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Mendoza-Garcia P, Basu S, Sukumar SK, Arefin B, Wolfstetter G, Anthonydhason V, Molander L, Uçkun E, Lindehell H, Lebrero-Fernandez C, Larsson J, Larsson E, Bemark M, Palmer RH. DamID transcriptional profiling identifies the Snail/Scratch transcription factor Kahuli as an Alk target in the Drosophila visceral mesoderm. Development 2021; 148:dev199465. [PMID: 34905617 PMCID: PMC8722224 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Development of the Drosophila visceral muscle depends on Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (Alk) receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling, which specifies founder cells (FCs) in the circular visceral mesoderm (VM). Although Alk activation by its ligand Jelly Belly (Jeb) is well characterized, few target molecules have been identified. Here, we used targeted DamID (TaDa) to identify Alk targets in embryos overexpressing Jeb versus embryos with abrogated Alk activity, revealing differentially expressed genes, including the Snail/Scratch family transcription factor Kahuli (Kah). We confirmed Kah mRNA and protein expression in the VM, and identified midgut constriction defects in Kah mutants similar to those of pointed (pnt). ChIP and RNA-Seq data analysis defined a Kah target-binding site similar to that of Snail, and identified a set of common target genes putatively regulated by Kah and Pnt during midgut constriction. Taken together, we report a rich dataset of Alk-responsive loci in the embryonic VM and functionally characterize the role of Kah in the regulation of embryonic midgut morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Mendoza-Garcia
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Swaraj Basu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sanjay Kumar Sukumar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Badrul Arefin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Georg Wolfstetter
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vimala Anthonydhason
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Linnea Molander
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ezgi Uçkun
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Lindehell
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Cristina Lebrero-Fernandez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Larsson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Erik Larsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mats Bemark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, SE-41346 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ruth H. Palmer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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2
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Poliacikova G, Maurel-Zaffran C, Graba Y, Saurin AJ. Hox Proteins in the Regulation of Muscle Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:731996. [PMID: 34733846 PMCID: PMC8558437 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.731996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hox genes encode evolutionary conserved transcription factors that specify the anterior-posterior axis in all bilaterians. Being well known for their role in patterning ectoderm-derivatives, such as CNS and spinal cord, Hox protein function is also crucial in mesodermal patterning. While well described in the case of the vertebrate skeleton, much less is known about Hox functions in the development of different muscle types. In contrast to vertebrates however, studies in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, have provided precious insights into the requirement of Hox at multiple stages of the myogenic process. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of Hox protein function in Drosophila and vertebrate muscle development, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying target gene regulation in this process. Emphasizing a tight ectoderm/mesoderm cross talk for proper locomotion, we discuss shared principles between CNS and muscle lineage specification and the emerging role of Hox in neuromuscular circuit establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yacine Graba
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, UMR 7288, Marseille, France
| | - Andrew J Saurin
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, UMR 7288, Marseille, France
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3
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Hursh DA, Stultz BG. Odd-Paired: The Drosophila Zic Gene. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1046:41-58. [PMID: 29442316 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7311-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Zinc finger in the cerebellum (Zic) proteins are a family of transcription factors with multiple roles during development, particularly in neural tissues. The founding member of the Zic family is the Drosophila odd-paired (opa) gene. The Opa protein has a DNA binding domain containing five Cys2His2-type zinc fingers and has been shown to act as a sequence-specific DNA binding protein. Opa has significant homology to mammalian Zic1, Zic2, and Zic3 within the zinc finger domain and in two other conserved regions outside that domain. opa was initially identified as a pair-rule gene, part of the hierarchy of genes that establish the segmental body plan of the early Drosophila embryo. However, its wide expression pattern during embryogenesis indicates it plays additional roles. Embryos deficient in opa die before hatching with aberrant segmentation but also with defects in larval midgut formation. Post-embryonically, opa plays important roles in adult head development and circadian rhythm. Based on extensive neural expression, opa is predicted to be involved in many aspects of neural development and behavior, like other proteins of the Zic family. Consensus DNA binding sites have been identified for Opa and have been shown to activate transcription in vivo. However, there is evidence Opa may serve as a transcriptional regulator in the absence of direct DNA binding, as has been seen for other Zic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Hursh
- Division of Cell and Gene Therapy, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| | - Brian G Stultz
