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Galgani A, Bartolini E, D'Amora M, Faraguna U, Giorgi FS. The Central Noradrenergic System in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Merging Experimental and Clinical Evidence. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065805. [PMID: 36982879 PMCID: PMC10055776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this article is to highlight the potential role of the locus-coeruleus-noradrenergic (LC-NA) system in neurodevelopmental disorders (NdDs). The LC is the main brain noradrenergic nucleus, key in the regulation of arousal, attention, and stress response, and its early maturation and sensitivity to perinatal damage make it an interesting target for translational research. Clinical data shows the involvement of the LC-NA system in several NdDs, suggesting a pathogenetic role in the development of such disorders. In this context, a new neuroimaging tool, LC Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), has been developed to visualize the LC in vivo and assess its integrity, which could be a valuable tool for exploring morphological alterations in NdD in vivo in humans. New animal models may be used to test the contribution of the LC-NA system to the pathogenic pathways of NdD and to evaluate the efficacy of NA-targeting drugs. In this narrative review, we provide an overview of how the LC-NA system may represent a common pathophysiological and pathogenic mechanism in NdD and a reliable target for symptomatic and disease-modifying drugs. Further research is needed to fully understand the interplay between the LC-NA system and NdD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Galgani
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Emanuele Bartolini
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy
- Tuscany PhD Programme in Neurosciences, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Marta D'Amora
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56125 Pisa, Italy
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Ugo Faraguna
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Sean Giorgi
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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2
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Ghanemi A, Hu X. Elements toward novel therapeutic targeting of the adrenergic system. Neuropeptides 2015; 49:25-35. [PMID: 25481798 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Adrenergic receptors belong to the family of the G protein coupled receptors that represent important targets in the modern pharmacotherapies. Studies on different physiological and pathophysiological properties of the adrenergic system have led to novel evidences and theories that suggest novel possible targeting of such system in a variety of pathologies and disorders, even beyond the classical known therapeutic possibilities. Herein, those advances have been illustrated with selected concepts and different examples. Furthermore, we illustrated the applications and the therapeutic implications that such findings and advances might have in the contexts of experimental pharmacology, therapeutics and clinic. We hope that the content of this work will guide researches devoted to the adrenergic aspects that combine neurosciences with pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelaziz Ghanemi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China.
| | - Xintian Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, China; Key State Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China.
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Borodinsky LN, Belgacem YH, Swapna I, Visina O, Balashova OA, Sequerra EB, Tu MK, Levin JB, Spencer KA, Castro PA, Hamilton AM, Shim S. Spatiotemporal integration of developmental cues in neural development. Dev Neurobiol 2014; 75:349-59. [PMID: 25484201 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nervous system development relies on the generation of neurons, their differentiation and establishment of synaptic connections. These events exhibit remarkable plasticity and are regulated by many developmental cues. Here, we review the mechanisms of three classes of these cues: morphogenetic proteins, electrical activity, and the environment. We focus on second messenger dynamics and their role as integrators of the action of diverse cues, enabling plasticity in the process of neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Borodinsky
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology and Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children Northern California, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, 95817
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4
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Borodinsky LN, Belgacem YH, Swapna I, Sequerra EB. Dynamic regulation of neurotransmitter specification: relevance to nervous system homeostasis. Neuropharmacology 2012; 78:75-80. [PMID: 23270605 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During nervous system development the neurotransmitter identity changes and coexpression of several neurotransmitters is a rather generalized feature of developing neurons. In the mature nervous system, different physiological and pathological circumstances recreate this phenomenon. The rules of neurotransmitter respecification are multiple. Among them, the goal of assuring balanced excitability appears as an important driving force for the modifications in neurotransmitter phenotype expression. The functional consequences of these dynamic revisions in neurotransmitter identity span a varied range, from fine-tuning the developing neural circuit to modifications in addictive and locomotor behaviors. Current challenges include determining the mechanisms underlying neurotransmitter phenotype respecification and how they intersect with genetic programs of neuronal specialization. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Homeostatic Synaptic Plasticity'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Borodinsky
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, Shriners Hospital for Children Northern California, University of California Davis School of Medicine, 2425 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - Yesser Hadj Belgacem
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, Shriners Hospital for Children Northern California, University of California Davis School of Medicine, 2425 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Immani Swapna
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, Shriners Hospital for Children Northern California, University of California Davis School of Medicine, 2425 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Eduardo Bouth Sequerra
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, Shriners Hospital for Children Northern California, University of California Davis School of Medicine, 2425 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Tie L, Zhang JZ, Lin YH, Su TH, Li YH, Wu HL, Zhang YY, Yu HM, Li XJ. Epinephrine Increases Phosphorylation of MAP-2c in Rat Pheochromocytoma Cells (PC12 Cells) via a Protein Kinase C- and Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase-Dependent Mechanism. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:1704-11. [DOI: 10.1021/pr700711s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Tie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Natural & Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China, Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, P.R. China, and National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Zhao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Natural & Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China, Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, P.R. China, and National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Hua Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Natural & Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China, Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, P.R. China, and National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Tian-Hao Su
