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Arroyo-Ataz G, Yagüe AC, Breda JC, Mazzilli SA, Jones D. Transcriptional, developmental, and functional parallels of lymphatic and venous smooth muscle. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.18.604042. [PMID: 39091770 PMCID: PMC11291064 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.18.604042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Lymphatic muscle cells (LMCs) are indispensable for lymphatic vessel contraction and their aberrant recruitment or absence is associated with both primary and secondary lymphedema. Despite their critical role in lymphatic vessel function, the transcriptomic and developmental basis that confer the unique contractile properties to LMCs are largely undefined. In this study, we employed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq), lineage tracing and in vivo imaging to investigate the basis for the hybrid cardiomyocyte and blood vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) characteristics that have been described for LMCs. Using scRNAseq, the transcriptomes of LMC and venous SMCs from the murine hindlimb exhibited more similarities than differences, although both were markedly distinct from that of arteriole SMCs in the same tissue. Functionally, both lymphatic vessels and blood vessels in the murine hindlimb displayed pulsatile contractility. However, despite expressing genes that overlap with the venous SMC transcriptome, through lineage tracing we show that LMCs do not originate from Myh11+ SMC progenitors. Previous studies have shown that LMCs express cardiac-related genes, whereas in our study we found that arteriole SMCs, but not LMCs, expressed cardiac-related genes. Through lineage tracing, we demonstrate that a subpopulation of LMCs and SMCs originate from WT1+ mesodermal progenitors, which are known to give rise to SMCs. LMCs, however, do not derive from Nkx2.5+ cardiomyocyte progenitors. Overall, our findings suggest that venous SMCs and LMCs and may derive from a related mesodermal progenitor and adopt a similar gene expression program that enable their contractile properties.
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Trivedi A, Lu TM, Summers B, Kim K, Rhee AJ, Houghton S, Byers DE, Lis R, Reed HO. Lung lymphatic endothelial cells undergo inflammatory and prothrombotic changes in a model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1344070. [PMID: 38440076 PMCID: PMC10910060 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1344070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature regulates lung homeostasis through drainage of fluid and trafficking of immune cells and plays a key role in the response to lung injury in several disease states. We have previously shown that lymphatic dysfunction occurs early in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) caused by cigarette smoke (CS) and that this is associated with increased thrombin and fibrin clots in lung lymph. However, the direct effects of CS and thrombin on lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) in COPD are not entirely clear. Studies of the blood vasculature have shown that COPD is associated with increased thrombin after CS exposure that causes endothelial dysfunction characterized by changes in the expression of coagulation factors and leukocyte adhesion proteins. Here, we determined whether similar changes occur in LECs. We used an in vitro cell culture system and treated human lung microvascular lymphatic endothelial cells with cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and/or thrombin. We found that CSE treatment led to decreased fibrinolytic activity in LECs, which was associated with increased expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1). LECs treated with both CSE and thrombin together had a decreased expression of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) and increased expression of adhesion molecules. RNA sequencing of lung LECs isolated from mice exposed to CS also showed upregulation of prothrombotic and inflammatory pathways at both acute and chronic exposure time points. Analysis of publicly available single-cell RNA sequencing of LECs as well as immunohistochemical staining of lung tissue from COPD patients supported these data and showed increased expression of inflammatory markers in LECs from COPD patients compared to those from controls. These studies suggest that in parallel with blood vessels, the lymphatic endothelium undergoes inflammatory changes associated with CS exposure and increased thrombin in COPD. Further research is needed to unravel the mechanisms by which these changes affect lymphatic function and drive tissue injury in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Trivedi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tyler M. Lu
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, SUNY Downstate School of Graduate Studies, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Barbara Summers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kihwan Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alexander J. Rhee
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sean Houghton
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Derek E. Byers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Raphaël Lis
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hasina Outtz Reed
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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Hu Z, Zhao X, Wu Z, Qu B, Yuan M, Xing Y, Song Y, Wang Z. Lymphatic vessel: origin, heterogeneity, biological functions, and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:9. [PMID: 38172098 PMCID: PMC10764842 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01723-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels, comprising the secondary circulatory system in human body, play a multifaceted role in maintaining homeostasis among various tissues and organs. They are tasked with a serious of responsibilities, including the regulation of lymph absorption and transport, the orchestration of immune surveillance and responses. Lymphatic vessel development undergoes a series of sophisticated regulatory signaling pathways governing heterogeneous-origin cell populations stepwise to assemble into the highly specialized lymphatic vessel networks. Lymphangiogenesis, as defined by new lymphatic vessels sprouting from preexisting lymphatic vessels/embryonic veins, is the main developmental mechanism underlying the formation and expansion of lymphatic vessel networks in an embryo. However, abnormal lymphangiogenesis could be observed in many pathological conditions and has a close relationship with the development and progression of various diseases. Mechanistic studies have revealed a set of lymphangiogenic factors and cascades that may serve as the potential targets for regulating abnormal lymphangiogenesis, to further modulate the progression of diseases. Actually, an increasing number of clinical trials have demonstrated the promising interventions and showed the feasibility of currently available treatments for future clinical translation. Targeting lymphangiogenic promoters or inhibitors not only directly regulates abnormal lymphangiogenesis, but improves the efficacy of diverse treatments. In conclusion, we present a comprehensive overview of lymphatic vessel development and physiological functions, and describe the critical involvement of abnormal lymphangiogenesis in multiple diseases. Moreover, we summarize the targeting therapeutic values of abnormal lymphangiogenesis, providing novel perspectives for treatment strategy of multiple human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoliang Hu
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University; Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Xushi Zhao
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University; Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Zhonghua Wu
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University; Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Bicheng Qu
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University; Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Minxian Yuan
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University; Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Yanan Xing
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University; Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China.
| | - Yongxi Song
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University; Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China.
| | - Zhenning Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University; Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China.
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Montenegro-Navarro N, García-Báez C, García-Caballero M. Molecular and metabolic orchestration of the lymphatic vasculature in physiology and pathology. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8389. [PMID: 38104163 PMCID: PMC10725466 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44133-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis refers to the generation of new lymphatic vessels from pre-existing ones. During development and particular adult states, lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) undergo reprogramming of their transcriptomic and signaling networks to support the high demands imposed by cell proliferation and migration. Although there has been substantial progress in identifying growth factors and signaling pathways controlling lymphangiogenesis in the last decades, insights into the role of metabolism in lymphatic cell functions are just emerging. Despite numerous similarities between the main metabolic pathways existing in LECs, blood ECs (BEC) and other cell types, accumulating evidence has revealed that LECs acquire a unique metabolic signature during lymphangiogenesis, and their metabolic engine is intertwined with molecular regulatory networks, resulting in a tightly regulated and interconnected process. Considering the implication of lymphatic dysfunction in cancer and lymphedema, alongside other pathologies, recent findings hold promising opportunities to develop novel therapeutic approaches. In this review, we provide an overview of the status of knowledge in the molecular and metabolic network regulating the lymphatic vasculature in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Montenegro-Navarro
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), Málaga, Spain
| | - Claudia García-Báez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), Málaga, Spain
| | - Melissa García-Caballero
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Málaga, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), Málaga, Spain.
