1
|
Bu T, Wang L, Wu X, Gao S, Li X, Yun D, Yang X, Li L, Cheng CY, Sun F. The Planar Cell Polarity Protein Fat1 in Sertoli Cell Function. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqae041. [PMID: 38553880 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqae041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
Fat (FAT atypical cadherin) and Dchs (Dachsous cadherin-related protein) in adjacent Sertoli:Sertoli, Sertoli:spermatid, and spermatid:spermatid interfaces create an important intercellular bridge whose adhesive function is in turn supported by Fjx1, a nonreceptor Ser/Thr protein kinase. This concept is derived from earlier studies of Drosophila, which has been confirmed in this and earlier reports as well. Herein, we use the approach of knockdown of Fat1 by RNAi using primary cultures of Sertoli cells that mimicked the blood-testis barrier (BTB) in vivo, and a series of coherent experiments including functional assays to monitor the Sertoli cell tight junction (TJ) permeability barrier and a functional in vitro TJ integrity assay to assess the role of Fat1 in the testis. It was shown that planar cell polarity (PCP) protein Fat1 affected Sertoli cell function through its modulation of actin and microtubule cytoskeletal function, altering their polymerization activity through the Fat1/Fjx1 complex. Furthermore, Fat1 is intimately associated with β-catenin and α-N-catenin, as well as with Prickle 1 of the Vangl1/Prickle 1 complex, another PCP core protein to support intercellular interactions to confer PCP. In summary, these findings support the notion that the Fat:Dchs and the Vangl2:Fzd PCP intercellular bridges are tightly associated with basal ES/TJ structural proteins to stabilize PCP function at the Sertoli:Sertoli, Sertoli:spermatid, and spermatid:spermatid interface to sustain spermatogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiao Bu
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Xiaolong Wu
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Sheng Gao
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Xinyao Li
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Damin Yun
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Xiwen Yang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Linxi Li
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Innovation and Application of Intelligent Radiotherapy Technology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Chuen Yan Cheng
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kacker S, Parsad V, Singh N, Hordiichuk D, Alvarez S, Gohar M, Kacker A, Rai SK. Planar Cell Polarity Signaling: Coordinated Crosstalk for Cell Orientation. J Dev Biol 2024; 12:12. [PMID: 38804432 PMCID: PMC11130840 DOI: 10.3390/jdb12020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The planar cell polarity (PCP) system is essential for positioning cells in 3D networks to establish the proper morphogenesis, structure, and function of organs during embryonic development. The PCP system uses inter- and intracellular feedback interactions between components of the core PCP, characterized by coordinated planar polarization and asymmetric distribution of cell populations inside the cells. PCP signaling connects the anterior-posterior to left-right embryonic plane polarity through the polarization of cilia in the Kupffer's vesicle/node in vertebrates. Experimental investigations on various genetic ablation-based models demonstrated the functions of PCP in planar polarization and associated genetic disorders. This review paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of PCP signaling history, core components of the PCP signaling pathway, molecular mechanisms underlying PCP signaling, interactions with other signaling pathways, and the role of PCP in organ and embryonic development. Moreover, we will delve into the negative feedback regulation of PCP to maintain polarity, human genetic disorders associated with PCP defects, as well as challenges associated with PCP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kacker
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of the Americas, Charlestown KN 1102, Saint Kitts and Nevis;
| | - Varuneshwar Parsad
- Department of Human Body Structure and Function, Medical University of the Americas, Charlestown KN 1102, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (V.P.); (D.H.)
| | - Naveen Singh
- Department of Cerll and Molecular Biology, Medical University of the Americas, Charlestown KN 1102, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (N.S.); (S.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Daria Hordiichuk
- Department of Human Body Structure and Function, Medical University of the Americas, Charlestown KN 1102, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (V.P.); (D.H.)
| | - Stacy Alvarez
- Department of Cerll and Molecular Biology, Medical University of the Americas, Charlestown KN 1102, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (N.S.); (S.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Mahnoor Gohar
- Department of Cerll and Molecular Biology, Medical University of the Americas, Charlestown KN 1102, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (N.S.); (S.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Anshu Kacker
- Department of Histology and Human Physiology, Medical University of the Americas, Charlestown KN 1102, Saint Kitts and Nevis;
| | - Sunil Kumar Rai
- Department of Cerll and Molecular Biology, Medical University of the Americas, Charlestown KN 1102, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (N.S.); (S.A.); (M.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Luo W, Fu X, Huang H, Wu P, Wang Y, Liu Z, He S, Pang L, Ren D, Cui Y. Planar Cell Polarity in the Multiciliated Epithelial Lining of the Mouse Eustachian Tube. Laryngoscope 2024. [PMID: 38613460 DOI: 10.1002/lary.31451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling, essential for uniform alignment and directional beating of motile cilia, has been investigated in multiciliated epithelia. As a complex structure connecting the middle ear to the nasopharynx, the eustachian tube (ET) is important in the onset of ear-nose-throat diseases. However, PCP signaling, including the orientation that is important for ciliary motility and clearance function in the ET, has not been studied. We evaluated PCP in the ET epithelium. STUDY DESIGN Morphometric examination of the mouse ET. METHODS We performed electron microscopy to assess ciliary polarity in the mouse ET, along with immunohistochemical analysis of PCP protein localization in the ET epithelium. RESULTS We discovered PCP in the ET epithelium. Motile cilia were aligned in the same direction in individual and neighboring cells; this alignment manifested as ciliary polarity in multiciliated cells. Additionally, PCP proteins were asymmetrically localized between adjacent cells in the plane of the ET. CONCLUSIONS The multiciliated ET epithelium exhibits polarization, suggesting novel structural features that may be critical for ET function. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 2024.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Luo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Fu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongming Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peina Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanmei Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhifeng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Longgang E.N.T hospital & Institute of E.N.T, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shiqi He
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Limin Pang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongdong Ren
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Cui
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tamilselvan E, Sotomayor M. CELSR1, a core planar cell polarity protein, features a weakly adhesive and flexible cadherin ectodomain. Structure 2024; 32:476-491.e5. [PMID: 38307021 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP), essential to multicellular developmental processes, arises when cells polarize and align across tissues. Central to PCP is CELSR1, an atypical cadherin featuring a long ectodomain with nine extracellular cadherin (EC) repeats, a membrane adjacent domain (MAD10), and several characteristic adhesion GPCR domains. Cell-based aggregation assays have demonstrated CELSR1's homophilic adhesive nature, but mechanistic details are missing. Here, we investigate the possible adhesive properties and structures of CELSR1 EC repeats. Our bead aggregation assays do not support strong adhesion by EC repeats alone. Consistently, EC1-4 only dimerizes at high concentration in solution. Crystal structures of human CELSR1 EC1-4 and EC4-7 reveal typical folds and a non-canonical linker between EC5 and EC6. Simulations and experiments using EC4-7 indicate flexibility at EC5-6, and solution experiments show EC7-MAD10-mediated dimerization. Our results suggest weak homophilic adhesion by CELSR1 cadherin repeats and provide mechanistic insights into the structural determinants of CELSR1 function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elakkiya Tamilselvan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Biophysics Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Marcos Sotomayor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Biophysics Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gómez-Felipe A, Branchini E, Wang B, Marconi M, Bertrand-Rakusová H, Stan T, Burkiewicz J, de Folter S, Routier-Kierzkowska AL, Wabnik K, Kierzkowski D. Two orthogonal differentiation gradients locally coordinate fruit morphogenesis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2912. [PMID: 38575617 PMCID: PMC10995178 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47325-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis requires the coordination of cellular behaviors along developmental axes. In plants, gradients of growth and differentiation are typically established along a single longitudinal primordium axis to control global organ shape. Yet, it remains unclear how these gradients are locally adjusted to regulate the formation of complex organs that consist of diverse tissue types. Here we combine quantitative live imaging at cellular resolution with genetics, and chemical treatments to understand the formation of Arabidopsis thaliana female reproductive organ (gynoecium). We show that, contrary to other aerial organs, gynoecium shape is determined by two orthogonal, time-shifted differentiation gradients. An early mediolateral gradient controls valve morphogenesis while a late, longitudinal gradient regulates style differentiation. Local, tissue-dependent action of these gradients serves to fine-tune the common developmental program governing organ morphogenesis to ensure the specialized function of the gynoecium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gómez-Felipe
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Elvis Branchini
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Binghan Wang
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Marco Marconi
- centro De Biotecnología Y Genómica De Plantas (Universidad Politécnica De Madrid (Upm), Instituto Nacional De Investigación Y Tecnología Agraria Y Alimentaria (Inia, Csic), Campus De Montegancedo, Pozuelo De Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Hana Bertrand-Rakusová
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Teodora Stan
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Jérôme Burkiewicz
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Stefan de Folter
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), CP, 36824, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Anne-Lise Routier-Kierzkowska
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Krzysztof Wabnik
- centro De Biotecnología Y Genómica De Plantas (Universidad Politécnica De Madrid (Upm), Instituto Nacional De Investigación Y Tecnología Agraria Y Alimentaria (Inia, Csic), Campus De Montegancedo, Pozuelo De Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Daniel Kierzkowski
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Meserve JH, Navarro MF, Ortiz EA, Granato M. Celsr3 drives development and connectivity of the acoustic startle hindbrain circuit. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.07.583806. [PMID: 38496637 PMCID: PMC10942420 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.07.583806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