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Natural & Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China, Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, P.R. China, and National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Hua Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Natural & Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China, Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, P.R. China, and National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Li Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Natural & Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China, Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, P.R. China, and National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - You-Yi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Natural & Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China, Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, P.R. China, and National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - He-Ming Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Natural & Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China, Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, P.R. China, and National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Jun Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Natural & Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China, Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, P.R. China, and National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
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6
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Färber K, Pannasch U, Kettenmann H. Dopamine and noradrenaline control distinct functions in rodent microglial cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 2005; 29:128-38. [PMID: 15866053 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2005.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2004] [Revised: 01/06/2005] [Accepted: 01/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells are the immune-competent elements of the brain. They not only express receptors for chemokines and cytokines but also for neurotransmitters such as GABA [Charles et al., Mol. Cell Neurosci. 24 (2003) 214], glutamate [Noda et al., J. Neurosci. 20 (2000) 251], and adrenaline [Mori et al., Neuropharmacology 43 (2002) 1026]. Here we report the functional expression of dopamine receptors in mouse and rat microglia, in culture and brain slices. Using the patch clamp technique as the functional assay we identified D1- and D2-like dopamine receptors using subtype-specific ligands. They triggered the inhibition of the constitutive potassium inward rectifier and activated potassium outward currents in a subpopulation of microglia. Chronic dopamine receptor stimulation enhanced migratory activity and attenuated the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) release similar as by stimulation of adrenergic receptors. While, however, noradrenaline attenuated the LPS-induced release of TNF-alpha and IL-6, dopamine was ineffective in modulating this response. We conclude that microglia express dopamine receptors which are distinct in function from adrenergic receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic Agonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Dopamine/pharmacology
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Membrane Potentials/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Microglia/cytology
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/physiology
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Norepinephrine/pharmacology
- Organ Culture Techniques
- Patch-Clamp Techniques
- Potassium/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha/physiology
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/physiology
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/agonists
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/physiology
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/agonists
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/physiology
- Sympathomimetics/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Färber
- Cellular Neuroscience, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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7
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Anitole-Misleh KG, Brown KM. Developmental regulation of catecholamine levels during sea urchin embryo morphogenesis. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2004; 137:39-50. [PMID: 14720589 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2003.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Results of a number of pharmacological studies suggest that catecholamines play a regulatory role in cleavage, morphogenesis and cell differentiation during early animal embryonic development. Few studies, however, have actually assayed for levels of catecholamines in these early embryos by methods that are both sensitive and specific. In this investigation the catecholamines dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine and their precursor, dopa and metabolites were determined in eight different embryonic stages of the sea urchin, Lytechinus pictus from hatched blastula to late pluteus larva, using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Levels of each of the catecholamines exhibited unique developmental profiles and are consistent with a role for epinephrine in blastula and early gastrula embryos and for norepinephrine in gastrulation. Changes in levels of catecholamine precursor and metabolites suggest a changing pattern of synthetic and metabolic enzyme activity, which can, for the most part, explain the fluctuations in catecholamine levels during development from blastula to the pluteus larva stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine G Anitole-Misleh
- Department of Biological Sciences, 332 Lisner Hall, George Washington University, 2023 G. St. N.W., Washington, DC 20052, USA
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8
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Ozawa Y, Takashima S, Tada H. α2-Adrenergic receptor subtype alterations in the brainstem in the sudden infant death syndrome. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2004.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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9
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Happe HK, Coulter CL, Gerety ME, Sanders JD, O'Rourke M, Bylund DB, Murrin LC. Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor development in rat CNS: an autoradiographic study. Neuroscience 2004; 123:167-78. [PMID: 14667451 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
