1
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Sun Y, Dotson GA, Muir LA, Ronquist S, Oravecz-Wilson K, Peltier D, Seike K, Li L, Meixner W, Rajapakse I, Reddy P. Rearrangement of T Cell genome architecture regulates GVHD. iScience 2022; 25:104846. [PMID: 36043052 PMCID: PMC9420521 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
WAPL, cohesin's DNA release factor, regulates three-dimensional (3D) chromatin architecture. The 3D chromatin structure and its relevance to mature T cell functions is not well understood. We show that in vivo lymphopenic expansion, and alloantigen-driven proliferation, alters the 3D structure and function of the genome in mature T cells. Conditional deletion of WAPL, cohesin's DNA release factor, in T cells reduced long-range genomic interactions and altered chromatin A/B compartments and interactions within topologically associating domains (TADs) of the chromatin in T cells at baseline. WAPL deficiency in T cells reduced loop extensions, changed expression of cell cycling genes and reduced proliferation following in vitro and in vivo stimulation, and reduced severity of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) following experimental allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. These data collectively characterize 3D genomic architecture of T cells in vivo and demonstrate biological and clinical implications for its disruption by cohesin release factor WAPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Sun
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gabrielle A. Dotson
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lindsey A. Muir
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Scott Ronquist
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Katherine Oravecz-Wilson
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel Peltier
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Keisuke Seike
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lu Li
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Walter Meixner
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Indika Rajapakse
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pavan Reddy
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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2
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Qu Y, Alves‐Silva J, Gupta K, Hahn I, Parkin J, Sánchez‐Soriano N, Prokop A. Re-evaluating the actin-dependence of spectraplakin functions during axon growth and maintenance. Dev Neurobiol 2022; 82:288-307. [PMID: 35333003 PMCID: PMC9320987 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Axons are the long and slender processes of neurons constituting the biological cables that wire the nervous system. The growth and maintenance of axons require loose microtubule bundles that extend through their entire length. Understanding microtubule regulation is therefore an essential aspect of axon biology. Key regulators of neuronal microtubules are the spectraplakins, a well-conserved family of cytoskeletal cross-linkers that underlie neuropathies in mouse and humans. Spectraplakin deficiency in mouse or Drosophila causes severe decay of microtubule bundles and reduced axon growth. The underlying mechanisms are best understood for Drosophila's spectraplakin Short stop (Shot) and believed to involve cytoskeletal cross-linkage: Shot's binding to microtubules and Eb1 via its C-terminus has been thoroughly investigated, whereas its F-actin interaction via N-terminal calponin homology (CH) domains is little understood. Here, we have gained new understanding by showing that the F-actin interaction must be finely balanced: altering the properties of F-actin networks or deleting/exchanging Shot's CH domains induces changes in Shot function-with a Lifeact-containing Shot variant causing remarkable remodeling of neuronal microtubules. In addition to actin-microtubule (MT) cross-linkage, we find strong indications that Shot executes redundant MT bundle-promoting roles that are F-actin-independent. We argue that these likely involve the neuronal Shot-PH isoform, which is characterized by a large, unexplored central plakin repeat region (PRR) similarly existing also in mammalian spectraplakins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qu
- Manchester Academic Health Science CentreFaculty of BiologyMedicine and HealthSchool of Biology, The University of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Present address:
Division of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Ecology, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - Juliana Alves‐Silva
- Manchester Academic Health Science CentreFaculty of BiologyMedicine and HealthSchool of Biology, The University of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Present address:
Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Kriti Gupta
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Cell SignallingInstitute of SystemsMolecular & Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Ines Hahn
- Manchester Academic Health Science CentreFaculty of BiologyMedicine and HealthSchool of Biology, The University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Jill Parkin
- Manchester Academic Health Science CentreFaculty of BiologyMedicine and HealthSchool of Biology, The University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Natalia Sánchez‐Soriano
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Cell SignallingInstitute of SystemsMolecular & Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Andreas Prokop
- Manchester Academic Health Science CentreFaculty of BiologyMedicine and HealthSchool of Biology, The University of ManchesterManchesterUK
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3
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Riegert J, Töpel A, Schieren J, Coryn R, Dibenedetto S, Braunmiller D, Zajt K, Schalla C, Rütten S, Zenke M, Pich A, Sechi A. Guiding cell adhesion and motility by modulating cross-linking and topographic properties of microgel arrays. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257495. [PMID: 34555082 PMCID: PMC8460069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomaterial-driven modulation of cell adhesion and migration is a challenging
aspect of tissue engineering. Here, we investigated the impact of surface-bound
microgel arrays with variable geometry and adjustable cross-linking properties
on cell adhesion and migration. We show that cell migration is inversely
correlated with microgel array spacing, whereas directionality increases as
array spacing increases. Focal adhesion dynamics is also modulated by microgel
topography resulting in less dynamic focal adhesions on surface-bound microgels.
Microgels also modulate the motility and adhesion of Sertoli cells used as a
model for cell migration and adhesion. Both focal adhesion dynamics and speed
are reduced on microgels. Interestingly, Gas2L1, a component of the cytoskeleton
that mediates the interaction between microtubules and microfilaments, is
dispensable for the regulation of cell adhesion and migration on microgels.
Finally, increasing microgel cross-linking causes a clear reduction of focal
adhesion turnover in Sertoli cells. These findings not only show that spacing
and rigidity of surface-grafted microgels arrays can be effectively used to
modulate cell adhesion and motility of diverse cellular systems, but they also
form the basis for future developments in the fields of medicine and tissue
engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Riegert
- Dept. of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen
University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Töpel
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and
Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen,
Germany
- DWI, Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Aachen,
Germany
| | - Jana Schieren
- Dept. of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen
University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Renee Coryn
- Dept. of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen
University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stella Dibenedetto
- Dept. of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen
University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Dominik Braunmiller
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and
Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen,
Germany
- DWI, Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Aachen,
Germany
| | - Kamil Zajt
- Dept. of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen
University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Carmen Schalla
- Dept. of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen
University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stephan Rütten
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen
University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Zenke
- Dept. of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen
University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and
Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen,
Germany
- DWI, Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Aachen,
Germany
| | - Antonio Sechi
- Dept. of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen
University, Aachen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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4
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Zhou Y, Zhang L, Song S, Xu L, Yan Y, Wu H, Tong X, Yan H. Elevated GAS2L3 Expression Correlates With Poor Prognosis in Patients With Glioma: A Study Based on Bioinformatics and Immunohistochemical Analysis. Front Genet 2021; 12:649270. [PMID: 33859674 PMCID: PMC8042292 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.649270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Growth arrest–specific 2 like 3 (GAS2L3) is a cytoskeleton-associated protein that interacts with actin filaments and tubulin. Abnormal GAS2L3 expression has been reported to be associated with carcinogenesis. However, the biological role of GAS2L3 in glioma remains to be determined. Methods The transcriptome level of GAS2L3 and its relationship with clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed among multiple public databases and clinical specimens. Bioinformatics analyses were conducted to explore biological functions and prognostic value of GAS2L3 in glioma. Results GAS2L3 was substantially expressed in glioma, and high GAS2L3 expression correlated with shorter overall survival time and poor clinical variables. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), single-sample gene-set enrichment analysis, and CIBERSORT algorithm analyses showed that GAS2L3 expression was closely linked to immune-related pathways, inflammatory activities, and immune cell infiltration. Moreover, GAS2L3 was synergistic with T cell–inflamed gene signature, immune checkpoints, T-cell receptor diversities, and neoantigen numbers. Conclusion This study suggests that GAS2L3 is a prognostic biomarker for glioma, providing a reference for further study of the potential role of GAS2L3 in the immunomodulation of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Clinical College of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Limin Zhang
- Clinical College of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Sirong Song
- Clinical College of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lixia Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Haiyang Wu
- Clinical College of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoguang Tong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hua Yan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
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5
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Shafiq M, Zafar S, Younas N, Noor A, Puig B, Altmeppen HC, Schmitz M, Matschke J, Ferrer I, Glatzel M, Zerr I. Prion protein oligomers cause neuronal cytoskeletal damage in rapidly progressive Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:11. [PMID: 33618749 PMCID: PMC7898440 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00422-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High-density oligomers of the prion protein (HDPs) have previously been identified in brain tissues of patients with rapidly progressive Alzheimer’s disease (rpAD). The current investigation aims at identifying interacting partners of HDPs in the rpAD brains to unravel the pathological involvement of HDPs in the rapid progression. Methods HDPs from the frontal cortex tissues of rpAD brains were isolated using sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Proteins interacting with HDPs were identified by co-immunoprecipitation coupled with mass spectrometry. Further verifications were carried out using proteomic tools, immunoblotting, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results We identified rpAD-specific HDP-interactors, including the growth arrest specific 2-like 2 protein (G2L2). Intriguingly, rpAD-specific disturbances were found in the localization of G2L2 and its associated proteins i.e., the end binding protein 1, α-tubulin, and β-actin. Discussion The results show the involvement of HDPs in the destabilization of the neuronal actin/tubulin infrastructure. We consider this disturbance to be a contributing factor for the rapid progression in rpAD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13024-021-00422-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Shafiq
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Goettingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075, Goettingen, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Saima Zafar
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Goettingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075, Goettingen, Germany. .,Biomedical Engineering and Sciences Department, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Neelam Younas
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Goettingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Aneeqa Noor
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Goettingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Berta Puig
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Clemens Altmeppen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Goettingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jakob Matschke
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Institut de Neuropatologica, Servei Anatomia Patològica, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer Feixa LLarga sn, 08907, Hospitalet de LLobregat, CIBERNED, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Goettingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075, Goettingen, Germany
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6
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Niego A, Benítez-Burraco A. Autism and Williams syndrome: Dissimilar socio-cognitive profiles with similar patterns of abnormal gene expression in the blood. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2020; 25:464-489. [PMID: 33143449 DOI: 10.1177/1362361320965074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
LAY ABSTRACT Autism spectrum disorders and Williams syndrome are complex cognitive conditions exhibiting quite opposite features in the social domain: whereas people with autism spectrum disorders are mostly hyposocial, subjects with Williams syndrome are usually reported as hypersocial. At the same time, autism spectrum disorders and Williams syndrome share some common underlying behavioral and cognitive deficits. It is not clear, however, which genes account for the attested differences (and similarities) in the socio-cognitive domain. In this article, we adopted a comparative molecular approach and looked for genes that might be differentially (or similarly) regulated in the blood of people with these conditions. We found a significant overlap between genes dysregulated in the blood of patients compared to neurotypical controls, with most of them being upregulated or, in some cases, downregulated. Still, genes with similar expression trends can exhibit quantitative differences between conditions, with most of them being more dysregulated in Williams syndrome than in autism spectrum disorders. Differentially expressed genes are involved in aspects of brain development and function (particularly dendritogenesis) and are expressed in brain areas (particularly the cerebellum, the thalamus, and the striatum) of relevance for the autism spectrum disorder and the Williams syndrome etiopathogenesis. Overall, these genes emerge as promising candidates for the similarities and differences between the autism spectrum disorder and the Williams syndrome socio-cognitive profiles.