In the developing brain, groups of neurons organize into functional circuits that direct diverse behaviors. One such behavior is the evolutionarily conserved acoustic startle response, which in zebrafish is mediated by a well-defined hindbrain circuit. While numerous molecular pathways that guide neurons to their synaptic partners have been identified, it is unclear if and to what extent distinct neuron populations in the startle circuit utilize shared molecular pathways to ensure coordinated development. Here, we show that the planar cell polarity (PCP)-associated atypical cadherins Celsr3 and Celsr2, as well as the Celsr binding partner Frizzled 3a/Fzd3a, are critical for axon guidance of two neuron types that form synapses with each other: the command-like neuron Mauthner cells that drive the acoustic startle escape response, and spiral fiber neurons which provide excitatory input to Mauthner cells. We find that Mauthner axon growth towards synaptic targets is vital for Mauthner survival. We also demonstrate that symmetric spiral fiber input to Mauthner cells is critical for escape direction, which is necessary to respond to directional threats. Moreover, we identify distinct roles for Celsr3 and Celsr2, as Celsr3 is required for startle circuit development while Celsr2 is dispensable, though Celsr2 can partially compensate for loss of Celsr3 in Mauthner cells. This contrasts with facial branchiomotor neuron migration in the hindbrain, which requires Celsr2 while we find that Celsr3 is dispensable. Combined, our data uncover critical and distinct roles for individual PCP components during assembly of the acoustic startle hindbrain circuit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joy H Meserve
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Maria F Navarro
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Elelbin A Ortiz
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael Granato
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dutta D, Kanca O, Shridharan RV, Marcogliese PC, Steger B, Morimoto M, Frost FG, Macnamara E, Wangler MF, Yamamoto S, Jenny A, Adams D, Malicdan MC, Bellen HJ. Loss of the endoplasmic reticulum protein Tmem208 affects cell polarity, development, and viability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2322582121. [PMID: 38381787 PMCID: PMC10907268 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2322582121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Nascent proteins destined for the cell membrane and the secretory pathway are targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) either posttranslationally or cotranslationally. The signal-independent pathway, containing the protein TMEM208, is one of three pathways that facilitates the translocation of nascent proteins into the ER. The in vivo function of this protein is ill characterized in multicellular organisms. Here, we generated a CRISPR-induced null allele of the fruit fly ortholog CG8320/Tmem208 by replacing the gene with the Kozak-GAL4 sequence. We show that Tmem208 is broadly expressed in flies and that its loss causes lethality, although a few short-lived flies eclose. These animals exhibit wing and eye developmental defects consistent with impaired cell polarity and display mild ER stress. Tmem208 physically interacts with Frizzled (Fz), a planar cell polarity (PCP) receptor, and is required to maintain proper levels of Fz. Moreover, we identified a child with compound heterozygous variants in TMEM208 who presents with developmental delay, skeletal abnormalities, multiple hair whorls, cardiac, and neurological issues, symptoms that are associated with PCP defects in mice and humans. Additionally, fibroblasts of the proband display mild ER stress. Expression of the reference human TMEM208 in flies fully rescues the loss of Tmem208, and the two proband-specific variants fail to rescue, suggesting that they are loss-of-function alleles. In summary, our study uncovers a role of TMEM208 in development, shedding light on its significance in ER homeostasis and cell polarity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debdeep Dutta
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX77030
| | - Oguz Kanca
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX77030
| | - Rishi V. Shridharan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX77030
| | - Paul C. Marcogliese
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX77030
| | - Benjamin Steger
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Marie Morimoto
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - F. Graeme Frost
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Ellen Macnamara
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | | | - Michael F. Wangler
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX77030
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX77030
| | - Andreas Jenny
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY10461
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY10461
| | - David Adams
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - May C. Malicdan
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Hugo J. Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX77030
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Devenport D. Cell polarity: How to build an asymmetric bridge. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R1306-R1309. [PMID: 38113846 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
A new study provides key insights into planar cell polarity (PCP) establishment through the discovery of molecular asymmetries in the homotypic adhesive interactions of the PCP cadherin, Flamingo, resulting in the formation of asymmetric, intercellular bridges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danelle Devenport
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Strutt H, Warrington S, Madathil ACK, Langenhan T, Strutt D. Molecular symmetry breaking in the Frizzled-dependent planar polarity pathway. Curr Biol 2023; 33:5340-5354.e6. [PMID: 37995695 PMCID: PMC7616066 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The core planar polarity pathway consists of six proteins that form asymmetric intercellular complexes that segregate to opposite cell ends in developing tissues and specify polarized cell structures or behaviors. Within these complexes, the atypical cadherin Flamingo localizes on both sides of intercellular junctions, where it interacts homophilically in trans via its cadherin repeats, whereas the transmembrane proteins Frizzled and Strabismus localize to the opposite sides of apposing junctions. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of such asymmetric complexes are poorly understood. Using a novel tissue culture system, we determine the minimum requirements for asymmetric complex assembly in the absence of confounding feedback mechanisms. We show that complexes are intrinsically asymmetric and that an interaction of Frizzled and Flamingo in one cell with Flamingo in the neighboring cell is the key symmetry-breaking step. In contrast, Strabismus is unable to promote homophilic Flamingo trans binding and is only recruited into complexes once Frizzled has entered on the opposite side. This interaction with Strabismus requires intact intracellular loops of the seven-pass transmembrane domain of Flamingo. Once recruited, Strabismus stabilizes the intercellular complexes together with the three cytoplasmic core proteins. We propose a model whereby Flamingo exists in a closed conformation and binding of Frizzled in one cell results in a conformational change that allows its cadherin repeats to interact with a Flamingo molecule in the neighboring cell. Flamingo in the adjacent cell then undergoes a further change in the seven-pass transmembrane region that promotes the recruitment of Strabismus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Strutt
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Samantha Warrington
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | | | - Tobias Langenhan
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Division of General Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - David Strutt
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Song S, Cho B, Weiner AT, Nissen SB, Ojeda Naharros I, Sanchez Bosch P, Suyama K, Hu Y, He L, Svinkina T, Udeshi ND, Carr SA, Perrimon N, Axelrod JD. Protein phosphatase 1 regulates core PCP signaling. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e56997. [PMID: 37975164 PMCID: PMC10702827 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202356997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling polarizes epithelial cells within the plane of an epithelium. Core PCP signaling components adopt asymmetric subcellular localizations within cells to both polarize and coordinate polarity between cells. Achieving subcellular asymmetry requires additional effectors, including some mediating post-translational modifications of core components. Identification of such proteins is challenging due to pleiotropy. We used mass spectrometry-based proximity labeling proteomics to identify such regulators in the Drosophila wing. We identified the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase1, Pp1-87B, and show that it regulates core protein polarization. Pp1-87B interacts with the core protein Van Gogh and at least one serine/threonine kinase, Dco/CKIε, that is known to regulate PCP. Pp1-87B modulates Van Gogh subcellular localization and directs its dephosphorylation in vivo. PNUTS, a Pp1 regulatory subunit, also modulates PCP. While the direct substrate(s) of Pp1-87B in control of PCP is not known, our data support the model that cycling between phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms of one or more core PCP components may regulate acquisition of asymmetry. Finally, our screen serves as a resource for identifying additional regulators of PCP signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Song
- Department of PathologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCAUSA
- Present address:
GenScriptPiscatawayNJUSA
| | - Bomsoo Cho
- Department of PathologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCAUSA
| | - Alexis T Weiner
- Department of PathologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCAUSA
| | - Silas Boye Nissen
- Department of PathologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCAUSA
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW)University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Irene Ojeda Naharros
- Department of OphthalmologyUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | | | - Kaye Suyama
- Department of PathologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCAUSA
| | - Yanhui Hu
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolHarvard UniversityBostonMAUSA
| | - Li He
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolHarvard UniversityBostonMAUSA
- Present address:
School of Life SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | | | | | | | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolHarvard UniversityBostonMAUSA
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteBostonMAUSA
| | - Jeffrey D Axelrod
- Department of PathologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCAUSA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vuong LT, Mlodzik M. The complex relationship of Wnt-signaling pathways and cilia. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 155:95-125. [PMID: 38043953 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Wnt family proteins are secreted glycolipoproteins that signal through multitude of signal transduction pathways. The Wnt-pathways are conserved and critical in all metazoans. They are essential for embryonic development, organogenesis and homeostasis, and associated with many diseases when defective or deregulated. Wnt signaling pathways comprise the canonical Wnt pathway, best known for its stabilization of β-catenin and associated nuclear β-catenin activity in gene regulation, and several non-canonical signaling branches. Wnt-Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) signaling has received the most attention among the non-canonical Wnt pathways. The relationship of cilia to Wnt-signaling is complex. While it was suggested that canonical Wnt signaling requires cilia this notion was always challenged by results suggesting the opposite. Recent developments provide insight and clarification to the relationship of Wnt signaling pathways and cilia. First, it has been now demonstrated that while ciliary proteins, in particular the IFT-A complex, are required for canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling, the cilium as a structure is not. In contrast, recent work has defined a diverged canonical signaling branch (not affecting β-catenin) to be required for ciliary biogenesis and cilia function. Furthermore, the non-canonical Wnt-PCP pathway does not affect cilia biogenesis per se, but it regulates the position of cilia within cells in many cell types, possibly in all cells where it is active, with cilia being placed near the side of the cell that has the Frizzled-Dishevelled complex. This Wnt/PCP feature is conserved with both centrioles and basal bodies/cilia being positioned accordingly, and it is also used to align mitotic spindles within the Wnt-PCP polarization axis. It also coordinates the alignment of cilia in multiciliated cells. This article addresses these new insights and different links and relationships between cilia and Wnt signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linh T Vuong