During development norepinephrine plays a role in determining the morphologic organization of the CNS and the density and future responsiveness of adrenergic receptors. alpha-2 Adrenergic receptors, one of three adrenergic receptor types, regulate important adult CNS functions and may have a distinct role during development. We examined alpha-2 receptor distribution and density in the rat brain at postnatal days 1, 5, 10, 15, 21, 28 and in adults using the antagonist [(3)H]RX821002 for autoradiography. Binding kinetics and pharmacology for alpha-2 adrenergic receptors were the same in adults and neonates. There was an overall increase in alpha-2 receptor levels during postnatal development with great variability in pattern and timing of receptor density changes among brain regions. Three major patterns were apparent. First, in many regions receptor density increased during postnatal development, generally reaching adult levels around postnatal day 15. Within this group there was variability in timing between regions and there were several regions with receptor densities higher than adult levels during the postnatal period. Second, there were regions with very high levels of receptors at birth and little or no change in density during the postnatal period. Third, some regions demonstrated decreasing or transient expression of alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in the course of postnatal development, including white matter regions, cerebellum and many brainstem nuclei, suggesting specific roles for alpha-2 receptors during development. This study investigates the development of alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in the rat CNS. It demonstrates there is region-specific regulation of alpha-2 receptor development and identifies brain regions where these receptors may play a specific and critical role in the regulation normal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Happe
- Department of Pharmacology, 986260 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6260, USA
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10
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Jin SH, Kim HJT, Harris DC, Thomas SA. Postnatal development of the cerebellum and the CNS adrenergic system is independent of norepinephrine and epinephrine. J Comp Neurol 2004; 477:300-9. [PMID: 15305366 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental question in the formation of the nervous system is the extent to which a neurotransmitter contributes to the development of the neurons that synthesize and release it. A complementary question is whether neurotransmitter signaling contributes to the development of postsynaptic targets. Prior studies have suggested that adrenergic signaling may promote adrenergic neuronal proliferation or survival and may be critical for the postnatal development of the cerebellum. To test these possibilities genetically, we studied mice that are unable to synthesize norepinephrine and epinephrine (NE/E), the endogenous adrenergic receptor ligands, due to a disruption the gene for dopamine beta-hydroxylase. These mice develop postnatally in the absence of NE/E. Here we report that the adrenergic neurons of these mutant mice are present in normal numbers and locations and exhibit typical innervation patterns throughout the central nervous system (CNS), as assessed by immunostaining for tyrosine hydroxylase and the NE transporter. Furthermore, cerebellar cortical development (size, foliation, layering, cell number, and position), which proceeds to a large degree postnatally, is unaltered in the mutants. These results indicate that the fate and innervation pattern of the adrenergic neurons, as well as the development of the cerebellum, do not depend on postnatal signaling by NE/E. The results also suggest that when restoration of adrenergic signaling is performed in this mutant mouse model (by administering a synthetic precursor of NE), reversal of phenotypes is due to the synthesis and release of NE/E from adrenergic terminals that are distributed normally within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Ha Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Song ZM, Abou-Zeid O, Fang YY. α2a adrenoceptors regulate phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein-2 in cultured cortical neurons. Neuroscience 2004; 123:405-18. [PMID: 14698748 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Adrenoceptors have been suggested to mediate neuronal development. This study revealed the expression of alpha2A adrenoceptors in the cortical plate of fetal mouse cerebral wall. The effects of alpha2A adrenoceptor on dendrite growth were investigated in primary neuronal cultures. Application of alpha2 adrenoceptor agonists, BHT 933 or UK 14304 for 24 or 72 h resulted in a 1.5-2-fold increase in dendrite lengths. This effect was blocked by alpha2 adrenergic antagonists, RX 821002 or yohimbine, as well as a alpha2A selective antagonist, BRL 44408, but not by alpha2B/alpha2C selective antagonists ARC 239, imiloxan and rauwolscine. Guanfacine, a alpha2A selective agonists, also significantly increased the dendrite lengths in culture. These results suggest that the morphological effect is wholly attributable to alpha2A adrenoceptor activation. We further tested the hypothesis that alpha2A adrenoceptors act through altering the phosphorylation state of microtubule-associated protein 2. The results showed that the phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein 2 was significantly reduced on both serine and threonine residues by over 40% after 2 h of application of guanfacine and was maintained at this low level for a prolonged time up to 96 h. These findings suggest that alpha2A adrenoceptors regulate the phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein 2, which in turn mediates dendrite growth of cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z-M Song
- Division of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Building 54, Mills Road, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
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Ozawa Y, Takashima S, Tada H. Alpha2-adrenergic receptor subtype alterations in the brainstem in the sudden infant death syndrome. Early Hum Dev 2003; 75 Suppl:S129-38. [PMID: 14693399 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2003.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is still the main cause of postneonatal infant death. However, the causes and mechanisms of SIDS have never been completely elucidated. Catecholamines, via alpha2-adrenergic receptor (alpha2-AR) interactions, are known to influence brainstem autonomic and respiratory activity. AIMS To examine the catecholaminergic system abnormalities in SIDS victims, we investigated the alterations of alpha2-AR subtypes. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We examined the developmental changes of alpha2-AR subtypes in the brainstem, especially in cardiorespiratory nuclei, in 21 SIDS victims and 17 age-matched controls by means of immunohistochemical methods. For statistical analysis, the chi2-test or Fisher's exact probability test was performed. RESULTS There was a significant decrease in alpha2A-AR immunoreactivity in the solitary nucleus and ventrolateral medulla (VLM) in the medulla oblongata in SIDS victims compared with in control cases, but there were no significant differences of the alpha2B and alpha2C-AR immunoreactivity in the brainstem between SIDS victims and controls. CONCLUSION Alpha2A-AR immunoreactivity was selectively decreased in the solitary nucleus and VLM in the medulla oblongata in SIDS victims, so there was no possibility that it was secondary to chronic hypoxia or repeated ischemia. It may be related to some impairment of the cardiorespiratory neuronal system. Therefore, SIDS victims may be vulnerable to asphyxia, hypoxia, and/or hypercapnia, and fail to exhibit brainstem responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Ozawa
- Department of Neonatology, Toho University School of Medicine, 6-11-1 Ohmorinishi, Ohta, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan.