- Division of Cell and Gene Therapy, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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4
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Driver I, Ohlstein B. Specification of regional intestinal stem cell identity during Drosophila metamorphosis. Development 2014; 141:1848-56. [PMID: 24700821 DOI: 10.1242/dev.104018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In the adult Drosophila midgut the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway is required to specify and maintain the acid-secreting region of the midgut known as the copper cell region (CCR). BMP signaling is also involved in the modulation of intestinal stem cell (ISC) proliferation in response to injury. How ISCs are able to respond to the same signaling pathway in a regionally different manner is currently unknown. Here, we show that dual use of the BMP signaling pathway in the midgut is possible because BMP signals are only capable of transforming ISC and enterocyte identity during a defined window of metamorphosis. ISC heterogeneity is established prior to adulthood and then maintained in cooperation with regional signals from surrounding tissue. Our data provide a conceptual framework for how other tissues maintained by regional stem cells might be patterned and establishes the pupal and adult midgut as a novel genetic platform for identifying genes necessary for regional stem cell specification and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Driver
- Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Studies, New York, NY 10032, USA
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5
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Schaub C, Frasch M. Org-1 is required for the diversification of circular visceral muscle founder cells and normal midgut morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2013; 376:245-59. [PMID: 23380635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The T-Box family of transcription factors plays fundamental roles in the generation of appropriate spatial and temporal gene expression profiles during cellular differentiation and organogenesis in animals. In this study we report that the Drosophila Tbx1 orthologue optomotor-blind-related-gene-1 (org-1) exerts a pivotal function in the diversification of circular visceral muscle founder cell identities in Drosophila. In embryos mutant for org-1, the specification of the midgut musculature per se is not affected, but the differentiating midgut fails to form the anterior and central midgut constrictions and lacks the gastric caeca. We demonstrate that this phenotype results from the nearly complete loss of the founder cell specific expression domains of several genes known to regulate midgut morphogenesis, including odd-paired (opa), teashirt (tsh), Ultrabithorax (Ubx), decapentaplegic (dpp) and wingless (wg). To address the mechanisms that mediate the regulatory inputs from org-1 towards Ubx, dpp, and wg in these founder cells we genetically dissected known visceral mesoderm specific cis-regulatory-modules (CRMs) of these genes. The analyses revealed that the activities of the dpp and wg CRMs depend on org-1, the CRMs are bound by Org-1 in vivo and their T-Box binding sites are essential for their activation in the visceral muscle founder cells. We conclude that Org-1 acts within a well-defined signaling and transcriptional network of the trunk visceral mesoderm as a crucial founder cell-specific competence factor, in concert with the general visceral mesodermal factor Biniou. As such, it directly regulates several key genes involved in the establishment of morphogenetic centers along the anteroposterior axis of the visceral mesoderm, which subsequently organize the formation of midgut constrictions and gastric caeca and thereby determine the morphology of the midgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schaub
- Department of Biology, Division of Developmental Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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6
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Merabet S, Litim-Mecheri I, Karlsson D, Dixit R, Saadaoui M, Monier B, Brun C, Thor S, Vijayraghavan K, Perrin L, Pradel J, Graba Y. Insights into Hox protein function from a large scale combinatorial analysis of protein domains. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002302. [PMID: 22046139 PMCID: PMC3203194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein function is encoded within protein sequence and protein domains. However, how protein domains cooperate within a protein to modulate overall activity and how this impacts functional diversification at the molecular and organism levels remains largely unaddressed. Focusing on three domains of the central class Drosophila Hox transcription factor AbdominalA (AbdA), we used combinatorial domain mutations and most known AbdA developmental functions as biological readouts to investigate how protein domains collectively shape protein activity. The results uncover redundancy, interactivity, and multifunctionality of protein domains as salient features underlying overall AbdA protein activity, providing means to apprehend functional diversity and accounting for the robustness of Hox-controlled developmental programs. Importantly, the results highlight context-dependency in protein domain usage and interaction, allowing major modifications in domains to be tolerated without general functional loss. The non-pleoitropic effect of domain mutation suggests that protein modification may contribute more broadly to molecular changes underlying morphological diversification during evolution, so far thought to rely largely on modification in gene cis-regulatory sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Merabet
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille Luminy, IBDML, UMR6216 CNRS, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 907, Marseille, France
- Université de la Méditerranée, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Isma Litim-Mecheri
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille Luminy, IBDML, UMR6216 CNRS, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 907, Marseille, France
- Université de la Méditerranée, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Karlsson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Richa Dixit
