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Ayana R, Zandecki C, Van Houcke J, Mariën V, Seuntjens E, Arckens L. Single-cell sequencing unveils the impact of aging on the progenitor cell diversity in the telencephalon of the female killifish N. furzeri. Aging Cell 2024:e14251. [PMID: 38949249 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The African turquoise killifish (Nothobranchius furzeri) combines a short lifespan with spontaneous age-associated loss of neuro-regenerative capacity, an intriguing trait atypical for a teleost. The impact of aging on the cellular composition of the adult stem cell niches, leading to this dramatic decline in the postnatal neuro- and gliogenesis, remains elusive. Single-cell RNA sequencing of the telencephalon of young adult female killifish of the short-lived GRZ-AD strain unveiled progenitors of glial and non-glial nature, different excitatory and inhibitory neuron subtypes, as well as non-neural cell types. Sub-clustering of the progenitors identified four radial glia (RG) cell types, two non-glial progenitor (NGP) and four intermediate (intercell) cell states. Two astroglia-like, one ependymal, and one neuroepithelial-like (NE) RG subtype were found at different locations in the forebrain in line with their role, while proliferative, active NGPs were spread throughout. Lineage inference pointed to NE-RG and NGPs as start and intercessor populations for glio- and neurogenesis. Upon aging, single-cell RNA sequencing revealed major perturbations in the proportions of the astroglia and intercell states, and in the molecular signatures of specific subtypes, including altered MAPK, mTOR, Notch, and Wnt pathways. This cell catalog of the young regeneration-competent killifish telencephalon, combined with the evidence for aging-related transcriptomic changes, presents a useful resource to understand the molecular basis of age-dependent neuroplasticity. This data is also available through an online database (killifishbrain_scseq).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajagopal Ayana
- KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute, Department of Biology, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neuroproteomics, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute, Department of Biology, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology section, Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Caroline Zandecki
- KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute, Department of Biology, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neuroproteomics, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute, Department of Biology, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology section, Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jolien Van Houcke
- KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute, Department of Biology, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neuroproteomics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Valerie Mariën
- KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute, Department of Biology, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neuroproteomics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eve Seuntjens
- KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute, Department of Biology, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology section, Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Institute for Single-Cell Omics, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lutgarde Arckens
- KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute, Department of Biology, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neuroproteomics, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Institute for Single-Cell Omics, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
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Maeda Y, Kageyama R. The significance of ultradian oscillations in development. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2024; 86:102180. [PMID: 38522266 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2024.102180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Genes regulating developmental processes have been identified, but the mechanisms underlying their expression with the correct timing are still under investigation. Several genes show oscillatory expression that regulates the timing of developmental processes, such as somitogenesis and neurogenesis. These oscillations are also important for other developmental processes, such as cell proliferation and differentiation. In this review, we discuss the significance of oscillatory gene expression in developmental time and other forms of regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Maeda
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako 351-0198, Japan
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3
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Ashfield LR. The dynamics of Notch signaling in the neuron-glia switch: a balancing act. J Neurophysiol 2024; 131:872-875. [PMID: 38533940 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00441.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A recent study by Tran et al. (Tran LN, Loew SK, Franco SJ. J Neurosci 43: 6854-6871, 2023) investigated the cellular processes underlying the timing and regulation of oligodendrocyte production, focusing on the role of Notch signaling in the dorsal forebrain of mouse embryos. They found that although Notch signaling is required to specify oligodendrocyte precursor cell fate during embryonic development, overexpression prevents oligodendrogenesis through several mechanisms. This critical review highlights their findings and offers suggestions for future research investigating the precise spatiotemporal control of Notch signaling throughout the development of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R Ashfield
- Department of BiologyMount Allison UniversitySackvilleNew BrunswickCanada
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4
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Ko MY, Park H, Chon S, Lee B, Cha S, Hyun S, Ka M. Prenatal Di-methoxyethyl phthalate exposure impairs cortical neurogenesis and synaptic activity in the mice. Brain Pathol 2024; 34:e13221. [PMID: 37903655 PMCID: PMC10901619 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Di-methoxyethyl phthalate (DMEP) is a well-known environmentally prevalent endocrine disruptor and may be associated with neurodevelopmental disorders including attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and intellectual disability. However, the regulatory mechanisms leading to these neurodevelopmental disorders are still poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that prenatal DMEP exposure causes abnormal brain morphology and function in the mice. DMEP (50 mg/kg) was chronically administered to pregnant mice orally once a day starting on embryonic day 0 (E0) to breast-feeding cessation for the fetus. We found that prenatal DMEP exposure significantly reduced the number of neurons in the parietal cortex by impairing neurogenesis and gliogenesis during the developing cortex. Moreover, we found that prenatal DMEP exposure impaired dendritic spine architectures and synaptic activity in the parietal cortex. Finally, prenatal DMEP exposure in mice induces hyperactivity and reduces anxiety behaviors. Altogether, our study demonstrates that prenatal DMEP exposure leads to abnormal behaviors via impairment of neurogenesis and synaptic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Yi Ko
- Department of Advanced Toxicology ResearchKorea Institute of ToxicologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea
| | - Heejin Park
- Department of Advanced Toxicology ResearchKorea Institute of ToxicologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea
- Collage of Veterinary of MedicineJeonbuk National UniversityJeonjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Sun‐Hwa Chon
- Department of Advanced Toxicology ResearchKorea Institute of ToxicologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea
| | - Byoung‐Seok Lee
- Department of Advanced Toxicology ResearchKorea Institute of ToxicologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea
| | - Sin‐Woo Cha
- Department of Advanced Toxicology ResearchKorea Institute of ToxicologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea
| | - Sung‐Ae Hyun
- Department of Advanced Toxicology ResearchKorea Institute of ToxicologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea
| | - Minhan Ka
- Department of Advanced Toxicology ResearchKorea Institute of ToxicologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea
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Frith TJR, Briscoe J, Boezio GLM. From signalling to form: the coordination of neural tube patterning. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 159:168-231. [PMID: 38729676 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The development of the vertebrate spinal cord involves the formation of the neural tube and the generation of multiple distinct cell types. The process starts during gastrulation, combining axial elongation with specification of neural cells and the formation of the neuroepithelium. Tissue movements produce the neural tube which is then exposed to signals that provide patterning information to neural progenitors. The intracellular response to these signals, via a gene regulatory network, governs the spatial and temporal differentiation of progenitors into specific cell types, facilitating the assembly of functional neuronal circuits. The interplay between the gene regulatory network, cell movement, and tissue mechanics generates the conserved neural tube pattern observed across species. In this review we offer an overview of the molecular and cellular processes governing the formation and patterning of the neural tube, highlighting how the remarkable complexity and precision of vertebrate nervous system arises. We argue that a multidisciplinary and multiscale understanding of the neural tube development, paired with the study of species-specific strategies, will be crucial to tackle the open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Briscoe
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom.
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6
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Guo X, Jiang P, Pan M, Ding Y, Lin Y, Jiang T, Li R, Wang W, Dai Y, Wang S, Cao Y, Lin H, Yang M, Liu W, Tao J. Overexpression of miR-124 in astrocyte improves neurological deficits in rat with ischemic stroke via DLL4 modulation. Exp Neurol 2023; 370:114571. [PMID: 37848121 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Astrocytes have been demonstrated to undergo conversion into functional neurons, presenting a promising approach for stroke treatment. However, the development of small molecules capable of effectively inducing this cellular reprogramming remains a critical challenge. METHODS Initially, we introduced a glial cell marker gene, GFaABC1D, as the promoter within an adeno-associated virus vector overexpressing miR-124 into the motor cortex of an ischemia-reperfusion model in rats. Additionally, we administered NeuroD1 as a positive control. Lentiviral vectors overexpressing miR-124 were constructed and transfected into primary rat astrocytes. We assessed the cellular distribution of GFAP, DCX, and NeuN on days 7, 14, and 28, respectively. RESULTS In rats with ischemic stroke, miR-124-transduced glial cells exhibited positive staining for the immature neuron marker doublecortin (DCX) and the mature neuron marker NeuN after 4 weeks. In contrast, NeuroD1-overexpressing model rats only expressed NeuN, and the positive percentage was higher in co-transfection with miR-124 and NeuroD1. Overexpression of miR-124 effectively ameliorated neurological deficits and motor functional impairment in the model rats. In primary rat astrocytes transduced with miR-124, DCX was not observed after 7 days of transfection, but it appeared at 14 days, with the percentage further increasing to 44.6% at 28 days. Simultaneously, 15.1% of miR-124-transduced cells exhibited NeuN positivity, which was not detected at 7 and 14 days. In vitro, double fluorescence assays revealed that miR-124 targeted Dll4, and in vivo experiments confirmed that miR-124 inhibited the expression of Notch1 and DLL4. CONCLUSIONS The overexpression of miR-124 in astrocytes demonstrates significant potential for improving neurological deficits following ischemic stroke by inhibiting DLL4 expression, and it may facilitate astrocyte-to-neuronal transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Guo
- Provincial and Ministerial Co-founded Collaborative Innovation Center of Rehabilitation Technology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Pingli Jiang
- Provincial and Ministerial Co-founded Collaborative Innovation Center of Rehabilitation Technology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Meihua Pan
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Rehabilitation Medicine Technology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Yanyi Ding
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Rehabilitation Medicine Technology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Yanting Lin
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Rehabilitation Medicine Technology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Cognitive Rehabilitation, Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
| | - Rui Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Cognitive Rehabilitation, Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
| | - Wenju Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Cognitive Rehabilitation, Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
| | - Yaling Dai
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Cognitive Rehabilitation, Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
| | - Sinuo Wang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Rehabilitation Research Center of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Yajun Cao
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Rehabilitation Research Center of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Huawei Lin
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Rehabilitation Research Center of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Minguang Yang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Rehabilitation Research Center of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Weilin Liu
- The Institute of Rehabilitation Industry, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China.
| | - Jing Tao
- The Institute of Rehabilitation Industry, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China.
