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Higgs VE, Das RM. Establishing neuronal polarity: microtubule regulation during neurite initiation. OXFORD OPEN NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 1:kvac007. [PMID: 38596701 PMCID: PMC10913830 DOI: 10.1093/oons/kvac007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The initiation of nascent projections, or neurites, from the neuronal cell body is the first stage in the formation of axons and dendrites, and thus a critical step in the establishment of neuronal architecture and nervous system development. Neurite formation relies on the polarized remodelling of microtubules, which dynamically direct and reinforce cell shape, and provide tracks for cargo transport and force generation. Within neurons, microtubule behaviour and structure are tightly controlled by an array of regulatory factors. Although microtubule regulation in the later stages of axon development is relatively well understood, how microtubules are regulated during neurite initiation is rarely examined. Here, we discuss how factors that direct microtubule growth, remodelling, stability and positioning influence neurite formation. In addition, we consider microtubule organization by the centrosome and modulation by the actin and intermediate filament networks to provide an up-to-date picture of this vital stage in neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E Higgs
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Raman M Das
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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2
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Zhao AJ, Montes-Laing J, Perry WMG, Shiratori M, Merfeld E, Rogers SL, Applewhite DA. The Drosophila spectraplakin Short stop regulates focal adhesion dynamics by crosslinking microtubules and actin. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar19. [PMID: 35235367 PMCID: PMC9282009 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-09-0434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The spectraplakin family of proteins includes ACF7/MACF1 and BPAG1/dystonin in mammals, VAB-10 in Caenorhabditis elegans, Magellan in zebrafish, and Short stop (Shot), the sole Drosophila member. Spectraplakins are giant cytoskeletal proteins that cross-link actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments, coordinating the activity of the entire cytoskeleton. We examined the role of Shot during cell migration using two systems: the in vitro migration of Drosophila tissue culture cells and in vivo through border cell migration. RNA interference (RNAi) depletion of Shot increases the rate of random cell migration in Drosophila tissue culture cells as well as the rate of wound closure during scratch-wound assays. This increase in cell migration prompted us to analyze focal adhesion dynamics. We found that the rates of focal adhesion assembly and disassembly were faster in Shot-depleted cells, leading to faster adhesion turnover that could underlie the increased migration speeds. This regulation of focal adhesion dynamics may be dependent on Shot being in an open confirmation. Using Drosophila border cells as an in vivo model for cell migration, we found that RNAi depletion led to precocious border cell migration. Collectively, these results suggest that spectraplakins not only function to cross-link the cytoskeleton but may regulate cell–matrix adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Zhao
- Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Boulevard, Portland, OR 97202, USA
| | - Julia Montes-Laing
- Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Boulevard, Portland, OR 97202, USA
| | - Wick M G Perry
- Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Boulevard, Portland, OR 97202, USA
| | - Mari Shiratori
- Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Boulevard, Portland, OR 97202, USA
| | - Emily Merfeld
- Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Boulevard, Portland, OR 97202, USA
| | - Stephen L Rogers
- Department of Biology & Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 3280, 422 Fordham Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Derek A Applewhite
- Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Boulevard, Portland, OR 97202, USA
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3
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de la Ballina NR, Villalba A, Cao A. Shotgun analysis to identify differences in protein expression between granulocytes and hyalinocytes of the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:678-691. [PMID: 34748932 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Recovery of wild populations of the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis is important for ecosystem health and conservation of this species, because native oyster populations have dramatically declined or disappeared in most European waters. Diseases have contributed to oyster decline and are important constrains for oyster recovery. Understanding oyster immune system should contribute to design effective strategies to fight oyster diseases. Haemocytes play a pivotal role in mollusc immune responses protecting from infection. Two main types of haemocytes, granulocytes and hyalinocytes, are distinguished in O. edulis. A study aiming to explore differential functions between both haemocyte types and, thus, to enrich the knowledge of Ostrea edulis immune system, was performed by comparing the proteome of the two haemolymph cell types, using a shotgun approach through liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS). Cells from oyster haemolymph were differentially separated by Percoll density gradient centrifugation. Shotgun LC-MS/MS performance allowed the identification of 145 proteins in hyalinocytes and 138 in the proteome of granulocytes. After a comparative analysis, 55 proteins with main roles in defence were identified, from which 28 were representative of granulocytes and 27 of hyalinocytes, plus 11 proteins shared by both cell types. Different proteins involved in signal transduction, apoptosis, oxidative response, processes related with the cytoskeleton and structure, recognition and wound healing were identified as representatives of each haemocyte type. Important signalling pathways in the immune response such as MAPK, Ras and NF-κβ seemed to be more relevant for granulocytes, while the Wnt signalling pathway, particularly relevant for wound healing, more relevant in hyalinocytes. The differences in proteins involved in recognition and in cytoskeleton and structure suggest differential specialisation in processes of phagocytosis and internalisation of pathogens between haemocyte types. Apoptosis seemed more active in granulocytes. The differences in proteins involved in oxidative response also suggest different redox processes in each cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria R de la Ballina
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, 36620, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
| | - Antonio Villalba
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, 36620, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Spain.
| | - Asunción Cao
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, 36620, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
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4
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Lu W, Lakonishok M, Gelfand VI. Gatekeeper function for Short stop at the ring canals of the Drosophila ovary. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3207-3220.e4. [PMID: 34089646 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Growth of the Drosophila oocyte requires transport of cytoplasmic materials from the interconnected sister cells (nurse cells) through ring canals, the cytoplasmic bridges that remained open after incomplete germ cell division. Given the open nature of the ring canals, it is unclear how the direction of transport through the ring canal is controlled. In this work, we show that a single Drosophila spectraplakin Short stop (Shot) controls the direction of flow from nurse cells to the oocyte. Knockdown of shot changes the direction of transport through the ring canals from unidirectional (toward the oocyte) to bidirectional. After shot knockdown, the oocyte stops growing, resulting in a characteristic small oocyte phenotype. In agreement with this transport-directing function of Shot, we find that it is localized at the asymmetric actin baskets on the nurse cell side of the ring canals. In wild-type egg chambers, microtubules localized in the ring canals have uniform polarity (minus ends toward the oocyte), while in the absence of Shot, these microtubules have mixed polarity. Together, we propose that Shot functions as a gatekeeper directing transport from nurse cells to the oocyte via the organization of microtubule tracks to facilitate the transport driven by the minus-end-directed microtubule motor cytoplasmic dynein. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Lu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Margot Lakonishok
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Vladimir I Gelfand
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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5
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Ricolo D, Castro-Ribera J, Araújo SJ. Cytoskeletal players in single-cell branching morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2021; 477:22-34. [PMID: 34004181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Branching networks are a very common feature of multicellular animals and underlie the formation and function of numerous organs including the nervous system, the respiratory system, the vasculature and many internal glands. These networks range from subcellular structures such as dendritic trees to large multicellular tissues such as the lungs. The production of branched structures by single cells, so called subcellular branching, which has been better described in neurons and in cells of the respiratory and vascular systems, involves complex cytoskeletal remodelling events. In Drosophila, tracheal system terminal cells (TCs) and nervous system dendritic arborisation (da) neurons are good model systems for these subcellular branching processes. During development, the generation of subcellular branches by single-cells is characterized by extensive remodelling of the microtubule (MT) network and actin cytoskeleton, followed by vesicular transport and membrane dynamics. In this review, we describe the current knowledge on cytoskeletal regulation of subcellular branching, based on the terminal cells of the Drosophila tracheal system, but drawing parallels with dendritic branching and vertebrate vascular subcellular branching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Ricolo
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Castro-Ribera
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sofia J Araújo
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain.