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13
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Laifenfeld D, Klein E, Ben-Shachar D. Norepinephrine alters the expression of genes involved in neuronal sprouting and differentiation: relevance for major depression and antidepressant mechanisms. J Neurochem 2002; 83:1054-64. [PMID: 12437576 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.01215.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent research into depression has focused on the involvement of long-term intracellular processes, leading to abnormal neuronal plasticity in brains of depressed patients, and reversed by antidepressant treatment. Given a suggested decrease in noradrenergic transmission in depression, and an antidepressant induced increase in norepinephrine (NE) level, a possible role for NE in mediating alterations in neuronal morphology and plasticity was examined. Human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells treated with 10-5 m NE presented an elongated granule-rich cell-body and increased number of neurites, when compared with non-treated cells. Moreover, cell survival was enhanced in the presence of NE, while proliferation was inhibited. The above effects suggest a role for NE in cell differentiation. Indeed similar effects on cell survival and neurite outgrowth were induced in SH-SY5Y cells by retinoic acid (RA), an established differentiating agent. Finally, NE treatment resulted in a progressive decrease in the pluripotent marker Oct4 and an increase in the neuronal growth cone marker, growth-associated-protein 43 (GAP-43). Alongside these effects, NE-treated cells presented alterations in the expression of 44 genes as observed in a neurobiology cDNA microarray. Among the altered genes, an increase in the expression level of two neurite-outgrowth promoting genes, neural cell adhesion molecule L1 and laminin, was confirmed by RT-PCR. Taken together, the results support a role for NE in processes of synaptic connectivity, and may point to a role for this neurotransmitter in mediating the suggested neuronal plasticity in depression and in antidepressant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphna Laifenfeld
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, The Department of Psychiatry, Rambam Medical Center and B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion IIT, Haifa, Israel
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14
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Huang Y, Stamer WD, Anthony TL, Kumar DV, St John PA, Regan JW. Expression of alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor subtypes in prenatal rat spinal cord. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2002; 133:93-104. [PMID: 11882340 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-3806(02)00275-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The results of molecular cloning have revealed three subtypes of the alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors (alpha(2) AR) that have been defined alpha(2)C10 (alpha(2A)), alpha(2)C2 (alpha(2B)) and alpha(2)C4 (alpha(2C)). The differential expression of alpha(2) AR subtypes is affected by developmental factors in rat submandibular gland, lung and brain. In the spinal cord of postnatal and adult rats, alpha(2A) and alpha(2C) AR subtypes are expressed and appear to mediate pain perception. However, the relative expression of alpha(2) AR subtypes in the prenatal spinal cord is unknown. In the present study subtype-specific antibodies and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to determine the expression and localization of the alpha(2) AR subtypes in sections of embryonic day 14 rat spinal cords and primary cultures of cells isolated from these cords. Spinal cords were removed from day 14 embryos, and were sectioned or used for the preparation of cell cultures. After 9 days in culture, neurons were examined by immunofluorescence microscopy or used for preparation of total RNA. In both intact spinal cords and isolated cells, positive immunoreactivity was detected with antibodies against alpha(2A) and alpha(2B) subtypes, but not with antibodies against the alpha(2C) subtype. Using a dual-labeling approach, anti-alpha(2A) and anti-alpha(2B) immunoreactivity was present on the same population of neurons. RT-PCR results were consistent with immunofluorescence studies, and showed that mRNA encoding the alpha(2A) and alpha(2B) subtypes was present in total RNA prepared from primary cultures of rat spinal cord neurons. In contrast to spinal cords of postnatal or adult rats that express alpha(2A) and alpha(2C) AR subtypes on different neurons, prenatal spinal cords contain alpha(2A) and alpha(2B) AR subtypes, and these two subtypes appear to be co-expressed in the same cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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15
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Mansouri J, Panigrahy A, Assmann SF, Kinney HC. Distribution of alpha 2-adrenergic receptor binding in the developing human brain stem. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2001; 4:222-36. [PMID: 11370260 DOI: 10.1007/s100240010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and dramatic changes occur in cardiorespiratory function during early human life. Catecholamines within select brain stem nuclei are implicated in the control of autonomic and respiratory function, including in the nucleus of the solitary tract and the dorsal motor nucleus of X. Animal and adult human studies have shown high binding to alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in these regions. To determine the developmental profile of brainstem alpha 2-adrenergic binding across early human life, we studied brain stems from five fetuses at midgestation, three newborns (37-38 postconceptional weeks), and six infants (44-61 postconceptional weeks). We used quantitative tissue receptor autoradiography with [3H]para-aminoclonidine as the radioligand and phentolamine as the displacer. In the fetal group, binding was high (63-93 fmol/mg tissue) in the nucleus of the solitary tract, dorsal motor nucleus of X, locus coeruleus, and reticular formation; it was low (< 32 fmol/mg tissue) in the principal inferior olive and basis pontis. Binding decreased in all regions with age: in infancy, the highest binding was in the intermediate range (32-62 fmol/mg tissue) and was localized to the nucleus of the solitary tract and dorsal motor nucleus of X. The most substantial decrease in binding (75%-85%) between the fetal and infant periods occurred in the pontine and medullary reticular formation and hypoglossal nucleus. Binding remained low in the principal inferior olive and basis pontis. The decreases in binding with age remained significant after quench correction. These data suggest that rapid and dramatic changes occur in early human life in the brain stem catecholaminergic system in regions related to cardiorespiratory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mansouri