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Tran LN, Loew SK, Franco SJ. Notch Signaling Plays a Dual Role in Regulating the Neuron-to-Oligodendrocyte Switch in the Developing Dorsal Forebrain. J Neurosci 2023; 43:6854-6871. [PMID: 37640551 PMCID: PMC10573779 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0144-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells in the developing dorsal forebrain generate excitatory neurons followed by oligodendrocytes (OLs) and astrocytes. However, the specific mechanisms that regulate the timing of this neuron-glia switch are not fully understood. In this study, we show that the proper balance of Notch signaling in dorsal forebrain progenitors is required to generate oligodendrocytes during late stages of embryonic development. Using ex vivo and in utero approaches in mouse embryos of both sexes, we found that Notch inhibition reduced the number of oligodendrocyte lineage cells in the dorsal pallium. However, Notch overactivation also prevented oligodendrogenesis and maintained a progenitor state. These results point toward a dual role for Notch signaling in both promoting and inhibiting oligodendrogenesis, which must be fine-tuned to generate oligodendrocyte lineage cells at the right time and in the right numbers. We further identified the canonical Notch downstream factors HES1 and HES5 as negative regulators in this process. CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat)/Cas9-mediated knockdown of Hes1 and Hes5 caused increased expression of the pro-oligodendrocyte factor ASCL1 and led to precocious oligodendrogenesis. Conversely, combining Notch overactivation with ASCL1 overexpression robustly promoted oligodendrogenesis, indicating a separate mechanism of Notch that operates synergistically with ASCL1 to specify an oligodendrocyte fate. We propose a model in which Notch signaling works together with ASCL1 to specify progenitors toward the oligodendrocyte lineage but also maintains a progenitor state through Hes-dependent repression of Ascl1 so that oligodendrocytes are not made too early, thus contributing to the precise timing of the neuron-glia switch.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neural progenitors make oligodendrocytes after neurogenesis starts to wind down, but the mechanisms that control the timing of this switch are poorly understood. In this study, we identify Notch signaling as a critical pathway that regulates the balance between progenitor maintenance and oligodendrogenesis. Notch signaling is required for the oligodendrocyte fate, but elevated Notch signaling prevents oligodendrogenesis and maintains a progenitor state. We provide evidence that these opposing functions are controlled by different mechanisms. Before the switch, Notch signaling through Hes factors represses oligodendrogenesis. Later, Notch signaling through an unknown mechanism promotes oligodendrogenesis synergistically with the transcription factor ASCL1. Our study underscores the complexity of Notch and reveals its importance in regulating the timing and numbers of oligodendrocyte production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luuli N Tran
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Sarah K Loew
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
- Gates Summer Internship Program, Gates Institute, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Santos J Franco
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
- Gates Summer Internship Program, Gates Institute, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
- Program in Pediatric Stem Cell Biology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
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8
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Arkenberg MR, Ueda Y, Hashino E, Lin CC. Photo-click hydrogels for 3D in situ differentiation of pancreatic progenitors from induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:223. [PMID: 37649117 PMCID: PMC10469883 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03457-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) can be differentiated to cells in all three germ layers, as well as cells in the extraembryonic tissues. Efforts in iPSC differentiation into pancreatic progenitors in vitro have largely been focused on optimizing soluble growth cues in conventional two-dimensional (2D) culture, whereas the impact of three-dimensional (3D) matrix properties on the morphogenesis of iPSC remains elusive. METHODS In this work, we employ gelatin-based thiol-norbornene photo-click hydrogels for in situ 3D differentiation of human iPSCs into pancreatic progenitors (PP). Molecular analysis and single-cell RNA-sequencing were utilized to elucidate on the distinct identities of subpopulations within the 2D and 3D differentiated cells. RESULTS We found that, while established soluble cues led to predominately PP cells in 2D culture, differentiation of iPSCs using the same soluble factors led to prominent branching morphogenesis, ductal network formation, and generation of diverse endoderm populations. Through single-cell RNA-sequencing, we found that 3D differentiation resulted in enrichments of pan-endodermal cells and ductal cells. We further noted the emergence of a group of extraembryonic cells in 3D, which was absent in 2D differentiation. The unexpected emergence of extraembryonic cells in 3D was found to be associated with enrichment of Wnt and BMP signaling pathways, which may have contributed to the emergence of diverse cell populations. The expressions of PP signature genes PDX1 and NKX6.1 were restored through inhibition of Wnt signaling at the beginning of the posterior foregut stage. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this work established the first 3D hydrogel system for in situ differentiation of human iPSCs into PPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Arkenberg
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Yoshitomo Ueda
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Eri Hashino
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Chien-Chi Lin
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 723 W. Michigan St. SL220K, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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9
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Sun W, Xie G, Jiang X, Khaitovich P, Han D, Liu X. Epigenetic regulation of human-specific gene expression in the prefrontal cortex. BMC Biol 2023; 21:123. [PMID: 37226244 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01612-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in gene expression levels during brain development are thought to have played an important role in the evolution of human cognition. With the advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies, changes in brain developmental expression patterns, as well as human-specific brain gene expression, have been characterized. However, interpreting the origin of evolutionarily advanced cognition in human brains requires a deeper understanding of the regulation of gene expression, including the epigenomic context, along the primate genome. Here, we used chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) to measure the genome-wide profiles of histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) and histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac), both of which are associated with transcriptional activation in the prefrontal cortex of humans, chimpanzees, and rhesus macaques. RESULTS We found a discrete functional association, in which H3K4me3HP gain was significantly associated with myelination assembly and signaling transmission, while H3K4me3HP loss played a vital role in synaptic activity. Moreover, H3K27acHP gain was enriched in interneuron and oligodendrocyte markers, and H3K27acHP loss was enriched in CA1 pyramidal neuron markers. Using strand-specific RNA sequencing (ssRNA-seq), we first demonstrated that approximately 7 and 2% of human-specific expressed genes were epigenetically marked by H3K4me3HP and H3K27acHP, respectively, providing robust support for causal involvement of histones in gene expression. We also revealed the co-activation role of epigenetic modification and transcription factors in human-specific transcriptome evolution. Mechanistically, histone-modifying enzymes at least partially contribute to an epigenetic disturbance among primates, especially for the H3K27ac epigenomic marker. In line with this, peaks enriched in the macaque lineage were found to be driven by upregulated acetyl enzymes. CONCLUSIONS Our results comprehensively elucidated a causal species-specific gene-histone-enzyme landscape in the prefrontal cortex and highlighted the regulatory interaction that drove transcriptional activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifen Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, 200063, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, CAS, Shanghai, 200031, China
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Gangcai Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, CAS, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xi Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, CAS, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Philipp Khaitovich
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, CAS, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, 121205, Russia.
| | - Dingding Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, CAS, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Xiling Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, 200063, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, CAS, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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10
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Arkenberg MR, Ueda Y, Hashino E, Lin CC. Photo-click hydrogels for 3D in situ differentiation of pancreatic progenitors from induced pluripotent stem cells. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2557598. [PMID: 37163050 PMCID: PMC10168467 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2557598/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) can be differentiated to cells in all three germ layers, as well as cells in the extraembryonic tissues. Efforts in iPSC differentiation into pancreatic progenitors in vitro have largely been focused on optimizing soluble growth cues in conventional two-dimensional (2D) culture, whereas the impact of three-dimensional (3D) matrix properties on the morphogenesis of iPSC remains elusive. Methods In this work, we employ gelatin-based thiol-norbornene photo-click hydrogels for in situ 3D differentiation of human iPSCs into pancreatic progenitors (PP). Molecular analysis and single cell RNA-sequencing were utilized to elucidate on the distinct identities of subpopulations within the 2D and 3D differentiated cells. Results We found that, while established soluble cues led to predominately PP cells in 2D culture, differentiation of iPSCs using the same soluble factors led to prominent branching morphogenesis, ductal network formation, and generation of diverse endoderm populations. Through single-cell RNA-sequencing, we found that 3D differentiation resulted in enrichments of pan-endodermal cells and ductal cells. We further noted the emergence of a group of extraembryonic cells in 3D, which was absent in 2D differentiation. The unexpected emergence of extraembryonic cells in 3D was found to be associated with enrichment of Wnt and BMP signaling pathways, which may have contributed to the emergence of diverse cell populations. The expressions of PP signature genes PDX1 and NKX6.1 were restored through inhibition of Wnt signaling at the beginning of the posterior foregut stage. Conclusions To our knowledge, this work established the first 3D hydrogel system for in situ differentiation of human iPSCs into PPs. Ongoing work focuses on enhancing pancreatic differentiation efficiency through modulating physicochemical properties of the iPSC-laden matrices.
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11
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Fedoseyeva VB, Novosadova EV, Nenasheva VV, Novosadova LV, Grivennikov IA, Tarantul VZ. Activation of Embryonic Gene Transcription in Neural Precursor Cells Derived from the Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells of the Patients with Parkinson's Disease. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:515-525. [PMID: 37080937 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923040077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases in the world. Despite numerous studies, the causes of this pathology remain completely unknown. This is, among other things, due to the difficulty of obtaining biological material for analysis. Neural cell cultures derived from the induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs) provide a great potential for studying molecular events underlying the pathogenesis of PD. This paper presents the results of bioinformatic analysis of the data obtained using RNA-seq technology in the study of neural precursors (NP) derived from IPSCs of the healthy donors and patients with PD carrying various mutations that are commonly associated with familial PD. This analysis showed that the level of transcription of multiple genes actively expressed in the nervous system at the embryonic stage of development was significantly increased in the NP cells obtained from the patients with PD, unlike in the case of healthy donors. Bioinformatic data have been, in general, confirmed using real-time PCR. The obtained data suggest that one of the causes of PD may be the shift of the gene expression pattern in neuronal cells towards embryonic gene expression pattern (termed dematuration).
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Affiliation(s)
- Viya B Fedoseyeva
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, 123182, Russia.