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7
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Zhang N, Zhao C, Zhang X, Cui X, Zhao Y, Yang J, Gao X. Growth arrest-specific 2 protein family: Structure and function. Cell Prolif 2020; 54:e12934. [PMID: 33103301 PMCID: PMC7791176 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the growth arrest–specific 2 (GAS2) protein family consist of a putative actin‐binding (CH) domain and a microtubule‐binding (GAR) domain and are considered miniversions of spectraplakins. There are four members in the GAS2 family, viz. GAS2, GAS2L1, GAS2L2 and GAS2L3. Although GAS2 is defined as a family of growth arrest–specific proteins, the significant differences in the expression patterns, interaction characteristics and biological issues or diseases among the different GAS2 family members have not been systemically reviewed to date. Therefore, we summarized the available evidence on the structures and functions of GAS2 family members. This review facilitates a comprehensive molecular understanding of the involvement of the GAS2 family members in an array of biological processes, including cytoskeleton reorganization, cell cycle, apoptosis and cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Excellent Talent Project, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunyan Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Excellent Talent Project, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Excellent Talent Project, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoteng Cui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Excellent Talent Project, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital and Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Variation, and Regeneration, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Municipal Government, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Excellent Talent Project, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Excellent Talent Project, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xingjie Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Excellent Talent Project, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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8
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Au FK, Hau BK, Qi RZ. Nek2-mediated GAS2L1 phosphorylation and centrosome-linker disassembly induce centrosome disjunction. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e201909094. [PMID: 32289147 PMCID: PMC7199859 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201909094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosome disjunction occurs in late G2 to facilitate bipolar spindle formation and is mediated by the NIMA-related kinase Nek2. Here, we show that GAS2L1, a microtubule- and F-actin-binding protein required for centrosome disjunction, undergoes Nek2-mediated phosphorylation at Ser352 in G2/M. The phosphorylation is essential for centrosome disjunction in late G2 and for proper spindle assembly and faithful chromosome segregation in mitosis. GAS2L1 contains a calponin-homology (CH) domain and a GAS2-related (GAR) domain, which bind to F-actin and microtubules, respectively. Notably, the CH and GAR domains bind to each other to inhibit the functions of both domains, and Ser352 phosphorylation disrupts the interaction between the two domains and relieves the autoinhibition. We dissected the roles of the GAS2L1 phosphorylation and of centrosome-linker disassembly, which is another Nek2-mediated event, and found that these events together trigger centrosome disjunction. Therefore, our findings demonstrate the concerted Nek2 actions that split the centrosomes in late G2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco K.C. Au
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bill K.T. Hau
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Robert Z. Qi
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
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9
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Hahn I, Voelzmann A, Liew YT, Costa-Gomes B, Prokop A. The model of local axon homeostasis - explaining the role and regulation of microtubule bundles in axon maintenance and pathology. Neural Dev 2019; 14:11. [PMID: 31706327 PMCID: PMC6842214 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-019-0134-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Axons are the slender, cable-like, up to meter-long projections of neurons that electrically wire our brains and bodies. In spite of their challenging morphology, they usually need to be maintained for an organism's lifetime. This makes them key lesion sites in pathological processes of ageing, injury and neurodegeneration. The morphology and physiology of axons crucially depends on the parallel bundles of microtubules (MTs), running all along to serve as their structural backbones and highways for life-sustaining cargo transport and organelle dynamics. Understanding how these bundles are formed and then maintained will provide important explanations for axon biology and pathology. Currently, much is known about MTs and the proteins that bind and regulate them, but very little about how these factors functionally integrate to regulate axon biology. As an attempt to bridge between molecular mechanisms and their cellular relevance, we explain here the model of local axon homeostasis, based on our own experiments in Drosophila and published data primarily from vertebrates/mammals as well as C. elegans. The model proposes that (1) the physical forces imposed by motor protein-driven transport and dynamics in the confined axonal space, are a life-sustaining necessity, but pose a strong bias for MT bundles to become disorganised. (2) To counterbalance this risk, MT-binding and -regulating proteins of different classes work together to maintain and protect MT bundles as necessary transport highways. Loss of balance between these two fundamental processes can explain the development of axonopathies, in particular those linking to MT-regulating proteins, motors and transport defects. With this perspective in mind, we hope that more researchers incorporate MTs into their work, thus enhancing our chances of deciphering the complex regulatory networks that underpin axon biology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Hahn
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, School of Biology, Manchester, UK
| | - André Voelzmann
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, School of Biology, Manchester, UK
| | - Yu-Ting Liew
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, School of Biology, Manchester, UK
| | - Beatriz Costa-Gomes
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, School of Biology, Manchester, UK
| | - Andreas Prokop
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, School of Biology, Manchester, UK.
