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Mironova E, Molinas S, Pozo VD, Bandyopadhyay AM, Lai Z, Kurmashev D, Schneider EL, Santi DV, Chen Y, Kurmasheva RT. Synergistic Antitumor Activity of Talazoparib and Temozolomide in Malignant Rhabdoid Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2041. [PMID: 38893160 PMCID: PMC11171327 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16112041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Malignant rhabdoid tumors (MRTs) are among the most aggressive and treatment-resistant malignancies affecting infants, originating in the kidney, brain, liver, and soft tissues. The 5-year event-free survival rate for these cancers is a mere 20%. In nearly all cases of MRT, the SMARCB1 gene (occasionally SMARCA4)-a pivotal component of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex-is homozygously deleted, although the precise etiology of these tumors remains unknown. While young patients with localized MRT generally show improved outcomes, especially those who are older and have early-stage disease, the overall prognosis remains poor despite optimal standard treatments. This highlights the urgent need for more effective treatment strategies. We investigated the antitumor activity of a PARP1 inhibitor (talazoparib, TLZ) combined with a DNA alkylating agent (temozolomide, TMZ) in MRT xenograft models. PARP1 is a widely targeted molecule in cancer treatment and, beyond its role in DNA repair, it participates in transcriptional regulation by recruiting chromatin remodeling complexes to modulate DNA accessibility for RNA polymerases. To widen the therapeutic window of the drug combination, we employed PEGylated TLZ (PEG~TLZ), which has been reported to reduce systemic toxicity through slow drug release. Remarkably, our findings indicate that five out of six MRT xenografts exhibited an objective response to PEG~TLZ+TMZ therapy. Significantly, the loss of SMARCB1 was found to confer a protective effect, correlating with higher expression levels of DNA damage and repair proteins in SMARCB1-deficient MRT cells. Additionally, we identified MGMT as a potential biomarker indicative of in vivo MRT response to PEG~TLZ+TMZ therapy. Moreover, our analysis revealed alterations in signaling pathways associated with the observed antitumor efficacy. This study presents a novel and efficacious therapeutic approach for MRT, along with a promising candidate biomarker for predicting tumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Mironova
- Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Sebastian Molinas
- Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Vanessa Del Pozo
- Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Abhik M. Bandyopadhyay
- Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Zhao Lai
- Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Dias Kurmashev
- Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | | | | | - Yidong Chen
- Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Raushan T. Kurmasheva
- Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Sun X, Wang D, Li W, Gao Q, Tao J, Liu H. Comprehensive analysis of nonsurrounded nucleolus and surrounded nucleolus oocytes on chromatin accessibility using ATAC-seq. Mol Reprod Dev 2023; 90:87-97. [PMID: 36598871 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mouse germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes are divided into surrounded nucleolus (SN) and nonsurrounded nucleolus (NSN) oocytes based on chromatin morphology. NSN oocytes spontaneously transform into SN oocytes after accumulating enough maternal transcripts. SN oocytes show transcriptional silencing. When oocyte maturation is abnormal or takes place in vitro, NSN oocytes do not go through SN stage before proceeding to MII. Nontransitive oocytes show developmental retardation, a low fertilization rate, and arrest at the two-cell embryo stage in mice. Here, chromatin-binding ribonucleic acid polymerase II (RNAP II) activity, newly synthesized RNA, and chromatin accessibility in GV oocytes were examined. In SN oocytes, RNAP II did not bind to DNA, neo-RNA was not generated in nuclei, and the phosphorylation state of RNAP II did not affect the chromatin-binding activity. The number of accessible genes in SN oocytes was remarkably lower than that in NSN oocytes. The accessibility of different functional genes was also different between the two types of oocytes. Thus, low chromatin accessibility leads to transcriptional silencing in SN oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Sun
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dayu Wang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weijian Li
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Gao
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingli Tao
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Honglin Liu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Epigenetic Insights on PARP-1 Activity in Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010006. [PMID: 36612003 PMCID: PMC9817704 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of chromatin state and histone protein eviction have been proven essential during transcription and DNA repair. Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) and poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) are crucial mediators of these processes by affecting DNA/histone epigenetic events. DNA methylation/hydroxymethylation patterns and histone modifications are established by mutual coordination between all epigenetic modifiers. This review will focus on histones and DNA/histone epigenetic machinery that are direct targets of PARP-1 activity by covalent and non-covalent PARylation. The effects of these modifications on the activity/recruitment of epigenetic enzymes at DNA damage sites or gene regulatory regions will be outlined. Furthermore, based on the achievements made to the present, we will discuss the potential application of epigenetic-based therapy as a novel strategy for boosting the success of PARP inhibitors, improving cell sensitivity or overcoming drug resistance.
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Role of NAD + and FAD in Ischemic Stroke Pathophysiology: An Epigenetic Nexus and Expanding Therapeutic Repertoire. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022:10.1007/s10571-022-01287-4. [PMID: 36180651 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01287-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The redox coenzymes viz., oxidized β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) by way of generation of optimal reducing power and cellular energy currency (ATP), control a staggering array of metabolic reactions. The prominent cellular contenders for NAD+ utilization, inter alia, are sirtuins (SIRTs) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP-1), which have been significantly implicated in ischemic stroke (IS) pathogenesis. NAD+ and FAD are also two crucial epigenetic enzyme-required metabolites mediating histone deacetylation and poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation through SIRTs and PARP-1 respectively, and demethylation through FAD-mediated lysine specific demethylase activity. These enzymes and post-translational modifications impinge on the components of neurovascular unit, primarily neurons, and elicit diverse functional upshots in an ischemic brain. These could be circumstantially linked with attendant cognitive deficits and behavioral outcomes in post-stroke epoch. Parsing out the contribution of NAD+/FAD-synthesizing and utilizing enzymes towards epigenetic remodeling in IS setting, together with their cognitive and behavioral associations, combined with possible therapeutic implications will form the crux of this review.
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Roemer A, Mohammed L, Strickfaden H, Underhill DA, Hendzel MJ. Mechanisms governing the accessibility of DNA damage proteins to constitutive heterochromatin. Front Genet 2022; 13:876862. [PMID: 36092926 PMCID: PMC9458887 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.876862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin is thought to regulate the accessibility of the underlying DNA sequence to machinery that transcribes and repairs the DNA. Heterochromatin is chromatin that maintains a sufficiently high density of DNA packing to be visible by light microscopy throughout the cell cycle and is thought to be most restrictive to transcription. Several studies have suggested that larger proteins and protein complexes are attenuated in their access to heterochromatin. In addition, heterochromatin domains may be associated with phase separated liquid condensates adding further complexity to the regulation of protein concentration within chromocenters. This provides a solvent environment distinct from the nucleoplasm, and proteins that are not size restricted in accessing this liquid environment may partition between the nucleoplasm and heterochromatin based on relative solubility. In this study, we assessed the accessibility of constitutive heterochromatin in mouse cells, which is organized into large and easily identifiable chromocenters, to fluorescently tagged DNA damage response proteins. We find that proteins larger than the expected 10 nm size limit can access the interior of heterochromatin. We find that the sensor proteins Ku70 and PARP1 enrich in mouse chromocenters. At the same time, MRE11 shows variability within an asynchronous population that ranges from depleted to enriched but is primarily homogeneously distribution between chromocenters and the nucleoplasm. While larger downstream proteins such as ATM, BRCA1, and 53BP1 are commonly depleted in chromocenters, they show a wide range of concentrations, with none being depleted beyond approximately 75%. Contradicting exclusively size-dependent accessibility, many smaller proteins, including EGFP, are also depleted in chromocenters. Our results are consistent with minimal size-dependent selectivity but a distinct solvent environment explaining reduced concentrations of diffusing nucleoplasmic proteins within the volume of the chromocenter.