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Mehdi Saadaoui
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille Luminy, IBDML, UMR6216 CNRS, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 907, Marseille, France
- Université de la Méditerranée, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Monier
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille Luminy, IBDML, UMR6216 CNRS, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 907, Marseille, France
- Université de la Méditerranée, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Christine Brun
- Université de la Méditerranée, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
- TAGC, U928 Inserm, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 928, Marseille, France
- CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Stefan Thor
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - K. Vijayraghavan
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Laurent Perrin
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille Luminy, IBDML, UMR6216 CNRS, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 907, Marseille, France
- Université de la Méditerranée, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Jacques Pradel
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille Luminy, IBDML, UMR6216 CNRS, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 907, Marseille, France
- Université de la Méditerranée, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Yacine Graba
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille Luminy, IBDML, UMR6216 CNRS, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 907, Marseille, France
- Université de la Méditerranée, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
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7
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Targeted gain-of-function screening in Drosophila using GAL4-UAS and random transposon insertions. Genet Res (Camb) 2009; 91:243-58. [PMID: 19640320 DOI: 10.1017/s0016672309990152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the activity level or temporal expression of key signalling genes elicit profound patterning effects during development. Consequently, gain-of-function genetic schemes that overexpress or misexpress such loci can identify novel candidates for functions essential for a developmental process. GAL4-Upstream Activating Sequence (UAS)-targeted regulation of gene expression in Drosophila has allowed rapid analyses of coding sequences for potential roles in specific tissues at particular developmental stages. GAL4 has also been combined with randomly mobilized transposons capable of UAS-directed misexpression or overexpression of flanking sequences. This combination has produced a genetic screening system that can uncover novel loci refractory to standard loss of function genetic approaches, such as redundant genes. Available libraries of strains with sequenced insertion sites can allow direct correlation of phenotypes to genetic function. These techniques have also been applied to genetic interaction screening, where a GAL4 driver and UAS-regulated insertion collection are combined with an extant mutant genotype. In this article, we summarize studies that have utilized GAL4-UAS overexpression or misexpression of random loci to screen for candidates involved in specific developmental processes.
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8
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Pan MH, Wang XY, Chai CL, Zhang CD, Lu C, Xiang ZH. Identification and function of Abdominal-A in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 18:155-160. [PMID: 19320756 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2009.00862.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Abdominal-A (adb-A) is a key gene in the development of insects. To understand its function in the silkworm, we cloned 1193 bp of the abd-A gene of Bombyx mori (Bmabd-A), including the complete coding sequence and part of the 3' untranslated region sequence. Bmabd-A has at least three mRNA splice variants with coding sequences of lengths 1032, 1044 and 1059 bp, encoding 343, 347 and 352 amino acids, respectively. Each splice variant of Bmabd-A has three exons and differs only in second exon size. Bmabd-A was expressed at low levels in unfertilized eggs, but increased gradually in fertilized eggs after laying 22 h. Bmabd-A expression decreased in ant silkworms (newly hatched silkworms). After RNA interference for Bmabd-A, the embryos had two mutant phenotypes, either completely or partially absent abdominal feet from the third to sixth abdominal segments, suggesting that Bmabd-A is responsible for normal development of the third to sixth abdominal segments during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-H Pan
- Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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9
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Wiltse J. Mode of Action: Inhibition of Histone Deacetylase, Altering WNT-Dependent Gene Expression, and Regulation of Beta-Catenin—Developmental Effects of Valproic Acid. Crit Rev Toxicol 2008; 35:727-38. [PMID: 16417040 DOI: 10.1080/10408440591007403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) has long been known to cause spina bifida, a neural tube defect, and other effects in fetuses of women treated with this drug. Toxicological tests in laboratory mice and rats at human therapeutic doses also show neural tube and other defects. Studies show that VPA alters Wnt signaling in human and animal cells, inducing Wnt-dependent gene expression at doses that cause developmental effects. Structural analogues of VPA that do not have this effect on Wnt signaling do not cause developmental effects. Similarly, Trichostatin A, a compound that mimics VPA in its effects on Wnt gene expression, also causes similar developmental effects. Alteration of Wnt signaling is empirically well supported as the postulated mode of action (MOA) for VPA's developmental effects in animals. VPA causes alteration of Wnt signaling in both human and animal cells systems at the same dose levels. The correspondence of effects on signaling and of effects on development in animals and humans supports the view that alteration of Wnt signaling is a relevant MOA in humans.