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12
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Gaudreau-Lapierre A, Klonisch T, Nicolas H, Thanasupawat T, Trinkle-Mulcahy L, Hombach-Klonisch S. Nuclear High Mobility Group A2 (HMGA2) Interactome Revealed by Biotin Proximity Labeling. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044246. [PMID: 36835656 PMCID: PMC9966875 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-histone chromatin binding protein High Mobility Group AT-hook protein 2 (HMGA2) has important functions in chromatin remodeling, and genome maintenance and protection. Expression of HMGA2 is highest in embryonic stem cells, declines during cell differentiation and cell aging, but it is re-expressed in some cancers, where high HMGA2 expression frequently coincides with a poor prognosis. The nuclear functions of HMGA2 cannot be explained by binding to chromatin alone but involve complex interactions with other proteins that are incompletely understood. The present study used biotin proximity labeling, followed by proteomic analysis, to identify the nuclear interaction partners of HMGA2. We tested two different biotin ligase HMGA2 constructs (BioID2 and miniTurbo) with similar results, and identified known and new HMGA2 interaction partners, with functionalities mainly in chromatin biology. These HMGA2 biotin ligase fusion constructs offer exciting new possibilities for interactome discovery research, enabling the monitoring of nuclear HMGA2 interactomes during drug treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Gaudreau-Lapierre
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Thomas Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology (RIOH), CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Hannah Nicolas
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Thatchawan Thanasupawat
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Laura Trinkle-Mulcahy
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Sabine Hombach-Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-204-789-3982; Fax: +1-204-789-3920
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Choi EB, Vodnala M, Saini P, Anugula S, Zerbato M, Ho JJ, Wang J, Ho Sui SJ, Yoon J, Roels M, Inouye C, Fong YW. Transcription factor SOX15 regulates stem cell pluripotency and promotes neural fate during differentiation by activating the neurogenic gene Hes5. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102996. [PMID: 36764520 PMCID: PMC10023989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
SOX2 and SOX15 are Sox family transcription factors enriched in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). The role of SOX2 in activating gene expression programs essential for stem cell self-renewal and acquisition of pluripotency during somatic cell reprogramming is well-documented. However, the contribution of SOX15 to these processes is unclear and often presumed redundant with SOX2 largely because overexpression of SOX15 can partially restore self-renewal in SOX2-deficient ESCs. Here, we show that SOX15 contributes to stem cell maintenance by cooperating with ESC-enriched transcriptional coactivators to ensure optimal expression of pluripotency-associated genes. We demonstrate that SOX15 depletion compromises reprogramming of fibroblasts to pluripotency which cannot be compensated by SOX2. Ectopic expression of SOX15 promotes the reversion of a postimplantation, epiblast stem cell state back to a preimplantation, ESC-like identity even though SOX2 is expressed in both cell states. We also uncover a role of SOX15 in lineage specification, by showing that loss of SOX15 leads to defects in commitment of ESCs to neural fates. SOX15 promotes neural differentiation by binding to and activating a previously uncharacterized distal enhancer of a key neurogenic regulator, Hes5. Together, these findings identify a multifaceted role of SOX15 in induction and maintenance of pluripotency and neural differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Bee Choi
- Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Munender Vodnala
- Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Prince Saini
- Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sharath Anugula
- Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Madeleine Zerbato
- Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jaclyn J Ho
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Li Ka Shing Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences, California Institute for Regenerative Medicine Center of Excellence, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jianing Wang
- Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shannan J Ho Sui
- Harvard Chan Bioinformatics Core, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joon Yoon
- Harvard Chan Bioinformatics Core, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marielle Roels
- Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carla Inouye
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Li Ka Shing Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences, California Institute for Regenerative Medicine Center of Excellence, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Yick W Fong
- Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
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14
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Protective Effects of Early Caffeine Administration in Hyperoxia-Induced Neurotoxicity in the Juvenile Rat. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020295. [PMID: 36829854 PMCID: PMC9952771 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
High-risk preterm infants are affected by a higher incidence of cognitive developmental deficits due to the unavoidable risk factor of oxygen toxicity. Caffeine is known to have a protective effect in preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia associated with improved neurologic outcomes, although very early initiation of therapy is controversial. In this study, we used newborn rats in an oxygen injury model to test the hypothesis that near-birth caffeine administration modulates neuronal maturation and differentiation in the hippocampus of the developing brain. For this purpose, newborn Wistar rats were exposed to 21% or 80% oxygen on the day of birth for 3 or 5 days and treated with vehicle or caffeine (10 mg/kg/48 h). Postnatal exposure to 80% oxygen resulted in a drastic reduction of associated neuronal mediators for radial glia, mitotic/postmitotic neurons, and impaired cell-cycle regulation, predominantly persistent even after recovery to room air until postnatal day 15. Systemic caffeine administration significantly counteracted the effects of oxygen insult on neuronal maturation in the hippocampus. Interestingly, under normoxia, caffeine inhibited the transcription of neuronal mediators of maturing and mature neurons. The early administration of caffeine modulated hyperoxia-induced decreased neurogenesis in the hippocampus and showed neuroprotective properties in the neonatal rat oxygen toxicity model.
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15
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Mukhtar T, Breda J, Adam MA, Boareto M, Grobecker P, Karimaddini Z, Grison A, Eschbach K, Chandrasekhar R, Vermeul S, Okoniewski M, Pachkov M, Harwell CC, Atanasoski S, Beisel C, Iber D, van Nimwegen E, Taylor V. Temporal and sequential transcriptional dynamics define lineage shifts in corticogenesis. EMBO J 2022; 41:e111132. [PMID: 36345783 PMCID: PMC9753470 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex contains billions of neurons, and their disorganization or misspecification leads to neurodevelopmental disorders. Understanding how the plethora of projection neuron subtypes are generated by cortical neural stem cells (NSCs) is a major challenge. Here, we focused on elucidating the transcriptional landscape of murine embryonic NSCs, basal progenitors (BPs), and newborn neurons (NBNs) throughout cortical development. We uncover dynamic shifts in transcriptional space over time and heterogeneity within each progenitor population. We identified signature hallmarks of NSC, BP, and NBN clusters and predict active transcriptional nodes and networks that contribute to neural fate specification. We find that the expression of receptors, ligands, and downstream pathway components is highly dynamic over time and throughout the lineage implying differential responsiveness to signals. Thus, we provide an expansive compendium of gene expression during cortical development that will be an invaluable resource for studying neural developmental processes and neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanzila Mukhtar
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Jeremie Breda
- BiozentrumUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB)BaselSwitzerland
| | - Manal A Adam
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem cell ResearchUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Weill Institute for NeuroscienceSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Marcelo Boareto
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB)BaselSwitzerland
- Computational Biology Group, D‐BSSEETH ZürichBaselSwitzerland
| | - Pascal Grobecker
- BiozentrumUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB)BaselSwitzerland
| | - Zahra Karimaddini
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB)BaselSwitzerland
- Computational Biology Group, D‐BSSEETH ZürichBaselSwitzerland
| | - Alice Grison
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Katja Eschbach
- Department of Biosystems Science and EngineeringETH ZürichBaselSwitzerland
| | | | - Swen Vermeul
- Scientific IT ServicesETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | | | - Mikhail Pachkov
- BiozentrumUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB)BaselSwitzerland
| | - Corey C Harwell
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem cell ResearchUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Weill Institute for NeuroscienceSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Suzana Atanasoski
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Christian Beisel
- Department of Biosystems Science and EngineeringETH ZürichBaselSwitzerland
| | - Dagmar Iber
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB)BaselSwitzerland
- Weill Institute for NeuroscienceSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Erik van Nimwegen
- BiozentrumUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB)BaselSwitzerland
| | - Verdon Taylor
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
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16
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Serial Gene Expression Profiling of Neural Stem Cells Shows Transcriptome Switch by Long-Term Physioxia from Metabolic Adaption to Cell Signaling Profile. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:6718640. [PMID: 36411871 PMCID: PMC9675612 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6718640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen is an essential factor in the cellular microenvironment with pivotal effects on neural development with a particular sensitivity of midbrain neural stem cells (NSCs) to high atmospheric oxygen tension. However, most experiments are still performed at atmospheric O2 levels (21%, normoxia), whereas mammalian brain tissue is physiologically exposed to substantially lower O2 tensions around 3% (physioxia). We here performed serial Affymetrix gene array analyses to detect expression changes in mouse fetal NSCs from both midbrain and cortical tissues when kept at physioxia compared to normoxia. We identified more than 400 O2-regulated genes involved in cellular metabolism, cell proliferation/differentiation, and various signaling pathways. NSCs from both regions showed a low number but high conformity of regulated genes (9 genes in midbrain vs. 34 in cortical NSCs; 8 concordant expression changes) after short-term physioxia (2 days) with metabolic processes and cellular processes being the most prominent GO categories pointing to cellular adaption to lower oxygen levels. Gene expression profiles changed dramatically after long-term physioxia (13 days) with a higher number of regulated genes and more diverse expression patterns when comparing the two NSC types (338 genes in midbrain vs. 121 in cortical NSCs; 75 concordant changes). Most prominently, we observed a reduction of hits in metabolic processes but an increase in biological regulation and signaling pointing to a switch towards signaling processes and stem cell maintenance. Our data may serve as a basis for identifying potential signaling pathways that maintain stem cell characteristics in cortical versus midbrain physioxic stem cell niches.