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10
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van de Willige D, Hummel JJ, Alkemade C, Kahn OI, Au FK, Qi RZ, Dogterom M, Koenderink GH, Hoogenraad CC, Akhmanova A. Cytolinker Gas2L1 regulates axon morphology through microtubule-modulated actin stabilization. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e47732. [PMID: 31486213 PMCID: PMC6831992 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201947732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Crosstalk between the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons underlies cellular morphogenesis. Interactions between actin filaments and microtubules are particularly important for establishing the complex polarized morphology of neurons. Here, we characterized the neuronal function of growth arrest‐specific 2‐like 1 (Gas2L1), a protein that can directly bind to actin, microtubules and microtubule plus‐end‐tracking end binding proteins. We found that Gas2L1 promotes axon branching, but restricts axon elongation in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Using pull‐down experiments and in vitro reconstitution assays, in which purified Gas2L1 was combined with actin and dynamic microtubules, we demonstrated that Gas2L1 is autoinhibited. This autoinhibition is relieved by simultaneous binding to actin filaments and microtubules. In neurons, Gas2L1 primarily localizes to the actin cytoskeleton and functions as an actin stabilizer. The microtubule‐binding tail region of Gas2L1 directs its actin‐stabilizing activity towards the axon. We propose that Gas2L1 acts as an actin regulator, the function of which is spatially modulated by microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieudonnée van de Willige
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica Ja Hummel
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Celine Alkemade
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.,Living Matter Department, AMOLF, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olga I Kahn
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Franco Kc Au
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Robert Z Qi
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Marileen Dogterom
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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11
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Parker SS, Krantz J, Kwak EA, Barker NK, Deer CG, Lee NY, Mouneimne G, Langlais PR. Insulin Induces Microtubule Stabilization and Regulates the Microtubule Plus-end Tracking Protein Network in Adipocytes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:1363-1381. [PMID: 31018989 PMCID: PMC6601206 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake is known to involve microtubules, although the function of microtubules and the microtubule-regulating proteins involved in insulin action are poorly understood. CLASP2, a plus-end tracking microtubule-associated protein (+TIP) that controls microtubule dynamics, was recently implicated as the first +TIP associated with insulin-regulated glucose uptake. Here, using protein-specific targeted quantitative phosphoproteomics within 3T3-L1 adipocytes, we discovered that insulin regulates phosphorylation of the CLASP2 network members G2L1, MARK2, CLIP2, AGAP3, and CKAP5 as well as EB1, revealing the existence of a previously unknown microtubule-associated protein system that responds to insulin. To further investigate, G2L1 interactome studies within 3T3-L1 adipocytes revealed that G2L1 coimmunoprecipitates CLASP2 and CLIP2 as well as the master integrators of +TIP assembly, the end binding (EB) proteins. Live-cell total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy in adipocytes revealed G2L1 and CLASP2 colocalize on microtubule plus-ends. We found that although insulin increases the number of CLASP2-containing plus-ends, insulin treatment simultaneously decreases CLASP2-containing plus-end velocity. In addition, we discovered that insulin stimulates redistribution of CLASP2 and G2L1 from exclusive plus-end tracking to "trailing" behind the growing tip of the microtubule. Insulin treatment increases α-tubulin Lysine 40 acetylation, a mechanism that was observed to be regulated by a counterbalance between GSK3 and mTOR, and led to microtubule stabilization. Our studies introduce insulin-stimulated microtubule stabilization and plus-end trailing of +TIPs as new modes of insulin action and reveal the likelihood that a network of microtubule-associated proteins synergize to coordinate insulin-regulated microtubule dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara S Parker
- From the ‡Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine
| | - James Krantz
- §Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology
| | | | | | - Chris G Deer
- University of Arizona Research Computing, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Nam Y Lee
- ¶Department of Pharmacology,; ‖Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona 85721
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12
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Nazgiewicz A, Atherton P, Ballestrem C. GAS2-like 1 coordinates cell division through its association with end-binding proteins. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5805. [PMID: 30967572 PMCID: PMC6456587 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42242-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division involves the tightly coordinated rearrangement of actin and microtubules (MTs). We have previously shown that a member of the family of growth arrest-specific 2-like proteins, GAS2-like 1 (G2L1) regulates actin-MT crosstalk through its associations with plus-end microtubule tip-binding (EB) proteins. Here we show that G2L1 is involved in the regulation of cell division. We show that the depletion of G2L1 results in a reduction in the number of cells undergoing cell division and a significant proportion of those cells that do divide are either multinucleated, display deformed nuclei, or undergo cell division at a much slower rate. Exogenous expression of G2L1 mutants revealed that the association of G2L1 with EB1 is critical for regulated cell division and blocking this interaction inhibits cell division as observed in cells lacking G2L1. Taken together, our data suggest that G2L1 controls the precise regulation and successful progression of cell division through its binding to EB-proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Nazgiewicz
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Paul Atherton
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Christoph Ballestrem
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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13
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Lack of GAS2L2 Causes PCD by Impairing Cilia Orientation and Mucociliary Clearance. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 104:229-245. [PMID: 30665704 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetic disorder in which impaired ciliary function leads to chronic airway disease. Exome sequencing of a PCD subject identified an apparent homozygous frameshift variant, c.887_890delTAAG (p.Val296Glyfs∗13), in exon 5; this frameshift introduces a stop codon in amino acid 308 of the growth arrest-specific protein 2-like 2 (GAS2L2). Further genetic screening of unrelated PCD subjects identified a second proband with a compound heterozygous variant carrying the identical frameshift variant and a large deletion (c.867_∗343+1207del; p.?) starting in exon 5. Both individuals had clinical features of PCD but normal ciliary axoneme structure. In this research, using human nasal cells, mouse models, and X.laevis embryos, we show that GAS2L2 is abundant at the apical surface of ciliated cells, where it localizes with basal bodies, basal feet, rootlets, and actin filaments. Cultured GAS2L2-deficient nasal epithelial cells from one of the affected individuals showed defects in ciliary orientation and had an asynchronous and hyperkinetic (GAS2L2-deficient = 19.8 Hz versus control = 15.8 Hz) ciliary-beat pattern. These results were recapitulated in Gas2l2-/- mouse tracheal epithelial cell (mTEC) cultures and in X. laevis embryos treated with Gas2l2 morpholinos. In mice, the absence of Gas2l2 caused neonatal death, and the conditional deletion of Gas2l2 impaired mucociliary clearance (MCC) and led to mucus accumulation. These results show that a pathogenic variant in GAS2L2 causes a genetic defect in ciliary orientation and impairs MCC and results in PCD.
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14
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Deletion of Gas2l3 in mice leads to specific defects in cardiomyocyte cytokinesis during development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:8029-8034. [PMID: 28698371 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1703406114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
GAS2L3 is a recently identified cytoskeleton-associated protein that interacts with actin filaments and tubulin. The in vivo function of GAS2L3 in mammals remains unknown. Here, we show that mice deficient in GAS2L3 die shortly after birth because of heart failure. Mammalian cardiomyocytes lose the ability to proliferate shortly after birth, and further increase in cardiac mass is achieved by hypertrophy. The proliferation arrest of cardiomyocytes is accompanied by binucleation through incomplete cytokinesis. We observed that GAS2L3 deficiency leads to inhibition of cardiomyocyte proliferation and to cardiomyocyte hypertrophy during embryonic development. Cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of GAS2L3 confirmed that the phenotype results from the loss of GAS2L3 in cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocytes from Gas2l3-deficient mice exhibit increased expression of a p53-transcriptional program including the cell cycle inhibitor p21. Furthermore, loss of GAS2L3 results in premature binucleation of cardiomyocytes accompanied by unresolved midbody structures. Together these results suggest that GAS2L3 plays a specific role in cardiomyocyte cytokinesis and proliferation during heart development.
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15
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Liebisch M, Bondeva T, Franke S, Hause S, Wolf G. Growth arrest specific 2-like protein 1 expression is upregulated in podocytes through advanced glycation end-products. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2017; 32:641-653. [PMID: 27638909 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfw313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Growth arrest specific 2-like protein 1 (GAS2L1) protein is a member of the GAS2 family of proteins, known to regulate apoptosis and cellular cytoskeleton reorganization in different cells. Recently we identified that Gas2l1 gene expression in podocytes is influenced by advanced glycation end product-bovine serum albumin(AGE-BSA). Methods The study was performed employing cultured podocytes and diabetic ( db/db ) mice, a model of type 2 diabetes. Akbuminuria as wellas urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) excretion as measured with specific ELISAs. Gene expression was analysed via semiquantitative and real-time polymerase chain reaction. The protein levels were determined by western blotting and immunostaining. Results We found that the Gas2l1 α isoform is expressed in podocytes. Treatment with AGE-BSA induced Gas2l1 α and Gas2 mRNA levels compared with controls incubated with non-glycated control BSA (Co-BSA). Moreover, application of the recombinant soluble receptor of AGEs (sRAGE), a competitor of cellular RAGE, reversed the AGE-BSA effect. Interestingly, AGE-BSA also increased the protein levels of GAS2L1α in a RAGE-dependent manner, but did not affect the GAS2 expression. Periodic acid-Schiff staining and albuminuria as well as urinary NGAL excretion revealed that db/db mice progressively developed diabetic nephropathy with renal accumulation of N ε -carboxy-methyl-lysine (immunohistochemistry, western blots). Analyses of GAS2L1α and GAS2 proteins in diabetic mice revealed that both were significantly elevated relative to their non-diabetic littermates. In addition, GAS2L1α and GAS2 proteins positively correlated with the accumulation of AGEs in the blood plasma of diabetic mice and the administration of sRAGE in diabetic mice reduced the glomerular expression of both proteins. Conclusions We show for the first time that the protein expression of GAS2L1α in vitro and in vivo is regulated by the AGE-RAGE axis. The suppression of AGE ligation with their RAGE in diabetic mice with progressive nephropathy reversed the GAS2L1α expression, thus suggesting a role of GAS2L1α in the development of diabetic disease, which needs to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marita Liebisch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee, Jena, Germany
| | - Tzvetanka Bondeva
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee, Jena, Germany
| | - Sybille Franke
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee, Jena, Germany
| | - Stephan Hause
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee, Jena, Germany
| | - Gunter Wolf
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee, Jena, Germany
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16
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Kruse R, Krantz J, Barker N, Coletta RL, Rafikov R, Luo M, Højlund K, Mandarino LJ, Langlais PR. Characterization of the CLASP2 Protein Interaction Network Identifies SOGA1 as a Microtubule-Associated Protein. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:1718-1735. [PMID: 28550165 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra117.000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CLASP2 is a microtubule-associated protein that undergoes insulin-stimulated phosphorylation and co-localization with reorganized actin and GLUT4 at the plasma membrane. To gain insight to the role of CLASP2 in this system, we developed and successfully executed a streamlined interactome approach and built a CLASP2 protein network in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Using two different commercially available antibodies for CLASP2 and an antibody for epitope-tagged, overexpressed CLASP2, we performed multiple affinity purification coupled with mass spectrometry (AP-MS) experiments in combination with label-free quantitative proteomics and analyzed the data with the bioinformatics tool Significance Analysis of Interactome (SAINT). We discovered that CLASP2 coimmunoprecipitates (co-IPs) the novel protein SOGA1, the microtubule-associated protein kinase MARK2, and the microtubule/actin-regulating protein G2L1. The GTPase-activating proteins AGAP1 and AGAP3 were also enriched in the CLASP2 interactome, although subsequent AGAP3 and CLIP2 interactome analysis suggests a preference of AGAP3 for CLIP2. Follow-up MARK2 interactome analysis confirmed reciprocal co-IP of CLASP2 and revealed MARK2 can co-IP SOGA1, glycogen synthase, and glycogenin. Investigating the SOGA1 interactome confirmed SOGA1 can reciprocal co-IP both CLASP2 and MARK2 as well as glycogen synthase and glycogenin. SOGA1 was confirmed to colocalize with CLASP2 and with tubulin, which identifies SOGA1 as a new microtubule-associated protein. These results introduce the metabolic function of these proposed novel protein networks and their relationship with microtubules as new fields of cytoskeleton-associated protein biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Kruse