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Zawieja SD, Pea GA, Broyhill SE, Bromert KH, Norton CE, Kim HJ, Li M, Castorena-Gonzalez JA, Drumm BT, Davis MJ. Lymphatic muscle cells are the innate pacemaker cells regulating mouse lymphatic collecting vessel contractions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.24.554619. [PMID: 37662284 PMCID: PMC10473772 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.24.554619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Collecting lymphatic vessels (cLVs) exhibit spontaneous contractions with a pressure-dependent frequency, but the identity of the lymphatic pacemaker cell is still debated. By analogy to pacemakers in the GI and lower urinary tracts, proposed cLV pacemaker cells include interstitial cells of Cajal like cells (ICLC), pericytes, as well as the lymphatic muscle (LMCs) cells themselves. Here we tested the extent to which these cell types are invested into the mouse cLV wall and if any cell type exhibited morphological and functional processes characteristic of pacemaker cells: a contiguous network; spontaneous Ca2+ transients; and depolarization-induced propagated contractions. We employed inducible Cre (iCre) mouse models routinely used to target these specific cell populations including: c-kitCreERT2 to target ICLC; PdgfrβCreERT2 to target pericytes; PdgfrαCreER™ to target CD34+ adventitial fibroblast-like cells or ICLC; and Myh11CreERT2 to target LMCs. These specific inducible Cre lines were crossed to the fluorescent reporter ROSA26mT/mG, the genetically encoded Ca2+ sensor GCaMP6f, and the light-activated cation channel rhodopsin2 (ChR2). c-KitCreERT2 labeled both a sparse population of LECs and round adventitial cells that responded to the mast cell activator compound 48-80. PdgfrβCreERT2 drove recombination in both adventitial cells and LMCs, limiting its power to discriminate a pericyte specific population. PdgfrαCreER™ labeled a large population of interconnected, oak leaf-shaped cells primarily along the adventitial surface of the vessel. Titrated induction of the smooth muscle-specific Myh11CreERT2 revealed a LMC population with heterogeneous morphology. Only LMCs consistently, but heterogeneously, displayed spontaneous Ca2+ events during the diastolic period of the contraction cycle, and whose frequency was modulated in a pressure-dependent manner. Optogenetic depolarization through the expression of ChR2 by Myh11CreERT2, but not PdgfrαCreER™ or c-KitCreERT2, resulted in a propagated contraction. These findings support the conclusion that LMCs, or a subset of LMCs, are responsible for mouse cLV pacemaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Zawieja
- Dept. of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - G A Pea
- Dept. of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - S E Broyhill
- Dept. of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - K H Bromert
- Dept. of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - C E Norton
- Dept. of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - H J Kim
- Dept. of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - M Li
- Dept. of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - B T Drumm
- Smooth Muscle Research Centre, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dundalk, Co. Louth, A91 K584, Ireland
| | - M J Davis
- Dept. of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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Ho YC, Geng X, O’Donnell A, Ibarrola J, Fernandez-Celis A, Varshney R, Subramani K, Azartash-Namin ZJ, Kim J, Silasi R, Wylie-Sears J, Alvandi Z, Chen L, Cha B, Chen H, Xia L, Zhou B, Lupu F, Burkhart HM, Aikawa E, Olson LE, Ahamed J, López-Andrés N, Bischoff J, Yutzey KE, Srinivasan RS. PROX1 Inhibits PDGF-B Expression to Prevent Myxomatous Degeneration of Heart Valves. Circ Res 2023; 133:463-480. [PMID: 37555328 PMCID: PMC10487359 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.123.323027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac valve disease is observed in 2.5% of the general population and 10% of the elderly people. Effective pharmacological treatments are currently not available, and patients with severe cardiac valve disease require surgery. PROX1 (prospero-related homeobox transcription factor 1) and FOXC2 (Forkhead box C2 transcription factor) are transcription factors that are required for the development of lymphatic and venous valves. We found that PROX1 and FOXC2 are expressed in a subset of valvular endothelial cells (VECs) that are located on the downstream (fibrosa) side of cardiac valves. Whether PROX1 and FOXC2 regulate cardiac valve development and disease is not known. METHODS We used histology, electron microscopy, and echocardiography to investigate the structure and functioning of heart valves from Prox1ΔVEC mice in which Prox1 was conditionally deleted from VECs. Isolated valve endothelial cells and valve interstitial cells were used to identify the molecular mechanisms in vitro, which were tested in vivo by RNAScope, additional mouse models, and pharmacological approaches. The significance of our findings was tested by evaluation of human samples of mitral valve prolapse and aortic valve insufficiency. RESULTS Histological analysis revealed that the aortic and mitral valves of Prox1ΔVEC mice become progressively thick and myxomatous. Echocardiography revealed that the aortic valves of Prox1ΔVEC mice are stenotic. FOXC2 was downregulated and PDGF-B (platelet-derived growth factor-B) was upregulated in the VECs of Prox1ΔVEC mice. Conditional knockdown of FOXC2 and conditional overexpression of PDGF-B in VECs recapitulated the phenotype of Prox1ΔVEC mice. PDGF-B was also increased in mice lacking FOXC2 and in human mitral valve prolapse and insufficient aortic valve samples. Pharmacological inhibition of PDGF-B signaling with imatinib partially ameliorated the valve defects of Prox1ΔVEC mice. CONCLUSIONS PROX1 antagonizes PDGF-B signaling partially via FOXC2 to maintain the extracellular matrix composition and prevent myxomatous degeneration of cardiac valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chun Ho
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK (Y.-C.H., X.G., R.V., K.S., Z.J.A.-N., J.K., R.S., L.C., B.C., L.X., F.L., L.E.O., J.A., R.S.S.)
| | - Xin Geng
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK (Y.-C.H., X.G., R.V., K.S., Z.J.A.-N., J.K., R.S., L.C., B.C., L.X., F.L., L.E.O., J.A., R.S.S.)
- Now with Sanegene Bio, Woburn, MA (X.G.)
| | - Anna O’Donnell
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (A.O., K.E.Y.)
| | - Jaime Ibarrola
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (J.I.)
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain (J.I., A.F.-C., N.L.-A., R.S.S.)
| | - Amaya Fernandez-Celis
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain (J.I., A.F.-C., N.L.-A., R.S.S.)
| | - Rohan Varshney
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK (Y.-C.H., X.G., R.V., K.S., Z.J.A.-N., J.K., R.S., L.C., B.C., L.X., F.L., L.E.O., J.A., R.S.S.)
| | - Kumar Subramani
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK (Y.-C.H., X.G., R.V., K.S., Z.J.A.-N., J.K., R.S., L.C., B.C., L.X., F.L., L.E.O., J.A., R.S.S.)
| | - Zheila J. Azartash-Namin
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK (Y.-C.H., X.G., R.V., K.S., Z.J.A.-N., J.K., R.S., L.C., B.C., L.X., F.L., L.E.O., J.A., R.S.S.)
| | - Jang Kim
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK (Y.-C.H., X.G., R.V., K.S., Z.J.A.-N., J.K., R.S., L.C., B.C., L.X., F.L., L.E.O., J.A., R.S.S.)
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (J.K.)
| | - Robert Silasi
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK (Y.-C.H., X.G., R.V., K.S., Z.J.A.-N., J.K., R.S., L.C., B.C., L.X., F.L., L.E.O., J.A., R.S.S.)
| | - Jill Wylie-Sears
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (J.W.-S., Z.A., H.C., J.B.)
| | - Zahra Alvandi
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (J.W.-S., Z.A., H.C., J.B.)
| | - Lijuan Chen
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK (Y.-C.H., X.G., R.V., K.S., Z.J.A.-N., J.K., R.S., L.C., B.C., L.X., F.L., L.E.O., J.A., R.S.S.)
| | - Boksik Cha
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK (Y.-C.H., X.G., R.V., K.S., Z.J.A.-N., J.K., R.S., L.C., B.C., L.X., F.L., L.E.O., J.A., R.S.S.)
- Now with Daegu Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Republic of Korea (B.C.)
| | - Hong Chen
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (J.W.-S., Z.A., H.C., J.B.)
| | - Lijun Xia
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK (Y.-C.H., X.G., R.V., K.S., Z.J.A.-N., J.K., R.S., L.C., B.C., L.X., F.L., L.E.O., J.A., R.S.S.)
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (B.Z.)
| | - Florea Lupu
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK (Y.-C.H., X.G., R.V., K.S., Z.J.A.-N., J.K., R.S., L.C., B.C., L.X., F.L., L.E.O., J.A., R.S.S.)
| | - Harold M. Burkhart
- Oklahoma Children’s Hospital, University of Oklahoma Health Heart Center, Oklahoma City, OK (H.M.B.)
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA (E.A.)
| | - Lorin E. Olson
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK (Y.-C.H., X.G., R.V., K.S., Z.J.A.-N., J.K., R.S., L.C., B.C., L.X., F.L., L.E.O., J.A., R.S.S.)
| | - Jasimuddin Ahamed
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK (Y.-C.H., X.G., R.V., K.S., Z.J.A.-N., J.K., R.S., L.C., B.C., L.X., F.L., L.E.O., J.A., R.S.S.)
| | - Natalia López-Andrés
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain (J.I., A.F.-C., N.L.-A., R.S.S.)
| | - Joyce Bischoff
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (J.W.-S., Z.A., H.C., J.B.)
| | - Katherine E. Yutzey
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (A.O., K.E.Y.)
| | - R. Sathish Srinivasan
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK (Y.-C.H., X.G., R.V., K.S., Z.J.A.-N., J.K., R.S., L.C., B.C., L.X., F.L., L.E.O., J.A., R.S.S.)
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain (J.I., A.F.-C., N.L.-A., R.S.S.)