- Department of Cell, Developmental, & Regenerative Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Marek Mlodzik
- Department of Cell, Developmental, & Regenerative Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wu J, Zhang Y, Mao S, Li W, Li G, Li H, Sun S. Cross-species analysis and comparison of the inner ear between chickens and mice. J Comp Neurol 2023; 531:1443-1458. [PMID: 37462291 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The inner ear of mammals includes the cochlea and vestibule, which house specialized hair cells that are responsible for hearing and balance, respectively. While cochlear hair cells fail to regenerate following damage, those of the utricle, which is part of the vestibular apparatus, show partial regeneration. In birds, the macula lagena, a unique ear structure in this clade, has the ability to regenerate hair cells similarly to the utricle. Many studies have sought to explain regeneration in terms of evolution and species differences. However, it remains unclear what the cellular and molecular basis is behind the differences in inner ear structures and between avians and mammals. In the present study, we first investigated the anatomical structures of the inner ear of both chickens and rodents. We then performed RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and made cross-species analyses of the expression of homologous genes obtained from the inner ear tissue from both chickens and mice. Finally, we focused on the lagena, the basilar papilla, and the utricle in chickens and identified differentially expressed genes between tissues and determined the expression patterns of genes involved in inner ear structure formation by single-cell RNA sequencing and bulk RNA-Seq. We concluded that the cellular and molecular composition of the lagena is more similar to that of the utricle than the cochlea. Taken together, our study provides a valuable resource for the study of inner ear evolution and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingfang Wu
- Department of ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yunzhong Zhang
- Department of ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Shihang Mao
- Department of ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Guangfei Li
- Department of ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Huawei Li
- Department of ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- The Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Shan Sun
- Department of ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Oyagi S, Nakamura R, Katsuno T, Sogami T, Kawai Y, Kishimoto Y, Omori K. Local coordination of epithelial planar polarity in the maintenance and regeneration of the adult rat airway. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 394:163-175. [PMID: 37460682 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03809-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The maintenance of planar polarity in airway multiciliated cells (MCCs) has been poorly characterized. We recently reported that the direction of ciliary beating in a surgically inverted tracheal segment remained inverted beyond the time required for the turnover of cells, without adjustment to global distal-to-proximal polarity. We hypothesized that the local maintenance of tissue-level polarity occurs via locally reproduced cells. To provide further insight regarding this hypothetical property, we performed allotransplantation of an inverted tracheal segment between wild-type (donor) and tdTomato-expressing (host) rats, with and without scratching the mucosa of the transplants. The origin of cells in the transplants was assessed using tdTomato-specific immunostaining. Ciliary movement and structures were observed by high-speed video and electron microscopy to analyze MCC orientations. Variabilities in the orientations of closely and distantly located MCCs were analyzed to evaluate the local- and broad-scale coordination of polarity, respectively. The epithelium was maintained by donor-derived cells in the non-scratched inverted transplant over 6 months, beyond one cycle of turnover. The inverted orientation of MCCs was also maintained throughout the non-scratched transplant. MCCs regenerated in the scratched transplant were derived from the host and exhibited diverse orientations across the transplant. However, the orientations of adjacent regenerated MCCs were often coordinated, indicating that airway MCCs can locally coordinate their orientations. A steady-state airway may maintain MCC orientation by locally reproducing MCCs via the local coordination of polarity. This local coordination enables the formation and maintenance of tissue-level polarity in small regions after mucosal injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Oyagi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Min-iren Chuo Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Nakamura
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Tatsuya Katsuno
- Center of Anatomical, Pathological and Forensic Medical Researches, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tohru Sogami
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, SOSEIKAI hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kawai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Yo Kishimoto
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Koichi Omori
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Seo HS, Yu D, Popov I, Tao J, Angermeier A, Sha B, Axelrod JD, Chang C, Wang J. Prickle and Ror modulate Dishevelled-Vangl interaction to regulate non-canonical Wnt signaling during convergent extension. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.29.555374. [PMID: 37693429 PMCID: PMC10491138 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.29.555374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Convergent extension (CE) is a fundamental morphogenetic process where oriented cell behaviors lead to polarized extension of diverse tissues. In vertebrates, regulation of CE requires both non-canonical Wnt, its co-receptor Ror, and "core members" of the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway. PCP was originally identified as a mechanism to coordinate the cellular polarity in the plane of static epithelium, where core proteins Frizzled (Fz)/ Dishevelled (Dvl) and Van Gogh-like (Vangl)/ Prickel (Pk) partition to opposing cell cortex. But how core PCP proteins interact with each other to mediate non-canonical Wnt/ Ror signaling during CE is not clear. We found previously that during CE, Vangl cell-autonomously recruits Dvl to the plasma membrane but simultaneously keeps Dvl inactive. In this study, we show that non-canonical Wnt induces Dvl to transition from Vangl to Fz. PK inhibits the transition, and functionally synergize with Vangl to suppress Dvl during CE. Conversely, Ror is required for the transition, and functionally antagonizes Vangl. Biochemically, Vangl interacts directly with both Ror and Dvl. Ror and Dvl do not bind directly, but can be cofractionated with Vangl. We propose that Pk assists Vangl to function as an unconventional adaptor that brings Dvl and Ror into a complex to serves two functions: 1) simultaneously preventing both Dvl and Ror from ectopically activating non-canonical Wnt signaling; and 2) relaying Dvl to Fz for signaling activation upon non-canonical Wnt induced dimerization of Fz and Ror.
Collapse
|
15
|
Song S, Cho B, Weiner AT, Nissen SB, Naharros IO, Bosch PS, Suyama K, Hu Y, He L, Svinkina T, Udeshi ND, Carr SA, Perrimon N, Axelrod JD. Protein phosphatase 1 regulates core PCP signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.12.556998. [PMID: 37745534 PMCID: PMC10515792 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.12.556998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
PCP signaling polarizes epithelial cells within the plane of an epithelium. Core PCP signaling components adopt asymmetric subcellular localizations within cells to both polarize and coordinate polarity between cells. Achieving subcellular asymmetry requires additional effectors, including some mediating post-translational modifications of core components. Identification of such proteins is challenging due to pleiotropy. We used mass spectrometry-based proximity labeling proteomics to identify such regulators in the Drosophila wing. We identified the catalytic subunit of Protein Phosphatase1, Pp1-87B, and show that it regulates core protein polarization. Pp1-87B interacts with the core protein Van Gogh and at least one Serine/Threonine kinase, Dco/CKIε, that is known to regulate PCP. Pp1-87B modulates Van Gogh subcellular localization and directs its dephosphorylation in vivo. PNUTS, a Pp1 regulatory subunit, also modulates PCP. While the direct substrate(s) of Pp1-87B in control of PCP is not known, our data support the model that cycling between phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms of one or more core PCP components may regulate acquisition of asymmetry. Finally, our screen serves as a resource for identifying additional regulators of PCP signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Song
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Present Address: GenScript, 860 Centennial Avenue, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Bomsoo Cho
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alexis T. Weiner
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Silas Boye Nissen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Irene Ojeda Naharros
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-3120, USA
| | - Pablo Sanchez Bosch
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kaye Suyama
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yanhui Hu
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Li He
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Present Address: School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | | | | | | | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Axelrod
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Scarpella E. Axes and polarities in leaf vein formation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:112-124. [PMID: 37261944 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
For multicellular organisms to develop, cells must grow, divide, and differentiate along preferential or exclusive orientations or directions. Moreover, those orientations, or axes, and directions, or polarities, must be coordinated between cells within and between tissues. Therefore, how axes and polarities are coordinated between cells is a key question in biology. In animals, such coordination mainly depends on cell migration and direct interaction between proteins protruding from the plasma membrane. Both cell movements and direct cell-cell interactions are prevented in plants by cell walls that surround plant cells and keep them apart and in place. Therefore, plants have evolved unique mechanisms to coordinate their cell axes and polarities. Here I will discuss evidence suggesting that understanding how leaf veins form may uncover those unique mechanisms. Indeed, unlike previously thought, the cell-to-cell polar transport of the plant hormone auxin along developing veins cannot account for many features of vein patterning. Instead, those features can be accounted for by models of vein patterning that combine polar auxin transport with auxin diffusion through plasmodesmata along the axis of developing veins. Though it remains unclear whether such a combination of polar transport and axial diffusion of auxin can account for the formation of the variety of vein patterns found in plant leaves, evidence suggests that such a combined mechanism may control plant developmental processes beyond vein patterning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Scarpella