- From the ‡The Section of Molecular Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Clinical Research and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark.,§Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - James Krantz
- ¶Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Natalie Barker
- ¶Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Richard L Coletta
- ‖School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85787
| | - Ruslan Rafikov
- ¶Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Moulun Luo
- ¶Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Kurt Højlund
- From the ‡The Section of Molecular Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Clinical Research and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark.,§Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Lawrence J Mandarino
- ¶Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Paul R Langlais
- ¶Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona 85721;
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17
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Au FKC, Jia Y, Jiang K, Grigoriev I, Hau BKT, Shen Y, Du S, Akhmanova A, Qi RZ. GAS2L1 Is a Centriole-Associated Protein Required for Centrosome Dynamics and Disjunction. Dev Cell 2016; 40:81-94. [PMID: 28017616 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitotic spindle formation and chromosome segregation require timely separation of the two duplicated centrosomes, and this process is initiated in late G2 by centrosome disjunction. Here we report that GAS2L1, a microtubule- and actin-binding protein, associates with the proximal end of mature centrioles and participates in centriole dynamics and centrosome disjunction. GAS2L1 attaches microtubules and actin to centrosomes, and the loss of GAS2L1 inhibits centrosome disjunction in G2 and centrosome splitting induced by depletion of the centrosome linker rootletin. Conversely, GAS2L1 overexpression induces premature centrosome separation, and this activity requires GAS2L1 association with actin, microtubules, and the microtubule end-binding proteins. The centrosome-splitting effect of GAS2L1 is counterbalanced by rootletin, reflecting the opposing actions of GAS2L1 and the centrosome linker. Our work reveals a GAS2L1-mediated centriole-tethering mechanism of microtubules and actin, which provide the forces required for centrosome dynamics and separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco K C Au
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yue Jia
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ilya Grigoriev
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Bill K T Hau
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuehong Shen
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shengwang Du
- Department of Physics and Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Z Qi
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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18
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York JP, Ren YA, Zeng J, Bin Zhang, Wang F, Chen R, Liu J, Xia X, Zhang P. Growth Arrest Specific 2 (GAS2) is a Critical Mediator of Germ Cell Cyst Breakdown and Folliculogenesis in Mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34956. [PMID: 27734842 PMCID: PMC5062118 DOI: 10.1038/srep34956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In the mouse ovary, the primordial follicle pool is established through a diverse array of signaling pathways and tissue remodeling events. Growth arrest specific gene two (GAS2) is a highly conserved cytoskeleton-associated protein whose in vivo function remains unclear. In Drosophila, loss of the GAS2 homolog, Pigs, results in infertility. We demonstrate herein that, in the mouse ovary, GAS2 is expressed in the stromal cells surrounding the oocyte cysts on 16.5 dpc, and in stromal cells surrounding growing follicles during juvenile and adult life. We have generated genetically engineered mice with inactivated Gas2. Gas2 homozygous mutant mice are viable but have severely impaired fertility in females, in which oocyte cyst breakdown is disrupted and follicle growth is impaired, with significantly reduced numbers of large antral follicles and corpora lutea. In these mutant mice, the organization of the basal lamina surrounding developing follicles is severely defective at multiple stages of folliculogenesis. We also found that Notch signaling activity was altered in ovaries from Gas2 null mice around the time of birth and during follicular development later in life. These results indicate that GAS2 is a critical and novel regulator of tissue remodeling in the ovary during oocyte cyst breakdown and folliculogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Philippe York
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yi Athena Ren
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jie Zeng
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fang Wang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, China
| | - Rui Chen
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, China
| | - Jianqiao Liu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, China
| | - Xuefeng Xia
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, China.,Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Pumin Zhang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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19
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Girdler GC, Applewhite DA, Perry WMG, Rogers SL, Röper K. The Gas2 family protein Pigs is a microtubule +TIP that affects cytoskeleton organisation. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:121-34. [PMID: 26585311 PMCID: PMC4732294 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.176230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordination between different cytoskeletal systems is crucial for many cell biological functions, including cell migration and mitosis, and also plays an important role during tissue morphogenesis. Proteins of the class of cytoskeletal crosslinkers, or cytolinkers, have the ability to interact with more than one cytoskeletal system at a time and are prime candidates to mediate any coordination. One such class comprises the Gas2-like proteins, combining a conserved calponin-homology-type actin-binding domain and a Gas2 domain predicted to bind microtubules (MTs). This domain combination is also found in spectraplakins, huge cytolinkers that play important roles in many tissues in both invertebrates and vertebrates. Here, we dissect the ability of the single Drosophila Gas2-like protein Pigs to interact with both actin and MT cytoskeletons, both in vitro and in vivo, and illustrate complex regulatory interactions that determine the localisation of Pigs to and its effects on the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma C Girdler
- MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Derek A Applewhite
- Department of Biology & Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 3280, 422 Fordham Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Boulevard, Portland, OR 97202, USA
| | - Wick M G Perry
- Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Boulevard, Portland, OR 97202, USA
| | - Stephen L Rogers
- Department of Biology & Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 3280, 422 Fordham Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Katja Röper
- MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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20
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Gamper I, Fleck D, Barlin M, Spehr M, El Sayad S, Kleine H, Maxeiner S, Schalla C, Aydin G, Hoss M, Litchfield DW, Lüscher B, Zenke M, Sechi A. GAR22β regulates cell migration, sperm motility, and axoneme structure. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 27:277-94. [PMID: 26564797 PMCID: PMC4713131 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-06-0426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatiotemporal cytoskeleton remodeling is crucial for several biological processes. GAR22β interacts with EB1 via a novel noncanonical amino acid sequence and is pivotal for cell motility and focal adhesion turnover. GAR22β is also crucial for generation, motility, and ultrastructural organization of spermatozoa. Spatiotemporal cytoskeleton remodeling is pivotal for cell adhesion and migration. Here we investigated the function of Gas2-related protein on chromosome 22 (GAR22β), a poorly characterized protein that interacts with actin and microtubules. Primary and immortalized GAR22β−/− Sertoli cells moved faster than wild-type cells. In addition, GAR22β−/− cells showed a more prominent focal adhesion turnover. GAR22β overexpression or its reexpression in GAR22β−/− cells reduced cell motility and focal adhesion turnover. GAR22β–actin interaction was stronger than GAR22β–microtubule interaction, resulting in GAR22β localization and dynamics that mirrored those of the actin cytoskeleton. Mechanistically, GAR22β interacted with the regulator of microtubule dynamics end-binding protein 1 (EB1) via a novel noncanonical amino acid sequence, and this GAR22β–EB1 interaction was required for the ability of GAR22β to modulate cell motility. We found that GAR22β is highly expressed in mouse testes, and its absence resulted in reduced spermatozoa generation, lower actin levels in testes, and impaired motility and ultrastructural disorganization of spermatozoa. Collectively our findings identify GAR22β as a novel regulator of cell adhesion and migration and provide a foundation for understanding the molecular basis of diverse cytoskeleton-dependent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne Gamper
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, D-52074 Aachen, Germany Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - David Fleck
- Institute for Biology II, Department of Chemosensation, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Meltem Barlin
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, D-52074 Aachen, Germany Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Marc Spehr
- Institute for Biology II, Department of Chemosensation, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sara El Sayad
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, D-52074 Aachen, Germany Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Henning Kleine
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Maxeiner
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, D-52074 Aachen, Germany Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Carmen Schalla
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, D-52074 Aachen, Germany Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Gülcan Aydin
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, D-52074 Aachen, Germany Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mareike Hoss
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - David W Litchfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Bernhard Lüscher
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Zenke
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, D-52074 Aachen, Germany Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Antonio Sechi
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, D-52074 Aachen, Germany Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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21
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Sharaby Y, Lahmi R, Amar O, Elbaz I, Lerer-Goldshtein T, Weiss AM, Appelbaum L, Tzur A. Gas2l3 is essential for brain morphogenesis and development. Dev Biol 2014; 394:305-13. [PMID: 25131197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Growth arrest-specific 2-like 3 (Gas2l3) is a newly discovered cell cycle protein and a cytoskeleton orchestrator that binds both actin filament and microtubule networks. Studies of cultured mammalian cells established Gas2l3 as a regulator of the cell division process, in particular cytokinesis and cell abscission. Thus far, the role of Gas2l3 in vivo remains entirely unknown. In order to investigate Gas2l3 in developing vertebrates, we cloned the zebrafish gene. Spatiotemporal analysis of gas2l3 expression revealed a ubiquitous maternal transcript as well as a zygotic transcript primarily restricted to brain tissues. We next conducted a series of loss-of-function experiments, and searched for developmental anomalies at the end of the segmentation period. Our analysis revealed abnormal brain morphogenesis and ventricle formation in gas2l3 knockdown embryos. This signature phenotype could be rescued by elevated levels of gas2l3 RNA. At the tissue level, gas2l3 downregulation interferes with cell proliferation, suggesting that the cell cycle activities of Gas2l3 are essential for brain tissue homeostasis. Altogether, this study provides the first insight into the function of gas2l3 in vivo, demonstrating its essential role in brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaara Sharaby
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel; Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Roxane Lahmi
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel; Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Omer Amar
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel; Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Idan Elbaz
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel; Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Tali Lerer-Goldshtein
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel; Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Aryeh M Weiss
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Lior Appelbaum
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel; Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Amit Tzur
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel; Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel.