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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16
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Podkletnova I, Rothstein JD, Helén P, Alho H. Microglial response to the neurotoxicity of 6-hydroxydopamine in neonatal rat cerebellum. Int J Dev Neurosci 2001; 19:47-52. [PMID: 11226754 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-5748(00)00069-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Depletion of noradrenaline in newborn rats by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) affects the postnatal development and reduces the granular cell area in the neocerebellum (lobules V-VII). During the first postnatal month, Bergmann glial fibers guide the migration of immature granule cells to the internal granule cell layer. Microglia and Bergmann glia may play an important role in this process, but the exact mechanism behind this phenomenon is not known. We studied the effect of systemic administration of 6-OHDA on the expression and localization on microglia and Bergmann glia in the neonatal cerebellum by immunohistochemistry. In the neocerebellum, 6-OHDA treatment caused a significant increase in the number of activated microglia. The increase was observed mainly in the granule cell layer and the cerebellar medulla. Bergmann glial cells in treated brains were abnormally located, did not form intimate associations with Purkinje cells, and the glial fibers were structurally different. Our findings indicate that a noradrenergic influence may be necessary for the normal maturation and migration of granule cells, and abnormal migration may be the result of Bergmann glia destruction and the activation of microglia. Activated microglia in the granule cell layer may be used as a marker for an injured cerebellar area.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Podkletnova
- University of Tampere, Medical School, PO Box 607, 33101, Tampere, Finland.
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17
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Podkletnova I, Alho H, Mäkelä R, Lüddens H, Helén P, Korpi ER. Neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine treatment affects GABA(A) receptor subunit expression during postnatal development of the rat cerebellum. Int J Dev Neurosci 2000; 18:565-72. [PMID: 10884601 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-5748(00)00003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotoxic elimination of noradrenergic terminals by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) leads to alteration of the granule cell layer formation. We have studied the developmental expression of GABA(A) receptor subunits in rat cerebellum after neonatal administration of 6-OHDA during the first postnatal month of life. 6-OHDA was injected subcutaneously. The expression of GABA(A) receptor subunits was studied by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. The alterations were observed in the neocerebellum - the part of the cerebellum which starts development postnatally. The migration of granule cells was delayed, and the total area of the granule cell layer in the neocerebellum from 6-OHDA-treated rats was reduced to 22.6+/-5% of the corresponding area from control rats. In situ hybridization with subunit-specific antisense oligonucleotide probes was performed for alpha1, alpha2, alpha3, alpha5, alpha6, beta1, beta2, gamma1 and gamma2 subunits of the GABA(A) receptor. In neocerebellum, 6-OHDA treatment caused a significant reduction in the alpha1, alpha6 and gamma2 subunit mRNA levels. The expression of the other subunits was not changed. It has been shown that in the postnatal cerebellum alpha1 and alpha6 subunits can be detected in granule cells only when the cells had migrated to their final destination. Our findings indicate that a noradrenergic influence may be necessary for the normal maturation and migration of cerebellar granule cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Podkletnova
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Tampere, PO Box 607, 33101, Tampere, Finland
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18
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Mouillet-Richard S, Mutel V, Loric S, Tournois C, Launay JM, Kellermann O. Regulation by neurotransmitter receptors of serotonergic or catecholaminergic neuronal cell differentiation. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:9186-92. [PMID: 10734054 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.13.9186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The murine F9-derived 1C11 clone exhibits a stable epithelial morphology, expresses nestin, an early neuroectodermal marker, and expresses genes involved in neuroectodermal cell fate. Upon appropriate induction, 100% of 1C11 precursor cells develop neurite extensions and acquire neuronal markers (N-CAM, synaptophysin, gammagamma-enolase, and neurofilament) as well as the general functions of either serotonergic (1C11*(/5HT)) (5HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine) or noradrenergic (1C11**(/NE)) (NE, norepinephrine) neurons. The two programs are shown to be mutually exclusive. 1C11 thus behaves as a neuroepithelial cell line with a dual bioaminergic fate. 1C11*(/5HT) cells implement a functional 5-HT transporter and thereby a complete serotonergic phenotype within 4 days, whereas 5-HT(1B/D), 5-HT(2B), and 5-HT(2A) receptors are sequentially induced. The accurate time schedule of catecholaminergic differentiation was defined. Catecholamine synthesis, storage, and catabolism are acquired within 4 days; the noradrenergic phenotype is complete at day 12 and includes a functional norepinephrine transporter and an alpha(1D)-adrenoreceptor (day 8). The time-dependent onset of neurotransmitter-associated functions proper to either program is similar to in vivo observations. Along each pathway, the selective induction of serotonergic or adrenergic receptors is shown to be an essential part of the differentiation program, since they promote an autoregulation of the corresponding phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mouillet-Richard