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW-405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kuebler CA, Paré AC. Striped Expression of Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteins Coordinates Cell Intercalation and Compartment Boundary Formation in the Early Drosophila Embryo. Symmetry (Basel) 2023; 15:1490. [PMID: 38650964 PMCID: PMC11034934 DOI: 10.3390/sym15081490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Planar polarity is a commonly observed phenomenon in which proteins display a consistent asymmetry in their subcellular localization or activity across the plane of a tissue. During animal development, planar polarity is a fundamental mechanism for coordinating the behaviors of groups of cells to achieve anisotropic tissue remodeling, growth, and organization. Therefore, a primary focus of developmental biology research has been to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying planar polarity in a variety of systems to identify conserved principles of tissue organization. In the early Drosophila embryo, the germband neuroectoderm epithelium rapidly doubles in length along the anterior-posterior axis through a process known as convergent extension (CE); it also becomes subdivided into tandem tissue compartments through the formation of compartment boundaries (CBs). Both processes are dependent on the planar polarity of proteins involved in cellular tension and adhesion. The enrichment of actomyosin-based tension and adherens junction-based adhesion at specific cell-cell contacts is required for coordinated cell intercalation, which drives CE, and the creation of highly stable cell-cell contacts at CBs. Recent studies have revealed a system for rapid cellular polarization triggered by the expression of leucine-rich-repeat (LRR) cell-surface proteins in striped patterns. In particular, the non-uniform expression of Toll-2, Toll-6, Toll-8, and Tartan generates local cellular asymmetries that allow cells to distinguish between cell-cell contacts oriented parallel or perpendicular to the anterior-posterior axis. In this review, we discuss (1) the biomechanical underpinnings of CE and CB formation, (2) how the initial symmetry-breaking events of anterior-posterior patterning culminate in planar polarity, and (3) recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms downstream of LRR receptors that lead to planar polarized tension and junctional adhesion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chloe A. Kuebler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Adam C. Paré
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Banerjee TD, Murugesan SN, Connahs H, Monteiro A. Spatial and temporal regulation of Wnt signaling pathway members in the development of butterfly wing patterns. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg3877. [PMID: 37494447 PMCID: PMC10371022 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg3877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Wnt signaling members are involved in the differentiation of cells associated with eyespot and band color patterns on the wings of butterflies, but the identity and spatio-temporal regulation of specific Wnt pathway members remains unclear. Here, we explore the localization and function of Armadillo/β-catenin dependent (canonical) and Armadillo/β-catenin independent (noncanonical) Wnt signaling in eyespot and band development in Bicyclus anynana by localizing Armadillo (Arm), the expression of all eight Wnt ligand and four frizzled receptor transcripts present in the genome of this species and testing the function of some of the ligands and receptors using CRISPR-Cas9. We show that distinct Wnt signaling pathways are essential for eyespot and band patterning in butterflies and are likely interacting to control their active domains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tirtha Das Banerjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore - 117557
| | | | - Heidi Connahs
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore - 117557
| | - Antόnia Monteiro
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore - 117557
- Science Division, Yale-NUS College, Singapore - 138527
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Humphries AC, Molina-Pelayo C, Sil P, Hazelett CC, Devenport D, Mlodzik M. A Van Gogh/Vangl tyrosine phosphorylation switch regulates its interaction with core Planar Cell Polarity factors Prickle and Dishevelled. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010849. [PMID: 37463168 PMCID: PMC10381084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues can be polarized along two axes: in addition to apical-basal polarity they are often also polarized within the plane of the epithelium, known as planar cell polarity (PCP). PCP depends upon the conserved Wnt/Frizzled (Fz) signaling factors, including Fz itself and Van Gogh (Vang/Vangl in mammals). Here, taking advantage of the complementary features of Drosophila wing and mouse skin PCP establishment, we dissect how Vang/Vangl phosphorylation on a specific conserved tyrosine residue affects its interaction with two cytoplasmic core PCP factors, Dishevelled (Dsh/Dvl1-3 in mammals) and Prickle (Pk/Pk1-3). We demonstrate that Pk and Dsh/Dvl bind to Vang/Vangl in an overlapping region centered around this tyrosine. Strikingly, Vang/Vangl phosphorylation promotes its binding to Prickle, a key effector of the Vang/Vangl complex, and inhibits its interaction with Dishevelled. Thus phosphorylation of this tyrosine appears to promote the formation of the mature Vang/Vangl-Pk complex during PCP establishment and conversely it inhibits the Vang interaction with the antagonistic effector Dishevelled. Intriguingly, the phosphorylation state of this tyrosine might thus serve as a switch between transient interactions with Dishevelled and stable formation of Vang-Pk complexes during PCP establishment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C. Humphries
- Dept. of Cell, Developmental, & Regenerative Biology,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Claudia Molina-Pelayo
- Dept. of Cell, Developmental, & Regenerative Biology,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Parijat Sil
- Dept. of Molecular Biology Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - C. Clayton Hazelett
- Dept. of Molecular Biology Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Danelle Devenport
- Dept. of Molecular Biology Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Marek Mlodzik
- Dept. of Cell, Developmental, & Regenerative Biology,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Casal J, Storer F, Lawrence PA. Planar cell polarity: intracellular asymmetry and supracellular gradients of Frizzled. Open Biol 2023; 13:230105. [PMID: 37311537 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP), the coordinated orientation of structures such as cilia, mammalian hairs or insect bristles, depends on at least two molecular systems. We have argued that these two systems use similar mechanisms; each depending on a supracellular gradient of concentration that spans a field of cells. In a linked paper, we studied the Dachsous/Fat system. We found a graded distribution of Dachsous in vivo in a segment of the pupal epidermis in the abdomen of Drosophila. Here we report a similar study of the key molecule for the Starry Night/Frizzled or 'core' system. We measure the distribution of the receptor Frizzled on the cell membranes of all cells of one segment in the living pupal abdomen of Drosophila. We find a supracellular gradient that falls about 17% in concentration from the front to the rear of the segment. We present some evidence that the gradient then resets in the most anterior cells of the next segment back. We find an intracellular asymmetry in all the cells, the posterior membrane of each cell carrying about 22% more Frizzled than the anterior membrane. These direct molecular measurements add to earlier evidence that the two systems of PCP act independently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Casal
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Freya Storer
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Peter A Lawrence
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Manfreda L, Rampazzo E, Persano L. Wnt Signaling in Brain Tumors: A Challenging Therapeutic Target. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12050729. [PMID: 37237541 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of Wnt signaling in normal tissue homeostasis and disease has been widely demonstrated over the last 20 years. In particular, dysregulation of Wnt pathway components has been suggested as a relevant hallmark of several neoplastic malignancies, playing a role in cancer onset, progression, and response to treatments. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the instructions provided by Wnt signaling during organogenesis and, particularly, brain development. Moreover, we recapitulate the most relevant mechanisms through which aberrant Wnt pathway activation may impact on brain tumorigenesis and brain tumor aggressiveness, with a particular focus on the mutual interdependency existing between Wnt signaling components and the brain tumor microenvironment. Finally, the latest anti-cancer therapeutic approaches employing the specific targeting of Wnt signaling are extensively reviewed and discussed. In conclusion, here we provide evidence that Wnt signaling, due to its pleiotropic involvement in several brain tumor features, may represent a relevant target in this context, although additional efforts will be needed to: (i) demonstrate the real clinical impact of Wnt inhibition in these tumors; (ii) overcome some still unsolved concerns about the potential systemic effects of such approaches; (iii) achieve efficient brain penetration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Manfreda
- Department of Women and Children's Health, University of Padova, Via Giustininani, 3, 35128 Padova, Italy
- Pediatric Research Institute, Corso Stati Uniti, 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Rampazzo
- Department of Women and Children's Health, University of Padova, Via Giustininani, 3, 35128 Padova, Italy
- Pediatric Research Institute, Corso Stati Uniti, 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Persano
- Department of Women and Children's Health, University of Padova, Via Giustininani, 3, 35128 Padova, Italy
- Pediatric Research Institute, Corso Stati Uniti, 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Dong B, Simonson L, Vold S, Oldham E, Barten L, Ahmad N, Chang H. FZD6 Promotes Melanoma Cell Invasion but Not Proliferation by Regulating Canonical Wnt Signaling and Epithelial‒Mesenchymal Transition. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:621-629.e6. [PMID: 36368445 PMCID: PMC10292634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.09.658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
FZD6 is a key gene that controls tissue polarity during development. Increasing evidence suggests that it also plays active roles in various cancers. In this study, we show that FZD6 is overexpressed in multiple melanoma cell lines and human samples. Knockdown or knockout of FZD6 does not affect cell proliferation but significantly reduces the invasive ability of melanoma cells. In addition, we have found that knockout of Fzd6 dramatically reduces lung metastasis in the Pten/BRaf mouse model of melanoma. Mechanistic studies in vitro and in vivo reveal a surprising involvement of canonical Wnt signaling and epithelial‒mesenchymal pathway in the FZD6-mediated invasive phenotype. Together, our study supports a promoter role of FZD6 in melanoma progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Dong
- Department of Dermatology, The School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Program in Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Laura Simonson
- Department of Dermatology, The School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Samantha Vold
- Department of Dermatology, The School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ethan Oldham
- Department of Dermatology, The School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Lillian Barten