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22
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Kodera H, Ando N, Yuasa I, Wada Y, Tsurusaki Y, Nakashima M, Miyake N, Saitoh S, Matsumoto N, Saitsu H. Mutations in COG2 encoding a subunit of the conserved oligomeric golgi complex cause a congenital disorder of glycosylation. Clin Genet 2014; 87:455-60. [PMID: 24784932 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex is involved in intra-Golgi retrograde trafficking, and mutations in six of its eight subunits have been reported in congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG). Here we report a patient showing severe acquired microcephaly, psychomotor retardation, seizures, liver dysfunction, hypocupremia, and hypoceruloplasminemia. Analysis of his serum glycoproteins revealed defects in both sialylation and galactosylation of glycan termini. Trio-based whole-exome sequencing identified two heterozygous mutations in COG2: a de novo frameshift mutation [c.701dup (p.Tyr234*)] and a missense mutation [c.1900T > G (p.Trp634Gly)]. Sequencing of cloned reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) products revealed that both mutations were located on separate alleles, as expected, and that the mutant transcript harboring the frameshift mutation underwent degradation. The c.1900T > G (p.Trp634Gly) mutation is located in a domain highly conserved among vertebrates and was absent from both the public database and our control exomes. Protein expression of COG2, along with COG3 and COG4, was decreased in fibroblasts from the patient. Our data strongly suggest that these compound heterozygous mutations in COG2 are causative of CDG.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kodera
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan
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23
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Stroud MJ, Nazgiewicz A, McKenzie EA, Wang Y, Kammerer RA, Ballestrem C. GAS2-like proteins mediate communication between microtubules and actin through interactions with end-binding proteins. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:2672-82. [PMID: 24706950 PMCID: PMC4058111 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.140558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Crosstalk between the microtubule (MT) and actin cytoskeletons is fundamental to many cellular processes including cell polarisation and cell motility. Previous work has shown that members of the growth-arrest-specific 2 (GAS2) family mediate the crosstalk between filamentous actin (F-actin) and MTs, but the molecular basis of this process remained unclear. By using fluorescence microscopy, we demonstrate that three members of this family, GAS2-like 1, GAS2-like 2 and GAS2-like 3 (G2L1, G2L2 and G2L3, also known as GAS2L1, GAS2L2 and GAS2L3, respectively) are differentially involved in mediating the crosstalk between F-actin and MTs. Although all localise to actin and MTs, only the exogenous expression of G2L1 and G2L2 influenced MT stability, dynamics and guidance along actin stress fibres. Biochemical analysis and live-cell imaging revealed that their functions are largely due to the association of these proteins with MT plus-end-binding proteins that bind to SxIP or SxLP motifs located at G2L C-termini. Our findings lead to a model in which end-binding (EB) proteins play a key role in mediating actin–MT crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Stroud
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Alicja Nazgiewicz
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Edward A McKenzie
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Yisu Wang
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Richard A Kammerer
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, OFLC 106, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Ballestrem
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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24
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Fackler M, Wolter P, Gaubatz S. The GAR domain of GAS2L3 mediates binding to the chromosomal passenger complex and is required for localization of GAS2L3 to the constriction zone during abscission. FEBS J 2014; 281:2123-35. [PMID: 24571573 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
GAS2L3 is a recently identified tubulin- and actin-binding protein that regulates cytokinesis and abscission. In this study we show that GAS2L3 interacts with the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC), which plays key roles in mitosis and cytokinesis. Biochemical assays show that GAS2L3 directly interacts with the C-terminus of borealin and the N-terminus of survivin. We find that the interaction between these two CPC subunits and GAS2L3 is mediated by the conserved GAR domain of GAS2L3. We further show that the GAR domain of GAS2L3 is required for localization of GAS2L3 to the constriction zone. Taken together these data suggest that GAS2L3 is a downstream effector of the CPC during cytokinetic abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Fackler
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Wuerzburg, Germany
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25
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Wu YC, Lai HL, Chang WC, Lin JT, Liu YJ, Chern Y. A novel Gαs-binding protein, Gas-2 like 2, facilitates the signaling of the A2A adenosine receptor. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:3145-3154. [PMID: 23994616 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The A2A adenosine receptor (A2AR) is a G-protein-coupled receptor that contains a long cytoplasmic carboxyl terminus (A2AR-C). We report here that Gas-2 like 2 (G2L2) is a new interacting partner of A2AR-C. The interaction between A2AR and G2L2 was verified by GST pull-down, co-immunoprecipitation, immunocytochemical staining, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Expression of G2L2 increased the intracellular cAMP content evoked by A2AR in an A2AR-C-dependent manner. Immunoprecipitation and pull-down assays demonstrated that G2L2 selectively bound to A2AR-C and the inactive form of Gαs to facilitate the recruitment of the trimeric G protein complex to the proximal position of A2AR for efficient activation. Collectively, G2L2 is a new effector that controls the action of A2AR by modulating its ability to regulate the Gαs-mediated cAMP contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chih Wu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Lin Lai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Cheng Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Tsai Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ju Liu
- Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yijuang Chern
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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26
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Pe’er T, Lahmi R, Sharaby Y, Chorni E, Noach M, Vecsler M, Zlotorynski E, Steen H, Steen JA, Tzur A. Gas2l3, a novel constriction site-associated protein whose regulation is mediated by the APC/C Cdh1 complex. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57532. [PMID: 23469016 PMCID: PMC3585356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth arrest-specific 2-like protein 3 (Gas2l3) was recently identified as an Actin/Tubulin cross-linker protein that regulates cytokinesis. Using cell-free systems from both frog eggs and human cells, we show that the Gas2l3 protein is targeted for ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis by the APC/CCdh1 complex, but not by the APC/CCdc20 complex, and is phosphorylated by Cdk1 in mitosis. Moreover, late in cytokinesis, Gas2l3 is exclusively localized to the constriction sites, which are the narrowest parts of the intercellular bridge connecting the two daughter cells. Overexpression of Gas2l3 specifically interferes with cell abscission, which is the final stage of cell division, when the cutting of the intercellular bridge at the constriction sites occurs. We therefore suggest that Gas2l3 is part of the cellular mechanism that terminates cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Pe’er
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Roxane Lahmi
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Yaara Sharaby
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Evelin Chorni
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Meirav Noach
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Manuela Vecsler
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Eitan Zlotorynski
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Hanno Steen
- Proteomics Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Judith A. Steen
- Proteomics Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School and F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amit Tzur
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- * E-mail:
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27
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Spectraplakins promote microtubule-mediated axonal growth by functioning as structural microtubule-associated proteins and EB1-dependent +TIPs (tip interacting proteins). J Neurosci 2012; 32:9143-58. [PMID: 22764224 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0416-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The correct outgrowth of axons is essential for the development and regeneration of nervous systems. Axon growth is primarily driven by microtubules. Key regulators of microtubules in this context are the spectraplakins, a family of evolutionarily conserved actin-microtubule linkers. Loss of function of the mouse spectraplakin ACF7 or of its close Drosophila homolog Short stop/Shot similarly cause severe axon shortening and microtubule disorganization. How spectraplakins perform these functions is not known. Here we show that axonal growth-promoting roles of Shot require interaction with EB1 (End binding protein) at polymerizing plus ends of microtubules. We show that binding of Shot to EB1 requires SxIP motifs in Shot's C-terminal tail (Ctail), mutations of these motifs abolish Shot functions in axonal growth, loss of EB1 function phenocopies Shot loss, and genetic interaction studies reveal strong functional links between Shot and EB1 in axonal growth and microtubule organization. In addition, we report that Shot localizes along microtubule shafts and stabilizes them against pharmacologically induced depolymerization. This function is EB1-independent but requires net positive charges within Ctail which essentially contribute to the microtubule shaft association of Shot. Therefore, spectraplakins are true members of two important classes of neuronal microtubule regulating proteins: +TIPs (tip interacting proteins; plus end regulators) and structural MAPs (microtubule-associated proteins). From our data we deduce a model that relates the different features of the spectraplakin C terminus to the two functions of Shot during axonal growth.
