 30-year perspective. Ecology 2019; 100:e02667. [PMID: 30913306 PMCID: PMC6850278 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Biomass removal by herbivores usually incurs a fitness cost for the attacked plants, with the total cost per unit lost tissue depending on the value of the removed tissue (i.e., how costly it is to be replaced by regrowth). Optimal defense theory, first outlined in the 1960s and 1970s, predicted that these fitness costs result in an arms race between plants and herbivores, in which selection favors resistance strategies that either repel herbivores through morphological and chemical resistance traits in order to reduce their consumption, or result in enemy escape through rapid growth or by timing the growth or flowering to the periods when herbivores are absent. Such resistance against herbivores would most likely evolve when herbivores are abundant, cause extensive damage, and consume valuable plant tissues. The purpose of this Special Feature is to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the phenomenon of overcompensation, specifically, where the finding has brought us and where it is leading us 30 yr later. We first provide a short overview of how the phenomenon of overcompensation has led to broader studies on plant tolerance to herbivory, summarize key findings, and then discuss some promising new directions in light of six featured research papers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu Ramula
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, 20014, Finland
| | - Ken N Paige
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Tommy Lennartsson
- Swedish Biodiversity Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7016, Uppsala, 75007, Sweden
| | - Juha Tuomi
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, 20014, Finland
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38
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Zwiewka M, Bielach A, Tamizhselvan P, Madhavan S, Ryad EE, Tan S, Hrtyan MN, Dobrev P, Vankovï R, Friml J, Tognetti VB. Root Adaptation to H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress by ARF-GEF BEN1- and Cytoskeleton-Mediated PIN2 Trafficking. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:255-273. [PMID: 30668780 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stress poses constant challenges for plant survival and is a serious problem for global agricultural productivity. On a molecular level, stress conditions result in elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production causing oxidative stress associated with oxidation of proteins and nucleic acids as well as impairment of membrane functions. Adaptation of root growth to ROS accumulation is facilitated through modification of auxin and cytokinin hormone homeostasis. Here, we report that in Arabidopsis root meristem, ROS-induced changes of auxin levels correspond to decreased abundance of PIN auxin efflux carriers at the plasma membrane (PM). Specifically, increase in H2O2 levels affects PIN2 endocytic recycling. We show that the PIN2 intracellular trafficking during adaptation to oxidative stress requires the function of the ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF)-guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) BEN1, an actin-associated regulator of the trafficking from the PM to early endosomes and, presumably, indirectly, trafficking to the vacuoles. We propose that H2O2 levels affect the actin dynamics thus modulating ARF-GEF-dependent trafficking of PIN2. This mechanism provides a way how root growth acclimates to stress and adapts to a changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Zwiewka
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Agnieszka Bielach
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Prashanth Tamizhselvan
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sharmila Madhavan
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eman Elrefaay Ryad
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Shutang Tan
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mï Nika Hrtyan
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petre Dobrev
- Institute of Experimental Botany Czech Acad. Sci, Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Rozvojov� 263, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Radomira Vankovï
- Institute of Experimental Botany Czech Acad. Sci, Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Rozvojov� 263, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiřï Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Vanesa B Tognetti
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, Czech Republic
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Kumar Meena M, Kumar Vishwakarma N, Tripathi V, Chattopadhyay D. CBL-interacting protein kinase 25 contributes to root meristem development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:133-147. [PMID: 30239807 PMCID: PMC6305191 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Co-ordination of auxin and cytokinin activities determines root meristem size during post-embryonic development. Calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs) and their interacting protein kinases (CIPKs) constitute signaling modules that relay calcium signals. Here we report that CIPK25 is involved in regulating the root meristem size. Arabidopsis plants lacking CIPK25 expression displayed a short root phenotype and a slower root growth rate with fewer meristem cells. This phenotype was rescued by restoration of CIPK25 expression. CIPK25 interacted with CBL4 and -5, and displayed strong gene expression in the flower and root, except in the cell proliferation domain in the root apical meristem. Its expression in the root was positively and negatively regulated by auxin and cytokinin, respectively. The cipk25 T-DNA insertion line was compromised in auxin transport and auxin-responsive promoter activity. The cipk25 mutant line showed altered expression of auxin efflux carriers (PIN1 and PIN2) and an Aux/IAA family gene SHY2. Decreased PIN1 and PIN2 expression in the cipk25 mutant line was completely restored when combined with a SHY2 loss-of-function mutation, resulting in recovery of root growth. SHY2 and PIN1 expression was partially regulated by cytokinin even in the absence of CIPK25, suggesting a CIPK25-independent cytokinin signaling pathway(s). Our results revealed that CIPK25 plays an important role in the co-ordination of auxin and cytokinin signaling in root meristem development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar Meena