- Department of Dermatology, The School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nihal Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, The School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Hao Chang
- Department of Dermatology, The School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Program in Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bogaert KA, Zakka EE, Coelho SM, De Clerck O. Polarization of brown algal zygotes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 134:90-102. [PMID: 35317961 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Brown algae are a group of multicellular, heterokont algae that have convergently evolved developmental complexity that rivals that of embryophytes, animals or fungi. Early in development, brown algal zygotes establish a basal and an apical pole, which will become respectively the basal system (holdfast) and the apical system (thallus) of the adult alga. Brown algae are interesting models for understanding the establishment of cell polarity in a broad evolutionary context, because they exhibit a large diversity of life cycles, reproductive strategies and, importantly, their zygotes are produced in large quantities free of parental tissue, with symmetry breaking and asymmetric division taking place in a highly synchronous manner. This review describes the current knowledge about the establishment of the apical-basal axis in the model brown seaweeds Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Fucus and Saccharina, highlighting the advantages and specific interests of each system. Ectocarpus is a genetic model system that allows access to the molecular basis of early development and life-cycle control over apical-basal polarity. The oogamous brown alga Fucus, together with emerging comparative models Dictyota and Saccharina, emphasize the diversity of strategies of symmetry breaking in determining a cell polarity vector in brown algae. A comparison with symmetry-breaking mechanisms in land plants, animals and fungi, reveals that the one-step zygote polarisation of Fucus compares well to Saccharomyces budding and Arabidopsis stomata development, while the two-phased symmetry breaking in the Dictyota zygote compares to Schizosaccharomyces fission, the Caenorhabditis anterior-posterior zygote polarisation and Arabidopsis prolate pollen polarisation. The apical-basal patterning in Saccharina zygotes on the other hand, may be seen as analogous to that of land plants. Overall, brown algae have the potential to bring exciting new information on how a single cell gives rise to an entire complex body plan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenny A Bogaert
- Phycology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Eliane E Zakka
- Phycology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Susana M Coelho
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olivier De Clerck
- Phycology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Nomdedeu-Sancho G, Alsina B. Wiring the senses: Factors that regulate peripheral axon pathfinding in sensory systems. Dev Dyn 2023; 252:81-103. [PMID: 35972036 PMCID: PMC10087148 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory neurons of the head are the ones that transmit the information about the external world to our brain for its processing. Axons from cranial sensory neurons sense different chemoattractant and chemorepulsive molecules during the journey and in the target tissue to establish the precise innervation with brain neurons and/or receptor cells. Here, we aim to unify and summarize the available information regarding molecular mechanisms guiding the different afferent sensory axons of the head. By putting the information together, we find the use of similar guidance cues in different sensory systems but in distinct combinations. In vertebrates, the number of genes in each family of guidance cues has suffered a great expansion in the genome, providing redundancy, and robustness. We also discuss recently published data involving the role of glia and mechanical forces in shaping the axon paths. Finally, we highlight the remaining questions to be addressed in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Nomdedeu-Sancho
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Berta Alsina
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Notch-dependent Abl signaling regulates cell motility during ommatidial rotation in Drosophila. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111788. [PMID: 36476875 PMCID: PMC9887719 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A collective cell motility event that occurs during Drosophila eye development, ommatidial rotation (OR), serves as a paradigm for signaling-pathway-regulated directed movement of cell clusters. OR is instructed by the EGFR and Notch pathways and Frizzled/planar cell polarity (Fz/PCP) signaling, all of which are associated with photoreceptor R3 and R4 specification. Here, we show that Abl kinase negatively regulates OR through its activity in the R3/R4 pair. Abl is localized to apical junctional regions in R4, but not in R3, during OR, and this apical localization requires Notch signaling. We demonstrate that Abl and Notch interact genetically during OR, and Abl co-immunoprecipitates in complexes with Notch in eye discs. Perturbations of Abl interfere with adherens junctional organization of ommatidial preclusters, which mediate the OR process. Together, our data suggest that Abl kinase acts directly downstream of Notch in R4 to fine-tune OR via its effect on adherens junctions.
Collapse
|
26
|
Molina-Pelayo C, Olguin P, Mlodzik M, Glavic A. The conserved Pelado/ZSWIM8 protein regulates actin dynamics by promoting linear actin filament polymerization. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/12/e202201484. [PMID: 35940847 PMCID: PMC9375228 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin filament polymerization can be branched or linear, which depends on the associated regulatory proteins. Competition for actin monomers occurs between proteins that induce branched or linear actin polymerization. Cell specialization requires the regulation of actin filaments to allow the formation of cell type-specific structures, like cuticular hairs in Drosophila, formed by linear actin filaments. Here, we report the functional analysis of CG34401/pelado, a gene encoding a SWIM domain-containing protein, conserved throughout the animal kingdom, called ZSWIM8 in mammals. Mutant pelado epithelial cells display actin hair elongation defects. This phenotype is reversed by increasing actin monomer levels or by either pushing linear actin polymerization or reducing branched actin polymerization. Similarly, in hemocytes, Pelado is essential to induce filopodia, a linear actin-based structure. We further show that this function of Pelado/ZSWIM8 is conserved in human cells, where Pelado inhibits branched actin polymerization in a cell migration context. In summary, our data indicate that the function of Pelado/ZSWIM8 in regulating actin cytoskeletal dynamics is conserved, favoring linear actin polymerization at the expense of branched filaments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Molina-Pelayo
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Departamento de Biología, Centro FONDAP de Regulación del Genoma, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricio Olguin
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA .,Departamento de Neurociencia, Programa de Genética Humana, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto de Neurociencia Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marek Mlodzik
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alvaro Glavic
- Departamento de Biología, Centro FONDAP de Regulación del Genoma, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wright BA, Kvansakul M, Schierwater B, Humbert PO. Cell polarity signalling at the birth of multicellularity: What can we learn from the first animals. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1024489. [PMID: 36506100 PMCID: PMC9729800 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1024489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The innovation of multicellularity has driven the unparalleled evolution of animals (Metazoa). But how is a multicellular organism formed and how is its architecture maintained faithfully? The defining properties and rules required for the establishment of the architecture of multicellular organisms include the development of adhesive cell interactions, orientation of division axis, and the ability to reposition daughter cells over long distances. Central to all these properties is the ability to generate asymmetry (polarity), coordinated by a highly conserved set of proteins known as cell polarity regulators. The cell polarity complexes, Scribble, Par and Crumbs, are considered to be a metazoan innovation with apicobasal polarity and adherens junctions both believed to be present in all animals. A better understanding of the fundamental mechanisms regulating cell polarity and tissue architecture should provide key insights into the development and regeneration of all animals including humans. Here we review what is currently known about cell polarity and its control in the most basal metazoans, and how these first examples of multicellular life can inform us about the core mechanisms of tissue organisation and repair, and ultimately diseases of tissue organisation, such as cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bree A. Wright
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Research Centre for Molecular Cancer Prevention, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bernd Schierwater
- Institute of Animal Ecology and Evolution, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg, Hannover, Germany
| | - Patrick O. Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Research Centre for Molecular Cancer Prevention, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,*Correspondence: Patrick O. Humbert,
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Simonson L, Oldham E, Chang H. Overactive Wnt5a signaling disrupts hair follicle polarity during mouse skin development. Development 2022; 149:dev200816. [PMID: 36305473 PMCID: PMC9845745 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The polarity of mouse hair follicles is controlled by the Frizzled (Fzd) receptors and other membrane planar cell polarity (PCP) proteins. Whether Wnt proteins can act as PCP ligands in the skin remains unknown. Here, we show that overexpression of Wnt5a in the posterior part of mouse embryos causes a local disruption of hair follicle orientation. The misoriented hair follicle phenotype in Wnt5a overexpressing mice can be rescued by a heterozygous loss of Fzd6, suggesting Wnt5a is likely to signal through Fzd6. Although the membrane distribution of PCP proteins seems unaffected by Wnt5a overexpression, transcriptional profiling analyses identify a set of genes as potential targets of the skin polarization program controlled by Wnt5a/Fzd6 signaling. Surprisingly, deletion of Wnt5a globally or in the posterior part of the mouse embryos does not affect hair follicle orientation. We show that many other Wnts are highly expressed in the developing skin. They can activate the Fzd6 signaling pathway in vitro and may act together with Wnt5a to regulate the Fzd6-mediated skin polarization. Our experiments demonstrate for the first time that Wnt5a can function as an orienting cue for mouse skin PCP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Simonson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Ethan Oldham