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Mehrara BJ, Radtke AJ, Randolph GJ, Wachter BT, Greenwel P, Rovira II, Galis ZS, Muratoglu SC. The emerging importance of lymphatics in health and disease: an NIH workshop report. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e171582. [PMID: 37655664 PMCID: PMC10471172 DOI: 10.1172/jci171582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system (LS) is composed of lymphoid organs and a network of vessels that transport interstitial fluid, antigens, lipids, cholesterol, immune cells, and other materials in the body. Abnormal development or malfunction of the LS has been shown to play a key role in the pathophysiology of many disease states. Thus, improved understanding of the anatomical and molecular characteristics of the LS may provide approaches for disease prevention or treatment. Recent advances harnessing single-cell technologies, clinical imaging, discovery of biomarkers, and computational tools have led to the development of strategies to study the LS. This Review summarizes the outcomes of the NIH workshop entitled "Yet to be Charted: Lymphatic System in Health and Disease," held in September 2022, with emphasis on major areas for advancement. International experts showcased the current state of knowledge regarding the LS and highlighted remaining challenges and opportunities to advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak J. Mehrara
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrea J. Radtke
- Lymphocyte Biology Section and Center for Advanced Tissue Imaging, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gwendalyn J. Randolph
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Brianna T. Wachter
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Patricia Greenwel
- Division of Digestive Diseases & Nutrition, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, and
| | - Ilsa I. Rovira
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Zorina S. Galis
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Selen C. Muratoglu
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Banerjee R, Knauer LA, Iyer D, Barlow SE, Scallan JP, Yang Y. Rictor induces AKT signaling to regulate lymphatic valve formation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.12.544698. [PMID: 37397997 PMCID: PMC10312634 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.12.544698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic valves are specialized structures of the collecting lymphatic vessels and are crucial for preventing retrograde lymph flow. Mutations in valve-forming genes have been clinically implicated in the pathology of congenital lymphedema. Lymphatic valves form when oscillatory shear stress (OSS) from lymph flow signals through the PI3K/AKT pathway to promote the transcription of valve-forming genes that trigger the growth and maintenance of lymphatic valves throughout life. Conventionally, in other tissue types, AKT activation requires dual kinase activity and the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) commands this process by phosphorylating AKT at Ser473. Here we showed that embryonic and postnatal lymphatic deletion of Rictor , a critical component of mTORC2, led to a significant decrease in lymphatic valves and prevented the maturation of collecting lymphatic vessels. RICTOR knockdown in human lymphatic endothelial cells (hdLECs) not only significantly reduced the level of activated AKT and the expression of valve-forming genes under no-flow conditions, but also abolished the upregulation of AKT activity and valve-forming genes in response to flow. We further showed that the AKT target, FOXO1, a repressor of lymphatic valve formation, had increased nuclear activity in Rictor knockout mesenteric LECs, in vivo . Deletion of Foxo1 in Rictor knockout mice restored the number of valves to control levels in both mesenteric and ear lymphatics. Our work revealed a novel role of RICTOR signaling in the mechanotransduction signaling pathway, wherein it activates AKT and prevents the nuclear accumulation of the valve repressor, FOXO1, which ultimately allows the formation and maintenance of a normal lymphatic valve.
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Kenney HM, Peng Y, de Mesy Bentley KL, Xing L, Ritchlin CT, Schwarz EM. The Enigmas of Lymphatic Muscle Cells: Where Do They Come From, How Are They Maintained, and Can They Regenerate? Curr Rheumatol Rev 2023; 19:246-259. [PMID: 36705238 PMCID: PMC10257750 DOI: 10.2174/1573397119666230127144711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic muscle cell (LMC) contractility and coverage of collecting lymphatic vessels (CLVs) are integral to effective lymphatic drainage and tissue homeostasis. In fact, defects in lymphatic contractility have been identified in various conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and obesity. However, the fundamental role of LMCs in these pathologic processes is limited, primarily due to the difficulty in directly investigating the enigmatic nature of this poorly characterized cell type. LMCs are a unique cell type that exhibit dual tonic and phasic contractility with hybrid structural features of both vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and cardiac myocytes. While advances have been made in recent years to better understand the biochemistry and function of LMCs, central questions regarding their origins, investiture into CLVs, and homeostasis remain unanswered. To summarize these discoveries, unexplained experimental results, and critical future directions, here we provide a focused review of current knowledge and open questions related to LMC progenitor cells, recruitment, maintenance, and regeneration. We also highlight the high-priority research goal of identifying LMC-specific genes towards genetic conditional- inducible in vivo gain and loss of function studies. While our interest in LMCs has been focused on understanding lymphatic dysfunction in an arthritic flare, these concepts are integral to the broader field of lymphatic biology, and have important potential for clinical translation through targeted therapeutics to control lymphatic contractility and drainage.
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Grants
- R01AG059775,R01AG059775,R01AG059775 NIA NIH HHS
- R01AR056702,R01AR069000,T32AR076950,P30AR069655,R01AR056702,R01AR069000,P30AR069655,T32AR076950,R01AR056702,R01AR069000,T32AR076950,P30AR069655 NIAMS NIH HHS
- P30 AR069655 NIAMS NIH HHS
- R01 AR069000 NIAMS NIH HHS
- T32 GM007356 NIGMS NIH HHS
- R01 AG059775 NIA NIH HHS
- T32GM007356,T32GM007356,T32GM007356,T32GM007356 NIGMS NIH HHS
- T32 AR076950 NIAMS NIH HHS
- R01 AR056702 NIAMS NIH HHS
- F30 AG076326 NIA NIH HHS
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Mark Kenney
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 665, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Yue Peng
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 665, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Karen L. de Mesy Bentley
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 665, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Lianping Xing
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 665, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Christopher T. Ritchlin
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 665, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Edward M. Schwarz
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 665, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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10
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Suarez AC, Hammel JH, Munson JM. Modeling lymphangiogenesis: Pairing in vitro and in vivo metrics. Microcirculation 2023; 30:e12802. [PMID: 36760223 PMCID: PMC10121924 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis is the mechanism by which the lymphatic system develops and expands new vessels facilitating fluid drainage and immune cell trafficking. Models to study lymphangiogenesis are necessary for a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms and to identify or test new therapeutic agents that target lymphangiogenesis. Across the lymphatic literature, multiple models have been developed to study lymphangiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, lymphangiogenesis can be modeled with varying complexity, from monolayers to hydrogels to explants, with common metrics for characterizing proliferation, migration, and sprouting of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) and vessels. In comparison, in vivo models of lymphangiogenesis often use genetically modified zebrafish and mice, with in situ mouse models in the ear, cornea, hind leg, and tail. In vivo metrics, such as activation of LECs, number of new lymphatic vessels, and sprouting, mirror those most used in vitro, with the addition of lymphatic vessel hyperplasia and drainage. The impacts of lymphangiogenesis vary by context of tissue and pathology. Therapeutic targeting of lymphangiogenesis can have paradoxical effects depending on the pathology including lymphedema, cancer, organ transplant, and inflammation. In this review, we describe and compare lymphangiogenic outcomes and metrics between in vitro and in vivo studies, specifically reviewing only those publications in which both testing formats are used. We find that in vitro studies correlate well with in vivo in wound healing and development, but not in the reproductive tract or the complex tumor microenvironment. Considerations for improving in vitro models are to increase complexity with perfusable microfluidic devices, co-cultures with tissue-specific support cells, the inclusion of fluid flow, and pairing in vitro models of differing complexities. We believe that these changes would strengthen the correlation between in vitro and in vivo outcomes, giving more insight into lymphangiogenesis in healthy and pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen C. Suarez
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering & Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Jennifer H. Hammel
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering & Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Jennifer M. Munson
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering & Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
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11
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Ujiie N, Kume T. Mechanical forces in lymphatic vessel development: Focus on transcriptional regulation. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1066460. [PMID: 36439271 PMCID: PMC9685408 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1066460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system is crucial for the maintenance of interstitial fluid and protein homeostasis. It has important roles in collecting excess plasma and interstitial fluid leaked from blood vessels, lipid absorption and transportation in the digestive system, and immune surveillance and response. The development of lymphatic vessels begins during fetal life as lymphatic endothelial progenitor cells first differentiate into lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) by expressing the master lymphatic vascular regulator, prospero-related homeobox 1 (PROX1). The lymphatic vasculature forms a hierarchical network that consists of blind-ended and unidirectional vessels. Although much progress has been made in the elucidation of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of the lymphatic vascular system, the causes of lymphatic vessel abnormalities and disease are poorly understood and complicated; specifically, the mechanistic basis for transcriptional dysregulation in lymphatic vessel development remains largely unclear. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of lymphatic vascular development, including LEC differentiation, lymphangiogenesis, and valve formation, and the significance of mechanical forces in lymphatic vessels, with a focus on transcriptional regulation. We also summarize the current knowledge on epigenetic mechanisms of lymphatic gene expression.
