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Lombardi Z, Gardini L, Kashchuk AV, Menconi A, Lulli M, Tusa I, Tubita A, Maresca L, Stecca B, Capitanio M, Rovida E. Importin subunit beta-1 mediates ERK5 nuclear translocation, and its inhibition synergizes with ERK5 kinase inhibitors in reducing cancer cell proliferation. Mol Oncol 2024. [PMID: 38965815 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) is emerging as a promising target in cancer. Indeed, alterations of the MEK5/ERK5 pathway are present in many types of cancer, including melanoma. One of the key events in MAPK signalling is MAPK nuclear translocation and its subsequent regulation of gene expression. Likewise, the effects of ERK5 in supporting cancer cell proliferation have been linked to its nuclear localization. Despite many processes regulating ERK5 nuclear translocation having been determined, the nuclear transporters involved have not yet been identified. Here, we investigated the role of importin subunit alpha (α importin) and importin subunit beta-1 (importin β1) in ERK5 nuclear shuttling to identify additional targets for cancer treatment. Either importin β1 knockdown or the α/β1 importin inhibitor ivermectin reduced the nuclear amount of overexpressed and endogenous ERK5 in HEK293T and A375 melanoma cells, respectively. These results were confirmed in single-molecule microscopy in HeLa cells. Moreover, immunofluorescence analysis showed that ivermectin impairs epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced ERK5 nuclear shuttling in HeLa cells. Both co-immunoprecipitation experiments and proximity ligation assay provided evidence that ERK5 and importin β1 interact and that this interaction is further induced by EGF administration and prevented by ivermectin treatment. The combination of ivermectin and the ERK5 inhibitor AX15836 synergistically reduced cell viability and colony formation ability in A375 and HeLa cells and was more effective than single treatments in preventing the growth of A375 and HeLa spheroids. The increased reduction of cell viability upon the same combination was also observed in patient-derived metastatic melanoma cells. The combination of ivermectin and ERK5 inhibitors other than AX15836 provided similar effects on cell viability. The identification of importin β1 as the nuclear transporter of ERK5 may be exploited for additional ERK5-inhibiting strategies for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Lombardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Lucia Gardini
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Florence, Italy
- European Laboratory of Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Florence, Italy
| | - Anatolii V Kashchuk
- European Laboratory of Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Florence, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Menconi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Matteo Lulli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Ignazia Tusa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tubita
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Luisa Maresca
- Core Research Laboratory - Institute for Cancer Research and Prevention (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Barbara Stecca
- Core Research Laboratory - Institute for Cancer Research and Prevention (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Capitanio
- European Laboratory of Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Florence, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Rovida
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Italy
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Alharbi B, Alnajjar LI, Alhassan HH, Khan S, Jawaid T, Abdullaev BS, Alshammari N, Yadav DK, Adnan M, Shamsi A. Identification of mitogen-activated protein kinase 7 inhibitors from natural products: Combined virtual screening and dynamic simulation studies. J Mol Recognit 2024; 37:e3067. [PMID: 37956676 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.3067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 7 (MAPK7) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that belongs to the MAPK family and plays a vital role in various cellular processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, gene transcription, apoptosis, metabolism, and cell survival. The elevated expression of MAPK7 has been associated with the onset and progression of multiple aggressive tumors in humans, underscoring the potential of targeting MAPK7 pathways in therapeutic research. This pursuit holds promise for the advancement of anticancer drug development by developing potential MAPK7 inhibitors. To look for potential MAPK7 inhibitors, we exploited structure-based virtual screening of natural products from the ZINC database. First, the Lipinski rule of five criteria was used to filter a large library of ~90,000 natural compounds, followed by ADMET and pan-assay interference compounds (PAINS) filters. Then, top hits were chosen based on their strong binding affinity as determined by molecular docking. Further, interaction analysis was performed to find effective and specific compounds that can precisely bind to the binding pocket of MAPK7. Consequently, two compounds, ZINC12296700 and ZINC02123081, exhibited significant binding affinity and demonstrated excellent drug-like properties. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations for 200 ns confirmed the stability of MAPK7-ZINC12296700 and MAPK7-ZINC02123081 docked complexes. According to the molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area investigation, the binding affinities of both complexes were considerable. Overall, the result suggests that ZINC12296700 and ZINC02123081 might be used as promising leads to develop novel MAPK7 inhibitors. Since these compounds would interfere with the kinase activity of MAPK7, therefore, may be implemented to control cell growth and proliferation in cancer after required validations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandar Alharbi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lina I Alnajjar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan H Alhassan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shama Khan
- South African Medical Research Council, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Science, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Talha Jawaid
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bekhzod S Abdullaev
- Department of Strategic Development, Innovation and Research, New Uzbekistan University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Central Asian University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Nawaf Alshammari
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Yadav
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, South Korea
- Arontier Co., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohd Adnan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anas Shamsi
- Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
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Chen A, Liu N, Xu C, Wu S, Liu C, Qi H, Ren Y, Han X, Yang K, Liu X, Ma Z, Chen Y. The STRIPAK complex orchestrates cell wall integrity signalling to govern the fungal development and virulence of Fusarium graminearum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:1139-1153. [PMID: 37278525 PMCID: PMC10423325 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Striatin-interacting phosphatases and kinases (STRIPAKs) are evolutionarily conserved supramolecular complexes that control various important cellular processes such as signal transduction and development. However, the role of the STRIPAK complex in pathogenic fungi remains elusive. In this study, the components and function of the STRIPAK complex were investigated in Fusarium graminearum, an important plant-pathogenic fungus. The results obtained from bioinformatic analyses and the protein-protein interactome suggested that the fungal STRIPAK complex consisted of six proteins: Ham2, Ham3, Ham4, PP2Aa, Ppg1, and Mob3. Deletion mutations of individual components of the STRIPAK complex were created, and observed to cause a significant reduction in fungal vegetative growth and sexual development, and dramatically attenuae virulence, excluding the essential gene PP2Aa. Further results revealed that the STRIPAK complex interacted with the mitogen-activated protein kinase Mgv1, a key component in the cell wall integrity pathway, subsequently regulating the phosphorylation level and nuclear accumulation of Mgv1 to control the fungal stress response and virulence. Our results also suggested that the STRIPAK complex was interconnected with the target of rapamycin pathway through Tap42-PP2A cascade. Taken together, our findings revealed that the STRIPAK complex orchestrates cell wall integrity signalling to govern the fungal development and virulence of F. graminearum and highlighted the importance of the STRIPAK complex in fungal virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Na Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- College of Plant Health and MedicineQingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Chenghui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Siqi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Hao Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yiyi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xingmin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Kunlong Yang
- Department of Biomedicine and Food Science, School of Life ScienceJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Xiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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Mondru AK, Aljasir MA, Alrumayh A, Nithianandarajah GN, Ahmed K, Muller J, Goldring CEP, Wilm B, Cross MJ. VEGF Stimulates Activation of ERK5 in the Absence of C-Terminal Phosphorylation Preventing Nuclear Localization and Facilitating AKT Activation in Endothelial Cells. Cells 2023; 12:967. [PMID: 36980305 PMCID: PMC10047687 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) is critical for normal cardiovascular development. Previous studies have defined a canonical pathway for ERK5 activation, showing that ligand stimulation leads to MEK5 activation resulting in dual phosphorylation of ERK5 on Thr218/Tyr220 residues within the activation loop. ERK5 then undergoes a conformational change, facilitating phosphorylation on residues in the C-terminal domain and translocation to the nucleus where it regulates MEF2 transcriptional activity. Our previous research into the importance of ERK5 in endothelial cells highlighted its role in VEGF-mediated tubular morphogenesis and cell survival, suggesting that ERK5 played a unique role in endothelial cells. Our current data show that in contrast to EGF-stimulated HeLa cells, VEGF-mediated ERK5 activation in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs) does not result in C-terminal phosphorylation of ERK5 and translocation to the nucleus, but instead to a more plasma membrane/cytoplasmic localisation. Furthermore, the use of small-molecule inhibitors to MEK5 and ERK5 shows that instead of regulating MEF2 activity, VEGF-mediated ERK5 is important for regulating AKT activity. Our data define a novel pathway for ERK5 activation in endothelial cells leading to cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Mondru
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Mohammad A. Aljasir
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Ahmed Alrumayh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Gopika N. Nithianandarajah