- Différenciation Cellulaire, CNRS URA 1960, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15 France
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19
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Abstract
The cAMP signaling system has been postulated to be involved in embryogenesis of many animal species, however, little is known about its role in embryonic axis formation in vertebrates. In this study, the role of the cAMP signaling pathway in patterning the body plan of the Xenopus embryo was investigated by expressing and activating the exogenous human 5-hydroxytryptamine type 1a receptor (5-HT(1a)R) which inhibits adenylyl cyclase through inhibitory G-protein in embryos in a spatially- and temporally-controlled manner. In embryos, ventral, but not dorsal expression and stimulation of this receptor during blastula and gastrula stages induced secondary axes but were lacking anterior structures. At the molecular level, 5-HT(1a)R stimulation induced expression of the dorsal mesoderm marker genes, and downregulated expression of the ventral markers but had no effect on expression of the pan mesodermal marker gene in ventral marginal zone explants. In addition, ventral expression and stimulation of the receptor partially restored dorsal axis of UV-irradiated axis deficient embryo. Finally, the total mass of cAMP differs between dorsal and ventral regions of blastula and gastrula embryos and this is regulated in a temporally-specific manner. These results suggest that the cAMP signaling system may be involved in the transduction of ventral signals in patterning early embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Kim
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31 Hyoja-Dong, Pohang, Kyungbuk, South Korea
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20
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Messenger NJ, Rowe SJ, Warner AE. The neurotransmitter noradrenaline drives noggin-expressing ectoderm cells to activate N-tubulin and become neurons. Dev Biol 1999; 205:224-32. [PMID: 9917358 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.1998.9125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters regulate neuronal function in the nervous system and modulation of their synthesis, release, and binding by immature neurons and their targets is a major part of nervous system development. We propose that the neurotransmitter noradrenaline regulates neuronal fate during neurulation, before neurons have differentiated. The ability of noradrenaline to induce a neural fate was tested in naive ectoderm caps cut from late blastula stage Xenopus embryos. Noradrenaline (10(-6) M) did not switch on otx-2 or NCAM and did not induce the formation of cement glands. We conclude that noradrenaline cannot induce a neural fate. By contrast, 10(-8) M noradrenaline activated N-tubulin in ectoderm caps expressing the neural inducing molecule noggin by the time intact siblings had become mid-neurulae. Methoxamine, a specific alpha-adrenergic receptor agonist, also activated N-tubulin in noggin-expressing caps. The alpha-adrenergic receptor blocker prazosin inhibited both noradrenaline- and methoxamine-induced activation of N-tubulin. The neurotransmitters dopamine and 5-HT did not activate expression of N-tubulin. XA-1, Otx-2, X-Delta, and Xotch transcripts were not sensitive to noradrenaline. HoxB9, which indicates posteriorization, was not activated by noradrenaline. When intact siblings were at stage 27, many cells in noggin-expressing, noradrenaline-treated caps were stained by the neuron-specific mcAb3A10. We propose that noradrenaline is an important endogenous modulator of neuronal fate, driving noggin-expressing cells to become neurons by binding to alpha-adrenergic receptors and activating a cascade that culminates in the expression of the neuronal markers N-tubulin and 3A10.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Messenger
- Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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21
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Buznikov GA, Lauder JM. Changes in the physiological roles of neurotransmitters during individual development. NEUROSCIENCE AND BEHAVIORAL PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 29:11-21. [PMID: 10088145 DOI: 10.1007/bf02461353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The classical neurotransmitters (acetylcholine and biogenic monoamines) are multifunctional substances involved in intra- and intercellular signaling at all stages of ontogenesis in multicellular animals. A cyclical scheme is proposed to describe age-related changes in neurotransmitter functions at different stages of development from oocyte maturation to neuron formation. This may reflect not only the temporospatial organization of neurotransmitter processes, but also the origin of the functions of acetylcholine and biogenic monoamines from the protosynapses of the cleaved embryo to neuronal synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Buznikov
- N. K. Kol'tsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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22
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Podkletnova I, Alho H. Neonatal noradrenaline depletion prevents the transition of Bergmann glia in the developing cerebellum. J Chem Neuroanat 1998; 14:167-73. [PMID: 9704895 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-0618(98)00006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The influence of neonatal administration of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on the cell proliferation in cerebellum was studied using 10-30 days-old rats. Compared to their littermates, treated rats had poor ability in searching, skills performance and orienting in the new environment. Elimination of noradrenergic terminals by 6-OHDA led to a delay in granular cell migration. The secondary foliation in neo-cerebellum was absent. The Bergmann glial cells were abnormally located, structurally different and did not form the intimate association with Purkinje cells. Our findings indicate that without noradrenergic influence neurones and glial cells do not proliferate normally and noradrenaline may act as an important trophic factor also for Bergmann glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Podkletnova
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Medical School, University of Tampere, Finland
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23