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Fila M, Jablkowska A, Pawlowska E, Blasiak J. DNA Damage and Repair in Migraine: Oxidative Stress and Beyond. Neuroscientist 2022; 29:277-286. [PMID: 35658694 DOI: 10.1177/10738584221090836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Energy generation in the brain to ameliorate energy deficit in migraine leads to oxidative stress as it is associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) that may damage DNA and show a pronociceptive action in meninges mediated by transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1 (TRPA1). Recent studies show high levels of single-strand breaks (SSBs) at specific sites in the genome of postmitotic neurons and point at SSB repair (SSBR) as an important element of homeostasis of the central nervous system. DNA topoisomerase 1 (TOP1) is stabilized in the DNA damage-inducing state by neuronal stimulation, including cortical spreading depression. Impairment in poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) and X-ray repair cross complementing 1 (XRCC1), key SSBR proteins, may be linked with migraine by transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2). TRPM2 may also mediate the involvement of migraine-related neuroinflammation with PARP-1 activated by oxidative stress-related SSBs. In conclusion, aberrant activity of SSBR evoked by compromised PARP-1 and XRCC1 may contribute to pathological phenomena in the migraine brain. Such aberrant SSBR results in the lack of repair or misrepair of SSBs induced by ROS or resulting from impaired TOP1. Therefore, components of SSBR may be considered a prospective druggable target in migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Fila
- Department of Developmental Neurology and Epileptology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | | | | | - Janusz Blasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Sinha S, Molla S, Kundu CN. PARP1-modulated chromatin remodeling is a new target for cancer treatment. Med Oncol 2021; 38:118. [PMID: 34432161 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01570-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer progression requires certain tumorigenic mutations in genes encoding for different cellular and nuclear proteins. Altered expressions of these mutated genes are mediated by post-translational modifications and chromatin remodeling. Chromatin remodeling is mainly regulated by the chromatin remodeling enzyme complexes and histone modifications. Upon DNA damage, Poly-(ADP-ribose) Polymerase1 (PARP1) plays a very important role in the induction of chromatin modifications and activation of DNA repair pathways to repair the DNA lesion. It has been targeted to develop different anti-cancer therapeutic interventions and PARP inhibitors have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for clinical use. But it has been found that the cancer cells often develop resistance to these PARP inhibitors and chromatin remodeling helps in enhancing this process. Hence, it may be beneficial to target PARP1-mediated chromatin remodeling, which may allow to reverse the drug resistance. In the current review, we have discussed the role of chromatin remodeling in DNA repair, how PARP1 regulates modifications of chromatin dynamics, and the role of chromatin modifications in cancer. It has also been discussed how the PARP1-mediated chromatin remodeling can be targeted by PARP inhibitors alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents to establish novel anti-cancer therapeutics. We have also considered the use of PARG inhibitors that may enhance the action of PARP inhibitors to target different types of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptarshi Sinha
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Sefinew Molla
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Chanakya Nath Kundu
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India.
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Andronikou C, Rottenberg S. Studying PAR-Dependent Chromatin Remodeling to Tackle PARPi Resistance. Trends Mol Med 2021; 27:630-642. [PMID: 34030964 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Histone eviction and chromatin relaxation are important processes for efficient DNA repair. Poly(ADP) ribose (PAR) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is a key mediator of this process, and disruption of PARP1 activity has a direct impact on chromatin structure. PARP inhibitors (PARPis) have been established as a treatment for BRCA1- or BRCA2-deficient tumors. Unfortunately, PARPi resistance occurs in many patients and the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In particular, it remains unclear how chromatin remodelers and histone chaperones compensate for the loss of the PARylation signal. In this Opinion article, we summarize currently known mechanisms of PARPi resistance. We discuss how the study of PARP1-mediated chromatin remodeling may help in further understanding PARPi resistance and finding new therapeutic approaches to overcome it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Andronikou
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sven Rottenberg
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Bern Center for Precision Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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The poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of BRD4 mediated by PARP1 promoted pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1286-1299. [PMID: 34094834 PMCID: PMC8148063 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) family member BRD4 is pivotal in the pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy. BRD4 induces hypertrophic gene expression by binding to the acetylated chromatin, facilitating the phosphorylation of RNA polymerases II (Pol II) and leading to transcription elongation. The present study identified a novel post-translational modification of BRD4: poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation), that was mediated by poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 (PARP1) in cardiac hypertrophy. BRD4 silencing or BET inhibitors JQ1 and MS417 prevented cardiac hypertrophic responses induced by isoproterenol (ISO), whereas overexpression of BRD4 promoted cardiac hypertrophy, confirming the critical role of BRD4 in pathological cardiac hypertrophy. PARP1 was activated in ISO-induced cardiac hypertrophy and facilitated the development of cardiac hypertrophy. BRD4 was involved in the prohypertrophic effect of PARP1, as implied by the observations that BRD4 inhibition or silencing reversed PARP1-induced hypertrophic responses, and that BRD4 overexpression suppressed the anti-hypertrophic effect of PARP1 inhibitors. Interactions of BRD4 and PARP1 were observed by co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence. PARylation of BRD4 induced by PARP1 was investigated by PARylation assays. In response to hypertrophic stimuli like ISO, PARylation level of BRD4 was elevated, along with enhanced interactions between BRD4 and PARP1. By investigating the PARylation of truncation mutants of BRD4, the C-terminal domain (CTD) was identified as the PARylation modification sites of BRD4. PARylation of BRD4 facilitated its binding to the transcription start sites (TSS) of hypertrophic genes, resulting in enhanced phosphorylation of RNA Pol II and transcription activation of hypertrophic genes. The present findings suggest that strategies targeting inhibition of PARP1-BRD4 might have therapeutic potential for pathological cardiac hypertrophy.
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Key Words
- ANP, atrial natriuretic peptide
- BET, bromodomain and extraterminal domain
- BNP, brain natriuretic polypeptide
- BRD4
- BW, body weight
- CDK9, cyclin-dependent kinase 9
- Cardiac hypertrophy
- EF, ejection fraction
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FS, fractional shortening
- HATs, histone acetyltransferases
- HDACs, histone deacetylases
- HE, hematoxylin-eosin
- HW, heart weight
- Hypertrophic genes
- IF, immunofluorescence
- ISO, isoproterenol
- Isoproterenol
- LVAW, left ventricular anterior wall thickness
- LVID, left ventricular internal diameter
- LVPW, left ventricular posterior wall thickness
- NC, negative control
- NRCMs, neonatal rat cardiomyocytes
- NS, normal saline
- PARP1
- PARP1, poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1
- PARylation
- PBS, phosphate buffer solution
- PSR, picrosirius red
- RNA Pol II
- RNA Pol II, RNA polymerases II
- SD, Sprague–Dawley
- TL, tibia length
- TSS, transcription start sites
- Transcription activation
- WGA, wheat germ agglutinin
- co-IP, co-immunoprecipitation
- siRNA, small-interfering RNA
- β-AR, β-adrenergic receptor
- β-MHC, β-myosin heavy chain
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Mascolo M, Travaglino A, Varricchio S, Russo D, Sabattini E, Agostinelli C, Bertuzzi C, Baldo A, Pileri A, Picardi M, Pane F, Staibano S. Role of chromatin assembly factor-1/p60 and poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 in mycosis fungoides. Virchows Arch 2020; 478:961-968. [PMID: 33098490 PMCID: PMC8099834 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-020-02952-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycosis fungoides (MF) represents the most common type of cutaneous lymphoma. In the majority of patients, the disease has a slow evolution and a protracted course; however, a subset of patients shows poor oncologic outcomes. Unfortunately, there are no reliable prognostic markers for MF, and the currently available treatments are only effective in a minority of patients. This study aimed to evaluate the expression and clinical significance of PARP-1 and CAF-1/p60 in MF. Sixty-four MF representatives of the different stages of disease were assessed by immunohistochemistry for PARP-1 and CAF-1/p60. The association of PARP-1 and CAF-1/p60 with the MF stage and outcome was assessed by using Fisher’s exact test and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis with the Log-rank test; a p value < 0.05 was considered significant. PARP-1 was overexpressed in 57.9% of MF and was significantly associated with a MF stage > II (p = 0.034) but not with the risk of death (p = 0.237). CAF-1/p60 was overexpressed in 26.8% of MF and was significantly associated with decreased overall survival (p < 0.001) but not with the MF stage (p = 1). A significant association was found between PARP-1 overexpression and CAF-1/p60 overexpression (p = 0.0025). Simultaneous overexpression of PARP-1 and CAF-1/p60 was significantly associated with decreased overall survival (p < 0.001), although less strongly than CAF-1/p60 alone (χ2 = 14.916 vs 21.729, respectively). In MF, PARP-1 is overexpressed in advanced stages, while CAF-1/p60 is overexpressed in the cases with shorter overall survival, appearing as a significant prognostic marker. A role for PARP-1 inhibitors and anti-CAF-1/p60 targeted therapy may be reasonably hypothesized in MF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Mascolo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Pathology Section, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Antonio Travaglino
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Pathology Section, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Varricchio
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Pathology Section, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Russo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Pathology Section, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Sabattini
- Haematopathology Unit, Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Agostinelli
- Haematopathology Unit, Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Clara Bertuzzi
- Haematopathology Unit, Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonello Baldo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Dermatology Section, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pileri
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Picardi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Hematology Section, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Pane
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Hematology Section, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Staibano
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Pathology Section, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
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11
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Virus-Host Cell Interplay during Hepatitis E Virus Infection. Trends Microbiol 2020; 29:309-319. [PMID: 32828646 PMCID: PMC7437515 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The molecular interplay between cellular host factors and viral proteins is a continuous process throughout the viral life cycle determining virus host range and pathogenesis. The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a long-neglected RNA virus and the major causative agent of acute viral hepatitis in humans worldwide. However, the mechanisms of liver pathology and clinical disease remain poorly understood for HEV infection. This review summarizes our current understanding of HEV-host cell interactions and highlights experimental strategies and techniques to identify novel host components required for the viral life cycle as well as restriction factors. Understanding these interactions will provide insight into the viral life cycle of HEV and might further help to devise novel therapeutic strategies and antiviral targets.