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Hao Chang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Shi DL. Wnt/planar cell polarity signaling controls morphogenetic movements of gastrulation and neural tube closure. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:586. [PMID: 36369349 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04620-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Gastrulation and neurulation are successive morphogenetic processes that play key roles in shaping the basic embryonic body plan. Importantly, they operate through common cellular and molecular mechanisms to set up the three spatially organized germ layers and to close the neural tube. During gastrulation and neurulation, convergent extension movements driven by cell intercalation and oriented cell division generate major forces to narrow the germ layers along the mediolateral axis and elongate the embryo in the anteroposterior direction. Apical constriction also makes an important contribution to promote the formation of the blastopore and the bending of the neural plate. Planar cell polarity proteins are major regulators of asymmetric cell behaviors and critically involved in a wide variety of developmental processes, from gastrulation and neurulation to organogenesis. Mutations of planar cell polarity genes can lead to general defects in the morphogenesis of different organs and the co-existence of distinct congenital diseases, such as spina bifida, hearing deficits, kidney diseases, and limb elongation defects. This review outlines our current understanding of non-canonical Wnt signaling, commonly known as Wnt/planar cell polarity signaling, in regulating morphogenetic movements of gastrulation and neural tube closure during development and disease. It also attempts to identify unanswered questions that deserve further investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- De-Li Shi
- Institute of Medical Research, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China. .,Laboratory of Developmental Biology, CNRS-UMR7622, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne University, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chorro A, Verma B, Homfeldt M, Ibáñez B, Lawrence PA, Casal J. Planar cell polarity: intracellular asymmetry and supracellular gradients of Dachsous. Open Biol 2022; 12:220195. [PMID: 36476047 PMCID: PMC9554717 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The slope of a supracellular molecular gradient has long been thought to orient and coordinate planar cell polarity (PCP). Here we demonstrate and measure that gradient. Dachsous (Ds) is a conserved and elemental molecule of PCP; Ds forms intercellular bridges with another cadherin molecule, Fat (Ft), an interaction modulated by the Golgi protein Four-jointed (Fj). Using genetic mosaics and tagged Ds, we measure Ds in vivo in membranes of individual cells over a whole metamere of the Drosophila abdomen. We find as follows. (i) A supracellular gradient rises from head to tail in the anterior compartment (A) and then falls in the posterior compartment (P). (ii) There is more Ds in the front than the rear membranes of all cells in the A compartment, except that compartment's most anterior and most posterior cells. There is more Ds in the rear than in the front membranes of all cells of the P compartment. (iii) The loss of Fj removes intracellular asymmetry anteriorly in the segment and reduces it elsewhere. Additional experiments show that Fj makes PCP more robust. Using Dachs (D) as a molecular indicator of polarity, we confirm that opposing gradients of PCP meet slightly out of register with compartment boundaries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrià Chorro
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Bhavna Verma
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Maylin Homfeldt
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Beatríz Ibáñez
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Peter A. Lawrence
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - José Casal
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Brittle A, Warrington SJ, Strutt H, Manning E, Tan SE, Strutt D. Distinct mechanisms of planar polarization by the core and Fat-Dachsous planar polarity pathways in the Drosophila wing. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111419. [PMID: 36170824 PMCID: PMC9631118 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Planar polarity describes the coordinated polarization of cells within a tissue plane, and in animals can be determined by the “core” or Fat-Dachsous pathways. Current models for planar polarity establishment involve two components: tissue-level “global” cues that determine the overall axis of polarity and cell-level feedback-mediated cellular polarity amplification. Here, we investigate the contributions of global cues versus cellular feedback amplification in the core and Fat-Dachsous pathways during Drosophila pupal wing development. We present evidence that these pathways generate planar polarity via distinct mechanisms. Core pathway function is consistent with strong feedback capable of self-organizing cell polarity, which can then be aligned with the tissue axis via weak or transient global cues. Conversely, generation of cell polarity by the Ft-Ds pathway depends on strong global cues in the form of graded patterns of gene expression, which can then be amplified by weak feedback mechanisms. The core and Fat-Dachsous planar polarity pathways function via distinct mechanisms The core can self-organize planar polarity and be oriented by weak upstream cues Fat-Dachsous are oriented by strong gradient cues but show poor self-organization
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Brittle
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | | | - Helen Strutt
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Elizabeth Manning
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Su Ee Tan
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - David Strutt
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ayukawa T, Akiyama M, Hozumi Y, Ishimoto K, Sasaki J, Senoo H, Sasaki T, Yamazaki M. Tissue flow regulates planar cell polarity independently of the Frizzled core pathway. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111388. [PMID: 36130497 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) regulates the orientation of external structures. A core group of proteins that includes Frizzled forms the heart of the PCP regulatory system. Other PCP mechanisms that are independent of the core group likely exist, but their underlying mechanisms are elusive. Here, we show that tissue flow is a mechanism governing core group-independent PCP on the Drosophila notum. Loss of core group function only slightly affects bristle orientation in the adult central notum. This near-normal PCP results from tissue flow-mediated rescue of random bristle orientation during the pupal stage. Manipulation studies suggest that tissue flow can orient bristles in the opposite direction to the flow. This process is independent of the core group and implies that the apical extracellular matrix functions like a "comb" to align bristles. Our results reveal the significance of cooperation between tissue dynamics and extracellular substances in PCP establishment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Ayukawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Morphology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Masakazu Akiyama
- Meiji Institute for Advanced Study of Mathematical Sciences, Meiji University, Tokyo 164-8525, Japan; Faculty of Science, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Yasukazu Hozumi
- Department of Cell Biology and Morphology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Kenta Ishimoto
- Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Junko Sasaki
- Department of Biochemical Pathophysiology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Haruki Senoo
- Department of Cell Biology and Morphology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Takehiko Sasaki
- Department of Biochemical Pathophysiology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yamazaki
- Department of Cell Biology and Morphology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tapia R, Hecht GA. Spef1/CLAMP binds microtubules and actin-based structures and regulates cell migration and epithelia cell polarity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1515:97-104. [PMID: 35710871 PMCID: PMC9796845 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
During migration, cells invade, repair, and create barriers leading to the formation of new cellular contacts in target tissues. Cell migration requires many proteins that collectively form the cytoskeleton. The main cytoskeletal elements are actin filaments, microtubules (MTs), and intermediate filaments. These structures work in concert with a large number of accessory proteins that contribute in a variety of ways to regulate filament assembly and turnover, to alter the configuration or arrangement of filaments by bundling or crosslinking, to link the cytoskeleton to other structures in the cell, such as membranes and junctions, and to transport cargo along the filaments. Sperm flagella protein-1 (Spef1), also designated calponin homology and microtubules-associated protein (CLAMP), is a multifunctional protein that interacts with cytoskeletal structures, including MTs, actin filaments, and focal adhesions in epithelia. In this review, we outline Spef1/CLAMP structure and expression in several cellular models. The function of Spef1/CLAMP in flagellar and ciliary motility, MT-binding and stability, regulation of planar cell polarity, and potential contribution to the maintenance of actin-based structures, such as lamellipodia and filopodia during cell migration, are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Tapia
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of MedicineLoyola University Chicago, Loyola University Medical CenterMaywoodIllinoisUSA
| | - Gail A. Hecht
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of MedicineLoyola University Chicago, Loyola University Medical CenterMaywoodIllinoisUSA
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyLoyola University Chicago, Loyola University Medical CenterMaywoodIllinoisUSA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hirano S, Mii Y, Charras G, Michiue T. Alignment of the cell long axis by unidirectional tension acts cooperatively with Wnt signalling to establish planar cell polarity. Development 2022; 149:275482. [PMID: 35593440 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) is the aligned cell polarity within a tissue plane. Mechanical signals are known to act as a global cue for PCP, yet their exact role is still unclear. In this study, we focused on PCP in the posterior neuroectoderm of Xenopus laevis and investigated how mechanical signals regulate polarity. We reveal that the neuroectoderm is under a greater tension in the anterior-posterior direction and that perturbation of this tension causes PCP disappearance. We show that application of uniaxial stretch to explant tissues can control the orientation of PCP and that cells sense the tissue stretch indirectly through a change in their shape, rather than directly through detection of anisotropic tension. Furthermore, we reveal that PCP is most strongly established when the orientation of tissue stretch coincides with that of diffusion of locally expressed Wnt ligands, suggesting a cooperative relationship between these two PCP regulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayuki Hirano
- Department of Life Sciences (Biology), Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Yusuke Mii
- National Institute for Basic Biology and Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan.,Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, Graduate School for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Guillaume Charras
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, UK.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Tatsuo Michiue
- Department of Life Sciences (Biology), Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Deans MR. Planar cell polarity signaling guides cochlear innervation. Dev Biol 2022; 486:1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
36
|