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Vineeta Tripathi
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Debasis Chattopadhyay
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
- Correspondence:
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40
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Paige KN. Overcompensation, environmental stress, and the role of endoreduplication. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:1105-1108. [PMID: 30070685 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken N Paige
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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41
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Pulungan SI, Yano R, Okabe Y, Ichino T, Kojima M, Takebayashi Y, Sakakibara H, Ariizumi T, Ezura H. SlLAX1 is Required for Normal Leaf Development Mediated by Balanced Adaxial and Abaxial Pavement Cell Growth in Tomato. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 29528453 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Leaves are the major plant organs with a primary function for photosynthesis. Auxin controls various aspects of plant growth and development, including leaf initiation, expansion and differentiation. Unique and intriguing auxin features include its polar transport, which is mainly controlled by the AUX1/LAX and PIN gene families as influx and efflux carriers, respectively. The role of AUX1/LAX genes in root development is well documented, but the role of these genes in leaf morphogenesis remains unclear. Moreover, most studies have been conducted in the plant model Arabidopsis thaliana, while studies in tomato are still scarce. In this study, we isolated six lines of the allelic curly leaf phenotype 'curl' mutants from a γ-ray and EMS (ethyl methanesulfonate) mutagenized population. Using a map-based cloning strategy combined with exome sequencing, we observed that a mutation occurred in the SlLAX1 gene (Solyc09g014380), which is homologous to an Arabidopsis auxin influx carrier gene, AUX1 (AtAUX1). Characterization of six alleles of single curl mutants revealed the pivotal role of SlLAX1 in controlling tomato leaf flatness by balancing adaxial and abaxial pavement cell growth, which has not been reported in tomato. Using TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genome) technology, we isolated an additional mutant allele of the SlLAX1 gene and this mutant showed a curled leaf phenotype similar to other curl mutants, suggesting that Solyc09g014380 is responsible for the curl phenotype. These results showed that SlLAX1 is required for normal leaf development mediated by balanced adaxial and abaxial pavement cell growth in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Imriani Pulungan
- Graduate School Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572 Japan
| | - Ryoichi Yano
- Faculty Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572 Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Okabe
- Faculty Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572 Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577 Japan
| | - Takuji Ichino
- Faculty Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572 Japan
| | - Mikiko Kojima
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro 1-7-22, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Yumiko Takebayashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro 1-7-22, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro 1-7-22, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Tohru Ariizumi
- Faculty Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572 Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Faculty Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572 Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577 Japan
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van den Berg T, Ten Tusscher KH. Auxin Information Processing; Partners and Interactions beyond the Usual Suspects. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122585. [PMID: 29194409 PMCID: PMC5751188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin plays a major role in a variety of processes involved in plant developmental patterning and its adaptation to environmental conditions. Therefore, an important question is how specificity in auxin signalling is achieved, that is, how a single signalling molecule can carry so many different types of information. In recent years, many studies on auxin specificity have been published, unravelling increasingly more details on differential auxin sensitivity, expression domains and downstream partners of the auxin receptors (transport inhibitor response 1 (TIR1) and other auxin signaling F-box proteins (AFB)), transcriptional repressors that are degraded in response to auxin (AUX/IAA) and downstream auxin response factors (ARF) that together constitute the plant’s major auxin response pathways. These data are critical to explain how, in the same cells, different auxin levels may trigger different responses, as well as how in different spatial or temporal contexts similar auxin signals converge to different responses. However, these insights do not yet answer more complex questions regarding auxin specificity. As an example, they leave open the question of how similar sized auxin changes at similar locations result in different responses depending on the duration and spatial extent of the fluctuation in auxin levels. Similarly, it leaves unanswered how, in the case of certain tropisms, small differences in signal strength at both sides of a plant organ are converted into an instructive auxin asymmetry that enables a robust tropic response. Finally, it does not explain how, in certain cases, substantially different auxin levels become translated into similar cellular responses, while in other cases similar auxin levels, even when combined with similar auxin response machinery, may trigger different responses. In this review, we illustrate how considering the regulatory networks and contexts in which auxin signalling takes place helps answer these types of fundamental questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea van den Berg