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Devic E, Paquereau L, Steinberg R, Caput D, Audigier Y. Early expression of a beta1-adrenergic receptor and catecholamines in Xenopus oocytes and embryos. FEBS Lett 1997; 417:184-90. [PMID: 9395292 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)01278-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
From a Xenopus stage 11 cDNA library, we have cloned a gene, termed X-beta1AR, whose sequence is highly homologous to that of the human beta1-adrenergic receptor. As shown by RT-PCR assay, X-beta1AR RNA is present in the mature oocyte, decreases after fertilization up to stage 6 and then gradually increases during gastrulation. Binding studies performed with radiolabeled ligands reveal that X-beta1AR RNA is translated into the receptor protein. Furthermore, noradrenaline and adrenaline are also detected in oocytes and early embryos. The concomitant presence of beta1-adrenergic receptors and catecholamines suggest that this ligand-receptor couple could play a role in the very early stages of embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Devic
- Unité U-397 INSERM, CHU Rangueil, Toulouse, France
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24
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Toyoizumi R, Kobayashi T, Kikukawa A, Oba J, Takeuchi S. Adrenergic neurotransmitters and calcium ionophore-induced situs inversus viscerum in Xenopus laevis embryos. Dev Growth Differ 1997; 39:505-14. [PMID: 9352205 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-169x.1997.t01-3-00012.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Xenopus laevis embryos at the blastula-early tail bud stage were exposed to norepinephrine or octopamine dissolved in culture saline until they reached the larval stage. The left-right asymmetry of the heart and gut was then examined. We found that these adrenergic neurotransmitters induced situs inversus in the heart and/or gut in up to 35% of tested neurula embryos. Norepinephrine-induced situs inversus was blocked by the alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist prazosin. Furthermore, A23187, a calcium ionophore, also increased the incidence of situs inversus up to 54% when late-neurula embryos were exposed to the solution. A23187 treatment initiated before neural groove formation was less effective. The incidence of situs inversus induced by these reagents decreased towards the control level (2.2%, 25 untreated embryos out of 1127 embryos in total) in embryos past the stage of neural tube closure. In the present experiments we obtained 22 gut-only situs inversus embryos having an inverted gut and a normal heart. In contrast, such embryos were not observed among the 1127 untreated embryos. An adrenergic signal mediated by an increase in intracellular free calcium may be involved in the asymmetrical visceral morphogenesis of Xenopus embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Toyoizumi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, Japan
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25
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Takeda N. The metabolism of biogenic monoamines during embryogenesis and metamorphosis in two anuran species. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1997; 106:361-73. [PMID: 9204370 DOI: 10.1006/gcen.1997.6885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the pathways to many monoamines and their metabolites in the central nervous system of the frog Rana nigromaculata and the toad Bufo bufo japonicus during embryonic development and metamorphosis. Metabolites were analyzed by three-dimensional HPLC. The two species provided evidence of similar pathways, with slightly different timetables for the development of their monoamine systems. During embryonic development, the main metabolic pathways in entire embryos were tyrosine (TYR)-->[3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine in Bufo]-->3-hydroxytyramine-->norepinephrine or epinine (EPIN)-->epinephrine, TYR-->tyramine--> (octopamine in Rana) and TYR-->3-O-methyldopa for catecholamines, and tryptophan-->kynurenine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-->[5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and N-methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine (N-MET) in Bufo]. The monoamine system in the brain was similar during metamorphosis to that during embryogenesis with a few exceptions. The most striking change was the development of the bufotenine (5-hydroxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine) pathway from 5-HT via N-MET. EPIN and norepinephrine in Rana and octopamine in both species disappeared during metamorphosis. These results are discussed in relation to the roles of the various pathways in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Takeda
- Department of Biotechnology, COSMO Research Institute, Saitama, Japan
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26
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Bogdanov YD, Dale L, King BF, Whittock N, Burnstock G. Early expression of a novel nucleotide receptor in the neural plate of Xenopus embryos. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:12583-90. [PMID: 9139711 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.19.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP functions as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator in the adult nervous system, and a signaling molecule in non-neural tissue, acting either via ligand-gated ion channels (P2X) or G-protein-coupled receptors (P2Y). ATP can cause an increase in intracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+i) in embryonic cells and so regulate cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. We have isolated a Xenopus cDNA encoding a novel P2Y receptor, XlP2Y, which is expressed abundantly in developing embryos. Recombinant XlP2Y responds equally to all five naturally occurring nucleoside triphosphates (ATP, UTP, CTP, GTP, and ITP), which elicit a biphasic Ca2+-dependent Cl- current (ICl,Ca) where the second phase persists for up to 60 min. XlP2Y also causes a continuous release of Ca2+i and a low level persistent activation of ICl,Ca in Xenopus oocytes through the spontaneous efflux of ATP. mRNAs for XlP2Y are expressed transiently in the neural plate and tailbud during Xenopus development, coincident with neurogenesis. This restricted pattern of expression and novel pharmacological features confer unique properties to XlP2Y, which may play a key role in the early development of neural tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y D Bogdanov