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12
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Dash S, Balasubramaniam M, Martínez-Rivera FJ, Godino A, Peck EG, Patnaik S, Suar M, Calipari ES, Nestler EJ, Villalta F, Dash C, Pandhare J. Cocaine-regulated microRNA miR-124 controls poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 expression in neuronal cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11197. [PMID: 32641757 PMCID: PMC7343862 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68144-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MiR-124 is a highly expressed miRNA in the brain and regulates genes involved in neuronal function. We report that miR-124 post-transcriptionally regulates PARP-1. We have identified a highly conserved binding site of miR-124 in the 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) of Parp-1 mRNA. We demonstrate that miR-124 directly binds to the Parp-1 3'UTR and mutations in the seed sequences abrogate binding between the two RNA molecules. Luciferase reporter assay revealed that miR-124 post-transcriptionally regulates Parp-1 3'UTR activity in a dopaminergic neuronal cell model. Interestingly, the binding region of miR-124 in Parp-1 3'UTR overlapped with the target sequence of miR-125b, another post-transcriptional regulator of Parp-1. Our results from titration and pull-down studies revealed that miR-124 binds to Parp-1 3'UTR with greater affinity and confers a dominant post-transcriptional inhibition compared to miR-125b. Interestingly, acute or chronic cocaine exposure downregulated miR-124 levels concomitant with upregulation of PARP-1 protein in dopaminergic-like neuronal cells in culture. Levels of miR-124 were also downregulated upon acute or chronic cocaine exposure in the mouse nucleus accumbens (NAc)-a key reward region of brain. Time-course studies revealed that cocaine treatment persistently downregulated miR-124 in NAc. Consistent with this finding, miR-124 expression was also significantly reduced in the NAc of animals conditioned for cocaine place preference. Collectively, these studies identify Parp-1 as a direct target of miR-124 in neuronal cells, establish miR-124 as a cocaine-regulated miRNA in the mouse NAc, and highlight a novel pathway underlying the molecular effects of cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabyasachi Dash
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Old Hospital Bldg-CAHDR, Room 5023, 1005 Dr. DB Todd Jr Blvd., Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
- School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Muthukumar Balasubramaniam
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Old Hospital Bldg-CAHDR, Room 5023, 1005 Dr. DB Todd Jr Blvd., Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - Freddyson J Martínez-Rivera
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Arthur Godino
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Emily G Peck
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Srinivas Patnaik
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Mrutyunjay Suar
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Erin S Calipari
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Eric J Nestler
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Fernando Villalta
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Old Hospital Bldg-CAHDR, Room 5023, 1005 Dr. DB Todd Jr Blvd., Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - Chandravanu Dash
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Old Hospital Bldg-CAHDR, Room 5023, 1005 Dr. DB Todd Jr Blvd., Nashville, TN, 37208, USA.
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA.
| | - Jui Pandhare
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Old Hospital Bldg-CAHDR, Room 5023, 1005 Dr. DB Todd Jr Blvd., Nashville, TN, 37208, USA.
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA.
- School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA.
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13
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Pathikonda S, Cheng SH, Yu KN. Role of PARP1 regulation in radiation-induced rescue effect. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2020; 61:352-367. [PMID: 32329510 PMCID: PMC7299272 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rraa023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Radiation-induced rescue effect (RIRE) in cells refers to the phenomenon where irradiated cells (IRCs) receive help from feedback signals produced by partnered bystander unirradiated cells (UIRCs) or from the conditioned medium (CM) that has previously conditioned the UIRCs. In the present work, we explored the role of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) regulation in RIRE and the positive feedback loop between PARP1 and nuclear factor-kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell (NF-κB) in RIRE using various cell lines, including HeLa, MCF7, CNE-2 and HCT116 cells. We first found that when the IRCs (irradiated with 2 Gy X-ray) were treated with CM, the relative mRNA expression levels of both tumor suppressor p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1) and PARP1, the co-localization factor between 53BP1 and γH2AX as well as the fluorescent intensity of PARP1 were reduced. We also found that IRCs treated with the PARP1 inhibitor, Olaparib (AZD2281) had a higher 53BP1 expression. These results illustrated that PARP1 was involved in RIRE transcriptionally and translationally. We further revealed that treatment of IRCs with CM together with Olaparib led to significantly lower mRNA expression levels and fluorescent intensities of NF-κB, while treatment of IRCs with CM together the NF-κB inhibitor BAY-11-7082 led to significantly lower mRNA expression levels as well as fluorescent intensities of PARP1. These results illustrated that PARP1 and NF-κB were involved in the positive feedback loop transcriptionally and translationally. Thus, the results supported the occurrence of a PARP1-NF-κB positive feedback loop in RIRE. The present work provided insights into potential exploitation of inhibition of PARP1 and/or the PARP1-NF-κB positive feedback loop in designing adjuncts to cancer radiotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spoorthy Pathikonda
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Shuk Han Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Science, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Kwan Ngok Yu
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Corresponding author. Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong. Tel: (852)-344-27812; Fax: (852)-344-20538;
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14
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Yang G, Chen Y, Wu J, Chen SH, Liu X, Singh AK, Yu X. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation mediates early phase histone eviction at DNA lesions. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:3001-3013. [PMID: 31965183 PMCID: PMC7102957 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleosomal histones are barriers to the DNA repair process particularly at DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). However, the molecular mechanism by which these histone barriers are removed from the sites of DNA damage remains elusive. Here, we have generated a single specific inducible DSB in the cells and systematically examined the histone removal process at the DNA lesion. We found that histone removal occurred immediately following DNA damage and could extend up to a range of few kilobases from the lesion. To examine the molecular mechanism underlying DNA damage-induced histone removal, we screened histone modifications and found that histone ADP-ribosylation was associated with histone removal at DNA lesions. PARP inhibitor treatment suppressed the immediate histone eviction at DNA lesions. Moreover, we examined histone chaperones and found that the FACT complex recognized ADP-ribosylated histones and mediated the removal of histones in response to DNA damage. Taken together, our results reveal a pathway that regulates early histone barrier removal at DNA lesions. It may also explain the mechanism by which PARP inhibitor regulates early DNA damage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Yibin Chen
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jiaxue Wu
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Shih-Hsun Chen
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Xiuhua Liu
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Anup Kumar Singh
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Xiaochun Yu
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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15
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Matta E, Kiribayeva A, Khassenov B, Matkarimov BT, Ishchenko AA. Insight into DNA substrate specificity of PARP1-catalysed DNA poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3699. [PMID: 32111879 PMCID: PMC7048826 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60631-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA-dependent poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) PARP1, PARP2 and PARP3 act as DNA break sensors signalling DNA damage. Upon detecting DNA damage, these PARPs use nicotine adenine dinucleotide as a substrate to synthesise a monomer or polymer of ADP-ribose (MAR or PAR, respectively) covalently attached to the acceptor residue of target proteins. Recently, it was demonstrated that PARP1–3 proteins can directly ADP-ribosylate DNA breaks by attaching MAR and PAR moieties to terminal phosphates. Nevertheless, little is still known about the mechanisms governing substrate recognition and specificity of PARP1, which accounts for most of cellular PARylation activity. Here, we characterised PARP1-mediated DNA PARylation of DNA duplexes containing various types of breaks at different positions. The 3′-terminal phosphate residue at double-strand DNA break ends served as a major acceptor site for PARP1-catalysed PARylation depending on the orientation and distance between DNA strand breaks in a single DNA molecule. A preference for ADP-ribosylation of DNA molecules containing 3′-terminal phosphate over PARP1 auto-ADP-ribosylation was observed, and a model of DNA modification by PARP1 was proposed. Similar results were obtained with purified recombinant PARP1 and HeLa cell-free extracts. Thus, the biological effects of PARP-mediated ADP-ribosylation may strongly depend on the configuration of complex DNA strand breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Matta
- Laboratoire «Intégrité du Génome et Cancers» CNRS, UMR9019, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94805, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Assel Kiribayeva
- National Center for Biotechnology, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan.,L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Bakhyt T Matkarimov
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Alexander A Ishchenko
- Laboratoire «Intégrité du Génome et Cancers» CNRS, UMR9019, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94805, Villejuif, France. .,Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94805, Villejuif, France.