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28
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Jiang K, Toedt G, Montenegro Gouveia S, Davey NE, Hua S, van der Vaart B, Grigoriev I, Larsen J, Pedersen LB, Bezstarosti K, Lince-Faria M, Demmers J, Steinmetz MO, Gibson TJ, Akhmanova A. A Proteome-wide screen for mammalian SxIP motif-containing microtubule plus-end tracking proteins. Curr Biol 2012; 22:1800-7. [PMID: 22885064 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs) are structurally and functionally diverse factors that accumulate at the growing microtubule plus-ends, connect them to various cellular structures, and control microtubule dynamics [1, 2]. EB1 and its homologs are +TIPs that can autonomously recognize growing microtubule ends and recruit to them a variety of other proteins. Numerous +TIPs bind to end binding (EB) proteins through natively unstructured basic and serine-rich polypeptide regions containing a core SxIP motif (serine-any amino acid-isoleucine-proline) [3]. The SxIP consensus sequence is short, and the surrounding sequences show high variability, raising the possibility that undiscovered SxIP containing +TIPs are encoded in mammalian genomes. Here, we performed a proteome-wide search for mammalian SxIP-containing +TIPs by combining biochemical and bioinformatics approaches. We have identified a set of previously uncharacterized EB partners that have the capacity to accumulate at the growing microtubule ends, including protein kinases, a small GTPase, centriole-, membrane-, and actin-associated proteins. We show that one of the newly identified +TIPs, CEP104, interacts with CP110 and CEP97 at the centriole and is required for ciliogenesis. Our study reveals the complexity of the mammalian +TIP interactome and provides a basis for investigating the molecular crosstalk between microtubule ends and other cellular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jiang
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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29
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Wang J, Xue X, Ren H. New insights into the role of plant formins: regulating the organization of the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. PROTOPLASMA 2012; 249 Suppl 2:S101-7. [PMID: 22215231 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-011-0368-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Formins are well-known as important regulators participating in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton in organisms. For many years in the past, research on plant formins is more difficult than that in other eukaryotic formins and is limited to class I formins. Nevertheless, positive progress has been made in plant formin research recently, especially the investigations on class II formins. New functions of plant formins are identified gradually, such as regulating cell division and affecting diffuse cell expansion. More significantly, plant formins are also verified to interact with microtubules in vivo and in vitro. They may probably function as linking proteins between microtubules and microfilaments to participate in various cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education and College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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30
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Wolter P, Schmitt K, Fackler M, Kremling H, Probst L, Hauser S, Gruss OJ, Gaubatz S. GAS2L3, a target gene of the DREAM complex, is required for proper cytokinesis and genomic stability. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:2393-406. [PMID: 22344256 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.097253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian DREAM complex is a key regulator of cell-cycle-regulated gene transcription and drives the expression of many gene products required for mitosis and cytokinesis. In this study, we characterized GAS2L3, which belongs to the GAS2 family of proteins with putative actin- and microtubule-binding domains as a target gene of DREAM. We found that GAS2L3 localizes to the spindle midzone and the midbody during anaphase and cytokinesis, respectively. Biochemical studies show that GAS2L3 binds to and bundles microtubules as well as F-actin in vitro. Strikingly, the RNAi-mediated knockdown of GAS2L3 results in chromosome segregation defects in multinucleated cells and in cells with multi-lobed nuclei. Likewise, chronic downregulation of GAS2L3 causes chromosome loss and aneuploidy. Time-lapse videomicroscopy experiments in GAS2L3-knockdown cells reveal abnormal oscillation of chromatin and the spindle during cytokinesis. Taken together, our data reveal novel, important roles of GAS2L3 for faithful cell division. Our work thus contributes to the understanding of how DREAM regulates cytokinesis.
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31
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Stroud MJ, Kammerer RA, Ballestrem C. Characterization of G2L3 (GAS2-like 3), a new microtubule- and actin-binding protein related to spectraplakins. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:24987-95. [PMID: 21561867 PMCID: PMC3137072 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.242263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The microtubule (MT) and actin cytoskeletons are fundamental to cell integrity, because they control a host of cellular activities, including cell division, growth, polarization, and migration. Proteins involved in mediating the cross-talk between MT and actin cytoskeletons are key to many cellular processes and play important physiological roles. We identified a new member of the GAS2 family of MT-actin cross-linking proteins, named G2L3 (GAS2-like 3). We show that GAS2-like 3 is widely conserved throughout evolution and is ubiquitously expressed in human tissues. GAS2-like 3 interacts with filamentous actin and MTs via its single calponin homology type 3 domain and C terminus, respectively. Interestingly, the role of the putative MT-binding GAS2-related domain is to modulate the binding of GAS2-like 3 to both filamentous actin and MTs. This is in contrast to GAS2-related domains found in related proteins, where it functions as a MT-binding domain. Furthermore, we show that tubulin acetylation drives GAS2-like 3 localization to MTs and may provide functional insights into the role of GAS2-like 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Stroud
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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32
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Saito A, Fujikura-Ouchi Y, Ito C, Matsuoka H, Shimoda K, Akiyama K. An association study on polymorphisms in the PEA15, ENTPD4, and GAS2L1 genes and schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2011; 185:9-15. [PMID: 20537721 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2009.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2008] [Revised: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study examined a number of methamphetamine (METH)/phencyclidine (PCP)-reactive tags in rat brain, using a serial analysis of gene expression. Among human homologous genes, which matched METH/PCP-reactive tags, three human genes were identified: phosphoprotein enriched in astrocyte 15 (PEA15), ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 4 (ENTPD4), and growth arrest-specific 2 like 1 (GAS2L1), which are localized in the chromosome 1q21.1, 8p21.3, and 22q12.2, respectively. We postulated that these genes are plausible candidate genes that play a role in pathogenesis for schizophrenia. Using tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), we performed a case-control comparison for three SNPs in the PEA15 gene, and six SNPs in the GAS2L1 gene in a sample set of subjects (240 schizophrenia patients and 286 control subjects). Twelve SNPs in the ENTPD4 gene were analyzed in a subset of subjects (94 schizophrenia patients and 94 control subjects). No single SNP displayed a significant difference regarding the allelic frequency or genotypic distribution between the affected cases and controls for any of the genes examined. There was neither a significant difference in the frequency of three marker haplotype in the PEA15 gene or of six marker haplotype in the GAS2L1 gene between the cases and controls. The present study fails to provide evidence for the contribution of PEA15, ENTPD4, and GAS2L1 genes to the etiology of schizophrenia in the Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Saito
- Department of Biological Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Japan.
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33
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Monitoring the Effect of Docetaxel Treatment in MCF7 Xenografts Using Multimodal In Vivo and Ex Vivo Magnetic Resonance Methods, Histopathology, and Gene Expression. Transl Oncol 2010; 3:252-63. [PMID: 20689767 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.09322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI), diffusion-weighted (DW)-MRI, in vivo MR spectroscopy (MRS), and ex vivo high-resolution magic angle spinning (HR MAS) MRS for the detection of early treatment effects after docetaxel administration. Docetaxel is an antitumor agent that leads to mitotic arrest, apoptosis, and mitotic catastrophe cell death. Gene expression analysis was performed to detect altered regulation in gene expression pathways related to docetaxel treatment effects. Histopathology was used as a measure of alterations in apoptosis and proliferation due to docetaxel. Experiments were performed using MCF7 mouse xenografts, randomized into a docetaxel (30 mg/kg) treatment group and a control group given saline. MRI/MRS was performed 1 day before treatment and 1, 3, and 6 days after treatment. Parametric images of the extracellular extravascular volume fraction (v(e)) transfer constant (K(trans)) and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were calculated from the DCE-MRI and DW-MRI data. Biopsies were analyzed by HR MAS MRS, and histopathology and gene expression profiles were determined (Illumina). A significant increase in the ADC 3 and 6 days after treatment and a significant decrease in total choline and a higher v(e) were found in treated tumors 6 days after treatment. No significant difference was found in the K(trans) between the two groups. Our results show that docetaxel induces apoptosis and decreases proliferation in MCF7 xenografts. Further, these phenomena can be monitored by in vivo MRS, DW-MRI, and gene expression.