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6
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Cusseddu R, Robert A, Côté JF. Strength Through Unity: The Power of the Mega-Scaffold MACF1. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:641727. [PMID: 33816492 PMCID: PMC8012552 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.641727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The tight coordination of diverse cytoskeleton elements is required to support several dynamic cellular processes involved in development and tissue homeostasis. The spectraplakin-family of proteins are composed of multiple domains that provide versatility to connect different components of the cytoskeleton, including the actin microfilaments, microtubules and intermediates filaments. Spectraplakins act as orchestrators of precise cytoskeletal dynamic events. In this review, we focus on the prototypical spectraplakin MACF1, a protein scaffold of more than 700 kDa that coordinates the crosstalk between actin microfilaments and microtubules to support cell-cell connections, cell polarity, vesicular transport, proliferation, and cell migration. We will review over two decades of research aimed at understanding the molecular, physiological and pathological roles of MACF1, with a focus on its roles in developmental and cancer. A deeper understanding of MACF1 is currently limited by technical challenges associated to the study of such a large protein and we discuss ideas to advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Cusseddu
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Molecular Biology Programs, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Amélie Robert
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-François Côté
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Molecular Biology Programs, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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7
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Pinto-Costa R, Sousa MM. Microtubules, actin and cytolinkers: how to connect cytoskeletons in the neuronal growth cone. Neurosci Lett 2021; 747:135693. [PMID: 33529653 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cytolinkers ensure the integration of the different cytoskeleton components in the neuronal growth cone during development and in the course of axon regeneration. In neurons, an integrated skeleton guarantees appropriate function, and connectivity of high order circuits. Over the past years, several cytoskeleton regulatory proteins with actin-microtubule crosslinking activity have been identified. In neurons, the importance of spectrins, formins and other cytolinkers capable of coupling actin and microtubules has been extensively highlighted during axon outgrowth and guidance. In this Review, we discuss the current knowledge on cytolinkers specifically expressed in the neuronal growth cone of developing and regenerating axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Pinto-Costa
- Nerve Regeneration Group, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Monica Mendes Sousa
- Nerve Regeneration Group, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
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8
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Ricolo D, Araujo SJ. Coordinated crosstalk between microtubules and actin by a spectraplakin regulates lumen formation and branching. eLife 2020; 9:61111. [PMID: 33112231 PMCID: PMC7661041 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Subcellular lumen formation by single-cells involves complex cytoskeletal remodelling. We have previously shown that centrosomes are key players in the initiation of subcellular lumen formation in Drosophila melanogaster, but not much is known on the what leads to the growth of these subcellular luminal branches or makes them progress through a particular trajectory within the cytoplasm. Here, we have identified that the spectraplakin Short-stop (Shot) promotes the crosstalk between MTs and actin, which leads to the extension and guidance of the subcellular lumen within the tracheal terminal cell (TC) cytoplasm. Shot is enriched in cells undergoing the initial steps of subcellular branching as a direct response to FGF signalling. An excess of Shot induces ectopic acentrosomal luminal branching points in the embryonic and larval tracheal TC leading to cells with extra-subcellular lumina. These data provide the first evidence for a role for spectraplakins in single-cell lumen formation and branching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Ricolo
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sofia J Araujo
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Lynch-Godrei A, De Repentigny Y, Yaworski RA, Gagnon S, Butcher J, Manoogian J, Stintzi A, Kothary R. Characterization of gastrointestinal pathologies in the dystonia musculorum mouse model for hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type VI. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13773. [PMID: 31814231 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dystonia musculorum (Dstdt ) is a murine disease caused by recessive mutations in the dystonin (Dst) gene. Loss of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons, ataxia, and dystonic postures before death by postnatal day 18 (P18) is a hallmark feature. Recently we observed gas accumulation and discoloration in the small intestine and cecum in Dstdt mice by P15. The human disease resulting from dystonin loss-of-function, known as hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type VI (HSAN-VI), has also been associated with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms including chronic diarrhea and abdominal pain. As neuronal dystonin isoforms are expressed in the GI tract, we hypothesized that dystonin loss-of-function in Dstdt-27J enteric nervous system (ENS) neurons resulted in neurodegeneration associated with the GI abnormalities. METHODS We characterized the nature of the GI abnormalities observed in Dstdt mice through histological analysis of the gut, assessing the ENS for signs of neurodegeneration, evaluation of GI motility and absorption, and by profiling the microbiome. KEY RESULTS Though gut histology, ENS viability, and GI absorption were normal, slowed GI motility, thinning of the colon mucous layer, and reduced microbial richness/evenness were apparent in Dstdt-27J mice by P15. Parasympathetic GI input showed signs of neurodegeneration, while sympathetic did not. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Dstdt-27J GI defects are not linked to ENS neurodegeneration, but are likely a result of an imbalance in autonomic control over the gut. Further characterization of HSAN-VI patient GI symptoms is necessary to determine potential treatments targeting symptom relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Lynch-Godrei
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Yves De Repentigny
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rebecca A Yaworski
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sabrina Gagnon
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - James Butcher
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Juliana Manoogian
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Alain Stintzi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rashmi Kothary
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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10
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Green KJ, Jaiganesh A, Broussard JA. Desmosomes: Essential contributors to an integrated intercellular junction network. F1000Res 2019; 8. [PMID: 31942240 PMCID: PMC6944264 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.20942.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of adhesive connections between cells was critical for the evolution of multicellularity and for organizing cells into complex organs with discrete compartments. Four types of intercellular junction are present in vertebrates: desmosomes, adherens junctions, tight junctions, and gap junctions. All are essential for the development of the embryonic layers and organs as well as adult tissue homeostasis. While each junction type is defined as a distinct entity, it is now clear that they cooperate physically and functionally to create a robust and functionally diverse system. During evolution, desmosomes first appeared in vertebrates as highly specialized regions at the plasma membrane that couple the intermediate filament cytoskeleton at points of strong cell–cell adhesion. Here, we review how desmosomes conferred new mechanical and signaling properties to vertebrate cells and tissues through their interactions with the existing junctional and cytoskeletal network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen J Green
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Avinash Jaiganesh
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joshua A Broussard
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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11
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van de Willige D, Hummel JJ, Alkemade C, Kahn OI, Au FK, Qi RZ, Dogterom M, Koenderink GH, Hoogenraad CC, Akhmanova A. Cytolinker Gas2L1 regulates axon morphology through microtubule-modulated actin stabilization. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e47732. [PMID: 31486213 PMCID: PMC6831992 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201947732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Crosstalk between the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons underlies cellular morphogenesis. Interactions between actin filaments and microtubules are particularly important for establishing the complex polarized morphology of neurons. Here, we characterized the neuronal function of growth arrest‐specific 2‐like 1 (Gas2L1), a protein that can directly bind to actin, microtubules and microtubule plus‐end‐tracking end binding proteins. We found that Gas2L1 promotes axon branching, but restricts axon elongation in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Using pull‐down experiments and in vitro reconstitution assays, in which purified Gas2L1 was combined with actin and dynamic microtubules, we demonstrated that Gas2L1 is autoinhibited. This autoinhibition is relieved by simultaneous binding to actin filaments and microtubules. In neurons, Gas2L1 primarily localizes to the actin cytoskeleton and functions as an actin stabilizer. The microtubule‐binding tail region of Gas2L1 directs its actin‐stabilizing activity towards the axon. We propose that Gas2L1 acts as an actin regulator, the function of which is spatially modulated by microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieudonnée van de Willige
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica Ja Hummel
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Celine Alkemade
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.,Living Matter Department, AMOLF, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olga I Kahn
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Franco Kc Au
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Robert Z Qi
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Marileen Dogterom
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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12
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King SA, Liu H, Wu X. Biomedical potential of mammalian spectraplakin proteins: Progress and prospect. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:1313-1322. [PMID: 31398993 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219864920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is an essential element of a eukaryotic cell which informs both form and function and ultimately has physiological consequences for the organism. Equally as important as the major cytoskeletal networks are crosslinkers which coordinate and regulate their activities. One such category of crosslinker is the spectraplakins, a family of giant, evolutionarily conserved crosslinking proteins with the rare ability to interact with each of the three major cytoskeletal networks. In particular, a mammalian spectraplakin isotype called MACF1 (microtubule actin crosslinking factor 1), also known as ACF7 (actin crosslinking factor 7), has been of particular interest in the years since its discovery; MACF1 has come under such scrutiny due to the mounting list of biological phenomena in which it has been implicated. This review is an overview of the current knowledge on the structure and function of the known spectraplakin isotypes with an emphasis on MACF1, recent studies on MACF1, and finally, an analysis of the potential of MACF1 to advance medicine. Impact statement Spectraplakins are a highly conserved group of proteins which have the rare ability to bind to each of the three major cytoskeletal networks. The mammalian spectraplakin MACF1/ACF7 has proven to be instrumental in many cellular processes (e.g. signaling and cell migration) since its identification and, as such, has been the focus of various research studies. This review is a synthesis of scientific reports on the structure, confirmed functions, and implicated roles of MACF1/ACF7 as of 2019. Based on what has been revealed thus far in terms of MACF1/ACF7’s role in complex pathologies such as metastatic cancers and inflammatory bowel disease, it appears that MACF1/ACF7 and the continued study thereof hold great potential to both enhance the design of future therapies for various diseases and vastly expand scientific understanding of organismal physiology as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A King