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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27
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28
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Winzer-Serhan UH, Raymon HK, Broide RS, Chen Y, Leslie FM. Expression of alpha 2 adrenoceptors during rat brain development--I. Alpha 2A messenger RNA expression. Neuroscience 1997; 76:241-60. [PMID: 8971775 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(96)00368-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of alpha 2A adrenoceptor messenger RNA expression in developing rat brain was characterized using in situ hybridization with 35S-labeled riboprobes. Intense hybridization signal was detected as early as embryonic day 14 in several areas adjacent to the forebrain and hindbrain germinal zones and in central noradrenergic neurons. A marked increase in messenger RNA expression was observed throughout the brain during late prenatal development, consistent with the migration and maturation of neurons in developing brain structures. In embryonic brain, there was a temporal and spatial correspondence in the appearance of alpha 2A messenger RNA expression and binding sites labeled with [3H]idazoxan or p-[125I]iodoclonidine, indicating translation into receptor protein at an early stage of development. Whereas the presynaptic expression remained constant throughout development, there was an early postnatal decline of alpha 2A receptor expression in many brain regions, including the olfactory bulb, cortex, caudate-putamen, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus and medulla. Thereafter, messenger RNA expression increased, establishing an adult-like pattern during the second postnatal week, but remained low in areas such as the caudate-putamen, thalamus and hippocampus, which do not exhibit extensive expression in the adult. The transient perinatal expression of this alpha 2 adrenoceptor type, which coincides with a period of hyperreactivity to sensory stimuli in the locus coeruleus, may indicate a specific functional role for the alpha 2A receptor in the developing rat brain. The early and intense expression in olfactory structures suggests an involvement in early olfactory learning. The pattern of widespread, transient expression of alpha 2A receptors in the fetal brain is in marked contrast to the postnatal development of the alpha 2C receptor type.
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Affiliation(s)
- U H Winzer-Serhan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine 92717, USA
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29
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Buznikov GA, Shmukler YB, Lauder JM. From oocyte to neuron: do neurotransmitters function in the same way throughout development? Cell Mol Neurobiol 1996; 16:537-59. [PMID: 8956008 DOI: 10.1007/bf02152056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
1. Classical neurotransmitters (such as acetylcholine, biogenic amines, and GABA) are functionally active throughout ontogenesis. 2. Based on accumulated evidence, reviewed herein, we present an hypothetical scheme describing developmental changes in this functional activity, from the stage of maturing oocytes through neuronal differentiation. This scheme reflects not only the spatio-temporal sequence of these changes, but also the genesis of neurotransmitter functions, from "protosynapses" in oocytes and cleaving embryos to the development of functional neuronal synapses. 3. Thus, it appears that neurotransmitters participate in various forms of intra- and intercellular signalling throughout all stages of ontogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Buznikov
- N.N. Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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30
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Podkletnova I, Raevsky V, Alho, H. Reduction of GABAergic transmission and alterations in behavior after 6-OHDA treatment of rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-3806(96)80012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Son JH, Min N, Joh TH. Early ontogeny of catecholaminergic cell lineage in brain and peripheral neurons monitored by tyrosine hydroxylase-lacZ transgene. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1996; 36:300-8. [PMID: 8965651 DOI: 10.1016/0169-328x(95)00255-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
As the first and rate limiting enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway for catecholamine (CA) neurotransmitters, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is a specific phenotypic marker for CA cells in the central and peripheral nervous systems of adult animals. During embryogenesis, TH expression appears permanently within cells destined to be CA-secreting during adult life, and transiently in several cell types that will not express TH in adulthood. In this study, we examined the early ontogeny of TH expression in transgenic mouse embryos by following the expression of a lacZ reporter, driven by the tissue-specific promoter of the rat TH gene. The lacZ reporter product, beta-galactosidase (beta-gal), visualized by X-gal staining, first became apparent in primordia of sensory ganglia serving the glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagal (X) cranial nerves at embryonic day (E)9.0. Between E9.5 and E10.5, beta-gal expression extended to the remaining cranial sensory ganglia serving the trigeminal (V) and facial (VII) nerves, dorsal root ganglia, ventrolateral neural tube and sympathetic ganglion primordia. During that same period, the first beta-gal expression in the embryonic brain also appeared within distinct regions, such as the ventral prosencephalon, the ventral and dorsolateral mesencephalon and the rostral and caudal rhombencephalon. The level of beta-gal expression in all these tissues decreased at E13.5, but a distinct adult pattern of beta-gal expression started to emerge in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area in the central nervous system and the adrenal medulla in the periphery. Our findings indicate that the proximal 9.0 kb of the 5' promoter region of the rat TH gene encodes sufficient information to direct development of the appropriate catecholaminergic lineage cells in the central and most peripheral nervous systems during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Son
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Cornell University Medical College, W.M. Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA
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