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17
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Reis L, Raciti M, Rodriguez PG, Joseph B, Al Rayyes I, Uhlén P, Falk A, da Cunha Lima ST, Ceccatelli S. Glyphosate-based herbicide induces long-lasting impairment in neuronal and glial differentiation. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:2044-2057. [PMID: 35485992 PMCID: PMC9541419 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH) are among the most sold pesticides in the world. There are several formulations based on the active ingredient glyphosate (GLY) used along with other chemicals to improve the absorption and penetration in plants. The final composition of commercial GBH may modify GLY toxicological profile, potentially enhancing its neurotoxic properties. The developing nervous system is particularly susceptible to insults occurring during the early phases of development, and exposure to chemicals in this period may lead to persistent impairments on neurogenesis and differentiation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-lasting effects of a sub-cytotoxic concentration, 2.5 parts per million of GBH and GLY, on the differentiation of human neuroepithelial stem cells (NES) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). We treated NES cells with each compound and evaluated the effects on key cellular processes, such as proliferation and differentiation in daughter cells never directly exposed to the toxicants. We found that GBH induced a more immature neuronal profile associated to increased PAX6, NESTIN and DCX expression, and a shift in the differentiation process toward glial cell fate at the expense of mature neurons, as shown by an increase in the glial markers GFAP, GLT1, GLAST and a decrease in MAP2. Such alterations were associated to dysregulation of key genes critically involved in neurogenesis, including PAX6, HES1, HES5, and DDK1. Altogether, the data indicate that subtoxic concentrations of GBH, but not of GLY, induce long-lasting impairments on the differentiation potential of NES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luã Reis
- Department of NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Marilena Raciti
- Department of NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | | | - Bertrand Joseph
- Institute of Environmental MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Ibrahim Al Rayyes
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Per Uhlén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Anna Falk
- Department of NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Suzana Telles da Cunha Lima
- Laboratório de Bioprospecção e Biotecnologia, Instituto de BiologiaUniversidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA)SalvadorBrazil
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Wang W, Su L, Wang Y, Li C, Ji F, Jiao J. Endothelial Cells Mediated by UCP2 Control the Neurogenic-to-Astrogenic Neural Stem Cells Fate Switch During Brain Development. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105208. [PMID: 35488517 PMCID: PMC9218656 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
During mammalian cortical development, neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs) gradually alter their characteristics, and the timing of generation of neurons and glial cells is strictly regulated by internal and external factors. However, whether the blood vessels located near NSCs affect the neurogenic-to-gliogenic transition remain unknown. Here, it is demonstrated that endothelial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) deletion reduces blood vessel diameter and affects the transition timing of neurogenesis and gliogenesis. Deletion of endothelial UCP2 results in a persistent increase in astrocyte production at the postnatal stage. Mechanistically, the endothelial UCP2/ROS/ERK1/2 pathway increases chymase-1 expression to enhance angiotensin II (AngII) secretion outside the brain endothelium. The endotheliocyte-driven AngII-gp130-JAK-STAT pathway also regulates gliogenesis initiation. Moreover, endothelial UCP2 knockdown decreases human neural precursor cell (hNPC) differentiation into neurons and accelerates hNPC differentiation into astrocytes. Altogether, this work provides mechanistic insights into how endothelial UCP2 regulates the neurogenic-to-gliogenic fate switch in the developing neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026China
| | - Libo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Chenxiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Fen Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Jianwei Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Co‐Innovation Center of NeuroregenerationNantong UniversityNantong226001China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineInstitute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
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19
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Lattke M, Guillemot F. Understanding astrocyte differentiation: Clinical relevance, technical challenges, and new opportunities in the omics era. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1557. [PMID: 35546493 PMCID: PMC9539907 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are a major type of glial cells that have essential functions in development and homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS). Immature astrocytes in the developing CNS support neuronal maturation and possess neural-stem-cell-like properties. Mature astrocytes partially lose these functions but gain new functions essential for adult CNS homeostasis. In pathological conditions, astrocytes become "reactive", which disrupts their mature homeostatic functions and reactivates some immature astrocyte-like properties, suggesting a partial reversal of astrocyte maturation. The loss of homeostatic astrocyte functions contributes to the pathogenesis of various neurological conditions, and therefore activating maturation-promoting mechanisms may be a promising therapeutic strategy to restore homeostasis. Manipulating the mechanisms underlying astrocyte maturation might also allow to facilitate CNS regeneration by enhancing developmental functions of adult astrocytes. However, such therapeutic strategies are still some distance away because of our limited understanding of astrocyte differentiation and maturation, due to biological and technical challenges, including the high degree of similarity of astrocytes with neural stem cells and the shortcomings of astrocyte markers. Current advances in systems biology have a huge potential to overcome these challenges. Recent transcriptomic analyses have already revealed new astrocyte markers and new regulators of astrocyte differentiation. However, the epigenomic changes that presumably occur during astrocyte differentiation remain an important, largely unexplored area for future research. Emerging technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9-based functional screens will further improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying astrocyte differentiation. This may open up new clinical approaches to restore homeostasis in neurological disorders and/or promote CNS regeneration. This article is categorized under: Neurological Diseases > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics Neurological Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lattke
- Neural Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Francois Guillemot
- Neural Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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Chen HH, Lu HY, Chang CH, Lin SH, Huang CW, Wei PH, Chen YW, Lin YR, Huang HS, Wang PY, Tsao YP, Chen SL. Breast carcinoma-amplified sequence 2 regulates adult neurogenesis via β-catenin. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:160. [PMID: 35410459 PMCID: PMC8996563 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02837-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast carcinoma-amplified sequence 2 (BCAS2) regulates β-catenin gene splicing. The conditional knockout of BCAS2 expression in the forebrain (BCAS2 cKO) of mice confers impaired learning and memory along with decreased β-catenin expression. Because β-catenin reportedly regulates adult neurogenesis, we wondered whether BCAS2 could regulate adult neurogenesis via β-catenin. Methods BCAS2-regulating neurogenesis was investigated by characterizing BCAS2 cKO mice. Also, lentivirus-shBCAS2 was intracranially injected into the hippocampus of wild-type mice to knock down BCAS2 expression. We evaluated the rescue effects of BCAS2 cKO by intracranial injection of adeno-associated virus encoding BCAS2 (AAV-DJ8-BCAS2) and AAV-β-catenin gene therapy. Results To show that BCAS2-regulating adult neurogenesis via β-catenin, first, BCAS2 cKO mice showed low SRY-box 2-positive (Sox2+) neural stem cell proliferation and doublecortin-positive (DCX+) immature neurons. Second, stereotaxic intracranial injection of lentivirus-shBCAS2 knocked down BCAS2 in the hippocampus of wild-type mice, and we confirmed the BCAS2 regulation of adult neurogenesis via β-catenin. Third, AAV-DJ8-BCAS2 gene therapy in BCAS2 cKO mice reversed the low proliferation of Sox2+ neural stem cells and the decreased number of DCX+ immature neurons with increased β-catenin expression. Moreover, AAV-β-catenin gene therapy restored neuron stem cell proliferation and immature neuron differentiation, which further supports BCAS2-regulating adult neurogenesis via β-catenin. In addition, cells targeted by AAV-DJ8 injection into the hippocampus included Sox2 and DCX immature neurons, interneurons, and astrocytes. BCAS2 may regulate adult neurogenesis by targeting Sox2+ and DCX+ immature neurons for autocrine effects and interneurons or astrocytes for paracrine effects. Conclusions BCAS2 can regulate adult neurogenesis in mice via β-catenin. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-022-02837-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hsiung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 7F, No1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Rd., Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Yu Lu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 7F, No1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Rd., Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Hsin Chang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 7F, No1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Rd., Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hao Lin
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 7F, No1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Rd., Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Wei Huang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 7F, No1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Rd., Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Po-Han Wei
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 7F, No1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Rd., Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 7F, No1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Rd., Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Rou Lin
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 7F, No1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Rd., Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Sung Huang
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Wang
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Yeou-Ping Tsao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, No. 92, Sec. 2, Chung Shan North Road, Taipei 104, Taiwan
| | - Show-Li Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 7F, No1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Rd., Taipei 100, Taiwan.
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21
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Transit Amplifying Progenitors in the Cerebellum: Similarities to and Differences from Transit Amplifying Cells in Other Brain Regions and between Species. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040726. [PMID: 35203375 PMCID: PMC8870322 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transit amplification of neural progenitors/precursors is widely used in the development of the central nervous system and for tissue homeostasis. In most cases, stem cells, which are relatively less proliferative, first differentiate into transit amplifying cells, which are more proliferative, losing their stemness. Subsequently, transit amplifying cells undergo a limited number of mitoses and differentiation to expand the progeny of differentiated cells. This step-by-step proliferation is considered an efficient system for increasing the number of differentiated cells while maintaining the stem cells. Recently, we reported that cerebellar granule cell progenitors also undergo transit amplification in mice. In this review, we summarize our and others’ recent findings and the prospective contribution of transit amplification to neural development and evolution, as well as the molecular mechanisms regulating transit amplification.
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22
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Egawa N, Hamanaka G, Chung KK, Ishikawa H, Shindo A, Maki T, Takahashi R, Inoue H, Lo EH, Arai K. High Mobility Group A1 Regulates Transcription Levels of Oligodendrocyte Marker Genes in Cultured Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042236. [PMID: 35216347 PMCID: PMC8878090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) serve as progenitor cells of terminally differentiated oligodendrocytes. Past studies have confirmed the importance of epigenetic system in OPC differentiation to oligodendrocytes. High mobility group A1 (HMGA1) is a small non-histone nuclear protein that binds DNA and modifies the chromatin conformational state. However, it is still completely unknown about the roles of HMGA1 in the process of OPC differentiation. In this study, we prepared primary OPC cultures from the neonatal rat cortex and examined whether the loss- and gain-of-function of HMGA1 would change the mRNA levels of oligodendrocyte markers, such as Cnp, Mbp, Myrf, and Plp during the process of OPC differentiation. In our system, the mRNA levels of Cnp, Mbp, Myrf, and Plp increased depending on the oligodendrocyte maturation step, but the level of Hmga1 mRNA decreased. When HMGA1 was knocked down by a siRNA approach, the mRNA levels of Cnp, Mbp, Myrf, and Plp were smaller in OPCs with Hmga1 siRNA compared to the ones in the control OPCs. On the contrary, when HMGA1 expression was increased by transfection of the Hmga1 plasmid, the mRNA levels of Cnp, Mbp, Myrf, and Plp were slightly larger compared to the ones in the control OPCs. These data may suggest that HMGA1 participates in the process of OPC differentiation by regulating the mRNA expression level of myelin-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Egawa
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA; (G.H.); (K.K.C.); (H.I.); (A.S.); (T.M.); (E.H.L.)
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan;
- iPSC-Based Drug Discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (BRC), Kyoto 619-0237, Japan;
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Correspondence: (N.E.); (K.A.); Tel.: +1-617-724-9503 (N.E. & K.A.)
| | - Gen Hamanaka
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA; (G.H.); (K.K.C.); (H.I.); (A.S.); (T.M.); (E.H.L.)
| | - Kelly K. Chung
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA; (G.H.); (K.K.C.); (H.I.); (A.S.); (T.M.); (E.H.L.)
| | - Hidehiro Ishikawa
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA; (G.H.); (K.K.C.); (H.I.); (A.S.); (T.M.); (E.H.L.)
| | - Akihiro Shindo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA; (G.H.); (K.K.C.); (H.I.); (A.S.); (T.M.); (E.H.L.)
| | - Takakuni Maki
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA; (G.H.); (K.K.C.); (H.I.); (A.S.); (T.M.); (E.H.L.)
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan;
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan;
| | - Haruhisa Inoue
- iPSC-Based Drug Discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (BRC), Kyoto 619-0237, Japan;
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Medical-Risk Avoidance Based on iPS Cells Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Eng H. Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA; (G.H.); (K.K.C.); (H.I.); (A.S.); (T.M.); (E.H.L.)
| | - Ken Arai
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA; (G.H.); (K.K.C.); (H.I.); (A.S.); (T.M.); (E.H.L.)
- Correspondence: (N.E.); (K.A.); Tel.: +1-617-724-9503 (N.E. & K.A.)