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12
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Scallan JP, Jannaway M. Lymphatic Vascular Permeability. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2022; 12:a041274. [PMID: 35879102 PMCID: PMC9380735 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Blood vessels have a regulated permeability to fluid and solutes, which allows for the delivery of nutrients and signaling molecules to all cells in the body, a process essential to life. The lymphatic vasculature is the second network of vessels in the body, making up part of the immune system, yet is not typically thought of as having a permeability to fluid and solute. However, the major function of the lymphatic vasculature is to regulate tissue fluid balance to prevent edema, so lymphatic vessels must be permeable to absorb and transport fluid efficiently. Only recently were lymphatic vessels discovered to be permeable, which has had many functional implications. In this review, we will provide an overview of what is known about lymphatic vascular permeability, discuss the biophysical and signaling mechanisms regulating lymphatic permeability, and examine the disease relevance of this new property of lymphatic vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Scallan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
| | - Melanie Jannaway
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
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13
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Kenney HM, Peng Y, Bell RD, Wood RW, Xing L, Ritchlin CT, Schwarz EM. Persistent popliteal lymphatic muscle cell coverage defects despite amelioration of arthritis and recovery of popliteal lymphatic vessel function in TNF-Tg mice following anti-TNF therapy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12751. [PMID: 35882971 PMCID: PMC9325893 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16884-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While rheumatoid arthritis patients and tumor necrosis factor transgenic (TNF-Tg) mice with inflammatory-erosive arthritis display lymphatic drainage deficits, the mechanisms responsible remain unknown. As ultrastructural studies of joint-draining popliteal lymphatic vessels (PLVs) in TNF-Tg mice revealed evidence of lymphatic muscle cell (LMC) damage, we aimed to evaluate PLV-LMC coverage in TNF-Tg mice. We tested the hypothesis that alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA)+ PLV-LMC coverage decreases with severe inflammatory-erosive arthritis, and is recovered by anti-TNF therapy facilitated by increased PLV-LMC turnover during amelioration of joint disease. TNF-Tg mice with established disease received anti-TNF monoclonal antibody (mAb) or placebo IgG isotype control mAb therapy (n = 5) for 6-weeks, while wild-type (WT) littermates (n = 8) received vehicle (PBS). Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was also administered daily during the treatment period to monitor PLV-LMC turnover. Effective anti-TNF therapy was confirmed by longitudinal assessment of popliteal lymph node (PLN) volume via ultrasound, PLV contraction frequency via near-infrared imaging of indocyanine green, and ankle bone volumes via micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Terminal knee micro-CT, and ankle and knee histology were also performed. PLVs were immunostained for αSMA and BrdU to evaluate PLV-LMC coverage and turnover, respectively, via whole-mount fluorescent microscopy. Anti-TNF therapy reduced PLN volume, increased talus and patella bone volumes, and reduced tarsal and knee synovial areas compared to placebo treated TNF-Tg mice (p < 0.05), as expected. Anti-TNF therapy also increased PLV contraction frequency at 3-weeks (from 0.81 ± 1.0 to 3.2 ± 2.0 contractions per minute, p < 0.05). However, both anti-TNF and placebo treated TNF-Tg mice exhibited significantly reduced αSMA+ PLV-LMC coverage compared to WT (p < 0.05). There was no correlation of αSMA+ PLV-LMC coverage restoration with amelioration of inflammatory-erosive arthritis. Similarly, there was no difference in PLV-LMC turnover measured by BrdU labeling between WT, TNF-Tg placebo, and TNF-Tg anti-TNF groups with an average of < 1% BrdU+ PLV-LMCs incorporated per week. Taken together these results demonstrate that PLV-LMC turnover in adult mice is limited, and that recovery of PLV function during amelioration of inflammatory-erosive arthritis occurs without restoration of αSMA+ LMC coverage. Future studies are warranted to investigate the direct and indirect effects of chronic TNF exposure, and the role of proximal inflammatory cells on PLV contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mark Kenney
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 665, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Yue Peng
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 665, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Richard D Bell
- Department of Research, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronald W Wood
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 665, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Lianping Xing
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 665, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Christopher T Ritchlin
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 665, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Edward M Schwarz
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 665, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
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14
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Kenney HM, Wu CL, Loiselle AE, Xing L, Ritchlin CT, Schwarz EM. Single-cell transcriptomics of popliteal lymphatic vessels and peripheral veins reveals altered lymphatic muscle and immune cell populations in the TNF-Tg arthritis model. Arthritis Res Ther 2022; 24:64. [PMID: 35255954 PMCID: PMC8900348 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-022-02730-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lymphatic dysfunction exists in tumor necrosis factor transgenic (TNF-Tg) mice and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. While joint-draining TNF-Tg popliteal lymphatic vessels (PLVs) have deficits in contractility during end-stage arthritis, the nature of lymphatic muscle cells (LMCs) and their TNF-altered transcriptome remain unknown. Thus, we performed single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNAseq) on TNF-Tg LMCs in PLVs efferent to inflamed joints versus wild-type (WT) controls. Methods Single-cell suspensions of PLVs were sorted for smooth muscle cells (SMCs), which was validated by Cspg4-Cre;tdTomato reporter gene expression. Single-cell RNA-seq was performed on a 10x Genomics platform and analyzed using the Seurat R package. Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projections (UMAPs) and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software were used to assess cell clusters and functional genomics in WT vs. TNF-Tg populations. Results Fluorescent imaging of Cspg4-Cre;tdTomato vessels demonstrated dim PLVs and strong reporter gene expression in the adjacent superficial saphenous vein, which was corroborated by flow cytometry of LMCs and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from these vessels. Due to their unique morphology, these populations could also be readily detected by scatter analysis of cells from non-fluorescent mice. Bioinformatics analysis of flow sorted WT and TNF-Tg cells identified 20 unique cell clusters that together were 22.4% LMCs, 15.0% VSMCs, and 62.6% non-muscle cells of 8879 total cells. LMCs and M2-macrophages were decreased, while inflammatory monocytes were increased in TNF-Tg lower limb vasculature. SMC populations were defined by Cald1, Tpm1, and Pdgfrb expression and were enriched in myofibroblast-like gene expression. TNF-Tg LMCs exhibited enhanced functional genomics associated with cell death, phagocyte recruitment, and joint inflammation. Among the most prominent TNF-induced genes in SMCs were Mmp3, Cxcl12, and Ccl19, and the most downregulated genes were Zbtb16, Galnt15, and Apod. Conclusions Single-cell RNA-seq can be used to investigate functional genomics of lower limb vasculature in mice. Our findings confirm the inflammatory transcriptome of TNF-Tg vessels and altered gene expression in SMC populations. This study further supports a potential role of mesenchymal stromal cells in inflammatory-erosive arthritis pathogenesis, and warrants future studies to define the effects of this TNF-altered transcriptome on PLV function and joint homeostasis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13075-022-02730-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mark Kenney
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 665, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Chia-Lung Wu
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 665, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Alayna E Loiselle
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 665, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Lianping Xing
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 665, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Christopher T Ritchlin
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 665, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Edward M Schwarz
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 665, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA. .,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA. .,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
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15
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Shin M, Lawson ND. Back and forth: History of and new insights on the vertebrate lymphatic valve. Dev Growth Differ 2021; 63:523-535. [PMID: 34716915 PMCID: PMC9299638 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic valves develop from pre‐existing endothelial cells through a step‐wise process involving complex changes in cell shape and orientation, along with extracellular matrix interactions, to form two intraluminal leaflets. Once formed, valves prevent back‐flow within the lymphatic system to ensure drainage of interstitial fluid back into the circulatory system, thereby serving a critical role in maintaining fluid homeostasis. Despite the extensive anatomical characterization of lymphatic systems across numerous genus and species dating back several hundred years, valves were largely thought to be phylogenetically restricted to mammals. Accordingly, most insights into molecular and genetic mechanisms involved in lymphatic valve development have derived from mouse knockouts, as well as rare diseases in humans. However, we have recently used a combination of imaging and genetic analysis in the zebrafish to demonstrate that valves are a conserved feature of the teleost lymphatic system. Here, we provide a historical overview of comparative lymphatic valve anatomy together with recent efforts to define molecular pathways that contribute to lymphatic valve morphogenesis. Finally, we integrate our findings in zebrafish with previous work and highlight the benefits that this model provides for investigating lymphatic valve development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Shin
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nathan D Lawson
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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16
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Bizou M, Itier R, Majdoubi M, Abbadi D, Pichery E, Dutaur M, Marsal D, Calise D, Garmy-Susini B, Douin-Echinard V, Roncalli J, Parini A, Pizzinat N. Cardiac macrophage subsets differentially regulate lymphatic network remodeling during pressure overload. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16801. [PMID: 34413352 PMCID: PMC8376913 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95723-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic network of mammalian heart is an important regulator of interstitial fluid compartment and immune cell trafficking. We observed a remodeling of the cardiac lymphatic vessels and a reduced lymphatic efficiency during heart hypertrophy and failure induced by transverse aortic constriction. The lymphatic endothelial cell number of the failing hearts was positively correlated with cardiac function and with a subset of cardiac macrophages. This macrophage population distinguished by LYVE-1 (Lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronic acid receptor-1) and by resident macrophage gene expression signature, appeared not replenished by CCR2 mediated monocyte infiltration during pressure overload. Isolation of macrophage subpopulations showed that the LYVE-1 positive subset sustained in vitro and in vivo lymphangiogenesis through the expression of pro-lymphangiogenic factors. In contrast, the LYVE-1 negative macrophage subset strongly expressed MMP12 and decreased the endothelial LYVE-1 receptors in lymphatic endothelial cells, a feature of cardiac lymphatic remodeling in failing hearts. The treatment of mice with a CCR2 antagonist during pressure overload modified the proportion of macrophage subsets within the pathological heart and preserved lymphatic network from remodeling. This study reports unknown and differential functions of macrophage subpopulations in the regulation of cardiac lymphatic during pathological hypertrophy and may constitute a key mechanism underlying the progression of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Bizou