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Katie Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Jurgen Muller
- Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Christopher E. P. Goldring
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Bettina Wilm
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Michael J. Cross
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
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Liu J, Xu S, Liu S, Chen B. miR‑3613‑3p/MAP3K2/p38/caspase‑3 pathway regulates the heat‑stress‑induced apoptosis of endothelial cells. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:633. [PMID: 34278472 PMCID: PMC8280962 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have identified microRNA (miRNA/miR)-3613-3p as a heat stress (HS)-related miRNA in endothelial cells that can lead to apoptosis. However, the mechanism underlying the miR-3613-3p-mediated apoptosis of HS-exposed endothelial cells remains unclear. In the present study, western blot analysis and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR were used to determine protein and miRNA expression levels, respectively. Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide staining, caspase-3 activity measurements and DNA fragmentation assays were performed to detect apoptosis. To evaluate whether mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 2 (MAP3K2) was a direct target of miR-3613-3p, a luciferase reporter assay was performed. In addition, transient transfection was used to carry out loss- and gain-of-function experiments. The results revealed that miR-3613-3p expression was reduced in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) following HS, which led to apoptosis. Mechanistically, following HS, a decrease in miR-3613-3p binding to the 3′-untranslated region of MAP3K2 directly upregulated its expression, and the downstream p38 and caspase-3 pathways, thereby leading to apoptosis. Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrated that HS suppressed miR-3613-3p expression, which activated the MAP3K2/p38/caspase-3 pathway, leading to the apoptosis of HUVECs. In conclusion, the miR-3613-3p/MAP3K2/p38/caspase-3 pathway may serve an indispensable role in regulating the progression of apoptosis, indicating a regulatory role of miR-3613-3p in the pathophysiology of HS-exposed endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Hefei Boe Hospital Co., Ltd., Hefei, Anhui 230011, P.R. China
| | - Siya Xu
- Department of Emergency, Central Theater General Hospital of The People's Liberation Army of China, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Shixin Liu
- Department of Emergency, Central Theater General Hospital of The People's Liberation Army of China, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Bingguan Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Hefei Boe Hospital Co., Ltd., Hefei, Anhui 230011, P.R. China
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Tubita A, Tusa I, Rovida E. Playing the Whack-A-Mole Game: ERK5 Activation Emerges Among the Resistance Mechanisms to RAF-MEK1/2-ERK1/2- Targeted Therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:647311. [PMID: 33777953 PMCID: PMC7991100 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.647311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecularly tailored therapies have opened a new era, chronic myeloid leukemia being the ideal example, in the treatment of cancer. However, available therapeutic options are still unsatisfactory in many types of cancer, and often fail due to the occurrence of resistance mechanisms. With regard to small-molecule compounds targeting the components of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) cascade RAF-MEK1/2-ERK1/2, these drugs may result ineffective as a consequence of the activation of compensatory pro-survival/proliferative signals, including receptor tyrosine kinases, PI3K, as well as other components of the MAPK family such as TPL2/COT. The MAPK ERK5 has been identified as a key signaling molecule in the biology of several types of cancer. In this review, we report pieces of evidence regarding the activation of the MEK5-ERK5 pathway as a resistance mechanism to RAF-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 inhibitors. We also highlight the known and possible mechanisms underlying the cross-talks between the ERK1/2 and the ERK5 pathways, the characterization of which is of great importance to maximize, in the future, the impact of RAF-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 targeting. Finally, we emphasize the need of developing additional therapeutically relevant MEK5-ERK5 inhibitors to be used for combined treatments, thus preventing the onset of resistance to cancer therapies relying on RAF-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Tubita
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Ignazia Tusa
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Rovida
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Yuan H, Xiang Q, Yang L, Geng J. Protein kinase D participates in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by regulating extracellular signal-regulated and myocyte enhancer factor 2D. REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE CARDIOLOGIA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repce.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Protein kinase D participates in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by regulating extracellular signal-regulated and myocyte enhancer factor 2D. Rev Port Cardiol 2020; 40:191-200. [PMID: 33334620 DOI: 10.1016/j.repc.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy is an important feature of hypertension. However, its molecular underpinnings, especially the signaling cascades, remain unclear. Here we hypothesized that a protein kinase D (PKD)-dependent extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) pathway was able to regulate downstream myocyte enhancer factor 2D (MEF2D), affecting prohypertrophic responses to angiotensin II (Ang II). METHODS Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes from 2- to 3-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were prepared and Western blot, real-time quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence staining were used to assess the activation and translocation of pathway signaling molecules. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) expression and [3H]-leucine (Leu) incorporation were measured to determine cell hypertrophy. RESULTS Elevated levels of phosphorylated PKD (p-PKD) and ERK5 (p-ERK5) were observed in cardiomyocytes stimulated with Ang II, while silencing protein kinase C epsilon (PKCɛ) resulted in significantly lower levels of p-PKD. Furthermore, Ang II-induced ERK5 activated translocation was mediated by the PKD pathway. Consequently, inhibiting PKCɛ, PKD and ERK5 by siRNA significantly attenuated Ang II-induced MEF2D activation, ANP and BNP mRNA expression, and [3H]-Leu incorporation. CONCLUSIONS Our studies are the first to show that the PKCɛ/PKD/ERK5/MEF2D pathway plays an important role in the cardiomyocyte hypertrophy response to Ang II.
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Yan H, You Y, Li X, Liu L, Guo F, Zhang Q, Liu D, Tong Y, Ding S, Wang J. Preparation of RGD Peptide/Folate Acid Double-Targeted Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles and Its Application in Human Breast Cancer MCF-7 Cells. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:898. [PMID: 32612532 PMCID: PMC7309969 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological Relevance Paclitaxel (PTX) is currently the only botanical drug that can control the growth of cancer cells. Paclitaxel is widely used in the treatment of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, non-small cell lung cancer and other cancers. Aim Folate receptor and integrin α v β 3 are highly expressed on the surface of human breast cancer cells MCF-7. Folic acid and arginine-glycine-aspartate (Arg-Gly-Asp, RGD) tripeptide sequence have a high affinity for folate receptor and integrin α v β 3, respectively. To enhance the effect on breast cancer, we constructed the folate acid and RGD peptide dual-targeted (MSNs-NH2-FA-RGD) drug-carrier based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Methods The structure of mesoporous nanocarriers was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis, transmission electron microscopy, laser particle size analyzer, and thermogravimetric analysis. Paclitaxel was chosen as the model drug. The targeting-ability was verified by observing the uptake of mesoporous carriers loaded with rhodamine in MCF-7, MCF-10A, and HeLa cells using a fluorescence microscope. The cytotoxicity of the blank carrier MSNs-NH2-FA-RGD and the efficacy of the drug carrier PTX@MSNs-NH2-FA-RGD were assessed by cell experiments. Results The characterization showed successful construction of a dual-targeted mesoporous silica nanocarrier. Obvious differences were detected in the fluorescence intensity of the three cell lines. The results of the pharmacological tests indicated that the blank nanoparticles do not cause any apparent toxicity on these cells. The IC50 of free PTX and PTX@MSNs-NH2-FA-RGD on MCF-7 cells line treated for 48 h were 35.25±2.57 ng·ml-1 and 22.21±3.4 ng·ml-1 respectively, which indicated that the inhibitory efficacy of PTX@MSNs-NH2-FA-RGD on MCF-7 was 1.6 times than that of free PTX. Conclusions The dual-targeted nanocarrier MSNs-NH2-FA-RGD could target breast cancer cells, and sever as a potential candidate in future of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Yan
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yun You
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinjian Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengqian Guo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiongling Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dewen Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Tong
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shilan Ding
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinyu Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Beyond Kinase Activity: ERK5 Nucleo-Cytoplasmic Shuttling as a Novel Target for Anticancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030938. [PMID: 32023850 PMCID: PMC7038028 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in human pathology is underlined by the relevance of abnormalities of MAPK-related signaling pathways to a number of different diseases, including inflammatory disorders and cancer. One of the key events in MAPK signaling, especially with respect to pro-proliferative effects that are crucial for the onset and progression of cancer, is MAPK nuclear translocation and its role in the regulation of gene expression. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) is the most recently discovered classical MAPK and it is emerging as a possible target for cancer treatment. The bigger size of ERK5 when compared to other MAPK enables multiple levels of regulation of its expression and activity. In particular, the phosphorylation of kinase domain and C-terminus, as well as post-translational modifications and chaperone binding, are involved in ERK5 regulation. Likewise, different mechanisms control ERK5 nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling, underscoring the key role of ERK5 in the nuclear compartment. In this review, we will focus on the mechanisms involved in ERK5 trafficking between cytoplasm and nucleus, and discuss how these processes might be exploited to design new strategies for cancer treatment.