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10
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Roche J, Zeng C, Barón A, Gadgil S, Gemmill RM, Tigaud I, Thomas X, Drabkin HA. Hox expression in AML identifies a distinct subset of patients with intermediate cytogenetics. Leukemia 2004; 18:1059-63. [PMID: 15085154 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that favorable and poor prognostic chromosomal rearrangements in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) were associated with distinct levels of HOX expression. We have now analyzed HOX expression in 50 independent adult AML patients (median age=62 years), together with FLT3 and FLT3-ligand mRNA levels, and FLT3 mutation determination. By cluster analysis, we could divide AMLs into cases with low, intermediate and high HOX expression. Cases with high expression were uniquely restricted to a subset of AMLs with intermediate cytogenetics (P=0.0174). This subset has significantly higher levels of FLT3 expression and appears to have an increase of FLT3 mutations (44%), while CEBPalpha mutations were infrequent (6%). FLT3 mRNA levels were correlated with the expression of multiple HOX genes, whereas FLT3 mutations were correlated with HOXB3. In some cases, FLT3 was expressed at levels equivalent to GAPDH in the absence of genomic amplification. We propose that high HOX expression may be characteristically associated with a distinct biologic subset of AML. The apparent global upregulation of HOX expression could be due to growth-factor signaling or, alternatively, these patterns may reflect a particular stage of differentiation of the leukemic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Roche
- CNRS UMR 6187, Université de Poitiers, 40 Av du Recteur Pineau, Poitiers, Cédex, France
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11
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Merabet S, Catala F, Pradel J, Graba Y. A Green Fluorescent Protein Reporter Genetic Screen That Identifies Modifiers of Hox Gene Function in the Drosophila Embryo. Genetics 2002; 162:189-202. [PMID: 12242233 PMCID: PMC1462243 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/162.1.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Hox genes encode evolutionarily conserved transcription factors that play fundamental roles in the organization of the animal body plan. Molecular studies emphasize that unidentified genes contribute to the control of Hox activity. In this study, we describe a genetic screen designed to identify functions required for the control of the wingless (wg) and empty spiracles (ems) target genes by the Hox Abdominal-A and Abdominal-B proteins. A collection of chromosomal deficiencies were screened for their ability to modify GFP fluorescence patterns driven by Hox response elements (HREs) from wg and ems. We found 15 deficiencies that modify the activity of the ems HRE and 18 that modify the activity of the wg HRE. Many deficiencies cause ectopic activity of the HREs, suggesting that spatial restriction of transcriptional activity is an important level in the control of Hox gene function. Further analysis identified eight loci involved in the homeotic regulation of wg or ems. A majority of these modifier genes correspond to previously characterized genes, although not for their roles in the regulation of Hox targets. Five of them encode products acting in or in connection with signal transduction pathways, which suggests an extensive use of signaling in the control of Hox gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Merabet
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Physiologie du Développement IBDM, CNRS, Université de la Méditerranée, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
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12
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Miller DF, Holtzman SL, Kalkbrenner A, Kaufman TC. Homeotic Complex (Hox) gene regulation and homeosis in the mesoderm of the Drosophila melanogaster embryo: the roles of signal transduction and cell autonomous regulation. Mech Dev 2001; 102:17-32. [PMID: 11287178 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4773(01)00300-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we evaluate homeosis and Homeotic Complex (Hox) regulatory hierarchies in the somatic and visceral mesoderm. We demonstrate that both Hox control of signal transduction and cell autonomous regulation are critical for establishing normal Hox expression patterns and the specification of segmental identity and morphology. We present data identifying novel regulatory interactions associated with the segmental register shift in Hox expression domains between the epidermis/somatic mesoderm and visceral mesoderm. A proposed mechanism for the gap between the expression domains of Sex combs reduced (Scr) and Antennapedia (Antp) in the visceral mesoderm is provided. Previously, Hox gene interactions have been shown to occur on multiple levels: direct cross-regulation, competition for binding sites at downstream targets and through indirect feedback involving signal transduction. We find that extrinsic specification of cell fate by signaling can be overridden by Hox protein expression in mesodermal cells and propose the term autonomic dominance for this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Miller