- I2MC, Toulouse University, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- INSERM UMR-1048, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, Bât L3, CHU Rangueil 1, Av. J. Poulhès, 31403, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Romain Itier
- I2MC, Toulouse University, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Department of Cardiology, INSERM U1048-I2MC, CARDIOMET, University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- INSERM UMR-1048, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, Bât L3, CHU Rangueil 1, Av. J. Poulhès, 31403, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Mina Majdoubi
- I2MC, Toulouse University, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- INSERM UMR-1048, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, Bât L3, CHU Rangueil 1, Av. J. Poulhès, 31403, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Dounia Abbadi
- I2MC, Toulouse University, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- INSERM UMR-1048, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, Bât L3, CHU Rangueil 1, Av. J. Poulhès, 31403, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Estelle Pichery
- I2MC, Toulouse University, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- INSERM UMR-1048, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, Bât L3, CHU Rangueil 1, Av. J. Poulhès, 31403, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Marianne Dutaur
- I2MC, Toulouse University, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- INSERM UMR-1048, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, Bât L3, CHU Rangueil 1, Av. J. Poulhès, 31403, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Dimitri Marsal
- I2MC, Toulouse University, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- INSERM UMR-1048, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, Bât L3, CHU Rangueil 1, Av. J. Poulhès, 31403, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | | | - Barbara Garmy-Susini
- I2MC, Toulouse University, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- INSERM UMR-1048, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, Bât L3, CHU Rangueil 1, Av. J. Poulhès, 31403, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Victorine Douin-Echinard
- I2MC, Toulouse University, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- INSERM UMR-1048, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, Bât L3, CHU Rangueil 1, Av. J. Poulhès, 31403, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Jérome Roncalli
- I2MC, Toulouse University, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Department of Cardiology, INSERM U1048-I2MC, CARDIOMET, University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- INSERM UMR-1048, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, Bât L3, CHU Rangueil 1, Av. J. Poulhès, 31403, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Angelo Parini
- I2MC, Toulouse University, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- INSERM UMR-1048, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, Bât L3, CHU Rangueil 1, Av. J. Poulhès, 31403, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Nathalie Pizzinat
- I2MC, Toulouse University, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
- INSERM UMR-1048, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, Bât L3, CHU Rangueil 1, Av. J. Poulhès, 31403, Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
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17
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Geng X, Ho YC, Srinivasan RS. Biochemical and mechanical signals in the lymphatic vasculature. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5903-5923. [PMID: 34240226 PMCID: PMC11072415 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03886-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic vasculature is an integral part of the cardiovascular system where it maintains interstitial fluid balance. Additionally, lymphatic vasculature regulates lipid assimilation and inflammatory response. Lymphatic vasculature is composed of lymphatic capillaries, collecting lymphatic vessels and valves that function in synergy to absorb and transport fluid against gravitational and pressure gradients. Defects in lymphatic vessels or valves leads to fluid accumulation in tissues (lymphedema), chylous ascites, chylothorax, metabolic disorders and inflammation. The past three decades of research has identified numerous molecules that are necessary for the stepwise development of lymphatic vasculature. However, approaches to treat lymphatic disorders are still limited to massages and compression bandages. Hence, better understanding of the mechanisms that regulate lymphatic vascular development and function is urgently needed to develop efficient therapies. Recent research has linked mechanical signals such as shear stress and matrix stiffness with biochemical pathways that regulate lymphatic vessel growth, patterning and maturation and valve formation. The goal of this review article is to highlight these innovative developments and speculate on unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Geng
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73013, USA
| | - Yen-Chun Ho
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73013, USA
| | - R Sathish Srinivasan
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73013, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73117, USA.
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18
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González-Loyola A, Bovay E, Kim J, Lozano TW, Sabine A, Renevey F, Arroz-Madeira S, Rapin A, Wypych TP, Rota G, Durot S, Velin D, Marsland B, Guarda G, Delorenzi M, Zamboni N, Luther SA, Petrova TV. FOXC2 controls adult lymphatic endothelial specialization, function, and gut lymphatic barrier preventing multiorgan failure. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/29/eabf4335. [PMID: 34272244 PMCID: PMC8284898 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf4335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms maintaining adult lymphatic vascular specialization throughout life and their role in coordinating inter-organ communication to sustain homeostasis remain elusive. We report that inactivation of the mechanosensitive transcription factor Foxc2 in adult lymphatic endothelium leads to a stepwise intestine-to-lung systemic failure. Foxc2 loss compromised the gut epithelial barrier, promoted dysbiosis and bacterial translocation to peripheral lymph nodes, and increased circulating levels of purine metabolites and angiopoietin-2. Commensal microbiota depletion dampened systemic pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, corrected intestinal lymphatic dysfunction, and improved survival. Foxc2 loss skewed the specialization of lymphatic endothelial subsets, leading to populations with mixed, pro-fibrotic identities and to emergence of lymph node-like endothelial cells. Our study uncovers a cross-talk between lymphatic vascular function and commensal microbiota, provides single-cell atlas of lymphatic endothelial subtypes, and reveals organ-specific and systemic effects of dysfunctional lymphatics. These effects potentially contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, or lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra González-Loyola
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
| | - Esther Bovay
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
| | - Jaeryung Kim
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
| | - Tania Wyss Lozano
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Amélie Sabine
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
| | - Francois Renevey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Arroz-Madeira
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
| | - Alexis Rapin
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Tomasz P Wypych
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Giorgia Rota
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Durot
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology ETH, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Velin
- Service of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Marsland
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Greta Guarda
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Delorenzi
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Zamboni
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology ETH, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Sanjiv A Luther
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
| | - Tatiana V Petrova
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland.
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19
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Francois M, Oszmiana A, Harvey NL. When form meets function: the cells and signals that shape the lymphatic vasculature during development. Development 2021; 148:268989. [PMID: 34080610 DOI: 10.1242/dev.167098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature is an integral component of the cardiovascular system. It is essential to maintain tissue fluid homeostasis, direct immune cell trafficking and absorb dietary lipids from the digestive tract. Major advances in our understanding of the genetic and cellular events important for constructing the lymphatic vasculature during development have recently been made. These include the identification of novel sources of lymphatic endothelial progenitor cells, the recognition of lymphatic endothelial cell specialisation and heterogeneity, and discovery of novel genes and signalling pathways underpinning developmental lymphangiogenesis. Here, we review these advances and discuss how they inform our understanding of lymphatic network formation, function and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Francois
- The David Richmond Laboratory for Cardiovascular Development: Gene Regulation and Editing Program, The Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, SOLES, 2006 Camperdown, Australia
| | - Anna Oszmiana
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide 5001, Australia
| | - Natasha L Harvey
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide 5001, Australia
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20
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Dysregulation of Amphiregulin stimulates the pathogenesis of cystic lymphangioma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2019580118. [PMID: 33941693 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2019580118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Along with blood vessels, lymphatic vessels play an important role in the circulation of body fluid and recruitment of immune cells. Postnatal lymphangiogenesis commonly occurs from preexisting lymphatic vessels by sprouting, which is induced by lymphangiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C). However, the key signals and cell types that stimulate pathological lymphangiogenesis, such as human cystic lymphangioma, are less well known. Here, we found that mouse dermal fibroblasts that infiltrate to sponges subcutaneously implanted express VEGF-D and sushi, Von Willebrand factor type A, EGF, and pentraxin domain containing 1 (SVEP1) in response to PDGFRβ signal. In vitro, Pdgfrb knockout (β-KO) fibroblasts had reduced expression of VEGF-D and SVEP1 and overproduced Amphiregulin. Dysregulation of these three factors was involved in the cyst-like and uneven distribution of lymphatic vessels observed in the β-KO mice. Similarly, in human cystic lymphangioma, which is one of the intractable diseases and mostly occurs in childhood, fibroblasts surrounding cystic lymphatics highly expressed Amphiregulin. Moreover, fibroblast-derived Amphiregulin could induce the expression of Amphiregulin in lymphatic endothelial cells. The dual source of Amphiregulin activated EGFR expressed on the lymphatic endothelial cells. This exacerbation cascade induced proliferation of lymphatic endothelial cells to form cystic lymphangioma. Ultimately, excessive Amphiregulin produced by fibroblasts surrounding lymphatics and by lymphatic endothelial cells per se results in pathogenesis of cystic lymphangioma and will be a fascinating therapeutic target of cystic lymphangioma.
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21
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Jafree DJ, Long DA, Scambler PJ, Ruhrberg C. Mechanisms and cell lineages in lymphatic vascular development. Angiogenesis 2021; 24:271-288. [PMID: 33825109 PMCID: PMC8205918 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-021-09784-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels have critical roles in both health and disease and their study is a rapidly evolving area of vascular biology. The consensus on how the first lymphatic vessels arise in the developing embryo has recently shifted. Originally, they were thought to solely derive by sprouting from veins. Since then, several studies have uncovered novel cellular mechanisms and a diversity of contributing cell lineages in the formation of organ lymphatic vasculature. Here, we review the key mechanisms and cell lineages contributing to lymphatic development, discuss the advantages and limitations of experimental techniques used for their study and highlight remaining knowledge gaps that require urgent attention. Emerging technologies should accelerate our understanding of how lymphatic vessels develop normally and how they contribute to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniyal J Jafree
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - David A Long
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Peter J Scambler
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Christiana Ruhrberg
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK.