Corgiat EB, List SM, Rounds JC, Yu D, Chen P, Corbett AH, Moberg KH. The Nab2 RNA-binding protein patterns dendritic and axonal projections through a planar cell polarity-sensitive mechanism. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2022; 12:jkac100. [PMID: 35471546 PMCID: PMC9157165 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins support neurodevelopment by modulating numerous steps in post-transcriptional regulation, including splicing, export, translation, and turnover of mRNAs that can traffic into axons and dendrites. One such RNA-binding protein is ZC3H14, which is lost in an inherited intellectual disability. The Drosophila melanogaster ZC3H14 ortholog, Nab2, localizes to neuronal nuclei and cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein granules and is required for olfactory memory and proper axon projection into brain mushroom bodies. Nab2 can act as a translational repressor in conjunction with the Fragile-X mental retardation protein homolog Fmr1 and shares target RNAs with the Fmr1-interacting RNA-binding protein Ataxin-2. However, neuronal signaling pathways regulated by Nab2 and their potential roles outside of mushroom body axons remain undefined. Here, we present an analysis of a brain proteomic dataset that indicates that multiple planar cell polarity proteins are affected by Nab2 loss, and couple this with genetic data that demonstrate that Nab2 has a previously unappreciated role in restricting the growth and branching of dendrites that elaborate from larval body-wall sensory neurons. Further analysis confirms that Nab2 loss sensitizes sensory dendrites to the genetic dose of planar cell polarity components and that Nab2-planar cell polarity genetic interactions are also observed during Nab2-dependent control of axon projection in the central nervous system mushroom bodies. Collectively, these data identify the conserved Nab2 RNA-binding protein as a likely component of post-transcriptional mechanisms that limit dendrite growth and branching in Drosophila sensory neurons and genetically link this role to the planar cell polarity pathway. Given that mammalian ZC3H14 localizes to dendritic spines and controls spine density in hippocampal neurons, these Nab2-planar cell polarity genetic data may highlight a conserved path through which Nab2/ZC3H14 loss affects morphogenesis of both axons and dendrites in diverse species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin B Corgiat
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sara M List
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - J Christopher Rounds
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dehong Yu
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Anita H Corbett
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kenneth H Moberg
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Umetsu D. Cell mechanics and cell-cell recognition controls by Toll-like receptors in tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis. Fly (Austin) 2022; 16:233-247. [PMID: 35579305 PMCID: PMC9116419 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2022.2074783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction by the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is conserved and essential for innate immunity in metazoans. The founding member of the TLR family, Drosophila Toll-1, was initially identified for its role in dorsoventral axis formation in early embryogenesis. The Drosophila genome encodes nine TLRs that display dynamic expression patterns during development, suggesting their involvement in tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis. Recent progress on the developmental functions of TLRs beyond dorsoventral patterning has revealed not only their diverse functions in various biological processes, but also unprecedented molecular mechanisms in directly regulating cell mechanics and cell-cell recognition independent of the canonical signal transduction pathway involving transcriptional regulation of target genes. In this review, I feature and discuss the non-immune functions of TLRs in the control of epithelial tissue homeostasis, tissue morphogenesis, and cell-cell recognition between cell populations with different cell identities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Umetsu
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Darnat P, Burg A, Sallé J, Lacoste J, Louvet-Vallée S, Gho M, Audibert A. Cortical Cyclin A controls spindle orientation during asymmetric cell divisions in Drosophila. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2723. [PMID: 35581185 PMCID: PMC9114397 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30182-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The coordination between cell proliferation and cell polarity is crucial to orient the asymmetric cell divisions to generate cell diversity in epithelia. In many instances, the Frizzled/Dishevelled planar cell polarity pathway is involved in mitotic spindle orientation, but how this is spatially and temporally coordinated with cell cycle progression has remained elusive. Using Drosophila sensory organ precursor cells as a model system, we show that Cyclin A, the main Cyclin driving the transition to M-phase of the cell cycle, is recruited to the apical-posterior cortex in prophase by the Frizzled/Dishevelled complex. This cortically localized Cyclin A then regulates the orientation of the division by recruiting Mud, a homologue of NuMA, the well-known spindle-associated protein. The observed non-canonical subcellular localization of Cyclin A reveals this mitotic factor as a direct link between cell proliferation, cell polarity and spindle orientation. The Frizzled/Dishevelled planar cell polarity pathway is involved in mitotic spindle orientation, but how this is coordinated with the cell cycle is unclear. Here, the authors show with Drosophila sensory organ precursor cells that Cyclin A is recruited in prophase by Frizzled/Dishevelled, regulating division orientation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pénélope Darnat
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (LBD-IBPS), Cell cycle and cell determination Team, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Angélique Burg
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (LBD-IBPS), Cell cycle and cell determination Team, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Jérémy Sallé
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris Diderot/CNRS, Cellular Spatial Organization Team, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Lacoste
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (LBD-IBPS), Cell cycle and cell determination Team, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Louvet-Vallée
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (LBD-IBPS), Cell cycle and cell determination Team, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Michel Gho
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (LBD-IBPS), Cell cycle and cell determination Team, F-75005, Paris, France.
| | - Agnès Audibert
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (LBD-IBPS), Cell cycle and cell determination Team, F-75005, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sai X, Ikawa Y, Nishimura H, Mizuno K, Kajikawa E, Katoh TA, Kimura T, Shiratori H, Takaoka K, Hamada H, Minegishi K. Planar cell polarity-dependent asymmetric organization of microtubules for polarized positioning of the basal body in node cells. Development 2022; 149:275058. [PMID: 35420656 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
For left-right symmetry breaking in the mouse embryo, the basal body must become positioned at the posterior side of node cells, but the precise mechanism for this has remained unknown. Here, we examined the role of microtubules (MTs) and actomyosin in this basal body positioning. Exposure of mouse embryos to agents that stabilize or destabilize MTs or F-actin impaired such positioning. Active myosin II was detected at the anterior side of node cells before the posterior shift of the basal body, and this asymmetric activation was lost in Prickle and dachsous mutant embryos. The organization of basal-body associated MTs (baMTs) was asymmetric between the anterior and posterior sides of node cells, with anterior baMTs extending horizontally and posterior baMTs extending vertically. This asymmetry became evident after polarization of the PCP core protein Vangl1 and before the posterior positioning of the basal body, and it also required the PCP core proteins Prickle and dachsous. Our results suggest that the asymmetry in baMT organization may play a role in correct positioning of the basal body for left-right symmetry breaking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorei Sai
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yayoi Ikawa
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nishimura
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Mizuno
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Eriko Kajikawa
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takanobu A Katoh
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Toshiya Kimura
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Shiratori
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Takaoka
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hamada
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
| | - Katsura Minegishi
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 560-0011, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abruzzese GA, Silva AF, Velazquez ME, Ferrer MJ, Motta AB. Hyperandrogenism and Polycystic ovary syndrome: Effects in pregnancy and offspring development. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1558. [PMID: 35475329 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the major endocrine disorders affecting women of reproductive age. Its etiology remains unclear. It is suggested that environmental factors, and particularly the intrauterine environment, play key roles in PCOS development. Besides the role of androgens in PCOS pathogenesis, exposure to endocrine disruptors, as is Bisphenol A, could also contribute to its development. Although PCOS is considered one of the leading causes of ovarian infertility, many PCOS patients can get pregnant. Some of them by natural conception and others by assisted reproductive technique treatments. As hyperandrogenism (one of PCOS main features) affects ovarian and uterine functions, PCOS women, despite reaching pregnancy, could present high-risk pregnancies, including implantation failure, an increased risk of gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and preterm birth. Moreover, hyperandrogenism may also be maintained in these women during pregnancy. Therefore, as an altered uterine milieu, including hormonal imbalance, could affect the developing organisms, monitoring these patients throughout pregnancy and their offspring development is highly relevant. The present review focuses on the impact of androgenism and PCOS on fertility issues and pregnancy-related outcomes and offspring development. The evidence suggests that the increased risk of pregnancy complications and adverse offspring outcomes of PCOS women would be due to the factors involved in the syndrome pathogenesis and the related co-morbidities. A better understanding of the involved mechanisms is still needed and could contribute to a better management of these women and their offspring. This article is categorized under: Reproductive System Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Reproductive System Diseases > Environmental Factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giselle A Abruzzese
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología Ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFyBO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Aimé F Silva
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología Ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFyBO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela E Velazquez
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología Ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFyBO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria-José Ferrer
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología Ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFyBO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia B Motta
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología Ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFyBO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Gridnev A, Misra JR. Emerging Mechanisms of Growth and Patterning Regulation by Dachsous and Fat Protocadherins. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:842593. [PMID: 35372364 PMCID: PMC8967653 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.842593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Dachsous (Ds) and Fat are evolutionarily conserved cell adhesion molecules that play a critical role in development of multiple organ systems, where they coordinate tissue growth and morphogenesis. Much of our understanding of Ds-Fat signaling pathway comes from studies in Drosophila, where they initiate a signaling pathway that regulate growth by influencing Hippo signaling and morphogenesis by regulating Planar Cell Polarity (PCP). In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms by which Ds-Fat signaling pathway regulates these critical developmental processes. Further, we discuss the progress in our understanding about how they function in mammals.