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Patel R, Varghese JF, Singh RP, Yadav UC. Induction of endothelial dysfunction by oxidized low-density lipoproteins via downregulation of Erk-5/Mef2c/KLF2 signaling: Amelioration by fisetin. Biochimie 2019; 163:152-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Liu J, Han X, Zhu G, Liu S, Lu Q, Tang Z. Analysis of potential functional significance of microRNA‑3613‑3p in human umbilical vein endothelial cells affected by heat stress. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:1846-1856. [PMID: 31257536 PMCID: PMC6625459 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of microRNA‑3613‑3p (miR‑3613‑3p) was previously reported in endothelial cells (ECs) during heat stress. The aim of the present study was to investigate the precise role of miR‑3613‑3p in heat stress. In the present study, potential gene targets of miR‑3613‑3p in heat‑treated ECs were assessed, and the potential effects of miR‑3613‑3p were determined using Gene Ontology enrichment analysis. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis was used to identify signaling pathways that may be affected by miR‑3613‑3p in heat‑treated cells. Reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR, western blotting and annexin V‑FITC/propidium iodide staining were performed to detect miRNA expression, protein expression and apoptosis, respectively. Luciferase gene reporter assay was performed to evaluate the association between miR‑3613‑3p and mitogen‑activated protein kinase kinase kinase 2 (MAP3K2). Bioinformatics analysis revealed 865 potential gene targets for miR‑3613‑3p and a series of functions and pathways in heat‑treated ECs. 'Negative regulation of apoptotic process' was identified as a potential function of miR‑3613‑3p. In addition, functional analysis confirmed the downregulated expression levels of miR‑3613‑3p in ECs during heat stress, which was accompanied by an increase in apoptosis; restoration of miR‑3613‑3p expression inhibited apoptosis. MAP3K2 protein was demonstrated to be upregulated in heat‑treated ECs, and overexpression of miR‑3613‑3p reduced MAP3K2 expression levels. Additionally, MAP3K2 was targeted by miR‑3613‑3p. These results indicated that miR‑3613‑3p may have complicated roles in ECs under heat stress. miR‑3613‑3p may serve an important role in the apoptosis of heat‑treated ECs, and this effect may be partly achieved by targeting MAP3K2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Emergency, Central Theater General Hospital of People's Liberation Army of China, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
- Department of Emergency, Hefei BOE Hospital Co., Ltd., Anhui, Hefei 230011, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Han
- Department of Emergency, Central Theater General Hospital of People's Liberation Army of China, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Guoguo Zhu
- Department of Emergency, Central Theater General Hospital of People's Liberation Army of China, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Shixin Liu
- Department of Emergency, Central Theater General Hospital of People's Liberation Army of China, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Qiping Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Central Theater General Hospital of People's Liberation Army of China, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Zhongzhi Tang
- Department of Emergency, Central Theater General Hospital of People's Liberation Army of China, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
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Jiang C, Cao S, Wang Z, Xu H, Liang J, Liu H, Wang G, Ding M, Wang Q, Gong C, Feng C, Hao C, Xu JR. An expanded subfamily of G-protein-coupled receptor genes in Fusarium graminearum required for wheat infection. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:1582-1591. [PMID: 31160822 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0468-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The cAMP-PKA and MAP kinase pathways are essential for plant infection in the wheat head blight fungus Fusarium graminearum. To identify upstream receptors of these well-conserved signalling pathways, we systematically characterized the 105 G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes. Although none were required for vegetative growth, five GPCR genes (GIV1-GIV5) significantly upregulated during plant infection were important for virulence. The giv1 mutant was defective in the formation of specialized infection structures known as infection cushions, which was suppressed by application of exogenous cAMP and dominant active FST7 MEK kinase. GIV1 was important for the stimulation of PKA and Gpmk1 MAP kinase by compounds in wheat spikelets. GIV2 and GIV3 were important for infectious growth after penetration. Invasive hyphae of the giv2 mutant were defective in cell-to-cell spreading and mainly grew intercellularly in rachis tissues. Interestingly, the GIV2-GIV5 genes form a phylogenetic cluster with GIV6, which had overlapping functions with GIV5 during pathogenesis. Furthermore, the GIV2-GIV6 cluster is part of a 22-member subfamily of GPCRs, with many of them having in planta-specific upregulation and a common promoter element; however, only three subfamily members are conserved in other fungi. Taken together, F. graminearum has an expanded subfamily of infection-related GPCRs for regulating various infection processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China.,Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Shulin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Zeyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Huaijian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Jie Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Huiquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Mingyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Qinhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Chen Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China.,Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Chanjing Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Chaofeng Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Jin-Rong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China. .,Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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14
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Maik-Rachline G, Hacohen-Lev-Ran A, Seger R. Nuclear ERK: Mechanism of Translocation, Substrates, and Role in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051194. [PMID: 30857244 PMCID: PMC6429060 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK) are central signaling components that regulate stimulated cellular processes such as proliferation and differentiation. When dysregulated, these kinases participate in the induction and maintenance of various pathologies, primarily cancer. While ERK is localized in the cytoplasm of resting cells, many of its substrates are nuclear, and indeed, extracellular stimulation induces a rapid and robust nuclear translocation of ERK. Similarly to other signaling components that shuttle to the nucleus upon stimulation, ERK does not use the canonical importinα/β mechanism of nuclear translocation. Rather, it has its own unique nuclear translocation signal (NTS) that interacts with importin7 to allow stimulated shuttling via the nuclear pores. Prevention of the nuclear translocation inhibits proliferation of B-Raf- and N/K-Ras-transformed cancers. This effect is distinct from the one achieved by catalytic Raf and MEK inhibitors used clinically, as cells treated with the translocation inhibitors develop resistance much more slowly. In this review, we describe the mechanism of ERK translocation, present all its nuclear substrates, discuss its role in cancer and compare its translocation to the translocation of other signaling components. We also present proof of principle data for the use of nuclear ERK translocation as an anti-cancer target. It is likely that the prevention of nuclear ERK translocation will eventually serve as a way to combat Ras and Raf transformed cancers with less side-effects than the currently used drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galia Maik-Rachline
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Avital Hacohen-Lev-Ran
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Rony Seger
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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15
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Flores K, Yadav SS, Katz AA, Seger R. The Nuclear Translocation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases: Molecular Mechanisms and Use as Novel Therapeutic Target. Neuroendocrinology 2019; 108:121-131. [PMID: 30261516 DOI: 10.1159/000494085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are central signaling pathways that play a central role in the regulation of most stimulated cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, stress response and apoptosis. Currently 4 such cascades are known, each termed by its downstream MAPK components: the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), cJun-N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 and ERK5. One of the hallmarks of these cascades is the stimulated nuclear translocation of their MAPK components using distinct mechanisms. ERK1/2 are shuttled into the nucleus by importin7, JNK and p38 by a dimer of importin3 with either importin9 or importin7, and ERK5 by importin-α/β. Dysregulation of these cascades often results in diseases, including cancer and inflammation, as well as developmental and neurological disorders. Much effort has been invested over the years in developing inhibitors to the MAPK cascades to combat these diseases. Although some inhibitors are already in clinical use or clinical trials, their effects are hampered by development of resistance or adverse side-effects. Recently, our group developed 2 myristoylated peptides: EPE peptide, which inhibits the interaction of ERK1/2 with importin7, and PERY peptide, which prevents JNK/p38 interaction with either importin7 or importin9. These peptides block the nuclear translocation of their corresponding kinases, resulting in prevention of several cancers, while the PERY peptide also inhibits inflammation-induced diseases. These peptides provide a proof of concept for the use of the nuclear translocation of MAPKs as therapeutic targets for cancer and/or inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Flores
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Suresh Singh Yadav
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Arieh A Katz
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rony Seger
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot,
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16