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22
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Mechanosensation and Mechanotransduction by Lymphatic Endothelial Cells Act as Important Regulators of Lymphatic Development and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083955. [PMID: 33921229 PMCID: PMC8070425 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the function and development of the lymphatic system is expanding rapidly due to the identification of specific molecular markers and the availability of novel genetic approaches. In connection, it has been demonstrated that mechanical forces contribute to the endothelial cell fate commitment and play a critical role in influencing lymphatic endothelial cell shape and alignment by promoting sprouting, development, maturation of the lymphatic network, and coordinating lymphatic valve morphogenesis and the stabilization of lymphatic valves. However, the mechanosignaling and mechanotransduction pathways involved in these processes are poorly understood. Here, we provide an overview of the impact of mechanical forces on lymphatics and summarize the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the mechanosensation and mechanotransduction by lymphatic endothelial cells. We also discuss how these mechanosensitive pathways affect endothelial cell fate and regulate lymphatic development and function. A better understanding of these mechanisms may provide a deeper insight into the pathophysiology of various diseases associated with impaired lymphatic function, such as lymphedema and may eventually lead to the discovery of novel therapeutic targets for these conditions.
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23
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González-Loyola A, Petrova TV. Development and aging of the lymphatic vascular system. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 169:63-78. [PMID: 33316347 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature has a pivotal role in regulating body fluid homeostasis, immune surveillance and dietary fat absorption. The increasing number of in vitro and in vivo studies in the last decades has shed light on the processes of lymphatic vascular development and function. Here, we will discuss the current progress in lymphatic vascular biology such as the mechanisms of lymphangiogenesis, lymphatic vascular maturation and maintenance and the emerging mechanisms of lymphatic vascular aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra González-Loyola
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Tatiana V Petrova
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
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24
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Passos LSA, Nunes MCP, Aikawa E. Rheumatic Heart Valve Disease Pathophysiology and Underlying Mechanisms. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 7:612716. [PMID: 33537348 PMCID: PMC7848031 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.612716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatic heart valve disease (RHVD) is a post-infectious sequel of acute rheumatic fever resulting from an abnormal immune response to a streptococcal pharyngitis that triggers valvular damage. RHVD is the leading cause of cardiovascular death in children and young adults, mainly in women from low and middle-income countries. It is known that long-term inflammation and high degree of fibrosis leads to valve dysfunction due to anatomic disruption of the valve apparatus. However, since public and private investments in RHVD studies are practically inexistent the number of publications is scarce. This disease shows different natural history and clinical presentations as compared to other degenerative heart valve diseases. Although more than five decades passed after the pioneering studies on the pathogenesis of RHVD, it is still unclear how self-tolerance mechanisms fail in this disease, and how humoral and cellular inflammatory responses are interconnected. Despite that pathological mechanisms have been already proposed for RHVD, none of them are able to explain the preferential involvement of the mitral valve. This review focuses on pathophysiology and underlying mechanisms of RHVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia S A Passos
- The Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maria Carmo P Nunes
- Hospital das Clínicas e Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Elena Aikawa
- The Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Human Pathology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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25
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Frye M, Stritt S, Ortsäter H, Hernandez Vasquez M, Kaakinen M, Vicente A, Wiseman J, Eklund L, Martínez-Torrecuadrada JL, Vestweber D, Mäkinen T. EphrinB2-EphB4 signalling provides Rho-mediated homeostatic control of lymphatic endothelial cell junction integrity. eLife 2020; 9:57732. [PMID: 32897857 PMCID: PMC7478896 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial integrity is vital for homeostasis and adjusted to tissue demands. Although fluid uptake by lymphatic capillaries is a critical attribute of the lymphatic vasculature, the barrier function of collecting lymphatic vessels is also important by ensuring efficient fluid drainage as well as lymph node delivery of antigens and immune cells. Here, we identified the transmembrane ligand EphrinB2 and its receptor EphB4 as critical homeostatic regulators of collecting lymphatic vessel integrity. Conditional gene deletion in mice revealed that EphrinB2/EphB4 signalling is dispensable for blood endothelial barrier function, but required for stabilization of lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) junctions in different organs of juvenile and adult mice. Studies in primary human LECs further showed that basal EphrinB2/EphB4 signalling controls junctional localisation of the tight junction protein CLDN5 and junction stability via Rac1/Rho-mediated regulation of cytoskeletal contractility. EphrinB2/EphB4 signalling therefore provides a potential therapeutic target to selectively modulate lymphatic vessel permeability and function. Lymph vessels are thin walled tubes that, similar to blood vessels, carry white blood cells, fluids and waste. Unlike veins and arteries, however, lymph vessels do not carry red blood cells and their main function is to remove excess fluid from tissues. The cells that line vessels in the body are called endothelial cells, and they are tightly linked together by proteins to control what goes into and comes out of the vessels. The chemical, physical and mechanical signals that control the junctions between endothelial cells are often the same in different vessel types, but their effects can vary. The endothelial cells of both blood and lymph vessels have two interacting proteins on their membrane known as EphrinB2 and its receptor, EphB4. When these two proteins interact, the EphB4 receptor becomes activated, which leads to changes in the junctions that link endothelial cells together. Frye et al. examined the role of EphrinB2 and EphB4 in the lymphatic system of mice. When either EphrinB2 or EphB4 are genetically removed in newborn or adult mice, lymph vessels become disrupted, but no significant effect is observed on blood vessels. The reason for the different responses in blood and lymph vessels is unknown. The results further showed that lymphatic endothelial cells need EphB4 and EphrinB2 to be constantly interacting to maintain the integrity of the lymph vessels. Further examination of human endothelial cells grown in the laboratory revealed that this constant signalling controls the internal protein scaffold that determines a cell’s shape and integrity. Changes in the internal scaffold affect the organization of the junctions that link neighboring lymphatic endothelial cells together. The loss of signalling between EphrinB2 and EphB4 in lymph vessels reflects the increase in vessel leakage seen in response to bacterial infections and in some genetic conditions such as lymphoedema. Finding ways to control the signalling between these two proteins could help treat these conditions by developing drugs that improve endothelial cell integrity in lymph vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Frye
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala, Sweden.,University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simon Stritt
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henrik Ortsäter
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Andres Vicente
- Lymphatic Development Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Wiseman
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lauri Eklund
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Oulu Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | - Taija Mäkinen
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala, Sweden
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26
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The Emerging Role of PPAR Beta/Delta in Tumor Angiogenesis. PPAR Res 2020; 2020:3608315. [PMID: 32855630 PMCID: PMC7443046 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3608315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PPARs are ligand-activated transcriptional factors that belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily. Among them, PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma are prone to exert an antiangiogenic effect, whereas PPAR beta/delta has an opposite effect in physiological and pathological conditions. Angiogenesis has been known as a hallmark of cancer, and our recent works also demonstrate that vascular-specific PPAR beta/delta overexpression promotes tumor angiogenesis and progression in vivo. In this review, we will mainly focus on the role of PPAR beta/delta in tumor angiogenesis linked to the tumor microenvironment to further facilitate tumor progression and metastasis. Moreover, the crosstalk between PPAR beta/delta and its downstream key signal molecules involved in tumor angiogenesis will also be discussed, and the network of interplay between them will further be established in the review.