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Han Liu
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wu
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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13
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Proteomics reveals a set of highly enriched proteins in epiretinal membrane compared with inner limiting membrane. Exp Eye Res 2019; 186:107722. [PMID: 31302158 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Few data exist regarding the protein composition of idiopathic epiretinal membrane (iERM). In the present study we compared the proteome of epiretinal membrane of iERM with the proteome of the inner limiting membrane (ILM) of idiopathic macular hole (iMH). Twelve epiretinal membrane samples were obtained from patients with iERM undergoing therapeutic vitrectomy. Twelve ILM samples from patients with iMH were used as controls. Proteomic analysis was conducted with discovery-based label-free quantitative nano-liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (LFQ nLC-MS/MS). Verification of results was performed with targeted MS using selected reaction monitoring on a different set of samples. Discovery data were searched against the Uniprot Homo sapiens protein database using MaxQuant Software. Identified proteins were filtered with Perseus software. Bioinformatic analysis of the differences in protein expression between epiretinal membrane from iERM and ILM from iMH was performed using STRING. A total of 2,183 different proteins were identified. 357 proteins were found to be present in all samples. The protein profile of iERM was highly different from iMH with 62 proteins found at significantly higher levels in iERM. The proteins upregulated more than 10-fold in iERM were: fibrillin-1, tenascin, prolargin, biglycan, opticin, collagen alpha-1(II) chain, protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 2, fibronectin, filamin-A, collagen alpha-2(IX) chain, spectrin alpha chain, transforming growth factor beta induced protein ig-h3, dihydropyrimidinase - related protein 3, endoplasmin and glutamate dehydrogenase 1. Proteins with high level in iERM consisted of proteins that especially localized to the actin cytoskeleton, the extracellular matrix and the mitochondrion. Analysis of all proteins indicated that the disease process in iERM at least in part can be characterized as skin formation with perturbation of nucleotide metabolism. Our study identified proteins that have not earlier been associated with iERM. Fifteen proteins are found at very high concentration, 10-fold or more, and amongst these four proteins, fibrillin-1, tenascin, prolargin and biglycan were found at more than a 100-fold higher content compared to ILM of iMH. These proteins may be potential therapeutic targets. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD014286.
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Kashida S, Wang DO, Saito H, Gueroui Z. Nanoparticle-based local translation reveals mRNA as a translation-coupled scaffold with anchoring function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:13346-13351. [PMID: 31217293 PMCID: PMC6613171 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1900310116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial regulation of messenger RNA (mRNA) translation is central to cellular functions and relies on numerous complex processes. Biomimetic approaches could bypass these endogenous complex processes, improve our comprehension of the regulation, and allow for controlling local translation regulations and functions. However, the causality between local translation and nascent protein function remains elusive. Here, we developed a nanoparticle (NP)-based strategy to magnetically control mRNA spatial patterns in mammalian cell extracts and investigate how local translation impacts nascent protein localization and function. By monitoring the translation of the magnetically localized mRNAs, we show that mRNA-NP complexes operate as a source for the continuous production of proteins from defined positions. By applying this approach to actin-binding proteins, we triggered the local formation of actin cytoskeletons and identified the minimal requirements for spatial control of the actin filament network. In addition, our bottom-up approach identified a role for mRNA as a translation-coupled scaffold for the function of nascent N-terminal protein domains. Our approach will serve as a platform for regulating mRNA localization and investigating the function of nascent protein domains during translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunnichi Kashida
- PASTEUR, Département de chimie, École normale supérieure, Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Dan Ohtan Wang
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Hirohide Saito
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 606-8507 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Zoher Gueroui
- PASTEUR, Département de chimie, École normale supérieure, Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France;
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15
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Sun T, Song Y, Dai J, Mao D, Ma M, Ni JQ, Liang X, Pastor-Pareja JC. Spectraplakin Shot Maintains Perinuclear Microtubule Organization in Drosophila Polyploid Cells. Dev Cell 2019; 49:731-747.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Schurr Y, Spindler M, Kurz H, Bender M. The cytoskeletal crosslinking protein MACF1 is dispensable for thrombus formation and hemostasis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7726. [PMID: 31118482 PMCID: PMC6531446 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44183-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordinated reorganization of cytoskeletal structures is critical for key aspects of platelet physiology. While several studies have addressed the role of microtubules and filamentous actin in platelet production and function, the significance of their crosstalk in these processes has been poorly investigated. The microtubule-actin cross-linking factor 1 (MACF1; synonym: Actin cross-linking factor 7, ACF7) is a member of the spectraplakin family, and one of the few proteins expressed in platelets, which possess actin and microtubule binding domains thereby facilitating actin-microtubule interaction and regulation. We used megakaryocyte- and platelet-specific Macf1 knockout (Macf1fl/fl, Pf4-Cre) mice to study the role of MACF1 in platelet production and function. MACF1 deficient mice displayed comparable platelet counts to control mice. Analysis of the platelet cytoskeletal ultrastructure revealed a normal marginal band and actin network. Platelet spreading on fibrinogen was slightly delayed but platelet activation and clot traction was unaffected. Ex vivo thrombus formation and mouse tail bleeding responses were similar between control and mutant mice. These results suggest that MACF1 is dispensable for thrombopoiesis, platelet activation, thrombus formation and the hemostatic function in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Schurr
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine - Chair I, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Spindler
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine - Chair I, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hendrikje Kurz
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine - Chair I, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Bender
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine - Chair I, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, Würzburg, Germany.
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17
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Lynch-Godrei A, De Repentigny Y, Gagnon S, Trung MT, Kothary R. Dystonin-A3 upregulation is responsible for maintenance of tubulin acetylation in a less severe dystonia musculorum mouse model for hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type VI. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:3598-3611. [PMID: 29982604 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type VI (HSAN-VI) is a recessive human disease that arises from mutations in the dystonin gene (DST; also known as Bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 gene). A milder form of HSAN-VI was recently described, resulting from loss of a single dystonin isoform (DST-A2). Similarly, mutations in the mouse dystonin gene (Dst) result in severe sensory neuropathy, dystonia musculorum (Dstdt). Two Dstdt alleles, Dstdt-Tg4 and Dstdt-27J, differ in the severity of disease. The less severe Dstdt-Tg4 mice have disrupted expression of Dst-A1 and -A2 isoforms, while the more severe Dstdt-27J allele affects Dst-A1, -A2 and -A3 isoforms. As dystonin is a cytoskeletal-linker protein, we evaluated microtubule network integrity within sensory neurons from Dstdt-Tg4 and Dstdt-27J mice. There is a significant reduction in tubulin acetylation in Dstdt-27J indicative of microtubule instability and severe microtubule disorganization within sensory axons. However, Dstdt-Tg4 mice have no change in tubulin acetylation, and microtubule organization was only mildly impaired. Thus, microtubule instability is not central to initiation of Dstdt pathogenesis, though it may contribute to disease severity. Maintenance of microtubule stability in Dstdt-Tg4 dorsal root ganglia could be attributed to an upregulation in Dst-A3 expression as a compensation for the absence of Dst-A1 and -A2 in Dstdt-Tg4 sensory neurons. Indeed, knockdown of Dst-A3 in these neurons resulted in a decrease in tubulin acetylation. These findings shed light on the possible compensatory role of dystonin isoforms within HSAN-VI, which might explain the heterogeneity in symptoms within the reported forms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Lynch-Godrei
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Yves De Repentigny
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Sabrina Gagnon
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - My Tran Trung
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Rashmi Kothary
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa, Canada
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18
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Hu L, Huang Z, Wu Z, Ali A, Qian A. Mammalian Plakins, Giant Cytolinkers: Versatile Biological Functions and Roles in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19040974. [PMID: 29587367 PMCID: PMC5979291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a highly lethal disease that is characterized by aberrant cell proliferation, migration, and adhesion, which are closely related to the dynamic changes of cytoskeletons and cytoskeletal-adhesion. These will further result in cell invasion and metastasis. Plakins are a family of giant cytolinkers that connect cytoskeletal elements with each other and to junctional complexes. With various isoforms composed of different domain structures, mammalian plakins are broadly expressed in numerous tissues. They play critical roles in many cellular processes, including cell proliferation, migration, adhesion, and signaling transduction. As these cellular processes are key steps in cancer development, mammalian plakins have in recent years attracted more and more attention for their potential roles in cancer. Current evidence shows the importance of mammalian plakins in various human cancers and demonstrates mammalian plakins as potential biomarkers for cancer. Here, we introduce the basic characteristics of mammalian plakins, review the recent advances in understanding their biological functions, and highlight their roles in human cancers, based on studies performed by us and others. This will provide researchers with a comprehensive understanding of mammalian plakins, new insights into the development of cancer, and novel targets for cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Hu
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Zizhan Huang
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Zixiang Wu
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Arshad Ali
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Airong Qian
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
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19
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Infection and Transport of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Neurons: Role of the Cytoskeleton. Viruses 2018; 10:v10020092. [PMID: 29473915 PMCID: PMC5850399 DOI: 10.3390/v10020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a neuroinvasive human pathogen that has the ability to infect and replicate within epithelial cells and neurons and establish a life-long latent infection in sensory neurons. HSV-1 depends on the host cellular cytoskeleton for entry, replication, and exit. Therefore, HSV-1 has adapted mechanisms to promote its survival by exploiting the microtubule and actin cytoskeletons to direct its active transport, infection, and spread between neurons and epithelial cells during primary and recurrent infections. This review will focus on the currently known mechanisms utilized by HSV-1 to harness the neuronal cytoskeleton, molecular motors, and the secretory and exocytic pathways for efficient virus entry, axonal transport, replication, assembly, and exit from the distinct functional compartments (cell body and axon) of the highly polarized sensory neurons.