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16
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Koliadenko V, Wilanowski T. Additional functions of selected proteins involved in DNA repair. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 146:1-15. [PMID: 31639437 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein moonlighting is a phenomenon in which a single polypeptide chain can perform a number of different unrelated functions. Here we present our analysis of moonlighting in the case of selected DNA repair proteins which include G:T mismatch-specific thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG), methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 4 (MBD4), apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1), AlkB homologs, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) and single-strand selective monofunctional uracil DNA glycosylase 1 (SMUG1). Most of their additional functions are not accidental and clear patterns are emerging. Participation in RNA metabolism is not surprising as bases occurring in RNA are the same or very similar to those in DNA. Other common additional function involves regulation of transcription. This is not unexpected as these proteins bind to specific DNA regions for DNA repair, hence they can also be recruited to regulate transcription. Participation in demethylation and replication of DNA appears logical as well. Some of the multifunctional DNA repair proteins play major roles in many diseases, including cancer. However, their moonlighting might prove a major difficulty in the development of new therapies because it will not be trivial to target a single protein function without affecting its other functions that are not related to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlada Koliadenko
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Ilji Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wilanowski
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Ilji Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland.
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17
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Dai W, Fu Y, Deng Y, Zeng Z, Gu P, Liu H, Liu J, Xu X, Wu D, Luo X, Yang L, Zhang J, Lin K, Hu G, Huang H. Regulation of Wnt Singaling Pathway by Poly (ADP-Ribose) Glycohydrolase (PARG) Silencing Suppresses Lung Cancer in Mice Induced by Benzo(a)pyrene Inhalation Exposure. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:338. [PMID: 31130856 PMCID: PMC6509174 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon that specifically causes cancer and is widely distributed in the environment. Poly (ADP-ribosylation), as a key post-translational modification in BaP-induced carcinogenesis, is mainly catalyzed by poly (ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) in eukaryotic organisms. Previously, it is found that PARG silencing can counteract BaP-induced carcinogenesis in vitro, but the mechanism remained unclear. In this study, we further examined this process in vivo by using heterozygous PARG knockout mice (PARG+/−). Wild-type and PARG+/− mice were individually treated with 0 or 10 μg/m3 BaP for 90 or 180 days by dynamic inhalation exposure. Pathological analysis of lung tissues showed that, with extended exposure time, carcinogenesis and injury in the lungs of WT mice was progressively worse; however, the injury was minimal and carcinogenesis was not detected in the lungs of PARG+/− mice. These results indicate that PARG gene silencing protects mice against lung cancer induced by BaP inhalation exposure. Furthermore, as the exposure time was extended, the protein phosphorylation level was down-regulated in WT mice, but up-regulated in PARG+/− mice. The relative expression of Wnt2b and Wnt5b mRNA in WT mice were significantly higher than those in the control group, but there was no significant difference in PARG+/− mice. Meanwhile, the relative expression of Wnt2b and Wnt5b proteins, as assessed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis, was significantly up-regulated by BaP in WT mice; while in PARG+/− mice it was not statistically affected. Our work provides initial evidence that PARG silencing suppresses BaP induced lung cancer and stabilizes the expression of Wnt ligands, PARG gene and Wnt ligands may provide new options for the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Dai
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yingbin Fu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanxia Deng
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhuoying Zeng
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pan Gu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hailong Liu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinyun Xu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Desheng Wu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xianru Luo
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Linqing Yang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinzhou Zhang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kai Lin
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gonghua Hu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Huang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
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18
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Regulating Immunity via ADP-Ribosylation: Therapeutic Implications and Beyond. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:159-173. [PMID: 30658897 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune cells express pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and endogenous danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Upon binding, PAMPs/DAMPs can initiate an immune response by activating lymphocytes, amplifying and modulating signaling cascades, and inducing appropriate effector responses. Protein ADP-ribosylation can regulate cell death, the release of DAMPs, as well as inflammatory cytokine expression. Inhibitors of ADP-ribosylation (i.e. PARP inhibitors) have been developed as therapeutic agents (in cancer), and are also able to dampen inflammation. We summarize here our most recent understanding of how ADP-ribosylation can regulate the different phases of an immune response. Moreover, we examine the potential clinical translation of pharmacological ADP-ribosylation inhibitors as putative treatment strategies for various inflammation-associated diseases (e.g. sepsis, chronic inflammatory diseases, and reperfusion injury).
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19
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Fan J, Dawson TM, Dawson VL. Cell Death Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2018; 15:403-425. [PMID: 28674991 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57193-5_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There are common mechanisms shared by genetically or pathologically distinct neurodegenerative diseases, such as excitotoxicity, mitochondrial deficits and oxidative stress, protein misfolding and translational dysfunction, autophagy and microglia activation. This indicates that although the original cause may differ in individual diseases or even subtypes of certain disorders, these disrupted common cell functions and signaling, together with aging, may lead to final execution of cell death through similar pathways. The variable neurodegenerative disease symptoms are probably caused by the type, location, and connection of the cell populations that suffer from dysfunction and loss. Besides apoptosis, necroptosis, and autophagy, an important form of death termed parthanatos plays a prominent role in stroke and several neurodegenerative diseases, which is due to PARP-1 overactivation, PAR accumulation, nuclear translocation of the mitochondria protein AIF, and large-scale DNA cleavage. Understanding the mechanisms and interactions of cell death signaling will not only help to develop neuroprotective strategies to halt neurodegeneration, but also provide biomarkers for monitoring disease progression and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fan
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Valina L Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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20
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Azad GK, Ito K, Sailaja BS, Biran A, Nissim-Rafinia M, Yamada Y, Brown DT, Takizawa T, Meshorer E. PARP1-dependent eviction of the linker histone H1 mediates immediate early gene expression during neuronal activation. J Cell Biol 2017; 217:473-481. [PMID: 29284668 PMCID: PMC5800798 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201703141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal stimulation leads to the expression of immediate early genes (IEGs). Azad et al. show that neuronal depolarization induces replacement of the linker histone H1 by PARP1 at IEG promoters in a manner that requires H1 phosphorylation and H1 poly-ADP ribosylation. Neuronal stimulation leads to immediate early gene (IEG) expression through calcium-dependent mechanisms. In recent years, considerable attention has been devoted to the transcriptional responses after neuronal stimulation, but relatively little is known about the changes in chromatin dynamics that follow neuronal activation. Here, we use fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, biochemical fractionations, and chromatin immunoprecipitation to show that KCl-induced depolarization in primary cultured cortical neurons causes a rapid release of the linker histone H1 from chromatin, concomitant with IEG expression. H1 release is repressed by PARP inhibition, PARP1 deletion, a non-PARylatable H1, as well as phosphorylation inhibitions and a nonphosphorylatable H1, leading to hindered IEG expression. Further, H1 is replaced by PARP1 on IEG promoters after neuronal stimulation, and PARP inhibition blocks this reciprocal binding response. Our results demonstrate the relationship between neuronal excitation and chromatin plasticity by identifying the roles of polyadenosine diphosphate ribosylation and phosphorylation of H1 in regulating H1 chromatin eviction and IEG expression in stimulated neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajendra Kumar Azad
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences and The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Kenji Ito
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Badi Sri Sailaja
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences and The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alva Biran
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences and The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Malka Nissim-Rafinia
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences and The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yasuhiro Yamada
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - David T Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Takumi Takizawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Eran Meshorer
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences and The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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21
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Liu C, Vyas A, Kassab MA, Singh AK, Yu X. The role of poly ADP-ribosylation in the first wave of DNA damage response. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:8129-8141. [PMID: 28854736 PMCID: PMC5737498 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly ADP-ribose polymerases (PARPs) catalyze massive protein poly ADP-ribosylation (PARylation) within seconds after the induction of DNA single- or double-strand breaks. PARylation occurs at or near the sites of DNA damage and promotes the recruitment of DNA repair factors via their poly ADP-ribose (PAR) binding domains. Several novel PAR-binding domains have been recently identified. Here, we summarize these and other recent findings suggesting that PARylation may be the critical event that mediates the first wave of the DNA damage response. We also discuss the potential for functional crosstalk with other DNA damage-induced post-translational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Aditi Vyas
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Muzaffer A. Kassab
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Anup K. Singh
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Xiaochun Yu
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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22