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23
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Zheng K, Huang H, Yang J, Qiu M. Origin, molecular specification and stemness of astrocytes. Dev Neurobiol 2022; 82:149-159. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Zheng
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 China
| | - Hao Huang
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 China
| | - Junlin Yang
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 China
| | - Mengsheng Qiu
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 China
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24
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Yu Y, Zeng Z, Xie D, Chen R, Sha Y, Huang S, Cai W, Chen W, Li W, Ke R, Sun T. Interneuron origin and molecular diversity in the human fetal brain. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:1745-1756. [PMID: 34737447 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-021-00940-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Precise generation of excitatory neurons and inhibitory interneurons is crucial for proper formation and function of neural circuits in the mammalian brain. Because of the size and complexity of the human brain, it is a challenge to reveal the rich diversity of interneurons. To decipher origin and diversity of interneurons in the human fetal subpallium, here we show molecular features of diverse subtypes of interneuron progenitors and precursors by conducting single-cell RNA sequencing and in situ sequencing. Interneuron precursors in the medial and lateral ganglionic eminence simultaneously procure temporal and spatial identity through expressing a combination of specific sets of RNA transcripts. Acquisition of various interneuron subtypes in adult human brains occurs even at fetal stages. Our study uncovers complex molecular signatures of interneuron progenitors and precursors in the human fetal subpallium and highlights the logic and programs in the origin and lineage specification of various interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yu
- Center for Precision Medicine, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zhiwei Zeng
- Center for Precision Medicine, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Danlin Xie
- Center for Precision Medicine, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Renliang Chen
- Taokang Institute of Neuro Medicine, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yongqiang Sha
- Center for Precision Medicine, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shiying Huang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Wenjie Cai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Hospital of Quanzhou, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wanhua Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Hospital of Quanzhou, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wenjun Li
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jinjiang Affliated Hospital, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Rongqin Ke
- Center for Precision Medicine, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Center for Precision Medicine, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, China. .,School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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25
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De Nittis P, Efthymiou S, Sarre A, Guex N, Chrast J, Putoux A, Sultan T, Raza Alvi J, Ur Rahman Z, Zafar F, Rana N, Rahman F, Anwar N, Maqbool S, Zaki MS, Gleeson JG, Murphy D, Galehdari H, Shariati G, Mazaheri N, Sedaghat A, Lesca G, Chatron N, Salpietro V, Christoforou M, Houlden H, Simonds WF, Pedrazzini T, Maroofian R, Reymond A. Inhibition of G-protein signalling in cardiac dysfunction of intellectual developmental disorder with cardiac arrhythmia (IDDCA) syndrome. J Med Genet 2021; 58:815-831. [PMID: 33172956 PMCID: PMC8639930 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2020-107015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenic variants of GNB5 encoding the β5 subunit of the guanine nucleotide-binding protein cause IDDCA syndrome, an autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder associated with cognitive disability and cardiac arrhythmia, particularly severe bradycardia. METHODS We used echocardiography and telemetric ECG recordings to investigate consequences of Gnb5 loss in mouse. RESULTS We delineated a key role of Gnb5 in heart sinus conduction and showed that Gnb5-inhibitory signalling is essential for parasympathetic control of heart rate (HR) and maintenance of the sympathovagal balance. Gnb5-/- mice were smaller and had a smaller heart than Gnb5+/+ and Gnb5+/- , but exhibited better cardiac function. Lower autonomic nervous system modulation through diminished parasympathetic control and greater sympathetic regulation resulted in a higher baseline HR in Gnb5-/- mice. In contrast, Gnb5-/- mice exhibited profound bradycardia on treatment with carbachol, while sympathetic modulation of the cardiac stimulation was not altered. Concordantly, transcriptome study pinpointed altered expression of genes involved in cardiac muscle contractility in atria and ventricles of knocked-out mice. Homozygous Gnb5 loss resulted in significantly higher frequencies of sinus arrhythmias. Moreover, we described 13 affected individuals, increasing the IDDCA cohort to 44 patients. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that loss of negative regulation of the inhibitory G-protein signalling causes HR perturbations in Gnb5-/- mice, an effect mainly driven by impaired parasympathetic activity. We anticipate that unravelling the mechanism of Gnb5 signalling in the autonomic control of the heart will pave the way for future drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alexandre Sarre
- Cardiovascular Assessment Facility, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Guex
- Bioinformatics Competence Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jacqueline Chrast
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Audrey Putoux
- Service de Génétique, Hopital Femme Mere Enfant, Bron, France
| | - Tipu Sultan
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The Children's Hospital and Institute of Child Health, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Javeria Raza Alvi
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The Children's Hospital and Institute of Child Health, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zia Ur Rahman
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The Children's Hospital and Institute of Child Health, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Faisal Zafar
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital and Institute of Child Health, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Nuzhat Rana
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital and Institute of Child Health, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Rahman
- Department of Developmental-Behavioural Paediatrics, The Children's Hospital and Institute of Child Health, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Najwa Anwar
- Department of Developmental-Behavioural Paediatrics, The Children's Hospital and Institute of Child Health, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Maqbool
- Department of Developmental-Behavioural Paediatrics, The Children's Hospital and Institute of Child Health, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Maha S Zaki
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Joseph G Gleeson
- Department of Neuroscience and Pediatrics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - David Murphy
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Hamid Galehdari
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahwaz, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Gholamreza Shariati
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jondishapour University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Neda Mazaheri
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahwaz, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Alireza Sedaghat
- Health Research Institute, Diabetes Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Gaetan Lesca
- Service de Genetique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Chatron
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service de Genetique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marilena Christoforou
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - William F Simonds
- Metabolic Diseases Branch/NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thierry Pedrazzini
- Experimental Cardiology Unit, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alexandre Reymond
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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26
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Cell cycle arrest determines adult neural stem cell ontogeny by an embryonic Notch-nonoscillatory Hey1 module. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6562. [PMID: 34772946 PMCID: PMC8589987 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26605-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Quiescent neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult mouse brain are the source of neurogenesis that regulates innate and adaptive behaviors. Adult NSCs in the subventricular zone are derived from a subpopulation of embryonic neural stem-progenitor cells (NPCs) that is characterized by a slower cell cycle relative to the more abundant rapid cycling NPCs that build the brain. Yet, how slow cell cycle can cause the establishment of adult NSCs remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Notch and an effector Hey1 form a module that is upregulated by cell cycle arrest in slowly dividing NPCs. In contrast to the oscillatory expression of the Notch effectors Hes1 and Hes5 in fast cycling progenitors, Hey1 displays a non-oscillatory stationary expression pattern and contributes to the long-term maintenance of NSCs. These findings reveal a novel division of labor in Notch effectors where cell cycle rate biases effector selection and cell fate. Adult neural stem cells are derived from an embryonic population of slowcycling progenitor cells, though how reduced cycling speed leads to establishment of the adult population has remained elusive. Here they show that non-oscillatory Notch-Hey signaling induced by slow-cycling contributes to long term maintenance of neural stem cells.
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27
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Hu N, Zou L. Multiple functions of Hes genes in the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells. Ann Anat 2021; 239:151848. [PMID: 34715307 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The HES proteins (hairy and Enhancer of split (E(spl)) homologs) are basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors that regulate the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells. Family members HES1, 3, and 5 are all critical regulators of nervous system development. The Hes genes exhibit oscillatory expression levels, and this dynamic expression allows for the complex regulation of numerous downstream genes such as Ascl1, Neurog2, Olig2 involved in the differentiation of specific cell types. In addition, HES proteins act as hubs for the molecule crosstalk among Notch, Wnt, and other signaling pathways that regulate nervous system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Hu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Linqing Zou
- Department of Human Anatomy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China.
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28
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Ohtsuka T, Kageyama R. Dual activation of Shh and Notch signaling induces dramatic enlargement of neocortical surface area. Neurosci Res 2021; 176:18-30. [PMID: 34600946 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The expansion of the neocortex represents a characteristic event over the course of mammalian evolution. Gyrencephalic mammals that have the larger brains with many folds (gyri and sulci) seem to have acquired higher intelligence, reflective of the enlargement of the neocortical surface area. In this process, germinal layers containing neural stem cells (NSCs) and neural progenitors expanded in number, leading to an increase in the total number of cortical neurons. In this study, we sought to expand neural stem/progenitor cells and enlarge the neocortical surface area by the dual activation of Shh and Notch signaling in transgenic (Tg) mice, promoting the proliferation of neural stem/progenitor cells by the Shh signaling effector while maintaining the undifferentiated state of NSCs by the Notch signaling effector. In the neocortical region of the Tg embryos, NSCs increased in number, and the ventricles, ventricular zone, and neocortical surface area were dramatically expanded. Furthermore, we observed that folds/wrinkles on the neocortical surface were progressively formed, accompanied by the vascular formation. These findings suggest that Shh and Notch signaling may be key regulators of mammalian brain evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Ohtsuka
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Ryoichiro Kageyama
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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29
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Potential of Multiscale Astrocyte Imaging for Revealing Mechanisms Underlying Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910312. [PMID: 34638653 PMCID: PMC8508625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes provide trophic and metabolic support to neurons and modulate circuit formation during development. In addition, astrocytes help maintain neuronal homeostasis through neurovascular coupling, blood-brain barrier maintenance, clearance of metabolites and nonfunctional proteins via the glymphatic system, extracellular potassium buffering, and regulation of synaptic activity. Thus, astrocyte dysfunction may contribute to a myriad of neurological disorders. Indeed, astrocyte dysfunction during development has been implicated in Rett disease, Alexander's disease, epilepsy, and autism, among other disorders. Numerous disease model mice have been established to investigate these diseases, but important preclinical findings on etiology and pathophysiology have not translated into clinical interventions. A multidisciplinary approach is required to elucidate the mechanism of these diseases because astrocyte dysfunction can result in altered neuronal connectivity, morphology, and activity. Recent progress in neuroimaging techniques has enabled noninvasive investigations of brain structure and function at multiple spatiotemporal scales, and these technologies are expected to facilitate the translation of preclinical findings to clinical studies and ultimately to clinical trials. Here, we review recent progress on astrocyte contributions to neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders revealed using novel imaging techniques, from microscopy scale to mesoscopic scale.