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Structure activity relationships of anthranilic acid-based compounds on cellular and in vivo mitogen activated protein kinase-5 signaling pathways. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:2294-2301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Tusa I, Gagliardi S, Tubita A, Pandolfi S, Urso C, Borgognoni L, Wang J, Deng X, Gray NS, Stecca B, Rovida E. ERK5 is activated by oncogenic BRAF and promotes melanoma growth. Oncogene 2018; 37:2601-2614. [PMID: 29483645 PMCID: PMC5945581 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0164-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is among the most aggressive cancers and its incidence is increasing worldwide. Targeted therapies and immunotherapy have improved the survival of patients with metastatic melanoma in the last few years; however, available treatments are still unsatisfactory. While the role of the BRAF-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 pathway in melanoma is well established, the involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinases MEK5-ERK5 remains poorly explored. Here we investigated the function of ERK5 signaling in melanoma. We show that ERK5 is consistently expressed in human melanoma tissues and is active in melanoma cells. Genetic silencing and pharmacological inhibition of ERK5 pathway drastically reduce the growth of melanoma cells and xenografts harboring wild-type (wt) or mutated BRAF (V600E). We also found that oncogenic BRAF positively regulates expression, phosphorylation, and nuclear localization of ERK5. Importantly, ERK5 kinase and transcriptional transactivator activities are enhanced by BRAF. Nevertheless, combined pharmacological inhibition of BRAFV600E and MEK5 is required to decrease nuclear ERK5, that is critical for the regulation of cell proliferation. Accordingly, combination of MEK5 or ERK5 inhibitors with BRAFV600E inhibitor vemurafenib is more effective than single treatments in reducing colony formation and growth of BRAFV600E melanoma cells and xenografts. Overall, these data support a key role of the ERK5 pathway for melanoma growth in vitro and in vivo and suggest that targeting ERK5, alone or in combination with BRAF-MEK1/2 inhibitors, might represent a novel approach for melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazia Tusa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Tubita
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Pandolfi
- Core Research Laboratory - Istituto Toscano Tumori, Florence, Italy
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carmelo Urso
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Dermatopathology Section, S.M. Annunziata Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Borgognoni
- Plastic Surgery Unit, Regional Melanoma Referral Center, S.M. Annunziata Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xianming Deng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Barbara Stecca
- Core Research Laboratory - Istituto Toscano Tumori, Florence, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Rovida
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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18
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Peng Q, Deng Z, Pan H, Gu L, Liu O, Tang Z. Mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway in oral cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:1379-1388. [PMID: 29434828 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway is associated with tumor cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. The present review assesses the involvement of the MAPK signaling pathway in oral cancer progression and invasion based on analysis of individual sub-pathways and their mechanisms of action. The regulation of this pathway for targeted oral cancer therapy is explored and the challenges confronting this, as well as corresponding potential solutions, are discussed. Exploring this pathway with an emphasis on its components, subfamilies, sub-pathways, interactions with other pathways and clinical practice modes may improve oral cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Peng
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Deng
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Hao Pan
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Liqun Gu
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Ousheng Liu
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Zhangui Tang
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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19
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Liu J, Zhu G, Xu S, Liu S, Lu Q, Tang Z. Analysis of miRNA expression profiling in human umbilical vein endothelial cells affected by heat stress. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:1719-1730. [PMID: 29039486 PMCID: PMC5716433 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the regulation of endothelial cell (EC) microRNAs (miRNAs) altered by heat stress, miRNA microarrays and bioinformatics methods were used to determine changes in miRNA profiles and the pathophysiological characteristics of differentially expressed miRNAs. A total of 31 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified, including 20 downregulated and 11 upregulated miRNAs. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed that the validated targets of the differentially expressed miRNAs were significantly enriched in gene transcription regulation. The pathways were also significantly enriched in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis, and most were cancer-related, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, pathways involved in cancer, the Wnt signaling pathway, the Hippo signaling pathway, proteoglycans involved in cancer and axon guidance. The miRNA-gene and miRNA-GO network analyses revealed several hub miRNAs, genes and functions. Notably, miR-3613-3p played a dominant role in both networks. MAP3K2, MGAT4A, TGFBR1, UBE2R2 and SMAD4 were most likely to be controlled by the altered miRNAs in the miRNA-gene network. The miRNA-GO network analysis revealed significantly complicated associations between miRNAs and different functions, and that the significantly enriched functions targeted by the differentially expressed miRNAs were mostly involved in regulating gene transcription. The present study demonstrated that miRNAs are involved in the pathophysiology of heat-treated ECs. Understanding the functions of miRNAs may provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the heat-induced pathophysiology of ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Emergency, Wuhan General Hospital of People's Liberation Army of China, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Guoguo Zhu
- Department of Emergency, Wuhan General Hospital of People's Liberation Army of China, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Siya Xu
- Department of Emergency, Wuhan General Hospital of People's Liberation Army of China, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Shixin Liu
- Department of Emergency, Wuhan General Hospital of People's Liberation Army of China, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Qiping Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Wuhan General Hospital of People's Liberation Army of China, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Zhongzhi Tang
- Department of Emergency, Wuhan General Hospital of People's Liberation Army of China, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
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20
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Le NT, Martin JF, Fujiwara K, Abe JI. Sub-cellular localization specific SUMOylation in the heart. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2041-2055. [PMID: 28130202 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although the majority of SUMO substrates are localized in the nucleus, SUMOylation is not limited to nuclear proteins and can be also detected in extra-nuclear proteins. In this review, we will highlight and discuss how SUMOylation in different cellular compartments regulate biological processes. First, we will discuss the key role of SUMOylation of proteins in the extra-nuclear compartment in cardiomyocytes, which is overwhelmingly cardio-protective. On the other hand, SUMOylation of nuclear proteins is generally detrimental to the cardiac function mainly because of the trans-repressive nature of SUMOylation on many transcription factors. We will also discuss the potential role of SUMOylation in epigenetic regulation. In this review, we will propose a new concept that shuttling of SUMO proteases between the nuclear and extra-nuclear compartments without changing their enzymatic activity regulates the extent of SUMOylation in these compartments and determines the response and fate of cardiomyocytes after cardiac insults. Approaches focused specifically to inhibit this shuttling in cardiomyocytes will be necessary to understand the whole picture of SUMOylation and its pathophysiological consequences in the heart, especially after cardiac insults. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Genetic and epigenetic control of heart failure - edited by Jun Ren & Megan Yingmei Zhang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhat-Tu Le
- Department of Cardiology - Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James F Martin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Keigi Fujiwara
- Department of Cardiology - Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jun-Ichi Abe
- Department of Cardiology - Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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21
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Tsioumpekou M, Papadopoulos N, Burovic F, Heldin CH, Lennartsson J. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced activation of Erk5 MAP-kinase is dependent on Mekk2, Mek1/2, PKC and PI3-kinase, and affects BMP signaling. Cell Signal 2016; 28:1422-1431. [PMID: 27339033 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) binds to its tyrosine kinase receptors (PDGFRs) and stimulates mitogenicity and survival of cells of mesenchymal origin. Activation of PDGFRs initiates a number of downstream signaling pathways, including phosphatidyl 3'-inositol kinase (PI3-kinase), phospholipase Cγ and MAP kinase pathways. In this report, we show that Erk5 MAP kinase is activated in response to PDGF-BB in the smooth muscle cell line MOVAS in a manner dependent on Mekk2, Mek1/2, Mek5, PI3-kinase and protein kinase C (PKC). The co-operation of Mek1/2 and Mekk2 in the activation of Erk5, suggests a close co-regulation between the Erk1/2 and Erk5 MAP kinase pathways. Furthermore, we found that classical PKCs are important for Erk5 activation. In addition, we found that PKCζ interacts with Erk5 and may exert a negative feed-back effect. We observed no nuclear accumulation of Erk5 in response to PDGF-BB stimulation, however, we identified a mechanism by which cytoplasmic Erk5 influences gene expression; Erk5 was essential for PDGF-BB-mediated Smad1/5/8 signaling by stimulating release and/or activation of bone morphogenetic protein(s) (BMPs). Thus, PDGF-BB-induced Erk5 activation involves parallel stimulatory and inhibitory pathways and promotes Smad1/5/8 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tsioumpekou
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 595, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Natalia Papadopoulos
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 595, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fatima Burovic