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De Maayer P, Cowan DA. Comparative genomic analysis of the flagellin glycosylation island of the Gram-positive thermophile Geobacillus. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:913. [PMID: 27842516 PMCID: PMC5109656 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3273-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein glycosylation involves the post-translational attachment of sugar chains to target proteins and has been observed in all three domains of life. Post-translational glycosylation of flagellin, the main structural protein of the flagellum, is a common characteristic among many Gram-negative bacteria and Archaea. Several distinct functions have been ascribed to flagellin glycosylation, including stabilisation and maintenance of the flagellar filament, motility, surface recognition, adhesion, and virulence. However, little is known about this trait among Gram-positive bacteria. RESULTS Using comparative genomic approaches the flagellin glycosylation loci of multiple strains of the Gram-positive thermophilic genus Geobacillus were identified and characterized. Eighteen of thirty-six compared strains of the genus carry these loci, which show evidence of horizontal acquisition. The Geobacillus flagellin glycosylation islands (FGIs) can be clustered into five distinct types, which are predicted to encode highly variable glycans decorated with distinct and heavily modified sugars. CONCLUSIONS Our comparative genomic analyses showed that, while not universal, flagellin glycosylation islands are relatively common among members of the genus Geobacillus and that the encoded flagellin glycans are highly variable. This suggests that flagellin glycosylation plays an important role in the lifestyles of members of this thermophilic genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter De Maayer
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits, 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Don A Cowan
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
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23
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Meyer R, Meyer-Ficca M, Küpper JH. Adenoviral vectors for modulation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1) – dependent DNA repair as a predictive tool for chemotherapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3233/jcb-15026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R.G. Meyer
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
- Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - M.L. Meyer-Ficca
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - J.-H. Küpper
- Faculty of Science, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Germany
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24
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Su S, Lin X, Ding N, Zhang H, Zhang Q, Ding Y, Hou X, Tian Y. Effects of PARP-1 inhibitor and ERK inhibitor on epithelial mesenchymal transitions of the ovarian cancer SKOV3 cells. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:1225-1229. [PMID: 27668317 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess the effects of the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) inhibitor PJ34 and ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 on the proliferation and epithelial mesenchymal transitions (EMT) of cisplatin resistant ovarian cancer SKOV-3 cells. METHODS Proliferation of SKOV-3 cells was evaluated using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay with PJ34 and U0126 treatment. Expression changes of E-cadherin and vimentin with PJ34 and U0126 treatment was examined using Western blot and quantitative PCR. In addition, invasion assay was performed in cells treated with PJ34 and U0126. RESULTS PJ34 and U0126 inhibited proliferation of SKOV-3 cells in a time dependent manner. PJ34 and U0126 suppressed the expression of vimentin and enhanced the expression of E-cadherin. PJ34 and U0126 reduced cell invasion. The inhibitory effects of PJ34 and U0126 were stronger than PJ34 alone. PJ34 inhibited the proliferation and invasion of SKOV-3 cells which can be enhanced by ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126. CONCLUSIONS These inhibitory effects are partially due to PARP-1 and ERK1/2 mediated attenuation of EMT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Su
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shangdong, China; Department of Gynecology, The Central Hospital of Zibo, Shangdong, China
| | - Xueyan Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shangdong, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Gynecology, The Central Hospital of Zibo, Shangdong, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, The Central Hospital of Zibo, Shangdong, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, The Central Hospital of Zibo, Shangdong, China
| | - Yumei Ding
- Department of Gynecology, The Central Hospital of Zibo, Shangdong, China
| | - Xiaoman Hou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shangdong, China
| | - Yongjie Tian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shangdong, China.
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25
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Mullane SA, Werner L, Guancial EA, Lis RT, Stack EC, Loda M, Kantoff PW, Choueiri TK, Rosenberg J, Bellmunt J. Expression Levels of DNA Damage Repair Proteins Are Associated With Overall Survival in Platinum-Treated Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2016; 14:352-9. [PMID: 26778300 PMCID: PMC5508512 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2015.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combination platinum chemotherapy is standard first-line therapy for metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC). Defining the platinum response biomarkers for patients with mUC could establish personalize medicine and provide insights into mUC biology. Although DNA repair mechanisms have been hypothesized to mediate the platinum response, we sought to analyze whether increased expression of DNA damage genes would correlate with worse overall survival (OS) in patients with mUC. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively identified a clinically annotated cohort of patients with mUC, who had been treated with first-line platinum combination chemotherapy. A tissue microarray was constructed from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue from the primary tumor before treatment. Immunohistochemical analysis of the following DNA repair proteins was performed: ERCC1, RAD51, BRCA1/2, PAR, and PARP-1. Nuclear and cytoplasmic expression was analyzed using multispectral imaging. Nuclear staining was used for the survival analysis. Cox regression analysis was used to evaluate the associations between the percentage of positive nuclear staining and OS in multivariable analysis, controlling for known prognostic variables. RESULTS In a cohort of 104 patients with mUC, a greater percentage of nuclear staining of ERCC1 (hazard ratio [HR], 2.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-4.9; P = .0007), RAD51 (HR, 5.6; 95% CI, 1.7-18.3; P = .005), and PAR (HR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.1-4.4; P = .026) was associated with worse OS. BRCA1, BRCA2, and PARP-1 expression was not associated with OS (P = .76, P = .38, and P = .09, respectively). A greater percentage of combined ERCC1 and RAD51 nuclear staining was strongly associated with worse OS (P = .005). CONCLUSION A high percentage of nuclear staining of ERCC1, RAD51, and PAR, assessed by immunohistochemistry, correlated with worse OS for patients with mUC treated with first-line platinum combination chemotherapy, supporting the evidence of the DNA repair pathways' role in the prognosis of mUC. We also report new evidence that RAD51 and PAR might play a role in the platinum response. Additional prospective studies are required to determine the prognostic or predictive nature of these biomarkers in mUC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Mullane
- Bladder Cancer Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Lillian Werner
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Elizabeth A Guancial
- Department of Medicine, Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
| | - Rosina T Lis
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Edward C Stack
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Massimo Loda
- Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Philip W Kantoff
- Bladder Cancer Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Toni K Choueiri
- Bladder Cancer Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Joaquim Bellmunt
- Bladder Cancer Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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26
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Silva APG, Ryan DP, Galanty Y, Low JKK, Vandevenne M, Jackson SP, Mackay JP. The N-terminal Region of Chromodomain Helicase DNA-binding Protein 4 (CHD4) Is Essential for Activity and Contains a High Mobility Group (HMG) Box-like-domain That Can Bind Poly(ADP-ribose). J Biol Chem 2016; 291:924-38. [PMID: 26565020 PMCID: PMC4705410 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.683227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromodomain Helicase DNA-binding protein 4 (CHD4) is a chromatin-remodeling enzyme that has been reported to regulate DNA-damage responses through its N-terminal region in a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-dependent manner. We have identified and determined the structure of a stable domain (CHD4-N) in this N-terminal region. The-fold consists of a four-α-helix bundle with structural similarity to the high mobility group box, a domain that is well known as a DNA binding module. We show that the CHD4-N domain binds with higher affinity to poly(ADP-ribose) than to DNA. We also show that the N-terminal region of CHD4, although not CHD4-N alone, is essential for full nucleosome remodeling activity and is important for localizing CHD4 to sites of DNA damage. Overall, these data build on our understanding of how CHD4-NuRD acts to regulate gene expression and participates in the DNA-damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P G Silva
- From the School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia,
| | - Daniel P Ryan
- Department of Genome Sciences, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, and
| | - Yaron Galanty
- The Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, United Kingdom
| | - Jason K K Low
- From the School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Marylene Vandevenne
- From the School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Stephen P Jackson
- The Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, United Kingdom
| | - Joel P Mackay
- From the School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia,
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27
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Vuong B, Hogan-Cann ADJ, Alano CC, Stevenson M, Chan WY, Anderson CM, Swanson RA, Kauppinen TM. NF-κB transcriptional activation by TNFα requires phospholipase C, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:229. [PMID: 26637332 PMCID: PMC4670503 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0448-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is required for pro-inflammatory effects of TNFα. Our previous studies demonstrated that PARP-1 mediates TNFα-induced NF-κB activation in glia. Here, we evaluated the mechanisms by which TNFα activates PARP-1 and PARP-1 mediates NF-κB activation. METHODS Primary cultures of mouse cortical astrocytes and microglia were treated with TNFα and suitable signaling pathway modulators (pharmacological and molecular). Outcome measures included calcium imaging, PARP-1 activation status, NF-κB transcriptional activity, DNA damage assesment and cytokine relesease profiling. RESULTS TNFα induces PARP-1 activation in the absence of detectable DNA strand breaks, as measured by the PANT assay. TNFα-induced transcriptional activation of NF-κB requires PARP-1 enzymatic activity. Enzymatic activation of PARP-1 by TNFα was blocked in Ca(2+)-free medium, by Ca(2+) chelation with BAPTA-AM, and by D609, an inhibitor of phoshatidyl choline-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC), but not by thapsigargin or by U73112, an inhibitor of phosphatidyl inisitol-specific PLC (PI -PLC). A TNFR1 blocking antibody reduced Ca(2+) influx and PARP-1 activation. TNFα-induced PARP-1 activation was also blocked by siRNA downregulation of ERK2 and by PD98059, an inhibitor of the MEK / ERK protein kinase cascade. Moreover, TNFα-induced NF-κB (p65) transcriptional activation was absent in cells expressing PARP-1 that lacked ERK2 phosphorylation sites, while basal NF-κB transcriptional activation increased in cells expressing PARP-1 with a phosphomimetic substitution at an ERK2 phophorylation site. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that TNFα induces PARP-1 activation through a signaling pathway involving TNFR1, Ca(2+) influx, activation of PC-PLC, and activation of the MEK1 / ERK2 protein kinase cascade. TNFα-induced PARP-1 activation is not associated with DNA damage, but ERK2 mediated phosphorylation of PARP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy Vuong
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 753 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T6, Canada. .,Neuroscience Research Program, Health Sciences Centre and College of Medicine, Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, 710 William Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0Z3, Canada.