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Airong Qian
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, PR China; Shenzhen Research Institution of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen 518057, PR China; Northwestern Polytechnical University-Hong Kong, Baptist University, Joint Research Centre for Translational Medicine on Musculoskeletal Health in Space, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, PR China.
| | - Lifang Hu
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, PR China; Shenzhen Research Institution of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen 518057, PR China; Northwestern Polytechnical University-Hong Kong, Baptist University, Joint Research Centre for Translational Medicine on Musculoskeletal Health in Space, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, PR China.
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21
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Voelzmann A, Liew YT, Qu Y, Hahn I, Melero C, Sánchez-Soriano N, Prokop A. Drosophila Short stop as a paradigm for the role and regulation of spectraplakins. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 69:40-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Fu R, Jiang X, Huang Z, Zhang H. The spectraplakins of Caenorhabditis elegans : Cytoskeletal crosslinkers and beyond. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 69:58-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Zhang J, Yue J, Wu X. Spectraplakin family proteins - cytoskeletal crosslinkers with versatile roles. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:2447-2457. [PMID: 28679697 PMCID: PMC5558266 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.196154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The different cytoskeletal networks in a cell are responsible for many fundamental cellular processes. Current studies have shown that spectraplakins, cytoskeletal crosslinkers that combine features of both the spectrin and plakin families of crosslinkers, have a critical role in integrating these different cytoskeletal networks. Spectraplakin genes give rise to a variety of isoforms that have distinct functions. Importantly, all spectraplakin isoforms are uniquely able to associate with all three elements of the cytoskeleton, namely, F-actin, microtubules and intermediate filaments. In this Review, we will highlight recent studies that have unraveled their function in a wide range of different processes, from regulating cell adhesion in skin keratinocytes to neuronal cell migration. Taken together, this work has revealed a diverse and indispensable role for orchestrating the function of different cytoskeletal elements in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Zhang
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jiping Yue
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Wu
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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24
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Horie M, Yoshioka N, Takebayashi H. BPAG1 in muscles: Structure and function in skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 69:26-33. [PMID: 28736206 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BPAG1, also known as Dystonin or BP230, belongs to the plakin family of proteins, which has multiple cytoskeleton-binding domains. Several BPAG1 isoforms are produced by a single BPAG1 genomic locus using different promoters and exons. For example, BPAG1a, BPAG1b, and BPAG1e are predominantly expressed in the nervous system, muscle, and skin, respectively. Among BPAG1 isoforms, BPAG1e is well studied because it was first identified as an autoantigen in patients with bullous pemphigoid, an autoimmune skin disease. BPAG1e is a component of hemidesmosomes, the adhesion complexes that promote dermal-epidermal cohesion. In the nervous system, the role of BPAG1a is also well studied because disruption of BPAG1a results in a phenotype identical to that of Dystonia musculorum (dt) mutants, which show progressive motor disorder. However, the expression and function of BPAG1 in muscles is not well studied. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of and highlight some recent findings on the expression and function of BPAG1 in muscles, which can assist future studies designed to delineate the role and regulation of BPAG1 in the dt mouse phenotype and in human hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 6 (HSAN6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Horie
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Nozomu Yoshioka
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hirohide Takebayashi
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan.
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25
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Ali A, Hu L, Zhao F, Qiu W, Wang P, Ma X, Zhang Y, Chen L, Qian A. BPAG1, a distinctive role in skin and neurological diseases. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017. [PMID: 28627382 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Spectraplakins are multifunctional cytoskeletal linker proteins that act as important communicators, connecting cytoskeletal components with each other and to cellular junctions. Bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 (BPAG1)/dystonin is a member of spectraplakin family and expressed in various tissues. Alternative splicing of BPAG1 gene produces various isoforms with unique structure and domains. BPAG1 plays crucial roles in numerous biological processes, such as cytoskeleton organization, cell polarization, cell adhesion, and cell migration as well as signaling transduction. Genetic mutation of BPAG1 isoforms is the miscreant of epidermolysis bullosa and multifarious, destructive neurological diseases. In this review, we summarize the recent advances of BPAG1's role in various biological processes and in skin and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Ali
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, PR China; Shenzhen Research Institution of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, 518057, PR China; Northwestern Polytechnical University-Hong Kong Baptist University Joint Research Centre for Translational Medicine on Musculoskeletal Health in Space, Xi'an, 710072, PR China
| | - Lifang Hu
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, PR China; Shenzhen Research Institution of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, 518057, PR China; Northwestern Polytechnical University-Hong Kong Baptist University Joint Research Centre for Translational Medicine on Musculoskeletal Health in Space, Xi'an, 710072, PR China
| | - Fan Zhao
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, PR China; Shenzhen Research Institution of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, 518057, PR China; Northwestern Polytechnical University-Hong Kong Baptist University Joint Research Centre for Translational Medicine on Musculoskeletal Health in Space, Xi'an, 710072, PR China
| | - Wuxia Qiu
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, PR China; Shenzhen Research Institution of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, 518057, PR China; Northwestern Polytechnical University-Hong Kong Baptist University Joint Research Centre for Translational Medicine on Musculoskeletal Health in Space, Xi'an, 710072, PR China
| | - Pai Wang
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, PR China; Shenzhen Research Institution of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, 518057, PR China; Northwestern Polytechnical University-Hong Kong Baptist University Joint Research Centre for Translational Medicine on Musculoskeletal Health in Space, Xi'an, 710072, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Ma
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, PR China; Shenzhen Research Institution of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, 518057, PR China; Northwestern Polytechnical University-Hong Kong Baptist University Joint Research Centre for Translational Medicine on Musculoskeletal Health in Space, Xi'an, 710072, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, PR China; Shenzhen Research Institution of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, 518057, PR China; Northwestern Polytechnical University-Hong Kong Baptist University Joint Research Centre for Translational Medicine on Musculoskeletal Health in Space, Xi'an, 710072, PR China
| | - Lei Chen
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, PR China; Shenzhen Research Institution of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, 518057, PR China; Northwestern Polytechnical University-Hong Kong Baptist University Joint Research Centre for Translational Medicine on Musculoskeletal Health in Space, Xi'an, 710072, PR China
| | - Airong Qian
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, PR China; Shenzhen Research Institution of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, 518057, PR China; Northwestern Polytechnical University-Hong Kong Baptist University Joint Research Centre for Translational Medicine on Musculoskeletal Health in Space, Xi'an, 710072, PR China.