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zitvogel
- Immunology Unit, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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14
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Abstract
The adult body plan of bilaterians is achieved by imposing regional specifications on pluripotential cells. The establishment of spatial domains is governed in part by regulating expression of transcription factors. The key to understanding bilaterian evolution is contingent on our understanding of how the regulation of these transcription factors influenced bilaterian stem-group evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Peterson
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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15
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Chauvet S, Merabet S, Bilder D, Scott MP, Pradel J, Graba Y. Distinct hox protein sequences determine specificity in different tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:4064-9. [PMID: 10737765 PMCID: PMC18149 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.070046997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hox genes encode evolutionarily conserved transcription factors that control the morphological diversification along the anteroposterior (A/P) body axis. Expressed in precise locations in the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, Hox proteins have distinct regulatory activities in different tissues. How Hox proteins achieve tissue-specific functions and why cells lying at equivalent A/P positions but in different germ layers have distinctive responses to the same Hox protein remains to be determined. Here, we examine this question by identifying parts of Hox proteins necessary for Hox function in different tissues. Available genetic markers allow the regulatory effects of two Hox proteins, Abdominal-A (AbdA) and Ultrabithorax (Ubx), to be distinguished in the Drosophila embryonic epidermis and visceral mesoderm (VM). Chimeric Ubx/AbdA proteins were tested in both tissues and used to identify protein sequences that endow AbdA with a different target gene specificity from Ubx. We found that distinct protein sequences define AbdA, as opposed to Ubx, function in the epidermis vs. the VM. These sequences lie mostly outside the homeodomain (HD), emphasizing the importance of non-HD residues for specific Hox activities. Hox tissue specificity is therefore achieved by sensing distinct Hox protein structures in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chauvet
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie du Développement, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université de la Méditerranée, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 907, 13288 Marseille, France
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16
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Abstract
Several recent laboratory observations that bear on the origin of the Bilateria are reviewed and interpreted in light of our set-aside cell theory for bilaterian origins. We first discuss new data concerning the phylogeny of bilaterian phyla. Next, we use systematic, molecular, and paleontological lines of evidence to argue that the latest common ancestor of echinoderms plus hemichordates used a maximal indirect mode of development. Furthermore, the latest common ancestor of molluscs and annelids was also indirectly developing. Finally, we discuss new data on Hox gene expression patterns which suggest that both sea urchins and polychaete annelids use Hox genes in a very similar fashion. Neither utilizes the complete Hox complex in the development of the larva per se, while the Hox complex is expressed in the set-aside cells from which the adult body plan is formed. Our current views on the ancestry of the bilaterians are summarized in phylogenetic terms, incorporating the characters discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Peterson
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
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17
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Bilder D, Perrimon N. Localization of apical epithelial determinants by the basolateral PDZ protein Scribble. Nature 2000; 403:676-80. [PMID: 10688207 DOI: 10.1038/35001108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 555] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The generation of membrane domains with distinct protein constituents is a hallmark of cell polarization. In epithelia, segregation of membrane proteins into apical and basolateral compartments is critical for cell morphology, tissue physiology and cell signalling. Drosophila proteins that confer apical membrane identity have been found, but the mechanisms that restrict these determinants to the apical cell surface are unknown. Here we show that a laterally localized protein is required for the apical confinement of polarity determinants. Mutations in Drosophila scribble (scrib), which encodes a multi-PDZ (PSD-95, Discs-large and ZO-1) and leucine-rich-repeat protein, cause aberrant cell shapes and loss of the monolayer organization of embryonic epithelia. Scrib is localized to the epithelial septate junction, the analogue of the vertebrate tight junction, at the boundary of the apical and basolateral cell surfaces. Loss of scrib function results in the misdistribution of apical proteins and adherens junctions to the basolateral cell surface, but basolateral protein localization remains intact. These phenotypes can be accounted for by mislocalization of the apical determinant Crumbs. Our results show that the lateral domain of epithelia, particularly the septate junction, functions in restricting apical membrane identity and correctly placing adherens junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bilder