| | - Adam D J Hogan-Cann
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 753 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T6, Canada. .,Neuroscience Research Program, Health Sciences Centre and College of Medicine, Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, 710 William Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0Z3, Canada.
| | - Conrad C Alano
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA.
| | - Mackenzie Stevenson
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 753 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T6, Canada. .,Neuroscience Research Program, Health Sciences Centre and College of Medicine, Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, 710 William Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0Z3, Canada.
| | - Wai Yee Chan
- Present Address: Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
| | - Christopher M Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 753 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T6, Canada. .,Neuroscience Research Program, Health Sciences Centre and College of Medicine, Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, 710 William Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0Z3, Canada.
| | - Raymond A Swanson
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA.
| | - Tiina M Kauppinen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 753 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T6, Canada. .,Neuroscience Research Program, Health Sciences Centre and College of Medicine, Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, 710 William Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0Z3, Canada.
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28
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Abstract
Base Excision Repair (BER) is a conserved, intracellular DNA repair system that recognizes and removes chemically modified bases to insure genomic integrity and prevent mutagenesis. Aberrant BER has been tightly linked with a broad spectrum of human pathologies, such as several types of cancer, neurological degeneration, developmental abnormalities, immune dysfunction and aging. In the cell, BER must recognize and remove DNA lesions from the tightly condensed, protein-coated chromatin. Because chromatin is necessarily refractory to DNA metabolic processes, like transcription and replication, the compaction of the genomic material is also inhibitory to the repair systems necessary for its upkeep. Multiple ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling (ACR) complexes play essential roles in modulating the protein-DNA interactions within chromatin, regulating transcription and promoting activities of some DNA repair systems, including double-strand break repair and nucleotide excision repair. However, it remains unclear how BER operates in the context of chromatin, and if the chromatin remodelling processes that govern transcription and replication also actively regulate the efficiency of BER. In this review we highlight the emerging role of ACR in regulation of BER.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Hinz
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7520, USA.
| | - Wioletta Czaja
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7229, USA
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29
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Strickfaden H, McDonald D, Kruhlak MJ, Haince JF, Th'ng JPH, Rouleau M, Ishibashi T, Corry GN, Ausio J, Underhill DA, Poirier GG, Hendzel MJ. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation-dependent Transient Chromatin Decondensation and Histone Displacement following Laser Microirradiation. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:1789-1802. [PMID: 26559976 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.694992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin undergoes a rapid ATP-dependent, ATM and H2AX-independent decondensation when DNA damage is introduced by laser microirradiation. Although the detailed mechanism of this decondensation remains to be determined, the kinetics of decondensation are similar to the kinetics of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. We used laser microirradiation to introduce DNA strand breaks into living cells expressing a photoactivatable GFP-tagged histone H2B. We find that poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation mediated primarily by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is responsible for the rapid decondensation of chromatin at sites of DNA damage. This decondensation of chromatin correlates temporally with the displacement of histones, which is sensitive to PARP inhibition and is transient in nature. Contrary to the predictions of the histone shuttle hypothesis, we did not find that histone H1 accumulated on poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) in vivo. Rather, histone H1, and to a lessor extent, histones H2A and H2B were rapidly depleted from the sites of PAR accumulation. However, histone H1 returns to chromatin and the chromatin recondenses. Thus, the PARP-dependent relaxation of chromatin closely correlates with histone displacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilmar Strickfaden
- From the Department of Oncology, Faculty of Dentistry and Medicine, University of Alberta Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Darin McDonald
- From the Department of Oncology, Faculty of Dentistry and Medicine, University of Alberta Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Michael J Kruhlak
- the Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Jean-Francois Haince
- the Oncology Axis, Laval University Hospital Research Center, CHUQ, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - John P H Th'ng
- the Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Michele Rouleau
- the Oncology Axis, Laval University Hospital Research Center, CHUQ, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Toytaka Ishibashi
- the Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, B.C. V8W 3P6, Canada,; the Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, HKSAR, and
| | - Gareth N Corry
- From the Department of Oncology, Faculty of Dentistry and Medicine, University of Alberta Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Juan Ausio
- the Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, B.C. V8W 3P6, Canada
| | - D Alan Underhill
- From the Department of Oncology, Faculty of Dentistry and Medicine, University of Alberta Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Guy G Poirier
- From the Department of Oncology, Faculty of Dentistry and Medicine, University of Alberta Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Michael J Hendzel
- From the Department of Oncology, Faculty of Dentistry and Medicine, University of Alberta Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada,.