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30
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Snijders KE, Fehér A, Táncos Z, Bock I, Téglási A, van den Berk L, Niemeijer M, Bouwman P, Le Dévédec SE, Moné MJ, Van Rossom R, Kumar M, Wilmes A, Jennings P, Verfaillie CM, Kobolák J, Ter Braak B, Dinnyés A, van de Water B. Fluorescent tagging of endogenous Heme oxygenase-1 in human induced pluripotent stem cells for high content imaging of oxidative stress in various differentiated lineages. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:3285-3302. [PMID: 34480604 PMCID: PMC8448683 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03127-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tagging of endogenous stress response genes can provide valuable in vitro models for chemical safety assessment. Here, we present the generation and application of a fluorescent human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) reporter line for Heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1), which is considered a sensitive and reliable biomarker for the oxidative stress response. CRISPR/Cas9 technology was used to insert an enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) at the C-terminal end of the endogenous HMOX1 gene. Individual clones were selected and extensively characterized to confirm precise editing and retained stem cell properties. Bardoxolone-methyl (CDDO-Me) induced oxidative stress caused similarly increased expression of both the wild-type and eGFP-tagged HMOX1 at the mRNA and protein level. Fluorescently tagged hiPSC-derived proximal tubule-like, hepatocyte-like, cardiomyocyte-like and neuron-like progenies were treated with CDDO-Me (5.62–1000 nM) or diethyl maleate (5.62–1000 µM) for 24 h and 72 h. Multi-lineage oxidative stress responses were assessed through transcriptomics analysis, and HMOX1-eGFP reporter expression was carefully monitored using live-cell confocal imaging. We found that eGFP intensity increased in a dose-dependent manner with dynamics varying amongst lineages and stressors. Point of departure modelling further captured the specific lineage sensitivities towards oxidative stress. We anticipate that the newly developed HMOX1 hiPSC reporter will become a valuable tool in understanding and quantifying critical target organ cell-specific oxidative stress responses induced by (newly developed) chemical entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten E Snijders
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Linda van den Berk
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marije Niemeijer
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Bouwman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia E Le Dévédec
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn J Moné
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Van Rossom
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anja Wilmes
- Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Jennings
- Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Catherine M Verfaillie
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Bas Ter Braak
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - András Dinnyés
- BioTalentum Ltd., 2100, Gödöllő, Hungary. .,Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Institute of Physiology and Animal Health, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100, Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | - Bob van de Water
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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31
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Burton J, Manning CS, Rattray M, Papalopulu N, Kursawe J. Inferring kinetic parameters of oscillatory gene regulation from single cell time-series data. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210393. [PMID: 34583566 PMCID: PMC8479358 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression dynamics, such as stochastic oscillations and aperiodic fluctuations, have been associated with cell fate changes in multiple contexts, including development and cancer. Single cell live imaging of protein expression with endogenous reporters is widely used to observe such gene expression dynamics. However, the experimental investigation of regulatory mechanisms underlying the observed dynamics is challenging, since these mechanisms include complex interactions of multiple processes, including transcription, translation and protein degradation. Here, we present a Bayesian method to infer kinetic parameters of oscillatory gene expression regulation using an auto-negative feedback motif with delay. Specifically, we use a delay-adapted nonlinear Kalman filter within a Metropolis-adjusted Langevin algorithm to identify posterior probability distributions. Our method can be applied to time-series data on gene expression from single cells and is able to infer multiple parameters simultaneously. We apply it to published data on murine neural progenitor cells and show that it outperforms alternative methods. We further analyse how parameter uncertainty depends on the duration and time resolution of an imaging experiment, to make experimental design recommendations. This work demonstrates the utility of parameter inference on time course data from single cells and enables new studies on cell fate changes and population heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Burton
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Cerys S. Manning
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Magnus Rattray
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Nancy Papalopulu
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jochen Kursawe
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
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32
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Astrocyte-derived neurons provide excitatory input to the adult striatal circuitry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2104119118. [PMID: 34389674 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2104119118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes have emerged as a potential source for new neurons in the adult mammalian brain. In mice, adult striatal neurogenesis can be stimulated by local damage, which recruits striatal astrocytes into a neurogenic program by suppression of active Notch signaling (J. P. Magnusson et al., Science 346, 237-241 [2014]). Here, we induced adult striatal neurogenesis in the intact mouse brain by the inhibition of Notch signaling in astrocytes. We show that most striatal astrocyte-derived neurons are confined to the anterior medial striatum, do not express established striatal neuronal markers, and exhibit dendritic spines, which are atypical for striatal interneurons. In contrast to striatal neurons generated during development, which are GABAergic or cholinergic, most adult astrocyte-derived striatal neurons possess distinct electrophysiological properties, constituting the only glutamatergic striatal population. Astrocyte-derived neurons integrate into the adult striatal microcircuitry, both receiving and providing synaptic input. The glutamatergic nature of these neurons has the potential to provide excitatory input to the striatal circuitry and may represent an efficient strategy to compensate for reduced neuronal activity caused by aging or lesion-induced neuronal loss.
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33
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Ohayon D, Aguirrebengoa M, Escalas N, Jungas T, Soula C. Transcriptome profiling of the Olig2-expressing astrocyte subtype reveals their unique molecular signature. iScience 2021; 24:102806. [PMID: 34296073 PMCID: PMC8281609 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are recognized to be a heterogeneous population of cells that differ morphologically, functionally, and molecularly. Whether this heterogeneity results from generation of distinct astrocyte cell lineages, each functionally specialized to perform specific tasks, remains an open question. In this study, we used RNA sequencing analysis to determine the global transcriptome profile of the Olig2-expressing astrocyte subtype (Olig2-AS), a specific spinal astrocyte subtype that segregates early during development from Olig2 progenitors and differs from other spinal astrocytes by the expression of Olig2. We identified 245 differentially expressed genes. Among them, 135 exhibit higher levels of expression when compared with other populations of spinal astrocytes, indicating that these genes can serve as a "unique" functional signature of Olig2-AS. Among them, we identify two genes, inka2 and kcnip3, as specific molecular markers of the Olig2-AS in the P7 spinal cord. Our work thus reveals that Olig2 progenitors produce a unique spinal astrocyte subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ohayon
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology department (MCD) UMR 5077 CNRS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Marion Aguirrebengoa
- BigA Core Facility, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Escalas
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology department (MCD) UMR 5077 CNRS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas Jungas
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology department (MCD) UMR 5077 CNRS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Cathy Soula
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology department (MCD) UMR 5077 CNRS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
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34
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Hart CG, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Recent insights on astrocyte mechanisms in CNS homeostasis, pathology, and repair. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:2427-2462. [PMID: 34259342 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes play essential roles in development, homeostasis, injury, and repair of the central nervous system (CNS). Their development is tightly regulated by distinct spatial and temporal cues during embryogenesis and into adulthood throughout the CNS. Astrocytes have several important responsibilities such as regulating blood flow and permeability of the blood-CNS barrier, glucose metabolism and storage, synapse formation and function, and axon myelination. In CNS pathologies, astrocytes also play critical parts in both injury and repair mechanisms. Upon injury, they undergo a robust phenotypic shift known as "reactive astrogliosis," which results in both constructive and deleterious outcomes. Astrocyte activation and migration at the site of injury provides an early defense mechanism to minimize the extent of injury by enveloping the lesion area. However, astrogliosis also contributes to the inhibitory microenvironment of CNS injury and potentiate secondary injury mechanisms, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and glutamate excitotoxicity, which facilitate neurodegeneration in CNS pathologies. Intriguingly, reactive astrocytes are increasingly a focus in current therapeutic strategies as their activation can be modulated toward a neuroprotective and reparative phenotype. This review will discuss recent advancements in knowledge regarding the development and role of astrocytes in the healthy and pathological CNS. We will also review how astrocytes have been genetically modified to optimize their reparative potential after injury, and how they may be transdifferentiated into neurons and oligodendrocytes to promote repair after CNS injury and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Hart
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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35
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Biga V, Hawley J, Soto X, Johns E, Han D, Bennett H, Adamson AD, Kursawe J, Glendinning P, Manning CS, Papalopulu N. A dynamic, spatially periodic, micro-pattern of HES5 underlies neurogenesis in the mouse spinal cord. Mol Syst Biol 2021; 17:e9902. [PMID: 34031978 PMCID: PMC8144840 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20209902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultradian oscillations of HES Transcription Factors (TFs) at the single-cell level enable cell state transitions. However, the tissue-level organisation of HES5 dynamics in neurogenesis is unknown. Here, we analyse the expression of HES5 ex vivo in the developing mouse ventral spinal cord and identify microclusters of 4-6 cells with positively correlated HES5 level and ultradian dynamics. These microclusters are spatially periodic along the dorsoventral axis and temporally dynamic, alternating between high and low expression with a supra-ultradian persistence time. We show that Notch signalling is required for temporal dynamics but not the spatial periodicity of HES5. Few Neurogenin 2 cells are observed per cluster, irrespective of high or low state, suggesting that the microcluster organisation of HES5 enables the stable selection of differentiating cells. Computational modelling predicts that different cell coupling strengths underlie the HES5 spatial patterns and rate of differentiation, which is consistent with comparison between the motoneuron and interneuron progenitor domains. Our work shows a previously unrecognised spatiotemporal organisation of neurogenesis, emergent at the tissue level from the synthesis of single-cell dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Biga
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Joshua Hawley
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Ximena Soto
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Emma Johns
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Daniel Han
- Department of MathematicsSchool of Natural SciencesFaculty of Science and EngineeringThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Hayley Bennett
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Antony D Adamson
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Jochen Kursawe
- School of Mathematics and StatisticsUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUK
| | - Paul Glendinning
- Department of MathematicsSchool of Natural SciencesFaculty of Science and EngineeringThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Cerys S Manning
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Nancy Papalopulu
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
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36
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Shqirat M, Kinoshita A, Kageyama R, Ohtsuka T. Sonic hedgehog expands neural stem cells in the neocortical region leading to an expanded and wrinkled neocortical surface. Genes Cells 2021; 26:399-410. [PMID: 33811429 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
An expanded and folded neocortex is characteristic of higher mammals, including humans and other primates. The neocortical surface area was dramatically enlarged during the course of mammalian brain evolution from lissencephalic to gyrencephalic mammals, and this bestowed higher cognitive functions especially to primates, including humans. In this study, we generated transgenic (Tg) mice in which the expression of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) could be controlled in neural stem cells (NSCs) and neural progenitors by using the Tet-on system. Shh overexpression during embryogenesis promoted the symmetric proliferative division of NSCs in the neocortical region, leading to the expansion of lateral ventricles and tangential extension of the ventricular zone. Moreover, Shh-overexpressing Tg mice showed dramatic expansion of the neocortical surface area and exhibited a wrinkled brain when overexpression was commenced at early stages of neural development. These results indicate that Shh is able to increase the neocortical NSCs and contribute to expansion of the neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Shqirat
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Kinoshita
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryoichiro Kageyama
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ohtsuka
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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37
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Canales CP, Estes ML, Cichewicz K, Angara K, Aboubechara JP, Cameron S, Prendergast K, Su-Feher L, Zdilar I, Kreun EJ, Connolly EC, Seo JM, Goon JB, Farrelly K, Stradleigh TW, van der List D, Haapanen L, Van de Water J, Vogt D, McAllister AK, Nord AS. Sequential perturbations to mouse corticogenesis following in utero maternal immune activation. eLife 2021; 10:e60100. [PMID: 33666173 PMCID: PMC7979158 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In utero exposure to maternal immune activation (MIA) is an environmental risk factor for neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. Animal models provide an opportunity to identify mechanisms driving neuropathology associated with MIA. We performed time-course transcriptional profiling of mouse cortical development following induced MIA via poly(I:C) injection at E12.5. MIA-driven transcriptional changes were validated via protein analysis, and parallel perturbations to cortical neuroanatomy were identified via imaging. MIA-induced acute upregulation of genes associated with hypoxia, immune signaling, and angiogenesis, by 6 hr following exposure. This acute response was followed by changes in proliferation, neuronal and glial specification, and cortical lamination that emerged at E14.5 and peaked at E17.5. Decreased numbers of proliferative cells in germinal zones and alterations in neuronal and glial populations were identified in the MIA-exposed cortex. Overall, paired transcriptomic and neuroanatomical characterization revealed a sequence of perturbations to corticogenesis driven by mid-gestational MIA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Myka L Estes
- Center for Neuroscience, UC DavisDavisUnited States
| | | | - Kartik Angara
- Department of Pediatrics & Human Development, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | | | | | | | | | - Iva Zdilar
- Center for Neuroscience, UC DavisDavisUnited States
| | | | | | | | - Jack B Goon
- Center for Neuroscience, UC DavisDavisUnited States
| | | | | | | | - Lori Haapanen
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, UC DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Judy Van de Water