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26
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Moffat JJ, Ka M, Jung EM, Smith AL, Kim WY. The role of MACF1 in nervous system development and maintenance. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 69:9-17. [PMID: 28579452 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule-actin crosslinking factor 1 (MACF1), also known as actin crosslinking factor 7 (ACF7), is essential for proper modulation of actin and microtubule cytoskeletal networks. Most MACF1 isoforms are expressed broadly in the body, but some are exclusively found in the nervous system. Consequentially, MACF1 is integrally involved in multiple neural processes during development and in adulthood, including neurite outgrowth and neuronal migration. Furthermore, MACF1 participates in several signaling pathways, including the Wnt/β-catenin and GSK-3 signaling pathways, which regulate key cellular processes, such as proliferation and cell migration. Genetic mutation or dysregulation of the MACF1 gene has been associated with neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases, specifically schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. MACF1 may also play a part in neuromuscular disorders and have a neuroprotective role in the optic nerve. In this review, the authors seek to synthesize recent findings relating to the roles of MACF1 within the nervous system and explore potential novel functions of MACF1 not yet examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Moffat
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Minhan Ka
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Eui-Man Jung
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Amanda L Smith
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Woo-Yang Kim
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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27
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Hu L, Xiao Y, Xiong Z, Zhao F, Yin C, Zhang Y, Su P, Li D, Chen Z, Ma X, Zhang G, Qian A. MACF1, versatility in tissue-specific function and in human disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 69:3-8. [PMID: 28577926 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Spectraplakins are a family of evolutionarily conserved gigantic proteins and play critical roles in many cytoskeleton-related processes. Microtubule actin crosslinking factor 1 (MACF1) is one of the most versatile spectraplakin with multiple isoforms. As a broadly expressed mammalian spectraplakin, MACF1 is important in maintaining normal functions of many tissues. The loss-of-function studies using knockout mouse models reveal the pivotal roles of MACF1 in embryo development, skin integrity maintenance, neural development, bone formation, and colonic paracellular permeability. Mutation in the human MACF1 gene causes a novel myopathy genetic disease. In addition, abnormal expression of MACF1 is associated with schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, cancer and osteoporosis. This demonstrates the crucial roles of MACF1 in physiology and pathology. Here, we review the research advances of MACF1's roles in specific tissue and in human diseases, providing the perspectives of MACF1 for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Hu
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, 518057, China; NPU-HKBU Joint Research Centre for Translational Medicine on Musculoskeletal Health in Space, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Yunyun Xiao
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, 518057, China; NPU-HKBU Joint Research Centre for Translational Medicine on Musculoskeletal Health in Space, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Zhipeng Xiong
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, 518057, China; NPU-HKBU Joint Research Centre for Translational Medicine on Musculoskeletal Health in Space, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Fan Zhao
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, 518057, China; NPU-HKBU Joint Research Centre for Translational Medicine on Musculoskeletal Health in Space, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Chong Yin
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, 518057, China; NPU-HKBU Joint Research Centre for Translational Medicine on Musculoskeletal Health in Space, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, 518057, China; NPU-HKBU Joint Research Centre for Translational Medicine on Musculoskeletal Health in Space, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Peihong Su
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, 518057, China; NPU-HKBU Joint Research Centre for Translational Medicine on Musculoskeletal Health in Space, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Dijie Li
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, 518057, China; NPU-HKBU Joint Research Centre for Translational Medicine on Musculoskeletal Health in Space, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Zhihao Chen
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, 518057, China; NPU-HKBU Joint Research Centre for Translational Medicine on Musculoskeletal Health in Space, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Xiaoli Ma
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, 518057, China; NPU-HKBU Joint Research Centre for Translational Medicine on Musculoskeletal Health in Space, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- NPU-HKBU Joint Research Centre for Translational Medicine on Musculoskeletal Health in Space, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China; Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Airong Qian
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, 518057, China; NPU-HKBU Joint Research Centre for Translational Medicine on Musculoskeletal Health in Space, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
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28
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Yang Y, Zhang Y, Li WJ, Jiang Y, Zhu Z, Hu H, Li W, Wu JW, Wang ZX, Dong MQ, Huang S, Ou G. Spectraplakin Induces Positive Feedback between Fusogens and the Actin Cytoskeleton to Promote Cell-Cell Fusion. Dev Cell 2017; 41:107-120.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Short stop mediates axonal compartmentalization of mucin-type core 1 glycans. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41455. [PMID: 28150729 PMCID: PMC5288716 DOI: 10.1038/srep41455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
T antigen, mucin-type core 1 O-glycan, is highly expressed in the embryonic central nervous system (CNS) and co-localizes with a Drosophila CNS marker, BP102 antigen. BP102 antigen and Derailed, an axon guidance receptor, are localized specifically in the proximal axon segment of isolated primary cultured neurons, and their mobility is restricted at the intra-axonal boundary by a diffusion barrier. However, the preferred trafficking mechanism remains unknown. In this study, the major O-glycan T antigen was found to localize within the proximal compartments of primary cultured Drosophila neurons, whereas the N-glycan HRP antigen was not. Ultrastructural analysis by atmospheric scanning electron microscopy revealed that microtubule bundles cross one another at the intra-axonal boundary, and that T antigens form circular pattern before the boundary. We then identified Short stop (Shot), a crosslinker protein between F-actin and microtubules, as a mediator for the proximal localization of T antigens; null mutation of shot cancelled preferential localization of T antigens. Moreover, F-actin binding domain of Shot was required for their proximal localization. Together, our results allow us to propose a novel trafficking pathway where Shot crosslinks F-actin and microtubules around the intra-axonal boundary, directing T antigen-carrying vesicles toward the proximal plasma membrane.
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30
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Takács Z, Jankovics F, Vilmos P, Lénárt P, Röper K, Erdélyi M. The spectraplakin Short stop is an essential microtubule regulator involved in epithelial closure in Drosophila. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:712-724. [PMID: 28062848 PMCID: PMC5339884 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.193003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dorsal closure of the Drosophila embryonic epithelium provides an excellent model system for the in vivo analysis of molecular mechanisms regulating cytoskeletal rearrangements. In this study, we investigated the function of the Drosophila spectraplakin Short stop (Shot), a conserved cytoskeletal structural protein, during closure of the dorsal embryonic epithelium. We show that Shot is essential for the efficient final zippering of the opposing epithelial margins. By using isoform-specific mutant alleles and genetic rescue experiments with truncated Shot variants, we demonstrate that Shot functions as an actin-microtubule cross-linker in mediating zippering. At the leading edge of epithelial cells, Shot regulates protrusion dynamics by promoting filopodia formation. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) analysis and in vivo imaging of microtubule growth revealed that Shot stabilizes dynamic microtubules. The actin- and microtubule-binding activities of Shot are simultaneously required in the same molecule, indicating that Shot is engaged as a physical crosslinker in this process. We propose that Shot-mediated interactions between microtubules and actin filaments facilitate filopodia formation, which promotes zippering by initiating contact between opposing epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsanett Takács
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Jankovics
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - Péter Vilmos
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - Péter Lénárt
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Katja Röper
- MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Miklós Erdélyi
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged 6726, Hungary
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31
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Hu L, Su P, Li R, Yin C, Zhang Y, Shang P, Yang T, Qian A. Isoforms, structures, and functions of versatile spectraplakin MACF1. BMB Rep 2016; 49:37-44. [PMID: 26521939 PMCID: PMC4914211 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2016.49.1.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spectraplakins are crucially important communicators, linking cytoskeletal components to each other and cellular junctions. Microtubule actin crosslinking factor 1 (MACF1), also known as actin crosslinking family 7 (ACF7), is a member of the spectraplakin family. It is expressed in numerous tissues and cells as one extensively studied spectraplakin. MACF1 has several isoforms with unique structures and well-known function to be able to crosslink F-actin and microtubules. MACF1 is one versatile spectraplakin with various functions in cell processes, embryo development, tissue-specific functions, and human diseases. The importance of MACF1 has become more apparent in recent years. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the presence and function of MACF1 and provide perspectives on future research of MACF1 based on our studies and others. [BMB Reports 2016; 49(1): 37-44]
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Hu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Peihong Su
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Runzhi Li