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30
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Flanagan TW, Brown DT. Molecular dynamics of histone H1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1859:468-75. [PMID: 26454113 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The H1 or linker histones bind dynamically to chromatin in living cells via a process that involves transient association with the nucleosome near the DNA entry/exit site followed by dissociation, translocation to a new location, and rebinding. The mean residency time of H1 on any given nucleosome is about a minute, which is much shorter than that of most core histones but considerably longer than that of most other chromatin-binding proteins, including transcription factors. Here we review recent advances in understanding the kinetic pathway of H1 binding and how it relates to linker histone structure and function. We also describe potential mechanisms by which the dynamic binding of H1 might contribute directly to the regulation of gene expression and discuss several situations for which there is experimental evidence to support these mechanisms. Finally, we review the evidence for the participation of linker histone chaperones in mediating H1 exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Flanagan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - David T Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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31
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Cheruiyot A, Paudyal SC, Kim IK, Sparks M, Ellenberger T, Piwnica-Worms H, You Z. Poly(ADP-ribose)-binding promotes Exo1 damage recruitment and suppresses its nuclease activities. DNA Repair (Amst) 2015; 35:106-15. [PMID: 26519824 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Exonuclease 1 (Exo1) has important roles in DNA metabolic transactions that are essential for genome maintenance, telomere regulation and cancer suppression. However, the mechanisms for regulating Exo1 activity in these processes remain incompletely understood. Here, we report that Exo1 activity is regulated by a direct interaction with poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR), a prominent posttranslational modification at the sites of DNA damage. This PAR-binding activity promotes the early recruitment of Exo1 to sites of DNA damage, where it is retained through an interaction with PCNA, which interacts with the C-terminus of Exo1. The effects of both PAR and PCNA on Exo1 damage association are antagonized by the 14-3-3 adaptor proteins, which interact with the central domain of Exo1. Although PAR binding inhibits both the exonuclease activity and the 5' flap endonuclease activity of purified Exo1, the pharmacological blockade of PAR synthesis does not overtly affect DNA double-strand break end resection in a cell free Xenopus egg extract. Thus, the counteracting effects of PAR on Exo1 recruitment and enzymatic activity may enable appropriate resection of DNA ends while preventing unscheduled or improper processing of DNA breaks in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigael Cheruiyot
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Sharad C Paudyal
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - In-Kwon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Melanie Sparks
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Tom Ellenberger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Helen Piwnica-Worms
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77230, United States
| | - Zhongsheng You
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
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32
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Maynard S, Fang EF, Scheibye-Knudsen M, Croteau DL, Bohr VA. DNA Damage, DNA Repair, Aging, and Neurodegeneration. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2015; 5:cshperspect.a025130. [PMID: 26385091 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a025130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Aging in mammals is accompanied by a progressive atrophy of tissues and organs, and stochastic damage accumulation to the macromolecules DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids. The sequence of the human genome represents our genetic blueprint, and accumulating evidence suggests that loss of genomic maintenance may causally contribute to aging. Distinct evidence for a role of imperfect DNA repair in aging is that several premature aging syndromes have underlying genetic DNA repair defects. Accumulation of DNA damage may be particularly prevalent in the central nervous system owing to the low DNA repair capacity in postmitotic brain tissue. It is generally believed that the cumulative effects of the deleterious changes that occur in aging, mostly after the reproductive phase, contribute to species-specific rates of aging. In addition to nuclear DNA damage contributions to aging, there is also abundant evidence for a causative link between mitochondrial DNA damage and the major phenotypes associated with aging. Understanding the mechanistic basis for the association of DNA damage and DNA repair with aging and age-related diseases, such as neurodegeneration, would give insight into contravening age-related diseases and promoting a healthy life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Maynard
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Evandro Fei Fang
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Morten Scheibye-Knudsen
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Deborah L Croteau
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Vilhelm A Bohr
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
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33
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Zhang L, Jin J, Zhang L, Hu R, Gao L, Huo X, Liu D, Ma X, Wang C, Han J, Li L, Sun X, Cao L. Quantitative analysis of differential protein expression in cervical carcinoma cells after zeylenone treatment by stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture. J Proteomics 2015; 126:279-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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34
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Bowman GD, Poirier MG. Post-translational modifications of histones that influence nucleosome dynamics. Chem Rev 2015; 115:2274-95. [PMID: 25424540 PMCID: PMC4375056 DOI: 10.1021/cr500350x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D. Bowman
- T.
C. Jenkins Department of Biophysics, Johns
Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Michael G. Poirier
- Department of Physics, and Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State
University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United
States
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35
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Walko TD, Di Caro V, Piganelli J, Billiar TR, Clark RSB, Aneja RK. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1-sirtuin 1 functional interplay regulates LPS-mediated high mobility group box 1 secretion. Mol Med 2015; 20:612-24. [PMID: 25517228 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathophysiological conditions that lead to the release of the prototypic damage-associated molecular pattern molecule high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) also result in activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1; now known as ADP-ribosyl transferase 1 [ARTD1]). Persistent activation of PARP1 promotes energy failure and cell death. The role of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in HMGB1 release has been explored previously; however, PARP1 is a versatile enzyme and performs several other functions including cross-talk with another nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide- (NAD(+)) dependent member of the Class III histone deacetylases (HDACs), sirtuin-1 (SIRT1). Previously, it has been shown that the hyperacetylation of HMGB1 is a seminal event prior to its secretion, a process that also is dependent on HDACs. Therefore, in this study, we seek to determine if PARP1 inhibition alters LPS-mediated HMGB1 hyperacetylation and subsequent secretion due to its effect on SIRT1. We demonstrate in an in vitro model that LPS treatment leads to hyperacetylated HMGB1 with concomitant reduction in nuclear HDAC activity. Treatment with PARP1 inhibitors mitigates the LPS-mediated reduction in nuclear HDAC activity and decreases HMGB1 acetylation. By utilizing an NAD(+)-based mechanism, PARP1 inhibition increases the activity of SIRT1. Consequently, there is an increased nuclear retention and decreased extracellular secretion of HMGB1. We also demonstrate that PARP1 physically interacts with SIRT1. Further confirmation of this data was obtained in a murine model of sepsis, that is, administration of PJ-34, a specific PARP1 inhibitor, led to decreased serum HMGB1 concentrations in mice subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) as compared with untreated mice. In conclusion, our study provides new insights in understanding the molecular mechanisms of HMGB1 secretion in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Walko
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Valentina Di Caro
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jon Piganelli
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert S B Clark
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rajesh K Aneja
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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36
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Maluchenko NV, Kulaeva OI, Kotova EY, Chupyrkina AA, Nikitin DV, Kirpichnikov MP, Studitsky VM. Molecular mechanisms of transcriptional regulation by Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1. Mol Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893315010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Bosch-Presegué L, Vaquero A. Sirtuin-dependent epigenetic regulation in the maintenance of genome integrity. FEBS J 2014; 282:1745-67. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laia Bosch-Presegué
- Chromatin Biology Laboratory; Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge; Barcelona Spain
| | - Alejandro Vaquero
- Chromatin Biology Laboratory; Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge; Barcelona Spain
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38
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Huang H, Hu G, Cai J, Xia B, Liu J, Li X, Gao W, Zhang J, Liu Y, Zhuang Z. Role of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase silencing in DNA hypomethylation induced by benzo(a)pyrene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 452:708-14. [PMID: 25195819 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.08.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is a known carcinogen cytotoxic which can trigger extensive cellular responses. Many evidences suggest that inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) are potent anticancer drug candidates. However, the role of PARG in BaP carcinogenesis is less understood. Here we used PARG-deficient human bronchial epithelial cell line (shPARG cell) as an in vitro model, and investigated the role of PARG silencing in DNA methylation pattern changed by BaP. Our study shows, BaP treatment decreased global DNA methylation levels in 16HBE cells in a dose-dependent manner, but no dramatic changes were observed in shPARG cells. Further investigation revealed PARG silencing protected DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) activity from change by BaP exposure. Interestingly, Dnmt1 is PARylated in PARG-null cells after BaP exposure. The results show a role for PARG silencing in DNA hypomethylation induced by BaP that may provide new clue for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, China
| | - Gonghua Hu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, China; Department of Preventive Medicine, Gannan Medical College, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jianfeng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, China
| | - Bo Xia
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, China
| | - Yinpin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhixiong Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, China.