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Applewhite DA, Grode KD, Keller D, Zadeh AD, Zadeh A, Slep KC, Rogers SL. The spectraplakin Short stop is an actin-microtubule cross-linker that contributes to organization of the microtubule network. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:1714-24. [PMID: 20335501 PMCID: PMC2869377 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-01-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of actin and microtubules are coordinated in a variety of cellular and morphogenetic processes; however, little is known about the molecules mediating this cytoskeletal cross-talk. We are studying Short stop (Shot), the sole Drosophila spectraplakin, as a model actin-microtubule cross-linking protein. Spectraplakins are an ancient family of giant cytoskeletal proteins that are essential for a diverse set of cellular functions; yet, we know little about the dynamics of spectraplakins and how they bridge actin filaments and microtubules. In this study we describe the intracellular dynamics of Shot and a structure-function analysis of its role as a cytoskeletal cross-linker. We find that Shot interacts with microtubules using two different mechanisms. In the cell interior, Shot binds growing plus ends through an interaction with EB1. In the cell periphery, Shot associates with the microtubule lattice via its GAS2 domain, and this pool of Shot is actively engaged as a cross-linker via its NH(2)-terminal actin-binding calponin homology domains. This cross-linking maintains microtubule organization by resisting forces that produce lateral microtubule movements in the cytoplasm. Our results provide the first description of the dynamics of these important proteins and provide key insight about how they function during cytoskeletal cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek A Applewhite
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Herberich G, Ivanescu A, Gamper I, Sechi A, Aach T. Analysis of Length and Orientation of Microtubules in Wide-Field Fluorescence Microscopy. LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-15986-2_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Nabet B, Tsai A, Tobias JW, Carstens RP. Identification of a putative network of actin-associated cytoskeletal proteins in glomerular podocytes defined by co-purified mRNAs. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6491. [PMID: 19652713 PMCID: PMC2714980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The glomerular podocyte is a highly specialized and polarized kidney cell type that contains major processes and foot processes that extend from the cell body. Foot processes from adjacent podocytes form interdigitations with those of adjacent cells, thereby creating an essential intercellular junctional domain of the renal filtration barrier known as the slit diaphragm. Interesting parallels have been drawn between the slit diaphragm and other sites of cell-cell contact by polarized cells. Notably mutations in several genes encoding proteins localized to the foot processes can lead to proteinuria and kidney failure. Mutations in the Wilm's tumor gene (WT1) can also lead to kidney disease and one isoform of WT1, WT1(+KTS), has been proposed to regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. We originally sought to identify mRNAs associated with WT1(+KTS) through an RNA immunoprecipitation and microarray approach, hypothesizing that the proteins encoded by these mRNAs might be important for podocyte morphology and function. We identified a subset of mRNAs that were remarkably enriched for transcripts encoding actin-binding proteins and other cytoskeletal proteins including several that are localized at or near the slit diaphragm. Interestingly, these mRNAs included those of α-actinin-4 and non-muscle myosin IIA that are mutated in genetic forms of kidney disease. However, isolation of the mRNAs occurred independently of the expression of WT1, suggesting that the identified mRNAs were serendipitously co-purified on the basis of co-association in a common subcellular fraction. Mass spectroscopy revealed that other components of the actin cytoskeleton co-purified with these mRNAs, namely actin, tubulin, and elongation factor 1α. We propose that these mRNAs encode a number of proteins that comprise a highly specialized protein interactome underlying the slit diaphragm. Collectively, these gene products and their interactions may prove to be important for the structural integrity of the actin cytoskeleton in podocytes as well as other polarized cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Nabet
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Proteins recruited by SH3 domains of Ruk/CIN85 adaptor identified by LC-MS/MS. Proteome Sci 2009; 7:21. [PMID: 19531213 PMCID: PMC2702278 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-7-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ruk/CIN85 is a mammalian adaptor molecule with three SH3 domains. Using its SH3 domains Ruk/CIN85 can cluster multiple proteins and protein complexes, and, consequently, facilitates organisation of elaborate protein interaction networks with diverse regulatory roles. Previous research linked Ruk/CIN85 with the regulation of vesicle-mediated transport and cancer cell invasiveness. Despite the recent findings, precise molecular functions of Ruk/CIN85 in these processes remain largely elusive and further research is hampered by a lack of complete lists of its partner proteins. Results In the present study we employed a LC-MS/MS-based experimental pipeline to identify a considerable number (over 100) of proteins recruited by the SH3 domains of Ruk/CIN85 in vitro. Most of these identifications are novel Ruk/CIN85 interaction candidates. The identified proteins have diverse molecular architectures and can interact with other proteins, as well as with lipids and nucleic acids. Some of the identified proteins possess enzymatic activities. Functional profiling analyses and literature mining demonstrate that many of the proteins recruited by the SH3 domains of Ruk/CIN85 identified in this work were involved in the regulation of membranes and cytoskeletal structures necessary for vesicle-mediated transport and cancer cell invasiveness. Several groups of the proteins were also associated with few other cellular processes not previously related to Ruk/CIN85, most prominently with cell division. Conclusion Obtained data support the notion that Ruk/CIN85 regulates vesicle-mediated transport and cancer cell invasiveness through the assembly of multimeric protein complexes governing coordinated remodelling of membranes and underlying cytoskeletal structures, and imply its important roles in formation of coated vesicles and biogenesis of invadopodia. In addition, this study points to potential involvement of Ruk/CIN85 in other cellular processes, chiefly in cell division.
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Gamper I, Koh KR, Ruau D, Ullrich K, Bartunkova J, Piroth D, Hacker C, Bartunek P, Zenke M. GAR22: a novel target gene of thyroid hormone receptor causes growth inhibition in human erythroid cells. Exp Hematol 2009; 37:539-548.e4. [PMID: 19375645 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Revised: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) are ligand-dependent transcription factors with a major impact on erythroid cell development. Here we investigated TR activity on red cell gene expression and identified TR target genes. The impact of the TR target gene GAR22 (growth arrest-specific 2 [GAS2]-related gene on chromosome 22) on red cell differentiation was determined. MATERIALS AND METHODS Stem cell factor/erythropoietin (SCF/EPO)-dependent red cell progenitors were differentiated in vitro in the presence or absence of thyroid hormone. Hormone-induced changes in gene expression were measured by a genome-wide approach with DNA microarrays. Ectopic expression of the TR target gene GAR22 was used to determine its impact on red cell differentiation. RESULTS Ligand-activated TR effectively accelerated red cell progenitor differentiation in vitro concomitantly with inducing growth arrest. We demonstrate that activated TR-induced specific gene expression patterns of up- or downregulated genes, including distinct clusters associated with accelerated differentiation in response to treatment. Mining for T3-induced genes identified basic transcription element binding protein 1/Krüppel-like factor 9 (BTEB1/KLF9) and GAR22 as TR target genes. BTEB1/KLF9 is a known TR target gene while GAR22, initially identified as a putative tumor suppressor, represents a novel TR target gene. We demonstrate that ectopic GAR22 expression in red cell progenitors lengthens the cell cycle and causes growth inhibition, but leaves red cell gene expression unaffected. CONCLUSION This study identifies GAR22 as a novel and direct TR target gene. Our results suggest that hormone-induced GAR22 might represent an important trigger of growth inhibition induced by thyroid hormone in red cell progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne Gamper
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
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Leemann-Zakaryan RP, Pahlich S, Sedda MJ, Quero L, Grossenbacher D, Gehring H. Dynamic subcellular localization of the Ewing sarcoma proto-oncoprotein and its association with and stabilization of microtubules. J Mol Biol 2008; 386:1-13. [PMID: 19133275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 12/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Ewing sarcoma (EWS) protein is a member of a large family of RNA-binding proteins. Chimeric EWS oncoproteins generated by chromosomal translocations between the EWS protein and several transcription factors cause various malignant tumors. Due to its multifunctional properties, the EWS protein is involved in such processes as meiotic DNA pairing/recombination, cellular senescence, gene expression, RNA processing and transport, and cell signaling. The EWS protein is predominantly located in the nucleus. It was found in the cytoplasm and associated with the cell membrane. In this study, analysis of the localization of endogenous and fluorescently labeled recombinant EWS protein in different phases of the cell cycle in different cell lines revealed a very dynamic subcellular distribution of the EWS protein. In Cos7 and HeLa cells, an association of the EWS protein with the centrosomal compartments was shown. Furthermore, in HEK (human embryonic kidney)-293 (T) cells, an interaction of the overexpressed recombinant EWS-yellow fluorescent protein fusion protein with microtubules, leading to their stabilization and cell cycle arrest, was demonstrated. As an outlook, the present findings provide an important insight into temporally and spatially regulated functions of the EWS protein and, particularly, into its role in the regulation of the cell cycle and possibly cell differentiation.