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 595, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carl-Henrik Heldin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 595, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Lennartsson
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 595, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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22
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Effect of silencing NEK2 on biological behaviors of HepG2 in human hepatoma cells and MAPK signal pathway. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:2023-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3993-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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23
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Mackesy DZ, Goalstone ML. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase-5: Novel mediator of insulin and tumor necrosis factor α-stimulated vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in vascular cells. J Diabetes 2014; 6:595-602. [PMID: 24460840 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis may be stimulated by the increased presence of insulin and tumor necrosis-factor-α (TNFα) with subsequent expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). We hypothesized that extracellular signal-regulated kinase-5 (ERK5) plays an important role in insulin and TNFα-stimulated total and cell surface VCAM-1 expression. METHODS Rat aorta vascular endothelial cells were first transfected with either no inhibitory RNA, inactive (scrambled) inhibitory ERK5 RNA (scERK5) or active inhibitory ERK5 RNA (siERK5) and then treated with either (i) no analog; (ii) insulin (1 nM), or TNFα (1 ng/mL) alone, or (iii) insulin plus TNFα for 6 h. Thereafter either total VCAM-1 protein or surface VCAM-1 protein was determined. RESULTS Genetic inhibition of ERK5 decreased TNFα-stimulated total VCAM-1 expression by 57% and surface expression by 27%. In contrast, genetic inhibition of ERK5 did not significantly decrease insulin-stimulated total or surface VCAM-1 expression. Interestingly, genetic inhibition of ERK5 did not significantly decrease insulin plus TNFα-stimulated total VCAM-1 expression, but significantly (P < 0.05) decreased insulin plus TNFα-stimulated surface VCAM-1 expression 41%. CONCLUSIONS We report here that ERK5 plays a minor role in insulin-stimulation of VCAM-1, but plays a significant role in TNFα-stimulation of both total and cell surface VCAM-1 protein expression. Taken together, these results demonstrate that not only does ERK5 have differential mediation of insulin and TNFα-stimulated VCAM-1 expression, but also has differential regulation of insulin plus TNFα-stimulated total and surface VCAM-1 expression, suggesting that other intermediates of the insulin and TNFα intracellular pathways are contributing to atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Z Mackesy
- Research Department, Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, Colorado, USA
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Canonical and kinase activity-independent mechanisms for extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) nuclear translocation require dissociation of Hsp90 from the ERK5-Cdc37 complex. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:1671-86. [PMID: 23428871 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01246-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) plays a crucial role in cell proliferation, regulating gene transcription. ERK5 has a unique C-terminal tail which contains a transcriptional activation domain, and activates transcription by phosphorylating transcription factors and acting itself as a transcriptional coactivator. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate its nucleocytoplasmatic traffic are unknown. We have used tandem affinity purification to identify proteins that interact with ERK5. We show that ERK5 interacts with the Hsp90-Cdc37 chaperone in resting cells, and that inhibition of Hsp90 or Cdc37 results in ERK5 ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation. Interestingly, activation of cellular ERK5 induces Hsp90 dissociation from the ERK5-Cdc37 complex, leading to ERK5 nuclear translocation and activation of transcription, by a mechanism which requires the autophosphorylation at its C-terminal tail. Consequently, active ERK5 is no longer sensitive to Hsp90 or Cdc37 inhibitors. Cdc37 overexpression also induces Hsp90 dissociation and the nuclear translocation of a kinase-inactive form of ERK5 which retains transcriptional activity. This is the first example showing that ERK5 transcriptional activity does not require kinase activity. Since Cdc37 cooperates with ERK5 to promote cell proliferation, Cdc37 overexpression (as happens in some cancers) might represent a new, noncanonical mechanism by which ERK5 regulates tumor proliferation.
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Yang SH, Sharrocks AD, Whitmarsh AJ. MAP kinase signalling cascades and transcriptional regulation. Gene 2012; 513:1-13. [PMID: 23123731 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The MAP kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways play fundamental roles in a wide range of cellular processes and are often deregulated in disease states. One major mode of action for these pathways is in controlling gene expression, in particular through regulating transcription. In this review, we discuss recent significant advances in this area. In particular we focus on the mechanisms by which MAPKs are targeted to the nucleus and chromatin, and once there, how they impact on chromatin structure and subsequent gene regulation. We also discuss how systems biology approaches have contributed to our understanding of MAPK signaling networks, and also how the MAPK pathways intersect with other regulatory pathways in the nucleus. Finally, we summarise progress in studying the physiological functions of key MAPK transcriptional targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Hsi Yang
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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Nithianandarajah-Jones GN, Wilm B, Goldring CEP, Müller J, Cross MJ. ERK5: structure, regulation and function. Cell Signal 2012; 24:2187-96. [PMID: 22800864 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5), also termed big mitogen-activated protein kinase-1 (BMK1), is the most recently identified member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family and consists of an amino-terminal kinase domain, with a relatively large carboxy-terminal of unique structure and function that makes it distinct from other MAPK members. It is ubiquitously expressed in numerous tissues and is activated by a variety of extracellular stimuli, such as cellular stresses and growth factors, to regulate processes such as cell proliferation and differentiation. Targeted deletion of Erk5 in mice has revealed that the ERK5 signalling cascade plays a critical role in cardiovascular development and vascular integrity. Recent data points to a potential role in pathological conditions such as cancer and tumour angiogenesis. This review focuses on the physiological and pathological role of ERK5, the regulation of this kinase and the recent development of small molecule inhibitors of the ERK5 signalling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopika N Nithianandarajah-Jones
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Zhang L, Li Y, Lu W, Meng F, Wu CA, Guo X. Cotton GhMKK5 affects disease resistance, induces HR-like cell death, and reduces the tolerance to salt and drought stress in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:3935-51. [PMID: 22442420 PMCID: PMC3388830 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are involved in various processes from plant growth and development to biotic and abiotic stress responses. MAPK kinases (MAPKKs), which link MAPKs and MAPKK kinases (MAPKKKs), play crucial roles in MAPK cascades to mediate a variety of stress responses in plants. However, few MAPKKs have been functionally characterized in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). In this study, a novel gene, GhMKK5, from cotton belonging to the group C MAPKKs was isolated and characterized. The expression of GhMKK5 can be induced by pathogen infection, abiotic stresses, and multiple defence-related signal molecules. The overexpression of GhMKK5 in Nicotiana benthamiana enhanced the plants' resistance to the bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum by elevating the expression of pathogen resistance (PR) genes, including PR1a, PR2, PR4, PR5, and NPR1, but increased the plants' sensitivity to the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae Tucker. Importantly, GhMKK5-overexpressing plants displayed markedly elevated expression of reactive oxygen species-related and cell death marker genes, such as NtRbohA and NtCDM, and resulted in hypersensitive response (HR)-like cell death characterized by the accumulation of H(2)O(2). Furthermore, it was demonstrated that GhMKK5 overexpression in plants reduced their tolerance to salt and drought stresses, as determined by statistical analysis of seed germination, root length, leaf water loss, and survival rate. Drought obviously accelerated the cell death phenomenon in GhMKK5-overexpressing plants. These results suggest that GhMKK5 may play an important role in pathogen infection and the regulation of the salt and drought stress responses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xingqi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, PR China
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Liu YH, Gao XM, Ge FM, Wang Z, Wang WQ, Li XY. PBK/TOPK Expression During TPA-Induced HL-60 Leukemic Cell Differentiation. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:2145-8. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.5.2145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Katsarou K, Tsitoura P, Georgopoulou U. MEK5/ERK5/mef2: a novel signaling pathway affected by hepatitis C virus non-enveloped capsid-like particles. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2011; 1813:1854-62. [PMID: 21767578 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an RNA positive strand virus, member of the Flaviviridae family. The viral particle is composed of a capsid containing the genome, surrounded by E1 and E2 proteins, however different forms of viral particles have been observed including non-enveloped particles. Previous reports have proposed that hepatitis C non-enveloped capsid-like particles (HCVne) enter cells of hepatic origin via clathrin-mediated endocytosis, during which different signaling events occur. In this report we show that HCVne particles are capable of inducing the recently discovered ERK5 pathway, in a dose dependent way. The ERK5 pathway can be activated by growth factors and other extracellular signals. This specific activation occurs through a well characterized upstream kinase, MEK5, and is capable of inducing gene regulation of mef2. In contrast, when HCV core structural and NS5A non-structural proteins were expressed endogenously no activation of this pathway was detected. These cell signaling events could be of critical importance and might give clues for the elucidation of cellular manifestations associated with HCV infection.