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, UC DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Daniel Vogt
- Department of Pediatrics & Human Development, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | | | - Alex S Nord
- Center for Neuroscience, UC DavisDavisUnited States
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38
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Biyik I, Ozatik FY, Albayrak M, Ozatik O, Teksen Y, Ari NS, Soysal C. The effects of recombinant klotho in cisplatin-induced ovarian failure in mice. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2021; 47:1817-1824. [PMID: 33611838 DOI: 10.1111/jog.14700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether recombinant klotho given concomitantly with cisplatin is effective in preventing cisplatin-induced ovarian damage. METHODS Thirty-two adult female mice were divided into four groups. Saline was given to the first group, cisplatin to the second group, recombinant mouse klotho to the third group, and recombinant mouse klotho + cisplatin to the fourth group. The removed ovarian tissues were examined and groups were compared histologically and immunohistochemical examination for antimullerian hormone (AMH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase expression were done. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities were measured by ELISA. RESULTS Ovarian tissue weight, primary and secondary follicle counts were higher in cisplatin + recombinant klotho group compared to cisplatin group in our study (respectively p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, and p = 0.010). Injury scores (stromal congestion, edema and infiltration, follicular degeneration scores and edema in corpus luteum scores) were similar between cisplatin and cisplatin + recombinant klotho groups (all p > 0.05). AMH staining intensities were similar between cisplatin and cisplatin + recombinant klotho groups (p = 0.925). There was no difference between the groups in terms of SOD, GPx, and GR (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The recombinant klotho administered before cisplatin could partially protect the ovarian tissue from cisplatin-induced ovarian damage considering that there was no difference in histologic injury score parameters, AMH staining intensity and oxidative stress markers between cisplatin and cisplatin plus klotho groups except that klotho preserved follicules to some extent. The antioxidant mechanism of action of klotho may not be the primary protection mechanism in cisplatin induced ovarian injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Biyik
- School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kutahya Health Sciences University, Kutahya, Turkey
| | - Fikriye Yasemin Ozatik
- School of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Kutahya Health Sciences University, Kutahya, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Albayrak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Florence Nightingale Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Orhan Ozatik
- School of Medicine Department of Histology and Embryology, Kutahya Health Sciences University, Kutahya, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Teksen
- School of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Kutahya Health Sciences University, Kutahya, Turkey
| | - Neziha Senem Ari
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Kutahya Evliya Celebi Education and Research Hospital, Kutahya, Turkey
| | - Cenk Soysal
- School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kutahya Health Sciences University, Kutahya, Turkey
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Ohtsuka T, Kageyama R. Hes1 overexpression leads to expansion of embryonic neural stem cell pool and stem cell reservoir in the postnatal brain. Development 2021; 148:dev.189191. [PMID: 33531431 DOI: 10.1242/dev.189191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) gradually alter their characteristics during mammalian neocortical development, resulting in the production of various neurons and glial cells, and remain in the postnatal brain as a source of adult neurogenesis. Notch-Hes signaling is a key regulator of stem cell properties in the developing and postnatal brain, and Hes1 is a major effector that strongly inhibits neuronal differentiation and maintains NSCs. To manipulate Hes1 expression levels in NSCs, we generated transgenic (Tg) mice using the Tet-On system. In Hes1-overexpressing Tg mice, NSCs were maintained in both embryonic and postnatal brains, and generation of later-born neurons was prolonged until later stages in the Tg neocortex. Hes1 overexpression inhibited the production of Tbr2+ intermediate progenitor cells but instead promoted the generation of basal radial glia-like cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ) at late embryonic stages. Furthermore, Hes1-overexpressing Tg mice exhibited the expansion of NSCs and enhanced neurogenesis in the SVZ of adult brain. These results indicate that Hes1 overexpression expanded the embryonic NSC pool and led to the expansion of the NSC reservoir in the postnatal and adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Ohtsuka
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan .,Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ryoichiro Kageyama
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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40
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Birt IA, Hagenauer MH, Clinton SM, Aydin C, Blandino P, Stead JD, Hilde KL, Meng F, Thompson RC, Khalil H, Stefanov A, Maras P, Zhou Z, Hebda-Bauer EK, Goldman D, Watson SJ, Akil H. Genetic Liability for Internalizing Versus Externalizing Behavior Manifests in the Developing and Adult Hippocampus: Insight From a Meta-analysis of Transcriptional Profiling Studies in a Selectively Bred Rat Model. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 89:339-355. [PMID: 32762937 PMCID: PMC7704921 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For more than 16 years, we have selectively bred rats for either high or low levels of exploratory activity within a novel environment. These bred high-responder (bHR) and bred low-responder (bLR) rats model temperamental extremes, exhibiting large differences in internalizing and externalizing behaviors relevant to mood and substance use disorders. METHODS We characterized persistent differences in gene expression related to bHR/bLR phenotype across development and adulthood in the hippocampus, a region critical for emotional regulation, by meta-analyzing 8 transcriptional profiling datasets (microarray and RNA sequencing) spanning 43 generations of selective breeding (postnatal day 7: n = 22; postnatal day 14: n = 49; postnatal day 21: n = 21; adult: n = 46; all male). We cross-referenced expression differences with exome sequencing within our colony to pinpoint candidates likely to mediate the effect of selective breeding on behavioral phenotype. The results were compared with hippocampal profiling from other bred rat models. RESULTS Genetic and transcriptional profiling results converged to implicate multiple candidate genes, including two previously associated with metabolism and mood: Trhr and Ucp2. Results also highlighted bHR/bLR functional differences in the hippocampus, including a network essential for neurodevelopmental programming, proliferation, and differentiation, centering on Bmp4 and Mki67. Finally, we observed differential expression related to microglial activation, which is important for synaptic pruning, including 2 genes within implicated chromosomal regions: C1qa and Mfge8. CONCLUSIONS These candidate genes and functional pathways may direct bHR/bLR rats along divergent developmental trajectories and promote a widely different reactivity to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle A. Birt
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Megan H. Hagenauer
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Cigdem Aydin
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Peter Blandino
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - John D.H. Stead
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada
| | - Kathryn L. Hilde
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Fan Meng
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Robert C. Thompson
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Huzefa Khalil
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Alex Stefanov
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Pamela Maras
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Zhifeng Zhou
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elaine K. Hebda-Bauer
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - David Goldman
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stanley J. Watson
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Huda Akil
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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41
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Duan H, Shen F, Li L, Tu Z, Chen P, Chen P, Wang Z, Liang W, Wang Y. Activation of the Notch signaling pathway in the anterior cingulate cortex is involved in the pathological process of neuropathic pain. Pain 2021; 162:263-274. [PMID: 32701650 PMCID: PMC7737863 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Plastic changes in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) are critical in pain hypersensitivity caused by peripheral nerves injury. The Notch signaling pathway has been shown to regulate synaptic differentiation and transmission. Therefore, this study was to investigate the function of the Notch signaling pathway in the ACC during nociceptive transmission induced by neuropathic pain. We adopted Western blotting, N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-l-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT) microinjections, RNA interference targeting Notch1, Hairy and enhancer of split (Hes) 1 or Hes5, electrophysiological recordings, and behavioral tests to verify the link between Notch signaling in ACC and neuropathic pain with adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Levels of the Notch intracellular domain were increased in ACC on day 7 after chronic constriction injury surgery or spared nerve injury. Meanwhile, the mRNA level of the downstream effector of Notch signaling Hes1 was increased, whereas the level of Hes5 mRNA did not change. Microinjection of DAPT, a γ-secretase (a key enzyme involved in Notch pathway) inhibitor, into ACC significantly reversed neuropathic pain behaviors. Intra-ACC injection of short hairpin RNA-Notch reduced Notch intracellular domain expression and decreased the potentiation of synaptic transmission in the ACC. Moreover, pain perceptions were also alleviated in rats subjected to chronic constriction injury or spared nerve injury. This process was mainly mediated by the downstream effector Hes1, but not Hes5. Based on these results, the activation of the Notch/Hes1 signaling pathway in the ACC participates in the development of neuropathic pain, indicating that the Notch pathway may be a new therapeutic target for treating chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Duan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengyan Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyi Tu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics-Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weimin Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingwei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Gomes AR, Fernandes TG, Vaz SH, Silva TP, Bekman EP, Xapelli S, Duarte S, Ghazvini M, Gribnau J, Muotri AR, Trujillo CA, Sebastião AM, Cabral JMS, Diogo MM. Modeling Rett Syndrome With Human Patient-Specific Forebrain Organoids. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:610427. [PMID: 33363173 PMCID: PMC7758289 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.610427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineering brain organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) is a powerful tool for modeling brain development and neurological disorders. Rett syndrome (RTT), a rare neurodevelopmental disorder, can greatly benefit from this technology, since it affects multiple neuronal subtypes in forebrain sub-regions. We have established dorsal and ventral forebrain organoids from control and RTT patient-specific hiPSCs recapitulating 3D organization and functional network complexity. Our data revealed a premature development of the deep-cortical layer, associated to the formation of TBR1 and CTIP2 neurons, and a lower expression of neural progenitor/proliferative cells in female RTT dorsal organoids. Moreover, calcium imaging and electrophysiology analysis demonstrated functional defects of RTT neurons. Additionally, assembly of RTT dorsal and ventral organoids revealed impairments of interneuron’s migration. Overall, our models provide a better understanding of RTT during early stages of neural development, demonstrating a great potential for personalized diagnosis and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Gomes
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tiago G Fernandes
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sandra H Vaz
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Teresa P Silva
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Evguenia P Bekman
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine (Lisbon Campus), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sara Xapelli
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia Duarte
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mehrnaz Ghazvini
- Erasmus MC iPS Facility, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joost Gribnau
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Cleber A Trujillo
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Ana M Sebastião
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M S Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Margarida Diogo
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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43
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McDonald D, Wu Y, Dailamy A, Tat J, Parekh U, Zhao D, Hu M, Tipps A, Zhang K, Mali P. Defining the Teratoma as a Model for Multi-lineage Human Development. Cell 2020; 183:1402-1419.e18. [PMID: 33152263 PMCID: PMC7704916 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We propose that the teratoma, a recognized standard for validating pluripotency in stem cells, could be a promising platform for studying human developmental processes. Performing single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of 179,632 cells across 23 teratomas from 4 cell lines, we found that teratomas reproducibly contain approximately 20 cell types across all 3 germ layers, that inter-teratoma cell type heterogeneity is comparable with organoid systems, and teratoma gut and brain cell types correspond well to similar fetal cell types. Furthermore, cellular barcoding confirmed that injected stem cells robustly engraft and contribute to all lineages. Using pooled CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screens, we showed that teratomas can enable simultaneous assaying of the effects of genetic perturbations across all germ layers. Additionally, we demonstrated that teratomas can be sculpted molecularly via microRNA (miRNA)-regulated suicide gene expression to enrich for specific tissues. Taken together, teratomas are a promising platform for modeling multi-lineage development, pan-tissue functional genetic screening, and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella McDonald
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Amir Dailamy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Justin Tat
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Udit Parekh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dongxin Zhao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michael Hu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ann Tipps
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92103, USA
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Prashant Mali
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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44
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Transcription factor expression defines subclasses of developing projection neurons highly similar to single-cell RNA-seq subtypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:25074-25084. [PMID: 32948690 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008013117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We are only just beginning to catalog the vast diversity of cell types in the cerebral cortex. Such categorization is a first step toward understanding how diversification relates to function. All cortical projection neurons arise from a uniform pool of progenitor cells that lines the ventricles of the forebrain. It is still unclear how these progenitor cells generate the more than 50 unique types of mature cortical projection neurons defined by their distinct gene-expression profiles. Moreover, exactly how and when neurons diversify their function during development is unknown. Here we relate gene expression and chromatin accessibility of two subclasses of projection neurons with divergent morphological and functional features as they develop in the mouse brain between embryonic day 13 and postnatal day 5 in order to identify transcriptional networks that diversify neuron cell fate. We compare these gene-expression profiles with published profiles of single cells isolated from similar populations and establish that layer-defined cell classes encompass cell subtypes and developmental trajectories identified using single-cell sequencing. Given the depth of our sequencing, we identify groups of transcription factors with particularly dense subclass-specific regulation and subclass-enriched transcription factor binding motifs. We also describe transcription factor-adjacent long noncoding RNAs that define each subclass and validate the function of Myt1l in balancing the ratio of the two subclasses in vitro. Our multidimensional approach supports an evolving model of progressive restriction of cell fate competence through inherited transcriptional identities.