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27
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Oliver G, Kipnis J, Randolph GJ, Harvey NL. The Lymphatic Vasculature in the 21 st Century: Novel Functional Roles in Homeostasis and Disease. Cell 2020; 182:270-296. [PMID: 32707093 PMCID: PMC7392116 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mammals have two specialized vascular circulatory systems: the blood vasculature and the lymphatic vasculature. The lymphatic vasculature is a unidirectional conduit that returns filtered interstitial arterial fluid and tissue metabolites to the blood circulation. It also plays major roles in immune cell trafficking and lipid absorption. As we discuss in this review, the molecular characterization of lymphatic vascular development and our understanding of this vasculature's role in pathophysiological conditions has greatly improved in recent years, changing conventional views about the roles of the lymphatic vasculature in health and disease. Morphological or functional defects in the lymphatic vasculature have now been uncovered in several pathological conditions. We propose that subtle asymptomatic alterations in lymphatic vascular function could underlie the variability seen in the body's response to a wide range of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Oliver
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Natasha L Harvey
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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28
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Petrova TV, Koh GY. Biological functions of lymphatic vessels. Science 2020; 369:369/6500/eaax4063. [PMID: 32646971 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax4063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The general functions of lymphatic vessels in fluid transport and immunosurveillance are well recognized. However, accumulating evidence indicates that lymphatic vessels play active and versatile roles in a tissue- and organ-specific manner during homeostasis and in multiple disease processes. This Review discusses recent advances to understand previously unidentified functions of adult mammalian lymphatic vessels, including immunosurveillance and immunomodulation upon pathogen invasion, transport of dietary fat, drainage of cerebrospinal fluid and aqueous humor, possible contributions toward neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases, and response to anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana V Petrova
- Department of Oncology and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Chemin des Boveresses 155 CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Gou Young Koh
- Center for Vascular Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea. .,Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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29
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Davis MJ, Kim HJ, Zawieja SD, Castorena-Gonzalez JA, Gui P, Li M, Saunders BT, Zinselmeyer BH, Randolph GJ, Remedi MS, Nichols CG. Kir6.1-dependent K ATP channels in lymphatic smooth muscle and vessel dysfunction in mice with Kir6.1 gain-of-function. J Physiol 2020; 598:3107-3127. [PMID: 32372450 DOI: 10.1113/jp279612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Spontaneous contractions are essential for normal lymph transport and these contractions are exquisitely sensitive to the KATP channel activator pinacidil. KATP channel Kir6.1 and SUR2B subunits are expressed in mouse lymphatic smooth muscle (LSM) and form functional KATP channels as verified by electrophysiological techniques. Global deletion of Kir6.1 or SUR2 subunits results in severely impaired lymphatic contractile responses to pinacidil. Smooth muscle-specific expression of Kir6.1 gain-of-function mutant (GoF) subunits results in profound lymphatic contractile dysfunction and LSM hyperpolarization that is partially rescued by the KATP inhibitor glibenclamide. In contrast, lymphatic endothelial-specific expression of Kir6.1 GoF has essentially no effect on lymphatic contractile function. The high sensitivity of LSM to KATP channel GoF offers an explanation for the lymphoedema observed in patients with Cantú syndrome, a disorder caused by gain-of-function mutations in genes encoding Kir6.1 or SUR2, and suggests that glibenclamide may be an appropriate therapeutic agent. ABSTRACT This study aimed to understand the functional expression of KATP channel subunits in distinct lymphatic cell types, and assess the consequences of altered KATP channel activity on lymphatic pump function. KATP channel subunits Kir6.1 and SUR2B were expressed in mouse lymphatic muscle by PCR, but only Kir6.1 was expressed in lymphatic endothelium. Spontaneous contractions of popliteal lymphatics from wild-type (WT) (C57BL/6J) mice, assessed by pressure myography, were very sensitive to inhibition by the SUR2-specific KATP channel activator pinacidil, which hyperpolarized both mouse and human lymphatic smooth muscle (LSM). In vessels from mice with deletion of Kir6.1 (Kir6.1-/- ) or SUR2 (SUR2[STOP]) subunits, contractile parameters were not significantly different from those of WT vessels, suggesting that basal KATP channel activity in LSM is not an essential component of the lymphatic pacemaker, and does not exert a strong influence over contractile strength. However, these vessels were >100-fold less sensitive than WT vessels to pinacidil. Smooth muscle-specific expression of a Kir6.1 gain-of-function (GoF) subunit resulted in severely impaired lymphatic contractions and hyperpolarized LSM. Membrane potential and contractile activity was partially restored by the KATP channel inhibitor glibenclamide. In contrast, lymphatic endothelium-specific expression of Kir6.1 GoF subunits had negligible effects on lymphatic contraction frequency or amplitude. Our results demonstrate a high sensitivity of lymphatic contractility to KATP channel activators through activation of Kir6.1/SUR2-dependent channels in LSM. In addition, they offer an explanation for the lymphoedema observed in patients with Cantú syndrome, a disorder caused by gain-of-function mutations in genes encoding Kir6.1/SUR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Davis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Hae Jin Kim
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Scott D Zawieja
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Jorge A Castorena-Gonzalez
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Peichun Gui
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Min Li
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Brian T Saunders
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Bernd H Zinselmeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Maria S Remedi
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Colin G Nichols
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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Kataru RP, Park HJ, Baik JE, Li C, Shin J, Mehrara BJ. Regulation of Lymphatic Function in Obesity. Front Physiol 2020; 11:459. [PMID: 32499718 PMCID: PMC7242657 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system has many functions, including macromolecules transport, fat absorption, regulation and modulation of adaptive immune responses, clearance of inflammatory cytokines, and cholesterol metabolism. Thus, it is evident that lymphatic function can play a key role in the regulation of a wide array of biologic phenomenon, and that physiologic changes that alter lymphatic function may have profound pathologic effects. Recent studies have shown that obesity can markedly impair lymphatic function. Obesity-induced pathologic changes in the lymphatic system result, at least in part, from the accumulation of inflammatory cells around lymphatic vessel leading to impaired lymphatic collecting vessel pumping capacity, leaky initial and collecting lymphatics, alterations in lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) gene expression, and degradation of junctional proteins. These changes are important since impaired lymphatic function in obesity may contribute to the pathology of obesity in other organ systems in a feed-forward manner by increasing low-grade tissue inflammation and the accumulation of inflammatory cytokines. More importantly, recent studies have suggested that interventions that inhibit inflammatory responses, either pharmacologically or by lifestyle modifications such as aerobic exercise and weight loss, improve lymphatic function and metabolic parameters in obese mice. The purpose of this review is to summarize the pathologic effects of obesity on the lymphatic system, the cellular mechanisms that regulate these responses, the effects of impaired lymphatic function on metabolic syndrome in obesity, and the interventions that may improve lymphatic function in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu P Kataru
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hyeong Ju Park
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jung Eun Baik
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Claire Li
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jinyeon Shin
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Babak J Mehrara
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
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31
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Engelbrecht E, Levesque MV, He L, Vanlandewijck M, Nitzsche A, Niazi H, Kuo A, Singh SA, Aikawa M, Holton K, Proia RL, Kono M, Pu WT, Camerer E, Betsholtz C, Hla T. Sphingosine 1-phosphate-regulated transcriptomes in heterogenous arterial and lymphatic endothelium of the aorta. eLife 2020; 9:52690. [PMID: 32091396 PMCID: PMC7054001 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the medical importance of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), in vivo cellular heterogeneity of GPCR signaling and downstream transcriptional responses are not understood. We report the comprehensive characterization of transcriptomes (bulk and single-cell) and chromatin domains regulated by sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor-1 (S1PR1) in adult mouse aortic endothelial cells. First, S1PR1 regulates NFκB and nuclear glucocorticoid receptor pathways to suppress inflammation-related mRNAs. Second, S1PR1 signaling in the heterogenous endothelial cell (EC) subtypes occurs at spatially-distinct areas of the aorta. For example, a transcriptomically distinct arterial EC population at vascular branch points (aEC1) exhibits ligand-independent S1PR1/ß-arrestin coupling. In contrast, circulatory S1P-dependent S1PR1/ß-arrestin coupling was observed in non-branch point aEC2 cells that exhibit an inflammatory gene expression signature. Moreover, S1P/S1PR1 signaling regulates the expression of lymphangiogenic and inflammation-related transcripts in an adventitial lymphatic EC (LEC) population in a ligand-dependent manner. These insights add resolution to existing concepts of endothelial heterogeneity, GPCR signaling and S1P biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Engelbrecht
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Deapartment of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Michel V Levesque
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Deapartment of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Liqun He
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Karolinska Institutet/AstraZeneca Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre (KI/AZ ICMC), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Michael Vanlandewijck
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Karolinska Institutet/AstraZeneca Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre (KI/AZ ICMC), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Anja Nitzsche
- Université de Paris, INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Hira Niazi
- Université de Paris, INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Andrew Kuo
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Deapartment of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Sasha A Singh
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Kristina Holton
- Harvard Medical School Research Computing, Boston, United States
| | - Richard L Proia
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Mari Kono
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - William T Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Eric Camerer
- Université de Paris, INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Karolinska Institutet/AstraZeneca Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre (KI/AZ ICMC), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Timothy Hla
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Deapartment of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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32
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Henderson AR, Choi H, Lee E. Blood and Lymphatic Vasculatures On-Chip Platforms and Their Applications for Organ-Specific In Vitro Modeling. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E147. [PMID: 32013154 PMCID: PMC7074693 DOI: 10.3390/mi11020147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The human circulatory system is divided into two complementary and different systems, the cardiovascular and the lymphatic system. The cardiovascular system is mainly concerned with providing nutrients to the body via blood and transporting wastes away from the tissues to be released from the body. The lymphatic system focuses on the transport of fluid, cells, and lipid from interstitial tissue spaces to lymph nodes and, ultimately, to the cardiovascular system, as well as helps coordinate interstitial fluid and lipid homeostasis and immune responses. In addition to having distinct structures from each other, each system also has organ-specific variations throughout the body and both systems play important roles in maintaining homeostasis. Dysfunction of either system leads to devastating and potentially fatal diseases, warranting accurate models of both blood and lymphatic vessels for better studies. As these models also require physiological flow (luminal and interstitial), extracellular matrix conditions, dimensionality, chemotactic biochemical gradient, and stiffness, to better reflect in vivo, three dimensional (3D) microfluidic (on-a-chip) devices are promising platforms to model human physiology and pathology. In this review, we discuss the heterogeneity of both blood and lymphatic vessels, as well as current in vitro models. We, then, explore the organ-specific features of each system with examples in the gut and the brain and the implications of dysfunction of either vasculature in these organs. We close the review with discussions on current in vitro models for specific diseases with an emphasis on on-chip techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aria R. Henderson