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Yuan YF, Yu YJ, Lin L. Transfection with siRNA against ERK1/2 inhibits IGF-1-induced stem cell factor expression in colonic smooth muscle cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:575-580. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i6.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate how insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) regulates the expression of stem cell factor (SCF) in colonic smooth muscle cells (SMCs).
METHODS: After rat colonic SMCs were treated with different concentrations of IGF-1 (0, 50, 100, 150 μg/L) for different durations (0, 5, 15, 30, 45, 60 min), the levels of phosphorylated ERK1/2 and SCF were determined by RT-PCR and Western blot. Rat colonic SMCs were then transfected with siRNA against ERK1/2 to examine the impact of ERK1/2 down-regulation on IGF-1-induced SCF expression.
RESULTS: After treatment with IGF-1, the level of phosphorylated ERK1/2 in colonic SMCs reached a peak at about 15 min (0.417 ± 0.036 vs 0.101 ± 0.015; P < 0.05). The optimal concentration of IGF-1 to induce the expression of phosphorylated ERK1/2 and SCF was 100 μg/L (0.790 ± 0.051 vs 0.336 ± 0.013; 0.765 ± 0.061 vs 0.289 ± 0.021, both P < 0.05). After treatment with IGF-1, the expression levels of phosphorylated ERK1/2, total ERK1/2, and SCF in colonic SMCs transfected with siRNA against ERK1/2 were lower than those in the control group (0.284 ± 0.021 vs 0.732 ± 0.005; 0.256 ± 0.015 vs 0.712 ± 0.023; 0.219 ± 0.020 vs 0.673 ± 0.013; 0.621 ± 0.027 vs 1.725 ± 0.012; 0.821 ± 0.019 vs 1.751 ± 0.043; 0.275 ± 0.061 vs 0.531 ± 0.047; all P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: IGF-1 treatment up-regulated the expression of phosphorylated ERK1/2 and SCF in colonic SMCs, while transfection with siRNA against ERK1/2 down-regulated IGF-1-induced expression of phosphorylated ERK1/2 and SCF, suggesting that the ERK/MAPK pathway may be involved in IGF-1-induced expression of phosphorylated ERK1/2 and SCF.
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Nardozzi JD, Lott K, Cingolani G. Phosphorylation meets nuclear import: a review. Cell Commun Signal 2010; 8:32. [PMID: 21182795 PMCID: PMC3022542 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-8-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation is the most common and pleiotropic modification in biology, which plays a vital role in regulating and finely tuning a multitude of biological pathways. Transport across the nuclear envelope is also an essential cellular function and is intimately linked to many degeneration processes that lead to disease. It is therefore not surprising that phosphorylation of cargos trafficking between the cytoplasm and nucleus is emerging as an important step to regulate nuclear availability, which directly affects gene expression, cell growth and proliferation. However, the literature on phosphorylation of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking cargos is often confusing. Phosphorylation, and its mirror process dephosphorylation, has been shown to have opposite and often contradictory effects on the ability of cargos to be transported across the nuclear envelope. Without a clear connection between attachment of a phosphate moiety and biological response, it is difficult to fully understand and predict how phosphorylation regulates nucleocytoplasmic trafficking. In this review, we will recapitulate clue findings in the field and provide some general rules on how reversible phosphorylation can affect the nuclear-cytoplasmic localization of substrates. This is only now beginning to emerge as a key regulatory step in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Nardozzi
- Dept, of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Plotnikov A, Zehorai E, Procaccia S, Seger R. The MAPK cascades: signaling components, nuclear roles and mechanisms of nuclear translocation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2010; 1813:1619-33. [PMID: 21167873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 631] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The MAPK cascades are central signaling pathways that regulate a wide variety of stimulated cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and stress response. Therefore, dysregulation, or improper functioning of these cascades, is involved in the induction and progression of diseases such as cancer, diabetes, autoimmune diseases, and developmental abnormalities. Many of these physiological, and pathological functions are mediated by MAPK-dependent transcription of various regulatory genes. In order to induce transcription and the consequent functions, the signals transmitted via the cascades need to enter the nucleus, where they may modulate the activity of transcription factors and chromatin remodeling enzymes. In this review, we briefly cover the composition of the MAPK cascades, as well as their physiological and pathological functions. We describe, in more detail, many of the important nuclear activities of the MAPK cascades, and we elaborate on the mechanisms of ERK1/2 translocation into the nucleus, including the identification of their nuclear translocation sequence (NTS) binding to the shuttling protein importin7. Overall, the nuclear translocation of signaling components may emerge as an important regulatory layer in the induction of cellular processes, and therefore, may serve as targets for therapeutic intervention in signaling-related diseases such as cancer and diabetes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Regulation of Signaling and Cellular Fate through Modulation of Nuclear Protein Import.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Plotnikov
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Isreal
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33
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Keshet Y, Seger R. The MAP kinase signaling cascades: a system of hundreds of components regulates a diverse array of physiological functions. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 661:3-38. [PMID: 20811974 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-795-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sequential activation of kinases within the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (MAPK) cascades is a common, and evolutionary-conserved mechanism of signal transduction. Four MAPK cascades have been identified in the last 20 years and those are usually named according to the MAPK components that are the central building blocks of each of the cascades. These are the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-Terminal kinase (JNK), p38, and ERK5 cascades. Each of these cascades consists of a core module of three tiers of protein kinases termed MAPK, MAPKK, and MAP3K, and often two additional tiers, the upstream MAP4K and the downstream MAPKAPK, which can complete five tiers of each cascade in certain cell lines or stimulations. The transmission of the signal via each cascade is mediated by sequential phosphorylation and activation of the components in the sequential tiers. These cascades cooperate in transmitting various extracellular signals and thus control a large number of distinct and even opposing cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, development, stress response, and apoptosis. One way by which the specificity of each cascade is regulated is through the existence of several distinct components in each tier of the different cascades. About 70 genes, which are each translated to several alternatively spliced isoforms, encode the entire MAPK system, and allow the wide array of cascade's functions. These components, their regulation, as well as their involvement together with other mechanisms in the determination of signaling specificity by the MAPK cascade is described in this review. Mis-regulation of the MAPKs signals usually leads to diseases such as cancer and diabetes; therefore, studying the mechanisms of specificity-determination may lead to better understanding of these signaling-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonat Keshet
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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34
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Alternative ERK5 regulation by phosphorylation during the cell cycle. Cell Signal 2010; 22:1829-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Yao Z, Yoon S, Kalie E, Raviv Z, Seger R. Calcium regulation of EGF-induced ERK5 activation: role of Lad1-MEKK2 interaction. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12627. [PMID: 20830310 PMCID: PMC2935384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ERK5 cascade is a MAPK pathway that transmits both mitogenic and stress signals, yet its mechanism of activation is not fully understood. Using intracellular calcium modifiers, we found that ERK5 activation by EGF is inhibited both by the depletion and elevation of intracellular calcium levels. This calcium effect was found to occur upstream of MEKK2, which is the MAP3K of the ERK5 cascade. Co-immunoprecipitation revealed that EGF increases MEKK2 binding to the adaptor protein Lad1, and this interaction was reduced by the intracellular calcium modifiers, indicating that a proper calcium concentration is required for the interactions and transmission of EGF signals to ERK5. In vitro binding assays revealed that the proper calcium concentration is required for a direct binding of MEKK2 to Lad1. The binding of these proteins is not affected by c-Src-mediated phosphorylation on Lad1, but slightly affects the Tyr phosphorylation of MEKK2, suggesting that the interaction with Lad1 is necessary for full Tyr phosphorylation of MEKK2. In addition, we found that changes in calcium levels affect the EGF-induced nuclear translocation of MEKK2 and thereby its effect on the nuclear ERK5 activity. Taken together, these findings suggest that calcium is required for EGF-induced ERK5 activation, and this effect is probably mediated by securing proper interaction of MEKK2 with the upstream adaptor protein Lad1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Yao