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Majumdar R, Miller DV, Ballman KV, Unnikrishnan G, McKellar SH, Sarkar G, Sreekumar R, Bolander ME, Sundt TM. Elevated expressions of osteopontin and tenascin C in ascending aortic aneurysms are associated with trileaflet aortic valves as compared with bicuspid aortic valves. Cardiovasc Pathol 2007; 16:144-50. [PMID: 17502243 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ascending aortic aneurysms (AscAAs) are a highly lethal condition whose pathobiology remains to be poorly understood. Although most AscAAs occur in the presence of a trileaflet aortic valve (TAV), a bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is a common congenital anomaly associated with an increased risk for an AscAA and dissection independent of functional valve pathology but secondary to inherent structural abnormality of the aorta. The objective of this investigation was to compare the patterns of gene expression in aortas between TAV and BAV patients with the aim of identifying markers for AscAAs. METHODS We used microarray analysis to first compare messenger RNA expressions between aneurysmal aortas from TAV patients (n=11) and those from BAV patients (n=11), identified genes overexpressed in TAV aneurysms, and compared expressions of the selected genes among TAV aneurysms, BAV aneurysms, and normal aortas (n=3). Finally, expressions of the selected genes were assessed by immunostaining of aortas from the TAV, BAV, and normal specimens. RESULTS Two overexpressed genes in the TAV group, osteopontin (OPN) and tenascin C (TNC), were consistently more highly expressed in TAV aneurysms than in BAV aneurysms and normal aortas as determined by real-time reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Differential staining revealed that OPN protein was concentrated in the medial smooth muscle and that TNC protein was concentrated around the vasa vasorum. CONCLUSIONS We identified two novel potential markers, OPN and TNC, that are strongly associated with TAV aneurysms. The roles of OPN and TNC in influencing extracellular matrix remodeling in AscAAs warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanath Majumdar
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Jia J, Lu R, Zhou C, Zhao L, Fu Z, Zhu Z, Wang L, Zheng M, Yang J, Zhang Y, Yao Z. Gene-chip analysis of the effect of tripeptide tyroservatide (YSV) on gene-expression in human hepatocarcinoma BEL-7402 tumors transplanted to nude mice. Mol Carcinog 2006; 45:197-203. [PMID: 16353255 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Tyroservatide (YSV) is a bioactive tripeptide of tyrosyl-seryl-valine. In this study, we studied the effects of YSV on human hepatocarcinoma BEL-7402 tumors transplanted in BALB/c (nu/nu) nude mice, and gene expression in the tumor cells with gene-chip analysis. Results show that YSV significantly inhibits the growth of transplanted human hepatocarcinoma BEL-7402 in nude mice (n = 12) compared with the control group (P < 0.05); with an inhibition rate of 55% at 320 microg/kg/d. Seven hundred eighty-one genes were different between the YSV group and the control group. Fifty-two genes changed in expression level by onefold or more including 37 downregulated genes and 15 upregulated genes. Probably, YSV exhibits a significant antitumor activity by inhibiting the expression of tumor cells histone genes, then damaging tumor cell chromosome and killing tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jia
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Wang X, Wang X. Systematic identification of microRNA functions by combining target prediction and expression profiling. Nucleic Acids Res 2006; 34:1646-52. [PMID: 16549876 PMCID: PMC1405822 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkl068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Target predictions and validations are major obstacles facing microRNA (miRNA) researchers. Animal miRNA target prediction is challenging because of limited miRNA sequence complementarity to the targets. In addition, only a small number of predicted targets have been experimentally validated and the miRNA mechanism is poorly understood. Here we present a novel algorithm for animal miRNA target prediction. The algorithm combines relevant parameters for miRNA target recognition and heuristically assigns different weights to these parameters according to their relative importance. A score calculation scheme is introduced to reflect the strength of each parameter. We also performed microarray time course experiments to identify downregulated genes due to miRNA overexpression. The computational target prediction is combined with the miRNA transfection experiment to systematically identify the gene targets of human miR-124. miR-124 overexpression led to a significant downregulation of many cell cycle related genes. This may be the result of direct suppression of a few cell growth inhibitors at the early stage of miRNA overexpression, and these targeted genes were continuously suppressed over a long period of time. Our high-throughput approach can be generalized to globally identify the targets and functions of other miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Wang
- Ambion, Inc., 2130 Woodward Street, Austin, TX 78744, USA.
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Benetti R, Copetti T, Dell'Orso S, Melloni E, Brancolini C, Monte M, Schneider C. The calpain system is involved in the constitutive regulation of beta-catenin signaling functions. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:22070-80. [PMID: 15817486 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m501810200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-catenin is a multifunctional protein serving both as a structural element in cell adhesion and as a signaling component in the Wnt pathway, regulating embryogenesis and tumorigenesis. The signaling fraction of beta-catenin is tightly controlled by the adenomatous polyposis coli-axin-glycogen synthase kinase 3beta complex, which targets it for proteasomal degradation. It has been recently shown that Ca(2+) release from internal stores results in nuclear export and calpain-mediated degradation of beta-catenin in the cytoplasm. Here we have highlighted the critical relevance of constitutive calpain pathway in the control of beta-catenin levels and functions, showing that small interference RNA knock down of endogenous calpain per se (i.e. in the absence of external stimuli) induces an increase in the free transcriptional competent pool of endogenous beta-catenin. We further characterized the role of the known calpain inhibitors, Gas2 and Calpastatin, demonstrating that they can also control levels, function, and localization of beta-catenin through endogenous calpain regulation. Finally we present Gas2 dominant negative (Gas2DN) as a new tool for regulating calpain activity, providing evidence that it counteracts the described effects of both Gas2 and Calpastatin on beta-catenin and that it works via calpain independently of the classical glycogen synthase kinase 3beta and proteasome pathway. Moreover, we provide in vitro biochemical evidence showing that Gas2DN can increase the activity of calpain and that in vivo it can induce degradation of stabilized/mutated beta-catenin. In fact, in a context where the classical proteasome pathway is impaired, as in colon cancer cells, Gas2DN biological effects accounted for a significant reduction in proliferation and anchorage-independent growth of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Benetti
- Laboratorio Nazionale del Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Biotecnologie, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, 34012 Trieste, Italy
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Goryunov D, Leung CL, Liem RKH. Studying cytolinker proteins. Methods Cell Biol 2005; 78:787-816. [PMID: 15646639 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(04)78027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Goryunov
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Zamora-Leon SP, Shafit-Zagardo B. Disruption of the actin network enhances MAP-2c and Fyn-induced process outgrowth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 62:110-23. [PMID: 16145685 DOI: 10.1002/cm.20090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the interaction of MAP-2c and Fyn in the initiation of process outgrowth in COS7 cells. Single transfections of Fyn and MAP-2c resulted in a dramatic decrease in flat, rounded COS7 cells, and a significant increase in both the number of cells with multiple short, spike-like processes, and cells with longer processes. Co-transfection of Fyn and MAP-2c resulted in an additive increase in the number of cells with more than two processes and discrete sites of co-localization within processes. When single or double transfected cells were treated with cytochalasin D or lantrunculin there was a dramatic increase in the number of cells with more than two processes. In addition, there was an increase in the length of the processes, both in single and double transfected cells, suggesting that the actin meshwork provides a barrier for MT-based process extension. When co-transfected cells were post-treated with nocodazole, Fyn was not associated with MAP-2c and acetylated, stable tubulin. Although some Fyn/MAP-2c co-localization was retained, punctate staining of MAP-2c and Fyn were observed at the cell periphery, in areas devoid of stable MTs. Mutations in either tyrosine 67 (Tyr67), a site on human MAP-2c phosphorylated by Fyn, or a second tyrosine residue (Tyr50), did not alter the ability of MAP-2c and Fyn to induce process outgrowth. These studies suggest that independent of one another MAP-2c and Fyn are able to induce process outgrowth and in concert can initiate and enhance process outgrowth in an additive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pilar Zamora-Leon
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Jefferson JJ, Leung CL, Liem RKH. Plakins: goliaths that link cell junctions and the cytoskeleton. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2004; 5:542-53. [PMID: 15232572 DOI: 10.1038/nrm1425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julius J Jefferson
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, New York 10032, USA
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Röper K, Brown NH. A Spectraplakin Is Enriched on the Fusome and Organizes Microtubules during Oocyte Specification in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2003.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Rodriguez OC, Schaefer AW, Mandato CA, Forscher P, Bement WM, Waterman-Storer CM. Conserved microtubule-actin interactions in cell movement and morphogenesis. Nat Cell Biol 2003; 5:599-609. [PMID: 12833063 DOI: 10.1038/ncb0703-599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 655] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between microtubules and actin are a basic phenomenon that underlies many fundamental processes in which dynamic cellular asymmetries need to be established and maintained. These are processes as diverse as cell motility, neuronal pathfinding, cellular wound healing, cell division and cortical flow. Microtubules and actin exhibit two mechanistic classes of interactions--regulatory and structural. These interactions comprise at least three conserved 'mechanochemical activity modules' that perform similar roles in these diverse cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga C Rodriguez
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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