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Chong Yin
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Peng Shang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Tuanmin Yang
- Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, P. R. China
| | - Airong Qian
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
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32
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Seehusen F, Kiel K, Jottini S, Wohlsein P, Habierski A, Seibel K, Vogel T, Urlaub H, Kollmar M, Baumgärtner W, Teichmann U. Axonopathy in the Central Nervous System Is the Hallmark of Mice with a Novel Intragenic Null Mutation of Dystonin. Genetics 2016; 204:191-203. [PMID: 27401753 PMCID: PMC5012385 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.186932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Dystonia musculorum is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a mutation in the dystonin gene. It has been described in mice and humans where it is called hereditary sensory autonomic neuropathy. Mutated mice show severe movement disorders and die at the age of 3-4 weeks. This study describes the discovery and molecular, clinical, as well as pathological characterization of a new spontaneously occurring mutation in the dystonin gene in C57BL/6N mice. The mutation represents a 40-kb intragenic deletion allele of the dystonin gene on chromosome 1 with exactly defined deletion borders. It was demonstrated by Western blot, mass spectrometry, and immunohistology that mice with a homozygous mutation were entirely devoid of the dystonin protein. Pathomorphological lesions were restricted to the brain stem and spinal cord and consisted of swollen, argyrophilic axons and dilated myelin sheaths in the white matter and, less frequently, total chromatolysis of neurons in the gray matter. Axonal damage was detected by amyloid precursor protein and nonphosphorylated neurofilament immunohistology. Axonopathy in the central nervous system (CNS) represents the hallmark of this disease. Mice with the dystonin mutation also showed suppurative inflammation in the respiratory tract, presumably due to brain stem lesion-associated food aspiration, whereas skeletal muscles showed no pathomorphological changes. This study describes a novel mutation in the dystonin gene in mice leading to axonopathy in the CNS. In further studies, this model may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and may elucidate the complex interactions of dystonin with various other cellular proteins especially in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Seehusen
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Kirsten Kiel
- Animal Facility, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefano Jottini
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, D-30559 Hannover, Germany Department of Animal Health, Pathology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Parma, I-43100, Italy
| | - Peter Wohlsein
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andre Habierski
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Katharina Seibel
- Department of Cellular Logistics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tanja Vogel
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104, Germany
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany Bioanalytics, Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, D-37075, Germany
| | - Martin Kollmar
- Department of NMR-Based Structural Biology, Research Group Systems Biology of Motor Proteins, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, D-30559 Hannover, Germany Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrike Teichmann
- Animal Facility, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Yue J, Zhang Y, Liang WG, Gou X, Lee P, Liu H, Lyu W, Tang WJ, Chen SY, Yang F, Liang H, Wu X. In vivo epidermal migration requires focal adhesion targeting of ACF7. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11692. [PMID: 27216888 PMCID: PMC5476826 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Turnover of focal adhesions allows cell retraction, which is essential for cell migration. The mammalian spectraplakin protein, ACF7 (Actin-Crosslinking Factor 7), promotes focal adhesion dynamics by targeting of microtubule plus ends towards focal adhesions. However, it remains unclear how the activity of ACF7 is regulated spatiotemporally to achieve focal adhesion-specific guidance of microtubule. To explore the potential mechanisms, we resolve the crystal structure of ACF7’s NT (amino-terminal) domain, which mediates F-actin interactions. Structural analysis leads to identification of a key tyrosine residue at the calponin homology (CH) domain of ACF7, whose phosphorylation by Src/FAK (focal adhesion kinase) complex is essential for F-actin binding of ACF7. Using skin epidermis as a model system, we further demonstrate that the phosphorylation of ACF7 plays an indispensable role in focal adhesion dynamics and epidermal migration in vitro and in vivo. Together, our findings provide critical insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying coordinated cytoskeletal dynamics during cell movement. The spectraplakin protein ACF7 binds to actin at focal adhesions and targets microtubule plus ends to focal adhesions, promoting their disassembly. Here the authors reveal that ACF7 is phosphorylated by Src/FAK, and this regulates actin binding and focal adhesion dynamics in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiping Yue
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Yao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Guanxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Wenguang G Liang
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Xuewen Gou
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Philbert Lee
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Han Liu
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Wanqing Lyu
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Wei-Jen Tang
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Shao-Yu Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Science Center, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
| | - Feng Yang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Guanxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Hong Liang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Guanxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wu
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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34
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Microtubule-dependent balanced cell contraction and luminal-matrix modification accelerate epithelial tube fusion. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11141. [PMID: 27067650 PMCID: PMC4832058 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Connection of tubules into larger networks is the key process for the development of circulatory systems. In Drosophila development, tip cells of the tracheal system lead the migration of each branch and connect tubules by adhering to each other and simultaneously changing into a torus-shape. We show that as adhesion sites form between fusion cells, myosin and microtubules form polarized bundles that connect the new adhesion site to the cells' microtubule-organizing centres, and that E-cadherin and retrograde recycling endosomes are preferentially deposited at the new adhesion site. We demonstrate that microtubules help balancing tip cell contraction, which is driven by myosin, and is required for adhesion and tube fusion. We also show that retrograde recycling and directed secretion of a specific matrix protein into the fusion-cell interface promote fusion. We propose that microtubule bundles connecting these cell–cell interfaces coordinate cell contractility and apical secretion to facilitate tube fusion. During tracheal tube fusion in Drosophila, a pair of tip cells form an adherens junction and then fuse their plasma membranes. Here the authors show that a balanced pulling force mediated by myosin and microtubules, as well as localized deposition of matrix, promotes plasma membrane fusion.
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35
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Lee J, Lee S, Chen C, Shim H, Kim-Ha J. shotregulates the microtubule reorganization required for localization of axis-determining mRNAs during oogenesis. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:431-44. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Lee
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology; College of Life Sciences; Sejong University; Gwangjin-gu Seoul South Korea
| | - Sujung Lee
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology; College of Life Sciences; Sejong University; Gwangjin-gu Seoul South Korea
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology; College of Life Sciences; Sejong University; Gwangjin-gu Seoul South Korea
| | - Hyeran Shim
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology; College of Life Sciences; Sejong University; Gwangjin-gu Seoul South Korea
| | - Jeongsil Kim-Ha
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology; College of Life Sciences; Sejong University; Gwangjin-gu Seoul South Korea
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36
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Kim BM, Kim J, Choi IY, Raisuddin S, Au DWT, Leung KMY, Wu RSS, Rhee JS, Lee JS. Omics of the marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) and its relevance to marine environmental research. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 113:141-152. [PMID: 26716363 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma), also known as the Indian medaka or brackish medaka, has been recognized as a model fish species for ecotoxicology and environmental research in the Asian region. O. melastigma has several promising features for research, which include a short generation period (3-4 months), daily spawning, small size (3-4 cm), transparent embryos, sexual dimorphism, and ease of mass culture in the laboratory. There have been extensive transcriptome and genome studies on the marine medaka in the past decade. Such omics data can be useful in understanding the signal transduction pathways of small teleosts in response to environmental stressors. An omics-integrated approach in the study of the marine medaka is important for strengthening its role as a small fish model for marine environmental studies. In this review, we present current omics information about the marine medaka and discuss its potential applications in the study of various molecular pathways that can be targets of marine environmental stressors, such as chemical pollutants. We believe that this review will encourage the use of this small fish as a model species in marine environmental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Mi Kim
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Jaebum Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience & Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - Ik-Young Choi
- National Instrumentation Center for Environmental Management, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Sheikh Raisuddin
- Department of Medical Elementology & Toxicology, Hamdard University, 110062, New Delhi, India
| | - Doris W T Au
- State Key Laboratory on Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rudolf S S Wu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jae-Sung Rhee
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, South Korea.
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea.