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Seunghee Yoon
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eyal Kalie
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ziv Raviv
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rony Seger
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Zhao Z, Wang W, Geng J, Wang L, Su G, Zhang Y, Ge Z, Kang W. Protein kinase C epsilon-dependent extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation involved in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy with angiotensin II stimulation. J Cell Biochem 2010; 109:653-62. [PMID: 20052676 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) plays a critical role in hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes; however, the molecular mechanism, especially the signaling cascades, in cardiomyocytes remains unclear. In the present study, we examined the mechanism of Ang II in hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes. Ang II rapidly stimulated phosphorylation of protein kinase C epsilon (PKCepsilon) in a time- and dose-dependent manner via Ang II receptor-1 (AT(1)). Furthermore, Ang II-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) phosphorylation and translocation was mediated through a signal pathway that involves AT(1) and PKCepsilon, which resulted in transcriptional activation of myocyte enhancer factor-2C (MEF2C) and hypertrophy. Consequently, inhibiting PKCepsilon or ERK5 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly attenuated Ang II-induced MEF2C activation and hypertrophy of rat cardiomyocytes. These data provide evidence that PKCepsilon-dependent ERK5 phosphorylation and nucleocytoplasmic traffic mediates Ang II-induced MEF2C activation and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. PKCepsilon and ERK5 may be potential targets in the treatment of pathological vascular hypertrophy associated with the enhanced renin-angiotensin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Shandong, PR China
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Erster O, Seger R, Liscovitch M. Ligand interaction scan (LIScan) in the study of ERK8. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 399:37-41. [PMID: 20638370 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
ERK8 is the most recent addition for the MAPK family, and its mechanism of activation and function are not yet known, mainly due to the lack of any known physiological stimulator. In this report, we describe the preparation of reagents for the use of a novel method, the ligand interaction scan (LIScan), to study the function of this protein kinase. We generated a set of mutants of ERK8, and identified inhibited as well as stimulated forms. By specifically inhibiting or stimulating the mutants of ERK8, we show that the ERK8-induced inhibition of proliferation is altered. Moreover, we used the developed mutants to show for the first time that ERK8 translocates to the nucleus upon activation. The use of methods such as the ligand interaction scan may thus promote the analyses of the functions of uncharacterized proteins such as ERK8, and possibly help in controlling the activity of target proteins in various experimental systems and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oran Erster
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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PPARγ agonist pioglitazone inhibits microglia inflammation by blocking p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Inflamm Res 2010; 59:921-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-010-0203-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Ge JH, Zhu YY, Liu YR, Jiang JJ, Dong J. siRNA-mediated downregulation of COX-2 gene expression alters the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2009; 17:2244-2250. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v17.i22.2244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the effects of siRNA-mediated downregulation of COX-2 gene expression on the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells.
METHODS: HepG2 cells were divided into four groups: COX-2 siRNA intervention group, control siRNA intervention group, empty liposome group and blank control group. COX-2 siRNA was transfected into HepG2 cells by lipofection. Cell proliferation inhibition was measured at 24, 48 and 72 h after transfection by MTT (thiazolyl blue) assay. The changes in cell cycle distribution were detected at 24 h after transfection by flow cytometry. The expression levels of COX-2 and ERK1/2 mRNAs and proteins were detected at 24 h after transfection by semiquantitative RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively.
RESULTS: The proliferation inhibition rate achieved in the COX-2 siRNA intervention group was higher than those in the control siRNA intervention group and empty liposome group (67.08% vs 2.45% and 1.56%, both P < 0.01). The percentage of HepG2 cells arrested at G1 phase (DNA presynthetic phase) was increased in the COX-2 siRNA intervention group as compared to the control siRNA intervention group, empty liposome group and blank control group (72.80% vs 50.27%, 50.97% and 53.13%, all P < 0.05). Semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that the expression levels of COX-2, ERK1 and ERK2 mRNAs in the COX-2 siRNA intervention group were significantly decreased as compared to the control siRNA intervention group, empty liposome group and blank control group (0.58 vs 0.83, 0.89 and 0.93; 0.32 vs 0.71, 0.64 and 0.76; 0.48 vs 0.65, 0.67 and 0.72; all P < 0.05). Similar results were obtained for protein expression as revealed by Western blot analysis.
CONCLUSION: siRNA can downregulate the expression of COX-2 gene in hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells and inhibit their proliferation. COX-2 promotes the development of primary hepatic carcinoma perhaps through regulation of ERK1/2 pathway.
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Geng J, Zhao Z, Kang W, Wang W, Liu G, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Ge Z. Hypertrophic response to angiotensin II is mediated by protein kinase D-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 pathway in human aortic smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 388:517-22. [PMID: 19666008 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II plays a critical role in hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle cells, however, the molecular underpinnings remain unclear. The present study indicated that AT1/PKC/PKD pathway was able to regulate downstream ERK5, affecting pro-hypertrophic responses to Ang II. Ang II-stimulated phosphorylation of ERK5 in a time- and dose-dependent manner in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). The pharmacological inhibitors for AT1 and PKCs significantly inhibited Ang II-induced ERK5 activation, suggesting the involvement of the AT1/PKC pathway. In particular, PKD was critical for Ang II-induced ERK5 activation since silencing PKD by siRNA markedly inhibited Ang II-induced ERK5 activation. Consequently, we found that Losartan, Gö 6983 and PKD siRNA significantly attenuated ERK5 activated translocation and hypertrophy of HASMCs by Ang II. Taken together, we demonstrated for the first time that Ang II activates ERK5 via the AT1/PKC/PKD pathway and revealed a critical role of ERK5 in Ang II-induced HASMCs hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Geng
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
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Zhang AP, Liu BH. Progress in research of PDZ-binding-kinase/T-LAK cell-originated protein kinase. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2009; 17:901-905. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v17.i9.901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PDZ-binding-kinase/T-LAK cell-originated protein kinase (PBK/TOPK) is a recently identified 322-amino acid serine/threonine kinase involved in cell cycle and proliferative regulation of malignant cells. PBK/TOPK promotes tumor cell proliferation through p38 MAPK activity and regulation of the DNA damage repair response. New studies indicate that PBK/TOPK have a important potential to induce malignant transformation, suggesting a potential target for chemotherapeutic treatment of cancer.
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Dorado F, Velasco S, Esparis-Ogando A, Pericacho M, Pandiella A, Silva J, Lopez-Novoa JM, Rodriguez-Barbero A. The mitogen-activated protein kinase Erk5 mediates human mesangial cell activation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 23:3403-11. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfn333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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TGF-beta activates ERK5 in human renal epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 373:440-4. [PMID: 18588859 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The role of the MAP kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) remains unknown, however it is involved in cell differentiation and survival as highlighted by the embryonic lethality of the ERK5 knockout. ERK5 can be activated by growth factors and other extracellular signals. TGF-beta, a powerful controller of epithelial cell phenotype, is known to activate the MAP kinase, ERK1/2 however its effect on ERK5 remains unknown. This study demonstrates, fort the first time, ERK5 activation by TGF-beta, observed in both transformed and primary adult human PTEC; activation required ALK-5 receptor activity. In addition this work demonstrates expression of myocyte enhancer factor-2 (MEF2C) by PTEC and that TGF-beta increased the association of MEK5 with phospho-ERK5 and MEF2C. ERK5 activation by either TGF-beta or epidermal growth factor (EGF) was also inhibited by the p38 MAP kinase inhibitor, SB-202190.