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | - Hyoann Choi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | - Esak Lee
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
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33
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Jafree DJ, Moulding D, Kolatsi-Joannou M, Perretta Tejedor N, Price KL, Milmoe NJ, Walsh CL, Correra RM, Winyard PJ, Harris PC, Ruhrberg C, Walker-Samuel S, Riley PR, Woolf AS, Scambler PJ, Long DA. Spatiotemporal dynamics and heterogeneity of renal lymphatics in mammalian development and cystic kidney disease. eLife 2019; 8:48183. [PMID: 31808745 PMCID: PMC6948954 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity of lymphatic vessels during embryogenesis is critical for organ-specific lymphatic function. Little is known about lymphatics in the developing kidney, despite their established roles in pathology of the mature organ. We performed three-dimensional imaging to characterize lymphatic vessel formation in the mammalian embryonic kidney at single-cell resolution. In mouse, we visually and quantitatively assessed the development of kidney lymphatic vessels, remodeling from a ring-like anastomosis under the nascent renal pelvis; a site of VEGF-C expression, to form a patent vascular plexus. We identified a heterogenous population of lymphatic endothelial cell clusters in mouse and human embryonic kidneys. Exogenous VEGF-C expanded the lymphatic population in explanted mouse embryonic kidneys. Finally, we characterized complex kidney lymphatic abnormalities in a genetic mouse model of polycystic kidney disease. Our study provides novel insights into the development of kidney lymphatic vasculature; a system which likely has fundamental roles in renal development, physiology and disease. In most organs in the body, fluid tends to build up in the spaces between cells, especially if the organs become inflamed. Each organ has a ‘waste disposal system’; a set of specialized tubes called lymphatic vessels, to clear away this excess fluid and keep a check on inflammation. Defects in these tubes have been linked to a wide range of diseases including heart attacks, obesity, dementia and cancer. The kidneys are responsible for filtering blood and balancing many of the body’s chemical processes. Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is the most common genetic kidney disorder and it results in cysts filled with fluid building up in the kidney. The growth of cysts in PKD may be due to a problem with the lymphatic vessels. However, compared to other organs, how lymphatic vessels first form within the kidney and what they do is not well understood. Now, Jafree et al. have used three-dimensional imaging to study how lymphatic vessels form in the kidneys of mice and humans. The experiments showed that lymphatic vessels first appear when mouse kidneys are about half developed, and start to grow rapidly when the kidneys are thought to begin filtering blood. Clusters of cells that may help lymphatic vessels to grow were also found hidden deep within the kidneys of mouse embryos. Treating the kidneys with a factor that stimulates the growth of lymphatic vessels increased the numbers of these clusters. Jafree et al. found similar clusters of cells in human kidneys, suggesting that lymphatic vessels in the kidneys of different mammals may develop in the same way. Further experiments showed that the lymphatic vessels of kidneys in mice with PKD become distorted early on in the disease, when cysts are still small and before the mice develop symptoms. In the future, identifying drugs that target kidney lymphatic vessels may lead to more effective treatments for patients with PKD and other kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniyal J Jafree
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,MB/PhD Programme, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dale Moulding
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Kolatsi-Joannou
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nuria Perretta Tejedor
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karen L Price
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie J Milmoe
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire L Walsh
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosa Maria Correra
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Jd Winyard
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter C Harris
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States
| | - Christiana Ruhrberg
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Walker-Samuel
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R Riley
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian S Woolf
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Scambler
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David A Long
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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34
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O'Melia MJ, Lund AW, Thomas SN. The Biophysics of Lymphatic Transport: Engineering Tools and Immunological Consequences. iScience 2019; 22:28-43. [PMID: 31739172 PMCID: PMC6864335 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels mediate fluid flows that affect antigen distribution and delivery, lymph node stromal remodeling, and cell-cell interactions, to thus regulate immune activation. Here we review the functional role of lymphatic transport and lymph node biomechanics in immunity. We present experimental tools that enable quantitative analysis of lymphatic transport and lymph node dynamics in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we discuss the current understanding for how changes in lymphatic transport and lymph node biomechanics contribute to pathogenesis of conditions including cancer, aging, neurodegeneration, and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan J O'Melia
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Amanda W Lund
- Departments of Cell Developmental Cancer Biology, Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, and Dermatology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 2720 SW Moody Avenue, KR-CDCB, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Susan N Thomas
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, 315 Ferst Dr NW, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, 801 Ferst Dr NW, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; Winship Cancer Institute, 1365 Clifton Rd, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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35
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Liang Q, Zhang L, Wood RW, Ji RC, Boyce BF, Schwarz EM, Wang Y, Xing L. Avian Reticuloendotheliosis Viral Oncogene Related B Regulates Lymphatic Endothelial Cells during Vessel Maturation and Is Required for Lymphatic Vessel Function in Adult Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:2516-2530. [PMID: 31539516 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
NF-κB signals through canonical transcription factor p65 (RelA)/p50 and noncanonical avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene related B (RelB)/p52 pathways. The RelA/p50 is involved in basal and inflammatory lymphangiogenesis. However, the role of RelB/p52 in lymphatic vessel biology is unknown. Herein, we investigated changes in lymphatic vessels (LVs) in mice deficient in noncanonical NF-κB signaling and the function of RelB in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). LVs were examined in Relb-/-, p52-/-, or control mice, and the gene expression profiles in LECs with RelB knockdown. Relb-/-, but not p52-/-, mice exhibited multiple LV abnormalities. They include the following: i) increased capillary vessel diameter, ii) reduced smooth muscle cell (SMC) coverage of mature vessels, iii) leakage, and iv) loss of active and passive lymphatic flow. Relb-/- mature LVs had thinner vessel walls, more apoptotic LECs and SMCs, and fewer LEC junctions. RelB knockdown LECs had decreased growth, survival, and adhesion, and dysregulated signaling pathways involving these cellular events. These results suggest that Relb-/- mice have abnormal LVs, mainly in mature vessels with reduced SMC coverage, leakage, and loss of contractions. RelB knockdown in LECs leads to reduced growth, survival, and adhesion. RelB plays a vital role in LEC-mediated LV maturation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Liang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York; Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York; Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ronald W Wood
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Urology, and Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | | | - Brendan F Boyce
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York; Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Edward M Schwarz
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lianping Xing
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York; Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.
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36
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Bovay E, Sabine A, Prat-Luri B, Kim S, Son K, Willrodt AH, Olsson C, Halin C, Kiefer F, Betsholtz C, Jeon NL, Luther SA, Petrova TV. Multiple roles of lymphatic vessels in peripheral lymph node development. J Exp Med 2018; 215:2760-2777. [PMID: 30355615 PMCID: PMC6219737 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This work shows how blood and lymphatic vessels contribute to lymph node organogenesis. Both vessel types transport lymphoid tissue inducer cells, while lymphatics also generate interstitial flow, important for mechanical stromal activation and further lymph node expansion. The mammalian lymphatic system consists of strategically located lymph nodes (LNs) embedded into a lymphatic vascular network. Mechanisms underlying development of this highly organized system are not fully understood. Using high-resolution imaging, we show that lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells initially transmigrate from veins at LN development sites using gaps in venous mural coverage. This process is independent of lymphatic vasculature, but lymphatic vessels are indispensable for the transport of LTi cells that egress from blood capillaries elsewhere and serve as an essential LN expansion reservoir. At later stages, lymphatic collecting vessels ensure efficient LTi cell transport and formation of the LN capsule and subcapsular sinus. Perinodal lymphatics also promote local interstitial flow, which cooperates with lymphotoxin-β signaling to amplify stromal CXCL13 production and thereby promote LTi cell retention. Our data unify previous models of LN development by showing that lymphatics intervene at multiple points to assist LN expansion and identify a new role for mechanical forces in LN development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Bovay
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Amélie Sabine
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Borja Prat-Luri
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Sudong Kim
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmin Son
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Cecilia Olsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cornelia Halin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Friedemann Kiefer
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.,European Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Noo Li Jeon
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanjiv A Luther
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Tatiana V Petrova
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland .,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Division of Experimental Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
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37
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He L, McCluskey LP. Regression of Lingual Lymphatic Vessels in Sodium-restricted Mice. J Histochem Cytochem 2018; 66:377-384. [PMID: 29268631 PMCID: PMC5958353 DOI: 10.1369/0022155417749173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessel networks can expand and regress, with consequences for interstitial fluid drainage and nutrient supply to tissues, inflammation, and tumor spread. A diet high in sodium stimulates hyperplasia of cutaneous lymphatic capillaries. We hypothesized that dietary sodium restriction would have the opposite effect, shrinking lymphatic capillaries in the tongue. Lingual lymphatic capillary density and size was significantly reduced in mice fed a low-sodium diet (0.03%) for 3 weeks compared with control-fed mice. Blood vessel density was unchanged. Despite lymphatic capillary shrinkage, lingual edema was not observed. The effect on lymphatic capillaries was reversible, as lymphatic density and size in the tongue were restored by 3 weeks on a control diet. Lymphatic hyperplasia induced by a high-sodium diet is dependent on infiltrating macrophages. However, lingual CD68+ macrophage density was unchanged by sodium deficiency, indicating that distinct mechanisms may mediate lymphatic regression. Further studies are needed to test whether dietary sodium restriction is an effective, non-invasive co-therapy for oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianying He
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Lynnette Phillips McCluskey
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
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38
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