Collapse
|
42
|
Cunningham JG, Scripter JD, Nti SA, Tucker ES. Early construction of the thalamocortical axon pathway requires c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling within the ventral forebrain. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:459-480. [PMID: 34494344 PMCID: PMC8891049 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thalamocortical connectivity is essential for normal brain function. This important pathway is established during development, when thalamic axons extend a long distance through the forebrain before reaching the cerebral cortex. In this study, we identify a novel role for the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway in guiding thalamocortical axons through intermediate target territories. RESULTS Complete genetic removal of JNK signaling from the Distal-less 5/6 (Dlx5/6) domain in mice prevents thalamocortical axons from crossing the diencephalon-telencephalon boundary (DTB) and the internal capsule fails to form. Ventral telencephalic cells critical for thalamocortical axon extensions including corridor and guidepost neurons are also disrupted. In addition, corticothalamic, striatonigral, and nigrostriatal axons fail to cross the DTB. Analyses of different JNK mutants demonstrate that thalamocortical axon pathfinding has a non-autonomous requirement for JNK signaling. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that JNK signaling within the Dlx5/6 territory enables the construction of major axonal pathways in the developing forebrain. Further exploration of this intermediate axon guidance territory is needed to uncover mechanisms of axonal pathfinding during normal brain development and to elucidate how this vital process may be compromised in neurodevelopmental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica G. Cunningham
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506,Neuroscience Graduate Program, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506,Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - James D. Scripter
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506,Neuroscience Graduate Program, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506,Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Stephany A. Nti
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506,Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Eric S. Tucker
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506,Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Avilés EC, Krol A, Henle SJ, Burroughs-Garcia J, Deans MR, Goodrich LV. Fat3 acts through independent cytoskeletal effectors to coordinate asymmetric cell behaviors during polarized circuit assembly. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110307. [PMID: 35108541 PMCID: PMC8865054 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The polarized flow of information through neural circuits depends on the orderly arrangement of neurons, their processes, and their synapses. This polarity emerges sequentially in development, starting with the directed migration of neuronal precursors, which subsequently elaborate neurites that form synapses in specific locations. In other organs, Fat cadherins sense the position and then polarize individual cells by inducing localized changes in the cytoskeleton that are coordinated across the tissue. Here, we show that the Fat-related protein Fat3 plays an analogous role during the assembly of polarized circuits in the murine retina. We find that the Fat3 intracellular domain (ICD) binds to cytoskeletal regulators and synaptic proteins, with discrete motifs required for amacrine cell migration and neurite retraction. Moreover, upon ICD deletion, extra neurites form but do not make ectopic synapses, suggesting that Fat3 independently regulates synapse localization. Thus, Fat3 serves as a molecular node to coordinate asymmetric cell behaviors across development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn C Avilés
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexandra Krol
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Steven J Henle
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jessica Burroughs-Garcia
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Michael R Deans
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Lisa V Goodrich
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) refers to coordinated cell polarization in the plane of the tissue. Genetic studies in Drosophila identified several core PCP genes, whose products function together in a signaling pathway that regulates cell shape, epithelial tissue organization and remodeling during morphogenesis. PCP is detected by the asymmetric distribution of core PCP proteins at different borders of epithelial cells. Believed to be critical for signaling, this segregation is studied by a variety of techniques, such as direct immunostaining and imaging of fluorescent PCP protein fusions or fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). All of the above techniques can be applied to the analysis of the Xenopus neural plate to study the dynamics of tissue polarization, making this system one of the best vertebrate PCP models. This chapter describes how to image PCP proteins in Xenopus neuroectoderm for both fixed and live samples. These robust cellular techniques will contribute to mechanistic studies of PCP in vertebrate embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ossipova
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pamela Mancini
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sergei Y Sokol
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Vuong LT, Mlodzik M. Different strategies by distinct Wnt-signaling pathways in activating a nuclear transcriptional response. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 149:59-89. [PMID: 35606062 PMCID: PMC9870056 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The Wnt family of secreted glycolipo-proteins signals through multiple signal transduction pathways and is essential for embryonic development and organ development and homeostasis. The Wnt-pathways are conserved and critical in all metazoans. Wnt signaling pathways comprise the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway and several non-canonical signaling branches, of which Wnt-Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) signaling and the Wnt/Calcium pathway have received the most attention and are best understood. nterestingly, all Wnt-pathways have a nuclear signaling branch and also can affect many cellular processes independent of its nuclear transcriptional regulation. Canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling is the most critical for a nuclear transcriptional response, in both development and disease, yet the mechanism(s) on how the "business end" of the pathway, β-catenin, translocates to the nucleus to act as co-activator to the TCF/Lef transcription factor family still remains obscure. Here we discuss and compare the very different strategies on how the respective Wnt signaling pathways activate a nuclear transcriptional response. We also highlight some recent new insights into how β-catenin is translocated to the nucleus via an IFT-A, Kinesin-2, and microtubule dependent mechanism and how this aspect of canonical Wnt-signaling uses ciliary proteins in a cilium independent manner, conserved between Drosophila and mammalian cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marek Mlodzik
- Department of Cell, Developmental, & Regenerative Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
The molecular complexes underlying planar cell polarity (PCP) were first identified in Drosophila through analysis of mutant phenotypes in the adult cuticle and the orientation of associated polarized protrusions such as wing hairs and sensory bristles. The same molecules are conserved in vertebrates and are required for the localization of polarized protrusions such as primary or sensory cilia and the orientation of hair follicles. Not only is PCP signaling required to align cellular structures across a tissue, it is also required to coordinate movement during embryonic development and adult homeostasis. PCP signaling allows cells to interpret positional cues within a tissue to move in the appropriate direction and to coordinate this movement with their neighbors. In this review we outline the molecular basis of the core Wnt-Frizzled/PCP pathway, and describe how this signaling orchestrates collective motility in Drosophila and vertebrates. Here we cover the paradigms of ommatidial rotation and border cell migration in Drosophila, and convergent extension in vertebrates. The downstream cell biological processes that underlie polarized motility include cytoskeletal reorganization, and adherens junctional and extracellular matrix remodeling. We discuss the contributions of these processes in the respective cell motility contexts. Finally, we address examples of individual cell motility guided by PCP factors during nervous system development and in cancer disease contexts.
Collapse
|
47
|
Warrington SJ, Strutt H, Strutt D. Use of Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) to Measure In Vivo Dynamics of Cell Junction-Associated Polarity Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2438:1-30. [PMID: 35147932 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2035-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Here, we present a detailed protocol for fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) to measure the dynamics of junctional populations of proteins in living tissue. Specifically, we describe how to perform FRAP in Drosophila pupal wings on fluorescently tagged core planar polarity proteins, which exhibit relatively slow junctional turnover. We provide a step-by-step practical guide to performing FRAP, and list a series of controls and optimizations to do before conducting a FRAP experiment. Finally, we describe how to present the FRAP data for publication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Helen Strutt
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - David Strutt
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Yu D, Wang J. BAC Recombineering and Transgenesis to Study Cell Polarity and Polarized Tissue Morphogenesis in Mice. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2438:197-216. [PMID: 35147944 PMCID: PMC9245493 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2035-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling plays a critical role in coordinating cell polarity during various organogenesis processes in mammals, and its disruption is causal to numerous congenital disorders in humans. To elucidate its actions in mammals, mouse genetics is an indispensable approach. Given that both gain- and loss-of-function of many PCP genes often cause similar defects, the standard mouse transgenic approach may not always be ideal for studying PCP genes in their wild-type and mutant forms. Here we describe using BAC (bacterial artificial chromosomes) transgenes as a versatile and effective alternative. Transgenes made from BACs, which are genomic clones 100-200 kb in size, can more faithful recapitulate endogenous gene expression levels and patterns. Bacterial based recombination system can be used to efficiently introduce mutations, fluorescent protein tags, and LoxP sites for conditional expressions. Cre can also be inserted into BACs to map the contribution of cells expressing any PCP gene of interest, and study PCP mediated tissue morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deli Yu
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Chuykin I, Sokol SY. Analysis of Planar Cell Polarity Complexes by Proximity Biotinylation in Xenopus Embryos. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2438:97-106. [PMID: 35147937 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2035-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding signaling processes operating in cells during development and disease requires extensive knowledge of protein interactions. Proximity-dependent biotinylation mediated by a promiscuous bacterial biotin ligase is a sensitive approach for evaluating protein interactions under physiological conditions. This technique allows for assessing protein association when conventional pull-down assays are not applicable due to high background or transient nature of the interaction. In contrast to many studies of proximity biotinylation in cultured cells, this protocol has been adapted to detect protein interactions in Xenopus embryos. Here, we apply this technique to evaluate planar cell polarity (PCP) complexes formed by Prickle3 and Vangl2, and show that Prickle3 fused to the N-terminal fragment of the biotin ligase from Aquifex aeolicus efficiently biotinylates Vangl2 in vivo. We present our step-by-step proximity biotinylation protocol that provides a reliable semiquantitative assay for protein interactions and highlights the use of Xenopus embryos as a model for biochemical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Chuykin
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sergei Y Sokol
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wang IY, Chung CF, Babayeva S, Sogomonian T, Torban E. Loss of Planar Cell Polarity Effector Fuzzy Causes Renal Hypoplasia by Disrupting Several Signaling Pathways. J Dev Biol 2021; 10:jdb10010001. [PMID: 35076510 PMCID: PMC8788523 DOI: 10.3390/jdb10010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway regulates tissue morphogenesis during organogenesis, including the kidney. Mutations in human PCP effector proteins have been associated with severe syndromic ciliopathies. Importantly, renal hypoplasia has been reported in some patients. However, the developmental disturbance that causes renal hypoplasia is unknown. Here, we describe the early onset of profound renal hypoplasia in mice homozygous for null mutation of the PCP effector gene, Fuzzy. We found that this phenotype is caused by defective branching morphogenesis of the ureteric bud (UB) in the absence of defects in nephron progenitor specification or in early steps of nephrogenesis. By using various experimental approaches, we show that the loss of Fuzzy affects multiple signaling pathways. Specifically, we found mild involvement of GDNF/c-Ret pathway that drives UB branching. We noted the deficient expression of molecules belonging to the Bmp, Fgf and Shh pathways. Analysis of the primary cilia in the UB structures revealed a significant decrease in ciliary length. We conclude that renal hypoplasia in the mouse Fuzzy mutants is caused by defective UB branching associated with dysregulation of ciliary and non-ciliary signaling pathways. Our work suggests a PCP effector-dependent pathogenetic mechanism that contributes to renal hypoplasia in mice and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene-Yanran Wang
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (I.-Y.W.); (C.-F.C.); (S.B.); (T.S.)
- McGill University Health Center Research Institute, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Chen-Fang Chung
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (I.-Y.W.); (C.-F.C.); (S.B.); (T.S.)
- McGill University Health Center Research Institute, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Sima Babayeva
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (I.-Y.W.); (C.-F.C.); (S.B.); (T.S.)
- McGill University Health Center Research Institute, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Tamara Sogomonian
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (I.-Y.W.); (C.-F.C.); (S.B.); (T.S.)
- McGill University Health Center Research Institute, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Elena Torban
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (I.-Y.W.); (C.-F.C.); (S.B.); (T.S.)
- McGill University Health Center Research Institute, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|