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45
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Hart CG, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Bone morphogenetic proteins: New insights into their roles and mechanisms in CNS development, pathology and repair. Exp Neurol 2020; 334:113455. [PMID: 32877654 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a highly conserved and diverse family of proteins that play essential roles in various stages of development including the formation and patterning of the central nervous system (CNS). Bioavailability and function of BMPs are regulated by input from a plethora of transcription factors and signaling pathways. Intriguingly, recent literature has uncovered novel roles for BMPs in regulating homeostatic and pathological responses in the adult CNS. Basal levels of BMP ligands and receptors are widely expressed in the adult brain and spinal cord with differential expression patterns across CNS regions, cell types and subcellular locations. Recent evidence indicates that several BMP isoforms are transiently or chronically upregulated in the aged or pathological CNS. Genetic knockout and pharmacological studies have elucidated that BMPs regulate several aspects of CNS injury and repair including cell survival and differentiation, reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation, axon regeneration, and myelin preservation and repair. Several BMP isoforms can be upregulated in the injured or diseased CNS simultaneously yet exert complementary or opposing effects on the endogenous cell responses after injury. Emerging studies also show that dysregulation of BMPs is associated with various CNS pathologies. Interestingly, modulation of BMPs can lead to beneficial or detrimental effects on CNS injury and repair mechanisms in a ligand, temporally or spatially specific manner, which reflect the complexity of BMP signaling. Given the significance of BMPs in neurodevelopment, a better understanding of their role in the context of injury may provide new therapeutic targets for the pathologic CNS. This review will provide a timely overview on the foundation and recent advancements in knowledge regarding the role and mechanisms of BMP signaling in the developing and adult CNS, and their implications in pathological responses and repair processes after injury or diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Hart
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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46
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Zamboni M, Llorens-Bobadilla E, Magnusson JP, Frisén J. A Widespread Neurogenic Potential of Neocortical Astrocytes Is Induced by Injury. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 27:605-617.e5. [PMID: 32758425 PMCID: PMC7534841 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parenchymal astrocytes have emerged as a potential reservoir for new neurons in non-neurogenic brain regions. It is currently unclear how astrocyte neurogenesis is controlled molecularly. Here we show that Notch signaling-deficient astrocytes can generate new neurons after injury. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we found that, when Notch signaling is blocked, astrocytes transition to a neural stem cell-like state. However, only after injury do a few of these primed astrocytes unfold a neurogenic program, including a self-amplifying progenitor-like state. Further, reconstruction of the trajectories of individual cells allowed us to uncouple astrocyte neurogenesis from reactive gliosis, which occur along independent branches. Finally, we show that cortical neurogenesis molecularly recapitulates canonical subventricular zone neurogenesis with remarkable fidelity. Our study supports a widespread potential of parenchymal astrocytes to function as dormant neural stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Zamboni
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Jens Peter Magnusson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Frisén
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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47
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Spears N, Lopes F, Stefansdottir A, Rossi V, De Felici M, Anderson RA, Klinger FG. Ovarian damage from chemotherapy and current approaches to its protection. Hum Reprod Update 2020; 25:673-693. [PMID: 31600388 PMCID: PMC6847836 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmz027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-cancer therapy is often a cause of premature ovarian insufficiency and infertility since the ovarian follicle reserve is extremely sensitive to the effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. While oocyte, embryo and ovarian cortex cryopreservation can help some women with cancer-induced infertility achieve pregnancy, the development of effective methods to protect ovarian function during chemotherapy would be a significant advantage. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE This paper critically discusses the different damaging effects of the most common chemotherapeutic compounds on the ovary, in particular, the ovarian follicles and the molecular pathways that lead to that damage. The mechanisms through which fertility-protective agents might prevent chemotherapy drug-induced follicle loss are then reviewed. SEARCH METHODS Articles published in English were searched on PubMed up to March 2019 using the following terms: ovary, fertility preservation, chemotherapy, follicle death, adjuvant therapy, cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, doxorubicin. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to the analysis of the protective agents. OUTCOMES Recent studies reveal how chemotherapeutic drugs can affect the different cellular components of the ovary, causing rapid depletion of the ovarian follicular reserve. The three most commonly used drugs, cyclophosphamide, cisplatin and doxorubicin, cause premature ovarian insufficiency by inducing death and/or accelerated activation of primordial follicles and increased atresia of growing follicles. They also cause an increase in damage to blood vessels and the stromal compartment and increment inflammation. In the past 20 years, many compounds have been investigated as potential protective agents to counteract these adverse effects. The interactions of recently described fertility-protective agents with these damage pathways are discussed. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Understanding the mechanisms underlying the action of chemotherapy compounds on the various components of the ovary is essential for the development of efficient and targeted pharmacological therapies that could protect and prolong female fertility. While there are increasing preclinical investigations of potential fertility preserving adjuvants, there remains a lack of approaches that are being developed and tested clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Spears
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh UK
| | - F Lopes
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh UK
| | | | - V Rossi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - M De Felici
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - R A Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh UK
| | - F G Klinger
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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48
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Ochi S, Imaizumi Y, Shimojo H, Miyachi H, Kageyama R. Oscillatory expression of Hes1 regulates cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation in the embryonic brain. Development 2020; 147:dev182204. [PMID: 32094111 DOI: 10.1242/dev.182204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
The expression of the transcriptional repressor Hes1 oscillates in many cell types, including neural progenitor cells (NPCs), but the significance of Hes1 oscillations in development is not fully understood. To examine the effect of altered oscillatory dynamics of Hes1, we generated two types of Hes1 knock-in mice, a shortened (type-1) and an elongated (type-2) Hes1 gene, and examined their phenotypes focusing on neural development. Although both mutations affected Hes1 oscillations, the type-1 mutation dampened Hes1 oscillations more severely, resulting in much lower amplitudes. The average levels of Hes1 expression in type-1 mutant NPCs were also lower than in wild-type NPCs but similar to or slightly higher than those in Hes1 heterozygous mutant mice, which exhibit no apparent defects. Whereas type-2 mutant mice were apparently normal, type-1 mutant mice displayed smaller brains than wild-type mice and upregulated proneural gene expression. Furthermore, proliferation of NPCs decreased and cell death increased in type-1 mutant embryos. When Hes3 and Hes5 were additionally deleted, neuronal differentiation was also accelerated, leading to microcephaly. Thus, robust Hes1 oscillations are required for maintenance and proliferation of NPCs and the normal timing of neurogenesis, thereby regulating brain morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Ochi
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Shogoin-Kawahara, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yui Imaizumi
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Shogoin-Kawahara, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiromi Shimojo
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Shogoin-Kawahara, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Miyachi
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Shogoin-Kawahara, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ryoichiro Kageyama
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Shogoin-Kawahara, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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49
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HMGA Genes and Proteins in Development and Evolution. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020654. [PMID: 31963852 PMCID: PMC7013770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
HMGA (high mobility group A) (HMGA1 and HMGA2) are small non-histone proteins that can bind DNA and modify chromatin state, thus modulating the accessibility of regulatory factors to the DNA and contributing to the overall panorama of gene expression tuning. In general, they are abundantly expressed during embryogenesis, but are downregulated in the adult differentiated tissues. In the present review, we summarize some aspects of their role during development, also dealing with relevant studies that have shed light on their functioning in cell biology and with emerging possible involvement of HMGA1 and HMGA2 in evolutionary biology.
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50
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Parisi S, Piscitelli S, Passaro F, Russo T. HMGA Proteins in Stemness and Differentiation of Embryonic and Adult Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E362. [PMID: 31935816 PMCID: PMC6981681 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
HMGA1 and HMGA2 are chromatin architectural proteins that do not have transcriptional activity per se, but are able to modify chromatin structure by interacting with the transcriptional machinery and thus negatively or positively regulate the transcription of several genes. They have been extensively studied in cancer where they are often found to be overexpressed but their functions under physiologic conditions have still not been completely addressed. Hmga1 and Hmga2 are expressed during the early stages of mouse development, whereas they are not detectable in most adult tissues. Hmga overexpression or knockout studies in mouse have pointed to a key function in the development of the embryo and of various tissues. HMGA proteins are expressed in embryonic stem cells and in some adult stem cells and numerous experimental data have indicated that they play a fundamental role in the maintenance of stemness and in the regulation of differentiation. In this review, we discuss available experimental data on HMGA1 and HMGA2 functions in governing embryonic and adult stem cell fate. Moreover, based on the available evidence, we will aim to outline how HMGA expression is regulated in different contexts and how these two proteins contribute to the regulation of gene expression and chromatin architecture in stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Parisi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy (F.P.); (T.R.)
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