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Nakamura A, Yoshizaki I, Kobayashi S. Spatial expression of Drosophila glutathione S-transferase-D1 in the alimentary canal is regulated by the overlying visceral mesoderm. Dev Growth Differ 1999; 41:699-702. [PMID: 10646799 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-169x.1999.00473.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Regional gene expression within Drosophila gut epithelium is regulated by the homeotic genes expressed in the overlying visceral mesoderm. Here it is reported that Glutathione S-transferase-D1 (Gst-D1) had three distinctive expression domains in the gut epithelia: the inner epithelium of the proventriculus, the anterior border of the hindgut epithelium, and the midgut epithelium. Gst-D1 expression in the midgut epithelium became restricted to the region that later formed the third midgut constriction. This spatial restriction within the midgut epithelium required abdominal-A activity in the overlying visceral mesoderm, suggesting that Gst-D1 will be a useful marker to analyze the mechanism of gene regulation across the mesoderm and endoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nakamura
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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19
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Smith K, Bui TD, Poulsom R, Kaklamanis L, Williams G, Harris AL. Up-regulation of macrophage wnt gene expression in adenoma-carcinoma progression of human colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 1999; 81:496-502. [PMID: 10507776 PMCID: PMC2362915 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in the APC-beta-catenin pathway are common in colon cancer. We investigated whether aberrant regulation of upstream ligands stimulating this pathway occur in colon cancer. Using RNAase protection analysis, six out of eight wnt genes were expressed in 14 matched cases of normal, adenomatous and malignant colorectal tissues. Wnt 2 and wnt 5a were significantly up-regulated in the progression from normal through adenoma to carcinoma. Transcripts for wnts 4, 7b, 10b and 13, but not wnt 2 and wnt 5a were detected in several colorectal cell lines. In situ hybridization demonstrated that wnt 2 and wnt 5a transcripts were mainly in the lamina propria/stroma region with labelling predominantly in macrophages. Immunostaining with CD68 confirmed the wnt-expressing cells as macrophages. These results show a major difference in wnt expression in colon cancer compared to colon adenomas and suggest stromal wnt expression may play a role in tumour progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Smith
- ICRF Molecular Oncology Laboratory, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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20
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Wharton KA, Cook JM, Torres-Schumann S, de Castro K, Borod E, Phillips DA. Genetic analysis of the bone morphogenetic protein-related gene, gbb, identifies multiple requirements during Drosophila development. Genetics 1999; 152:629-40. [PMID: 10353905 PMCID: PMC1460618 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/152.2.629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have isolated mutations in the Drosophila melanogaster gene glass bottom boat (gbb), which encodes a TGF-beta signaling molecule (formerly referred to as 60A) with highest sequence similarity to members of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) subgroup including vertebrate BMPs 5-8. Genetic analysis of both null and hypomorphic gbb alleles indicates that the gene is required in many developmental processes, including embryonic midgut morphogenesis, patterning of the larval cuticle, fat body morphology, and development and patterning of the imaginal discs. In the embryonic midgut, we show that gbb is required for the formation of the anterior constriction and for maintenance of the homeotic gene Antennapedia in the visceral mesoderm. In addition, we show a requirement for gbb in the anterior and posterior cells of the underlying endoderm and in the formation and extension of the gastric caecae. gbb is required in all the imaginal discs for proper disc growth and for specification of veins in the wing and of macrochaete in the notum. Significantly, some of these tissues have been shown to also require the Drosophila BMP2/4 homolog decapentaplegic (dpp), while others do not. These results indicate that signaling by both gbb and dpp may contribute to the development of some tissues, while in others, gbb may signal independently of dpp.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Wharton
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA.