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37
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Girdler GC, Applewhite DA, Perry WMG, Rogers SL, Röper K. The Gas2 family protein Pigs is a microtubule +TIP that affects cytoskeleton organisation. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:121-34. [PMID: 26585311 PMCID: PMC4732294 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.176230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordination between different cytoskeletal systems is crucial for many cell biological functions, including cell migration and mitosis, and also plays an important role during tissue morphogenesis. Proteins of the class of cytoskeletal crosslinkers, or cytolinkers, have the ability to interact with more than one cytoskeletal system at a time and are prime candidates to mediate any coordination. One such class comprises the Gas2-like proteins, combining a conserved calponin-homology-type actin-binding domain and a Gas2 domain predicted to bind microtubules (MTs). This domain combination is also found in spectraplakins, huge cytolinkers that play important roles in many tissues in both invertebrates and vertebrates. Here, we dissect the ability of the single Drosophila Gas2-like protein Pigs to interact with both actin and MT cytoskeletons, both in vitro and in vivo, and illustrate complex regulatory interactions that determine the localisation of Pigs to and its effects on the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma C Girdler
- MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Derek A Applewhite
- Department of Biology & Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 3280, 422 Fordham Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Boulevard, Portland, OR 97202, USA
| | - Wick M G Perry
- Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Boulevard, Portland, OR 97202, USA
| | - Stephen L Rogers
- Department of Biology & Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 3280, 422 Fordham Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Katja Röper
- MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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38
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Künzli K, Favre B, Chofflon M, Borradori L. One gene but different proteins and diseases: the complexity of dystonin and bullous pemphigoid antigen 1. Exp Dermatol 2015; 25:10-6. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kseniia Künzli
- Department of Dermatology; Inselspital; Bern University Hospital; Bern Switzerland
| | - Bertrand Favre
- Department of Dermatology; Inselspital; Bern University Hospital; Bern Switzerland
| | - Michel Chofflon
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences; Geneva University Hospitals; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Luca Borradori
- Department of Dermatology; Inselspital; Bern University Hospital; Bern Switzerland
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39
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Microtubule-Actin Crosslinking Factor 1 Is Required for Dendritic Arborization and Axon Outgrowth in the Developing Brain. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:6018-6032. [PMID: 26526844 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9508-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic arborization and axon outgrowth are critical steps in the establishment of neural connectivity in the developing brain. Changes in the connectivity underlie cognitive dysfunction in neurodevelopmental disorders. However, molecules and associated mechanisms that play important roles in dendritic and axon outgrowth in the brain are only partially understood. Here, we show that microtubule-actin crosslinking factor 1 (MACF1) regulates dendritic arborization and axon outgrowth of developing pyramidal neurons by arranging cytoskeleton components and mediating GSK-3 signaling. MACF1 deletion using conditional mutant mice and in utero gene transfer in the developing brain markedly decreased dendritic branching of cortical and hippocampal pyramidal neurons. MACF1-deficient neurons showed reduced density and aberrant morphology of dendritic spines. Also, loss of MACF1 impaired the elongation of callosal axons in the brain. Actin and microtubule arrangement appeared abnormal in MACF1-deficient neurites. Finally, we found that GSK-3 is associated with MACF1-controlled dendritic differentiation. Our findings demonstrate a novel role for MACF1 in neurite differentiation that is critical to the creation of neuronal connectivity in the developing brain.
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Abstract
The cytoskeleton is a dynamic network of filamentous protein polymers required for virtually all cellular processes. It consists of three major classes, filamentous actin (F-actin), intermediate filaments, and microtubules, all displaying characteristic structural properties, functions, cellular distributions, and sets of interacting regulatory proteins. One unique class of proteins, the spectraplakins, bind, regulate, and integrate the functions of all three classes of cytoskeleton proteins. Spectraplakins are giant, evolutionary conserved multidomain proteins (spanning up to 9000 aa) that are true members of the plakin, spectrin, and Gas2-like protein families. They have OMIM-listed disease links to epidermolysis bullosa and hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy. Their role in disease is likely underrepresented since studies in model animal systems have revealed critical roles in polarity, morphogenesis, differentiation and maintenance, migration, signaling, and intracellular trafficking in a variety of tissues. This enormous diversity of spectraplakin function is consistent with the numerous isoforms produced from single genomic loci that combine different sets of functional domains in distinct cellular contexts. To study the broad range of functions and complexity of these proteins, Drosophila is a powerful model. Thus, the fly spectraplakin Short stop (Shot) acts as an actin-microtubule linker and plays important roles in many developmental processes, which provide experimentally amenable and relevant contexts in which to study spectraplakin functions. For these studies, a versatile range of relevant experimental resources that facilitate genetics and transgenic approaches, highly refined genomics tools, and an impressive set of spectraplakin-specific genetic and molecular tools are readily available. Here, we use the example of Shot to illustrate how the various tools and strategies available for Drosophila can be employed to decipher and dissect cellular roles and molecular mechanisms of spectraplakins.
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Development of a Novel Green Fluorescent Protein-Based Binding Assay to Study the Association of Plakins with Intermediate Filament Proteins. Methods Enzymol 2015; 569:117-37. [PMID: 26778556 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions are fundamental for most biological processes, such as the formation of cellular structures and enzymatic complexes or in signaling pathways. The identification and characterization of protein-protein interactions are therefore essential for understanding the mechanisms and regulation of biological systems. The organization and dynamics of the cytoskeleton, as well as its anchorage to specific sites in the plasma membrane and organelles, are regulated by the plakins. These structurally related proteins anchor different cytoskeletal networks to each other and/or to other cellular structures. The association of several plakins with intermediate filaments (IFs) is critical for maintenance of the cytoarchitecture. Pathogenic mutations in the genes encoding different plakins can lead to dramatic manifestations, occurring principally in the skin, striated muscle, and/or nervous system, due to cytoskeletal disorganization resulting in abnormal cell fragility. Nevertheless, it is still unclear how plakins bind to IFs, although some general rules are slowly emerging. We here describe in detail a recently developed protein-protein fluorescence binding assay, based on the production of recombinant proteins tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP) and their use as fluid-phase fluorescent ligands on immobilized IF proteins. Using this method, we have been able to assess the ability of C-terminal regions of GFP-tagged plakin proteins to bind to distinct IF proteins and IF domains. This simple and sensitive technique, which is expected to facilitate further studies in this area, can also be potentially employed for any kind of protein-protein interaction studies.
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Morrissey MA, Sherwood DR. An active role for basement membrane assembly and modification in tissue sculpting. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:1661-8. [PMID: 25717004 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.168021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Basement membranes are a dense, sheet-like form of extracellular matrix (ECM) that underlie epithelia and endothelia, and surround muscle, fat and Schwann cells. Basement membranes separate tissues and protect them from mechanical stress. Although traditionally thought of as a static support structure, a growing body of evidence suggests that dynamic basement membrane deposition and modification instructs coordinated cellular behaviors and acts mechanically to sculpt tissues. In this Commentary, we highlight recent studies that support the idea that far from being a passive matrix, basement membranes play formative roles in shaping tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan A Morrissey
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Science Drive, Box 90388, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - David R Sherwood
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Science Drive, Box 90388, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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B-LINK: a hemicentin, plakin, and integrin-dependent adhesion system that links tissues by connecting adjacent basement membranes. Dev Cell 2014; 31:319-331. [PMID: 25443298 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Basement membrane (BM), a sheet-like form of extracellular matrix, surrounds most tissues. During organogenesis, specific adhesions between adjoining tissues frequently occur; however, their molecular basis is unclear. Using live-cell imaging and electron microscopy, we identify an adhesion system that connects the uterine and gonadal tissues through their juxtaposed BMs at the site of anchor cell (AC) invasion in C. elegans. We find that the extracellular matrix component hemicentin (HIM-4), found between BMs, forms punctate accumulations under the AC and controls BM linkage to promote rapid invasion. Through targeted screening, we identify the integrin-binding cytolinker plakin (VAB-10A) and integrin (INA-1/PAT-3) as key BM-BM linkage regulators: VAB-10A localizes to the AC-BM interface and tethers hemicentin to the AC while integrin promotes hemicentin punctae formation. Together, plakin, integrin, and hemicentin are founding components of a cell-directed adhesion system, which we name a BM-LINKage (B-LINK), that connects adjacent tissues through adjoining BMs.