- Theoretical Biology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Kirsten H Ten Tusscher
- Theoretical Biology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Huang X, Lei Y, Guan H, Hao Y, Liu H, Sun G, Chen R, Song S. Transcriptomic analysis of the regulation of stalk development in flowering Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris) by RNA sequencing. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15517. [PMID: 29138433 PMCID: PMC5686075 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15699-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Flowering Chinese cabbage is a stalk vegetable whose quality and yield are directly related to stalk development. However, no comprehensive investigations on stalk development have been performed. To address this issue, the present study used RNA sequencing to investigate transcriptional regulation at three key stages (seedling, bolting, and flowering) of stalk development in flowering Chinese cabbage. Anatomical analysis revealed that cell division was the main mode of stalk thickening and elongation at all key stages. Among the 35,327 genes expressed in shoot apices, 34,448 were annotated and 879 were identified as novel transcripts. We identified 11,514 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among the three stages of stalk development. Functional analysis revealed that these DEGs were significantly enriched in ‘ribosome’ and ‘plant hormone signal transduction’ pathways and were involved in hormone signal transduction, cell cycle progression, and the regulation of flowering time. The roles of these genes in stalk development were explored, and a putative gene-regulation network for the stalk flowering time was established. These findings provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of stalk development in flowering Chinese cabbage that provides a new theoretical basis for stalk vegetable breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmin Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Protected Horticulture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuling Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Protected Horticulture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongling Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Protected Horticulture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanwei Hao
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Protected Horticulture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Houcheng Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Protected Horticulture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Guangwen Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Protected Horticulture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Riyuan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Protected Horticulture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.
| | - Shiwei Song
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Protected Horticulture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.
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44
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Fruit weight is controlled by Cell Size Regulator encoding a novel protein that is expressed in maturing tomato fruits. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006930. [PMID: 28817560 PMCID: PMC5560543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increases in fruit weight of cultivated vegetables and fruits accompanied the domestication of these crops. Here we report on the positional cloning of a quantitative trait locus (QTL) controlling fruit weight in tomato. The derived allele of Cell Size Regulator (CSR-D) increases fruit weight predominantly through enlargement of the pericarp areas. The expanded pericarp tissues result from increased mesocarp cell size and not from increased number of cell layers. The effect of CSR on fruit weight and cell size is found across different genetic backgrounds implying a consistent impact of the locus on the trait. In fruits, CSR expression is undetectable early in development from floral meristems to the rapid cell proliferation stage after anthesis. Expression is low but detectable in growing fruit tissues and in or around vascular bundles coinciding with the cell enlargement stage of the fruit maturation process. CSR encodes an uncharacterized protein whose clade has expanded in the Solanaceae family. The mutant allele is predicted to encode a shorter protein due to a 1.4 kb deletion resulting in a 194 amino-acid truncation. Co-expression analyses and GO term enrichment analyses suggest association of CSR with cell differentiation in fruit tissues and vascular bundles. The derived allele arose in Solanum lycopersicum var cerasiforme and appears completely fixed in many cultivated tomato’s market classes. This finding suggests that the selection of this allele was critical to the full domestication of tomato from its intermediate ancestors. Starting about 10,000 years ago, during the Neolithic period, human societies began the transformation from a hunting and gathering-dependent lifestyle to an agrarian lifestyle. This transformation was accompanied by plant and animal domestication. Tomato shows a huge increase in fruit weight that has arisen as a consequence of its domestication. We identified a gene that encodes a poorly characterized protein that controls fruit weight in tomato. The mutation that led to the increase in fruit weight arose early during the cultivation of tomato and is now incorporated in all large tomato varieties. The gene regulates cell size in the fruit and is called Cell Size Regulator. The increases in cell size are proposed to relate to cellular maturation that accompanies fruit growth.