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Rovida E, Spinelli E, Sdelci S, Barbetti V, Morandi A, Giuntoli S, Dello Sbarba P. ERK5/BMK1 is indispensable for optimal colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1)-induced proliferation in macrophages in a Src-dependent fashion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:4166-72. [PMID: 18322228 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.6.4166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CSF-1, by binding to its high-affinity receptor CSF-1R, sustains the survival and proliferation of monocyte/macrophages, which are central cells of innate immunity and inflammation. The MAPK ERK5 (also known as big MAPK-1, BMK1, or MAPK7) is a 98-kDa molecule sharing high homology with ERK1/2. ERK5 is activated by oxidative stress or growth factor stimulation. This study was undertaken to characterize ERK5 involvement in macrophage signaling that is elicited by CSF-1. Exposure to the CSF-1 of primary human macrophages or murine macrophage cell lines, as well as murine fibroblasts expressing ectopic CSF-1R, resulted in a rapid and sustained increase of ERK5 phosphorylation on activation-specific residues. In the BAC1.2F5 macrophage cell line, ERK5 was also activated by another mitogen, GM-CSF, while macrophage activators such as LPS or IFN-gamma and a number of nonproliferative cytokines failed. Src family kinases were found to link the activation of CSF-1R to that of ERK5, whereas protein kinase C or the serine phosphatases PP1 and PP2A seem not to be involved in the process. Treatment of macrophages with ERK5-specific small interfering RNA markedly reduced CSF-1-induced DNA synthesis and total c-Jun phosphorylation and expression, while increasing the expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27. Following CSF-1 treatment, the active form of ERK5 rapidly translocated from cytosol to nucleus. Taken together, the results reported in this study show that ERK5 is indispensable for optimal CSF-1-induced proliferation and indicate a novel target for its control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Rovida
- Dipartimento di Patologia e Oncologia Sperimentali, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy.
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Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are central pathways that participate in the intracellular transmission of extracellular signals. Each of the MAPK signaling cascades seems to consist of three to five tiers of protein kinases that sequentially activate each other by phosphorylation. Since the majority of MAPK cascade components are kinases, the methods used to detect their activation involve determining phosphorylation state and protein kinase activities. The primary method describes the use of immunoblotting with specific anti-phospho antibody to detect activation of MAPK components. Alternative methods described are immunoprecipitation of desired protein kinases followed by phosphorylation of specific substrates and the use of an in-gel kinase assay. These methods have proven useful in the study of the MAPK signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Shaul
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Shaul Y, Seger R. The detection of MAPK signaling. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN CELL BIOLOGY 2008; Chapter 14:Unit 14.3. [PMID: 18228462 DOI: 10.1002/0471143030.cb1403s28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are central pathways that participate in the intracellular transmission of extracellular signals. Each of the MAPK signaling cascades seems to consist of three to five tiers of protein kinases that sequentially activate each other by phosphorylation. Since the majority of MAPK cascade components are kinases, the methods used to detect their activation involve determining phosphorylation state and protein kinase activities. The Basic Protocol describes the use of immunoblotting with specific anti-phospho antibody to detect activation of MAPK components. Alternative methods described are immunoprecipitation of desired protein kinases followed by phosphorylation of specific substrates and the use of an in-gel kinase assay. These methods have proven useful in the study of the MAPK signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Shaul
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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47
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Dwivedi Y, Rizavi HS, Teppen T, Sasaki N, Chen H, Zhang H, Roberts RC, Conley RR, Pandey GN. Aberrant extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 5 signaling in hippocampus of suicide subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32:2338-50. [PMID: 17342168 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5), the newest member of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family, is regulated differently than the other MAP kinases. Emerging evidence suggest the role of ERK5 signaling in promoting cell proliferation, differentiation, neuronal survival, and neuroprotection. The present study investigates whether suicide brain is associated with alterations in components of the ERK5 signaling cascade. In the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus of suicide subjects (n=28) and nonpsychiatric control subjects (n=21), we examined the catalytic activities and protein levels of ERK5 and upstream MAP kinase kinase MEK5 in various subcellular fractions; mRNA levels of ERK5 in total RNA; and DNA-binding activity of myocyte enhancer factor (MEF)2C, a substrate of ERK5. In the hippocampus of suicide subjects, we observed that catalytic activity of ERK5 was decreased in cytosolic and nuclear fractions, whereas catalytic activity of MEK5 was decreased in the total fraction. Further, decreased mRNA and protein levels of ERK5, but no change in protein level of MEK5 were noted. A decrease in MEF2C-DNA-binding activity in the nuclear fraction was also observed. No significant alterations were noted in the PFC of suicide subjects. The observed changes were not related to a specific psychiatric diagnosis. Our findings of reduced activation and/or expression of ERK5 and MEK5, and reduced MEF2C-DNA-binding activity demonstrate abnormalities in ERK5 signaling in hippocampus of suicide subjects and suggest possible involvement of this aberrant signaling in pathogenic mechanisms of suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Dwivedi
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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48
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Gírio A, Montero JC, Pandiella A, Chatterjee S. Erk5 is activated and acts as a survival factor in mitosis. Cell Signal 2007; 19:1964-72. [PMID: 17624732 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Revised: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Erk5 is a recently discovered MAPK claimed to be responsible for some of the roles attributed to Erk1/2; here we report that it is activated in mitosis in comparison to G1/S. When Erk5 is inactivated pharmacologically or largely ablated by RNAi, cell survival in mitosis is diminished. We have previously shown Bim, a BH3-only protein of the Bcl-2 family, to be phosphorylated in mitosis, in a MEK-dependent manner (M. Grãos, A. D. Almeida, S. Chatterjee, Biochem. J. 388 (2005) 185). Inactivation of Erk5 in mitosis causes dephosphorylation of Bim. Bim is in the mitochondria in mitosis and when dephosphorylated interacts with Bax, inducing caspase activation. We also show that in mitosis Bim co-immunoprecipitates with Erk5 and Erk5 phosphorylates GST-Bim in in vitro kinase reaction. Taken together, our results identify a new target of the still largely mysterious Erk5 and suggest that Erk5 in mitosis may be a decisive step for the survival of proliferating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gírio
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
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49
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Takahashi Y, Nasir KHB, Ito A, Kanzaki H, Matsumura H, Saitoh H, Fujisawa S, Kamoun S, Terauchi R. A high-throughput screen of cell-death-inducing factors in Nicotiana benthamiana identifies a novel MAPKK that mediates INF1-induced cell death signaling and non-host resistance to Pseudomonas cichorii. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 49:1030-40. [PMID: 17319846 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.03022.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A high-throughput overexpression screen of Nicotiana benthamiana cDNAs identified a gene for a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK) as a potent inducer of the hypersensitive response (HR)-like cell death. NbMKK1 protein is localized to the nucleus, and the N-terminal putative MAPK docking site of NbMKK1 is required for its function as a cell-death inducer. NbMKK1-mediated leaf-cell death was compromised in leaves where NbSIPK expression was silenced by virus-induced gene silencing. A yeast two-hybrid assay showed that NbMKK1 and NbSIPK physically interact, suggesting that NbSIPK is one of the downstream targets of NbMKK1. Phytophthora infestans INF1 elicitor-mediated HR was delayed in NbMKK1-silenced plants, indicating that NbMKK1 is involved in this HR pathway. Furthermore, the resistance of N. benthamiana to a non-host pathogen Pseudomonas cichorii was compromised in NbMKK1-silenced plants. These results demonstrate that MAPK cascades involving NbMKK1 control non-host resistance including HR cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Takahashi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4, Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
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50
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Burgermeister E, Chuderland D, Hanoch T, Meyer M, Liscovitch M, Seger R. Interaction with MEK causes nuclear export and downregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 27:803-17. [PMID: 17101779 PMCID: PMC1800691 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00601-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) cascade plays a central role in intracellular signaling by many extracellular stimuli. One target of the ERK cascade is peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), a nuclear receptor that promotes differentiation and apoptosis. It was previously demonstrated that PPARgamma activity is attenuated upon mitogenic stimulation due to phosphorylation of its Ser84 by ERKs. Here we show that stimulation by tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA) attenuates PPARgamma's activity in a MEK-dependent manner, even when Ser84 is mutated to Ala. To elucidate the mechanism of attenuation, we found that PPARgamma directly interacts with MEKs, which are the activators of ERKs, but not with ERKs themselves, both in vivo and in vitro. This interaction is facilitated by MEKs' phosphorylation and is mediated by the basic D domain of MEK1 and the AF2 domain of PPARgamma. Immunofluorescence microscopy and subcellular fractionation revealed that MEK1 exports PPARgamma from the nucleus, and this finding was supported by small interfering RNA knockdown of MEK1 and use of a cell-permeable interaction-blocking peptide, which prevented TPA-induced export of PPARgamma from the nucleus. Thus, we show here a novel mode of downregulation of PPARgamma by its MEK-dependent redistribution from the nucleus to the cytosol. This unanticipated role for the stimulation-induced nuclear shuttling of MEKs shows that MEKs can regulate additional signaling components besides the ERK cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Burgermeister
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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