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Moore NL, Edwards DP, Weigel NL. Cyclin A2 and its associated kinase activity are required for optimal induction of progesterone receptor target genes in breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 144 Pt B:471-82. [PMID: 25220500 PMCID: PMC4201666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A role for the cell cycle protein cyclin A2 in regulating progesterone receptor (PR) activity is emerging. This study investigates the role of cyclin A2 in regulating endogenous PR activity in T47D breast cancer cells by depleting cyclin A2 expression and measuring PR target genes using q-RT-PCR. Targets examined included genes induced by the PR-B isoform more strongly than PR-A (SGK1, FKBP5), a gene induced predominantly by PR-A (HEF1), genes induced via PR tethering to other transcription factors (p21, p27), a gene induced in part via extra-nuclear PR signaling mechanisms (cyclin D1) and PR-repressed genes (DST, IL1R1). Progestin induction of target genes was reduced following cyclin A2 depletion. However, cyclin A2 depletion did not diminish progestin target gene repression. Furthermore, inhibition of the associated Cdk2 kinase activity of cyclin A2 also reduced progestin induction of target genes, while Cdk2 enhanced the interaction between PR and cyclin A2. These results demonstrate that cyclin A2 and its associated kinase activity are important for progestin-induced activation of endogenous PR target genes in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Moore
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nancy L Weigel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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Poliakova K, Adebola A, Leung CL, Favre B, Liem RKH, Schepens I, Borradori L. BPAG1a and b associate with EB1 and EB3 and modulate vesicular transport, Golgi apparatus structure, and cell migration in C2.7 myoblasts. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107535. [PMID: 25244344 PMCID: PMC4171495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BPAG1a and BPAG1b (BPAG1a/b) constitute two major isoforms encoded by the dystonin (Dst) gene and show homology with MACF1a and MACF1b. These proteins are members of the plakin family, giant multi-modular proteins able to connect the intermediate filament, microtubule and microfilament cytoskeletal networks with each other and to distinct cell membrane sites. They also serve as scaffolds for signaling proteins that modulate cytoskeletal dynamics. To gain better insights into the functions of BPAG1a/b, we further characterized their C-terminal region important for their interaction with microtubules and assessed the role of these isoforms in the cytoskeletal organization of C2.7 myoblast cells. Our results show that alternative splicing does not only occur at the 5′ end of Dst and Macf1 pre-mRNAs, as previously reported, but also at their 3′ end, resulting in expression of additional four mRNA variants of BPAG1 and MACF1. These isoform-specific C-tails were able to bundle microtubules and bound to both EB1 and EB3, two microtubule plus end proteins. In the C2.7 cell line, knockdown of BPAG1a/b had no major effect on the organization of the microtubule and microfilament networks, but negatively affected endocytosis and maintenance of the Golgi apparatus structure, which became dispersed. Finally, knockdown of BPAG1a/b caused a specific decrease in the directness of cell migration, but did not impair initial cell adhesion. These data provide novel insights into the complexity of alternative splicing of Dst pre-mRNAs and into the role of BPAG1a/b in vesicular transport, Golgi apparatus structure as well as in migration in C2.7 myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniia Poliakova
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Adijat Adebola
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Conrad L. Leung
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Bertrand Favre
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ronald K. H. Liem
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Isabelle Schepens
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luca Borradori
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
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Ka M, Jung EM, Mueller U, Kim WY. MACF1 regulates the migration of pyramidal neurons via microtubule dynamics and GSK-3 signaling. Dev Biol 2014; 395:4-18. [PMID: 25224226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal migration and subsequent differentiation play critical roles for establishing functional neural circuitry in the developing brain. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate these processes are poorly understood. Here, we show that microtubule actin crosslinking factor 1 (MACF1) determines neuronal positioning by regulating microtubule dynamics and mediating GSK-3 signaling during brain development. First, using MACF1 floxed allele mice and in utero gene manipulation, we find that MACF1 deletion suppresses migration of cortical pyramidal neurons and results in aberrant neuronal positioning in the developing brain. The cell autonomous deficit in migration is associated with abnormal dynamics of leading processes and centrosomes. Furthermore, microtubule stability is severely damaged in neurons lacking MACF1, resulting in abnormal microtubule dynamics. Finally, MACF1 interacts with and mediates GSK-3 signaling in developing neurons. Our findings establish a cellular mechanism underlying neuronal migration and provide insights into the regulation of cytoskeleton dynamics in developing neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhan Ka
- Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Eui-Man Jung
- Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Ulrich Mueller
- Dorris Neuroscience Center and Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Woo-Yang Kim
- Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States.
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Booth AJR, Blanchard GB, Adams RJ, Röper K. A dynamic microtubule cytoskeleton directs medial actomyosin function during tube formation. Dev Cell 2014; 29:562-576. [PMID: 24914560 PMCID: PMC4064686 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is a major determinant of cell-shape changes that drive the formation of complex tissues during development. Important roles for actomyosin during tissue morphogenesis have been identified, but the role of the microtubule cytoskeleton is less clear. Here, we show that during tubulogenesis of the salivary glands in the fly embryo, the microtubule cytoskeleton undergoes major rearrangements, including a 90° change in alignment relative to the apicobasal axis, loss of centrosomal attachment, and apical stabilization. Disruption of the microtubule cytoskeleton leads to failure of apical constriction in placodal cells fated to invaginate. We show that this failure is due to loss of an apical medial actomyosin network whose pulsatile behavior in wild-type embryos drives the apical constriction of the cells. The medial actomyosin network interacts with the minus ends of acentrosomal microtubule bundles through the cytolinker protein Shot, and disruption of Shot also impairs apical constriction. Large-scale rearrangement of microtubules accompanies early tube formation Loss of microtubules leads to loss of apical constriction during tube formation During tubulogenesis, apical constriction is driven by pulsatile medial actomyosin Microtubules and the cytolinker Shot stabilize the medial actomyosin
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J R Booth
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Guy B Blanchard
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Richard J Adams
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Katja Röper
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
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Duplication in the microtubule-actin cross-linking factor 1 gene causes a novel neuromuscular condition. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5180. [PMID: 24899269 PMCID: PMC4046130 DOI: 10.1038/srep05180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spectrins and plakins are important communicators linking cytoskeletal components to each other and to cellular junctions. Microtubule-actin cross-linking factor 1 (MACF1) belongs to the spectraplakin family and is involved in control of microtubule dynamics. Complete knock out of MACF1 in mice is associated with developmental retardation and embryonic lethality. Here we present a family with a novel neuromuscular condition. Genetic analyses show a heterozygous duplication resulting in reduced MACF1 gene product. The functional consequence is affected motility observed as periodic hypotonia, lax muscles and diminished motor skills, with heterogeneous presentation among the affected family members. To corroborate these findings we used RNA interference to knock down the VAB-10 locus containing the MACF1 homologue in C. elegans, and we could show that this also causes movement disturbances. These findings suggest that changes in the MACF1 gene is implicated in this neuromuscular condition, which is an important observation since MACF1 has not previously been associated with any human disease and thus presents a key to understanding the essential nature of this gene.
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Loss of the spectraplakin short stop activates the DLK injury response pathway in Drosophila. J Neurosci 2013; 33:17863-73. [PMID: 24198375 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2196-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The MAPKKK dual leucine zipper-containing kinase (DLK, Wallenda in Drosophila) is an evolutionarily conserved component of the axonal injury response pathway. After nerve injury, DLK promotes degeneration of distal axons and regeneration of proximal axons. This dual role in coordinating degeneration and regeneration suggests that DLK may be a sensor of axon injury, and so understanding how DLK is activated is important. Two mechanisms are known to activate DLK. First, increasing the levels of DLK via overexpression or loss of the PHR ubiquitin ligases that target DLK activate DLK signaling. Second, in Caenorhabditis elegans, a calcium-dependent mechanism, can activate DLK. Here we describe a new mechanism that activates DLK in Drosophila: loss of the spectraplakin short stop (shot). In a genetic screen for mutants with defective neuromuscular junction development, we identify a hypomorphic allele of shot that displays synaptic terminal overgrowth and a precocious regenerative response to nerve injury. We demonstrate that both phenotypes are the result of overactivation of the DLK signaling pathway. We further show that, unlike mutations in the PHR ligase Highwire, loss of function of shot activates DLK without a concomitant increase in the levels of DLK. As a spectraplakin, Shot binds to both actin and microtubules and promotes cytoskeletal stability. The DLK pathway is also activated by downregulation of the TCP1 chaperonin complex, whose normal function is to promote cytoskeletal stability. These findings support the model that DLK is activated by cytoskeletal instability, which is a shared feature of both spectraplakin mutants and injured axons.
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