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21
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Wiellette EL, McGinnis W. Hox genes differentially regulate Serrate to generate segment-specific structures. Development 1999; 126:1985-95. [PMID: 10101132 DOI: 10.1242/dev.126.9.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Diversification of Drosophila segmental morphologies requires the functions of Hox transcription factors. However, there is little information describing pathways through which Hox activities effect the discrete cellular changes that diversify segmental architecture. We have identified the Drosophila signaling protein Serrate as the product of a Hox downstream gene that acts in many segments as a component of such pathways. In the embryonic epidermis, Serrate is required for morphogenesis of normal abdominal denticle belts and maxillary mouth hooks, both Hox-dependent structures. The Hox genes Ultrabithorax and abdominal-A are required to activate an early stripe of Serrate transcription in abdominal segments. In the abdominal epidermis, Serrate promotes denticle diversity by precisely localizing a single cell stripe of rhomboid expression, which generates a source of EGF signal that is not produced in thoracic epidermis. In the head, Deformed is required to activate Serrate transcription in the maxillary segment, where Serrate is required for normal mouth hook morphogenesis. However, Serrate does not require rhomboid function in the maxillary segment, suggesting that the Hox-Serrate pathway to segment-specific morphogenesis can be linked to more than one downstream function.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Wiellette
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Florence B, McGinnis W. A genetic screen of the Drosophila X chromosome for mutations that modify Deformed function. Genetics 1998; 150:1497-511. [PMID: 9832527 PMCID: PMC1460420 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/150.4.1497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have screened the Drosophila X chromosome for genes whose dosage affects the function of the homeotic gene Deformed. One of these genes, extradenticle, encodes a homeodomain transcription factor that heterodimerizes with Deformed and other homeotic Hox proteins. Mutations in the nejire gene, which encodes a transcriptional adaptor protein belonging to the CBP/p300 family, also interact with Deformed. The other previously characterized gene identified as a Deformed interactor is Notch, which encodes a transmembrane receptor. These three genes underscore the importance of transcriptional regulation and cell-cell signaling in Hox function. Four novel genes were also identified in the screen. One of these, rancor, is required for appropriate embryonic expression of Deformed and another homeotic gene, labial. Both Notch and nejire affect the function of another Hox gene, Ultrabithorax, indicating they may be required for homeotic activity in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Florence
- Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
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23
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Bilder D, Scott MP. Hedgehog and wingless induce metameric pattern in the Drosophila visceral mesoderm. Dev Biol 1998; 201:43-56. [PMID: 9733572 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.1998.8953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila visceral mesoderm (VM) is a favorite system for studying the regulation of target genes by Hox proteins. The VM is formed by cells from only the anterior subdivision of each mesodermal parasegment (PS). We show here that the VM itself acquires modular anterior-posterior subdivisions similar to those found in the ectoderm. As VM progenitors merge to form a continuous band running anterior to posterior along the embryo, expression of connectin (con) in 11 metameric patches within the VM reveals VM subdivisions analagous to ectodermal compartments. The VM subdivisions form in response to ectodermal production of secreted signals encoded by the segment polarity genes hedgehog (hh) and wingless (wg) and are independent of Hox gene activity. A cascade of induction from ectoderm to mesoderm to endoderm thus subdivides the gut tissues along the A-P axis. Induction of VM subdivisions may converge with Hox-mediated information to refine spatial patterning in the VM. Con patches align with ectodermal engrailed stripes, so the VM subdivisions correspond to PS 2-12 boundaries in the VM. The PS boundaries demarcated by Con in the VM can be used to map expression domains of Hox genes and their targets with high resolution. The resultant map suggests a model for the origins of VM-specific Hox expression in which Hox domains clonally inherited from blastoderm ancestors are modified by diffusible signals acting on VM-specific enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bilder
- Department of Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, California, 94305-5329, USA
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