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45
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Characterization of Arabidopsis thaliana regrowth patterns suggests a trade-off between undamaged fitness and damage tolerance. Oecologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-3897-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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46
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García-Gómez ML, Azpeitia E, Álvarez-Buylla ER. A dynamic genetic-hormonal regulatory network model explains multiple cellular behaviors of the root apical meristem of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005488. [PMID: 28426669 PMCID: PMC5417714 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the concerted action of hormones and transcription factors is fundamental to understand cell differentiation and pattern formation during organ development. The root apical meristem of Arabidopsis thaliana is a useful model to address this. It has a stem cell niche near its tip conformed of a quiescent organizer and stem or initial cells around it, then a proliferation domain followed by a transition domain, where cells diminish division rate before transiting to the elongation zone; here, cells grow anisotropically prior to their final differentiation towards the plant base. A minimal model of the gene regulatory network that underlies cell-fate specification and patterning at the root stem cell niche was proposed before. In this study, we update and couple such network with both the auxin and cytokinin hormone signaling pathways to address how they collectively give rise to attractors that correspond to the genetic and hormonal activity profiles that are characteristic of different cell types along A. thaliana root apical meristem. We used a Boolean model of the genetic-hormonal regulatory network to integrate known and predicted regulatory interactions into alternative models. Our analyses show that, after adding some putative missing interactions, the model includes the necessary and sufficient components and regulatory interactions to recover attractors characteristic of the root cell types, including the auxin and cytokinin activity profiles that correlate with different cellular behaviors along the root apical meristem. Furthermore, the model predicts the existence of activity configurations that could correspond to the transition domain. The model also provides a possible explanation for apparently paradoxical cellular behaviors in the root meristem. For example, how auxin may induce and at the same time inhibit WOX5 expression. According to the model proposed here the hormonal regulation of WOX5 might depend on the cell type. Our results illustrate how non-linear multi-stable qualitative network models can aid at understanding how transcriptional regulators and hormonal signaling pathways are dynamically coupled and may underlie both the acquisition of cell fate and the emergence of hormonal activity profiles that arise during complex organ development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica L. García-Gómez
- Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Eugenio Azpeitia
- INRIA project-team Virtual Plants, joint with CIRAD and INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Elena R. Álvarez-Buylla
- Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
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47
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Saini K, Markakis MN, Zdanio M, Balcerowicz DM, Beeckman T, De Veylder L, Prinsen E, Beemster GTS, Vissenberg K. Alteration in Auxin Homeostasis and Signaling by Overexpression Of PINOID Kinase Causes Leaf Growth Defects in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1009. [PMID: 28659952 PMCID: PMC5470171 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In plants many developmental processes are regulated by auxin and its directional transport. PINOID (PID) kinase helps to regulate this transport by influencing polar recruitment of PIN efflux proteins on the cellular membranes. We investigated how altered auxin levels affect leaf growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. Arabidopsis mutants and transgenic plants with altered PID expression levels were used to study the effect on auxin distribution and leaf development. Single knockouts showed small pleiotropic growth defects. Contrastingly, several leaf phenotypes related to changes in auxin concentrations and transcriptional activity were observed in PID overexpression (PIDOE ) lines. Unlike in the knockout lines, the leaves of PIDOE lines showed an elevation in total indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Accordingly, enhanced DR5-visualized auxin responses were detected, especially along the leaf margins. Kinematic analysis revealed that ectopic expression of PID negatively affects cell proliferation and expansion rates, yielding reduced cell numbers and small-sized cells in the PIDOE leaves. We used PIDOE lines as a tool to study auxin dose effects on leaf development and demonstrate that auxin, above a certain threshold, has a negative affect on leaf growth. RNA sequencing further showed how subtle PIDOE -related changes in auxin levels lead to transcriptional reprogramming of cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumud Saini
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Marios N. Markakis
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
- Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Malgorzata Zdanio
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Daria M. Balcerowicz
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIBGhent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | | | - Els Prinsen
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Gerrit T. S. Beemster
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Kris Vissenberg
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
- Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology Lab, Department Of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition, University of Applied Sciences Crete – Technological Educational Institute (UASC-TEI)Heraklion, Greece
- *Correspondence: Kris Vissenberg, ;
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48
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Tanaka R, Amijima M, Iwata Y, Koizumi N, Mishiba KI. Effect of light and auxin transport inhibitors on endoreduplication in hypocotyl and cotyledon. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:2539-2547. [PMID: 27637202 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-2054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Enhancement of endoreduplication in dark-grown hypocotyl is a common feature in dicotyledonous polysomatic plants, and TIBA-mediated inhibition of the endoreduplication is partially due to abnormal actin organization. Many higher plant species use endoreduplication during cell differentiation. However, the mechanisms underlying this process have remained elusive. In this study, we examined endoreduplication in hypocotyls and cotyledons in response to light in some dicotyledonous plant species. Enhancement of endoreduplication was found in the dark-grown hypocotyls of all the polysomatic species analyzed across five different families, indicating that this process is a common feature in dicotyledonous plants having polysomatic tissues. Conversely, endoreduplication was enhanced in the light-grown cotyledons in four of the five species analyzed. We also analyzed the effect of a polar auxin transport inhibitor, 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) on endoreduplication in hypocotyl and cotyledon tissues of radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. longipinnatus Bailey). TIBA was found to inhibit and promote endoreduplication in hypocotyls and cotyledons, respectively, suggesting that the endoreduplication mechanism differs in these organs. To gain insight into the effect of TIBA, radish and spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) seedlings were treated with a vesicle-trafficking inhibitor, brefeldin A, and an actin polymerization inhibitor, cytochalasin D. Both of the inhibitors partially inhibited endoreduplication of the dark-grown hypocotyl tissues, suggesting that the prominent inhibition of endoreduplication by TIBA might be attributed to its multifaceted role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riko Tanaka
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Makoto Amijima
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Yuji Iwata
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Nozomu Koizumi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichiro Mishiba
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan.
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49
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Huang J, Wijeratne AJ, Tang C, Zhang T, Fenelon RE, Owen HA, Zhao D. Ectopic expression of TAPETUM DETERMINANT1 affects ovule development in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:1311-26. [PMID: 26685185 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved to extensively employ leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs), the largest family of RLKs, to control growth, development, and defense. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the EXCESS MICROSPOROCYTES1 (EMS1) LRR-RLK and its potential small protein ligand TAPETUM DETERMINANT1 (TPD1) are specifically required for anther cell differentiation; however, TPD1 and EMS1 orthologs also control megaspore mother cell proliferation in rice and maize ovules. Here, the molecular function of TPD1 was demonstrated during ovule development in Arabidopsis using a gain-of-function approach. In ovules, the EMS1 gene was primarily expressed in nucellus epidermis and chalaza, whereas the expression of TPD1 was weakly restricted to the distal end of integuments. Ectopic expression of TPD1 caused pleiotropic defects in ovule and seed development. RNA sequencing analysis showed that ectopic expression of TPD1 altered expression of auxin signaling genes and core cell-cycle genes during ovule development. Moreover, ectopic expression of TPD1 not only affected auxin response but also enhanced expression of cyclin genes CYCD3;3 and CYCA2;3 in ovules. Thus, these results provide insight into the molecular mechanism by which TPD1-EMS1 signaling controls plant development possibly via regulation of auxin signaling and cell-cycle genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Asela J Wijeratne
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Chong Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Rebecca E Fenelon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Heather A Owen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Dazhong Zhao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
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50
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Singh SK, Chien CT, Chang IF. The Arabidopsis glutamate receptor-like gene GLR3.6 controls root development by repressing the Kip-related protein gene KRP4. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:1853-1869. [PMID: 26773810 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, 20 genes encode putative glutamate receptor-like proteins (AtGLRs). However, the functions of most genes are unknown. In this study, our results revealed that loss of function of AtGLR3.6 (atglr3.6-1) leads to reduced primary root growth and fewer lateral roots, whereas AtGLR3.6 overexpression induced both primary and lateral root growth. The glr3.6-1 mutant exhibited a smaller root meristem size compared with the wild type, indicating that AtGLR3.6 controls root meristem size. In addition, atglr3.6-1 roots show a decreased mitotic activity accounting for the reduced root meristem size. Furthermore, expression of a gene encoding a cell cycle inhibitor, the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor Kip-related protein 4 (KRP4), was significantly up-regulated in the mutant and down-regulated in AtGLR3.6-overexpressing roots, suggesting a role for KRP4 in AtGLR3.6-mediated root meristem maintenance. Importantly, the atglr3.6-1 mutant recovered most of its root growth when KRP4 expression is down-regulated, whereas elevated KRP4 expression in AtGLR3.6-overexpressing plants phenocopied the wild-type root growth, implying an underlying relationship between AtGLR3.6 and KRP4 genes. Cytosolic Ca(2+) elevation is reduced in atglr3.6-1 roots, suggesting impaired calcium signaling. Moreover, calcium treatment reduced the level of KRP4 and hence induced root growth. Collectively, we reveal that AtGLR3.6 is required for primary and lateral root development, and KRP4 functions as a downstream signaling element in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Kant Singh
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Te Chien
- Division of Silviculture, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, 53 Nan-Hai Road, Taipei 10066, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Feng Chang
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
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