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39
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Talbert PB, Henikoff S. Environmental responses mediated by histone variants. Trends Cell Biol 2014; 24:642-50. [PMID: 25150594 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Fluctuations in the ambient environment can trigger chromatin disruptions, involving replacement of nucleosomes or exchange of their histone subunits. Unlike canonical histones, which are available only during S-phase, replication-independent histone variants are present throughout the cell cycle and are adapted for chromatin repair. The H2A.Z variant mediates responses to environmental perturbations including fluctuations in temperature and seasonal variation. Phosphorylation of histone H2A.X rapidly marks double-strand DNA breaks for chromatin repair, which is mediated by both H2A and H3 histone variants. Other histones are used as weapons in conflicts between parasites and their hosts, which suggests broad involvement of histone variants in environmental responses beyond chromatin repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Talbert
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Steven Henikoff
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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40
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Mostocotto C, Carbone M, Battistelli C, Ciotti A, Amati P, Maione R. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is required to modulate chromatin changes at c-MYC promoter during emergence from quiescence. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102575. [PMID: 25047032 PMCID: PMC4105440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a post-translational modification of various proteins and participates in the regulation of chromatin structure and transcription through complex mechanisms not completely understood. We have previously shown that PARP-1, the major family member of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerases, plays an important role in the cell cycle reactivation of resting cells by regulating the expression of Immediate Early Response Genes, such as c-MYC, c-FOS, JUNB and EGR-1. In the present work we have investigated the molecular mechanisms by which the enzyme induces c-MYC transcription upon serum stimulation of quiescent cells. We show that PARP-1 is constitutively associated in vivo to a c-MYC promoter region recognized as biologically relevant for the transcriptional regulation of the gene. Moreover, we report that serum stimulation causes the prompt accumulation of ADP-ribose polymers on the same region and that this modification is required for chromatin decondensation and for the exchange of negative for positive transcriptional regulators. Finally we provide evidence that the inhibition of PARP activity along with serum stimulation impairs c-MYC induction by preventing the proper accumulation of histone H3 phosphoacetylation, a specific chromatin mark for the activation of Immediate Early Response Genes. These findings not only suggest a novel strategy by which PARP-1 regulates the transcriptional activity of promoters but also provide new information about the complex regulation of c-MYC expression, a critical determinant of the transition from quiescence to proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Mostocotto
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- Pasteur Institute-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Carbone
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- Pasteur Institute-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Battistelli
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- Pasteur Institute-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Agnese Ciotti
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- Pasteur Institute-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Amati
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- Pasteur Institute-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Maione
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- Pasteur Institute-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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41
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Roper SJ, Chrysanthou S, Senner CE, Sienerth A, Gnan S, Murray A, Masutani M, Latos P, Hemberger M. ADP-ribosyltransferases Parp1 and Parp7 safeguard pluripotency of ES cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:8914-27. [PMID: 25034692 PMCID: PMC4132717 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are in a dynamic equilibrium of distinct functional states, characterized by the heterogeneous expression of critical pluripotency factors and regulated by a spectrum of reversible histone modifications. Maintenance of this equilibrium is a hallmark of pluripotency. Here we find that the ADP-ribosyltransferases Parp1 and Parp7 play a critical role in safeguarding this state by occupying key pluripotency genes, notably Nanog, Pou5f1, Sox2, Stella, Tet1 and Zfp42, thereby protecting them from progressive epigenetic repression. In the absence of either Parp1 or Parp7, or upon inhibition of the ADP-ribosylating activity, ES cells exhibit a decrease in ground state pluripotency as they cannot maintain the typical heterogeneity characteristic of the metastable state. As a consequence, they display a higher propensity to differentiate. These findings place Parp1 and Parp7 at the genetic-epigenetic interface of pluripotency networks, fine-tuning the transcriptional heterogeneity and thereby determining the developmental plasticity of ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Roper
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Stephanie Chrysanthou
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Claire E Senner
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Arnold Sienerth
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Stefano Gnan
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Alexander Murray
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Mitsuko Masutani
- Division of Genome Stability Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Paulina Latos
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Myriam Hemberger
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
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42
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Habib O, Habib G, Do JT, Moon SH, Chung HM. Activation-induced deaminase-coupled DNA demethylation is not crucial for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 23:209-18. [PMID: 24083501 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation constitutes a major obstacle in the reprogramming of cells to pluripotency. Although little is known regarding the molecular mechanisms of DNA demethylation, activation-induced deaminase (AID), which is known to function in antibody diversification, has been implicated in DNA demethylation through a base excision repair (BER)-mediated pathway. Here we comprehensively examine the plausibility of coupled AID-BER demethylation in the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and show that AID is dispensable for reprogramming cells into iPSCs. Additionally, the overexpression of AID and other factors involved in AID-coupled DNA demethylation does not increase the efficiency of reprogramming. Moreover, BER is not likely to play a role in this process. Our results indicate that the reactivation of key genes governing the pluripotency circuitry occurs through a mechanism that is independent of deamination-coupled demethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Habib
- 1 School of Medicine, Konkuk University , Seoul, South Korea
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43
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Rosado MM, Bennici E, Novelli F, Pioli C. Beyond DNA repair, the immunological role of PARP-1 and its siblings. Immunology 2013; 139:428-37. [PMID: 23489378 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation is the addition of one or more (up to some hundreds) ADP-ribose moieties to acceptor proteins. There are two major families of enzymes that catalyse this reaction: extracellular ADP-ribosyl-transferases (ARTs), which are bound to the cell membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor or are secreted, and poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerases (PARPs), which are present in the cell nucleus and/or cytoplasm. Recent findings revealed a wide immunological role for ADP-ribosylating enzymes. ARTs, by sensing extracellular NAD concentration, can act as danger detectors. PARP-1, the prototypical representative of the PARP family, known to protect cells from genomic instability, is involved in the development of inflammatory responses and several forms of cell death. PARP-1 also plays a role in adaptive immunity by modulating the ability of dendritic cells to stimulate T cells or by directly affecting the differentiation and functions of T and B cells. Both PARP-1 and PARP-14 (CoaSt6) knockout mice were described to display reduced T helper type 2 cell differentiation and allergic responses. Our recent findings showed that PARP-1 is involved in the differentiation of Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells, suggesting a role for PARP-1 in tolerance induction. Also ARTs regulate Treg cell homeostasis by promoting Treg cell apoptosis during inflammatory responses. PARP inhibitors ameliorate immune-mediated diseases in several experimental models, including rheumatoid arthritis, colitis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and allergy. Together these findings show that ADP-ribosylating enzymes, in particular PARP-1, play a pivotal role in the regulation of immune responses and may represent a good target for new therapeutic approaches in immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Manuela Rosado
- Laboratory of B cell development, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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44
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Osada T, Rydén AM, Masutani M. Poly(ADP-ribosylation) regulates chromatin organization through histone H3 modification and DNA methylation of the first cell cycle of mouse embryos. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 434:15-21. [PMID: 23548571 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We examined the roles of poly(ADP-ribosylation) in chromatin remodeling during the first cell cycle of mouse embryos. Drug-based inhibition of poly(ADP-ribosylation) by a PARP inhibitor, PJ-34, revealed up-regulation of dimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 4 in male pronuclei and down-regulation of dimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9) and lysine 27 (H3K27). Association of poly(ADP-ribosylation) with histone modification was suggested to be supported by the interaction of Suz12, a histone methyltransferase in the polycomb complex, with Parp1. PARP activity was suggested to be required for a proper localization and maintenance of Suz12 on chromosomes. Notably, DNA methylation level of female pronuclei in one-cell embryos was robustly decreased by PJ-34. Electron microscopic analysis showed a frequent appearance of unusual electron-dense areas within the female pronuclei, implying the disorganized and hypercondensed chromatin ultrastructure. These results show that poly(ADP-ribosylation) is important for the integrity of non-equivalent epigenetic dynamics of pronuclei during the first cell cycle of mouse embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoharu Osada
- Advanced Medical Science Research Department, Mitsubishi Chemical Medience Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaragi 314-0255, Japan.
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45
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Chapman JD, Gagné JP, Poirier GG, Goodlett DR. Mapping PARP-1 auto-ADP-ribosylation sites by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:1868-80. [PMID: 23438649 DOI: 10.1021/pr301219h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate a novel method for the identification of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) autopoly(ADP-ribosyl)ation sites that is suited to collision induced dissociation (CID) tandem mass spectrometry. By employing phosphodiesterase to remove the majority of the poly(ADP-ribose) (pADPr) modification, we reduce the complexity of tandem mass spectrometric analysis of pADPr-modified tryptic peptides. The simplified ribose-5'-phosphate form of the peptides produce tandem mass spectra by CID that are readily interpreted and enable effective localization of the exact sites of PARP-1-catalyzed poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. In conjunction with a phosphopeptide-like enrichment strategy that captures the ribose-5'-phosphate peptides, we identified eight novel sites of PARP-1 automodification, confirmed the localization of two sites previously reported, and provided evidence for two additional targeted peptides with ambiguous modification site assignments. Given the simplicity of the approach, the method is readily applicable to analysis of complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Chapman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, United States
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46
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Smeenk G, van Attikum H. The chromatin response to DNA breaks: leaving a mark on genome integrity. Annu Rev Biochem 2013; 82:55-80. [PMID: 23414304 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-061809-174504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Genetic, biochemical, and cellular studies have uncovered many of the molecular mechanisms underlying the signaling and repair of chromosomal DNA breaks. However, efficient repair of DNA damage is complicated in that genomic DNA is packaged, through histone and nonhistone proteins, into chromatin. The DNA repair machinery has to overcome this physical barrier to gain access to damaged DNA and repair DNA lesions. Posttranslational modifications of chromatin as well as ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling factors help to overcome this barrier and facilitate access to damaged DNA by altering chromatin structure at sites of DNA damage. Here we review and discuss our current knowledge of and recent advances in chromatin changes induced by chromosome breakage in mammalian cells and their implications for genome stability and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godelieve Smeenk
- Department of Toxicogenetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
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47
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Ko HL, Ren EC. Functional Aspects of PARP1 in DNA Repair and Transcription. Biomolecules 2012; 2:524-48. [PMID: 24970148 PMCID: PMC4030864 DOI: 10.3390/biom2040524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is an ADP-ribosylating enzyme essential for initiating various forms of DNA repair. Inhibiting its enzyme activity with small molecules thus achieves synthetic lethality by preventing unwanted DNA repair in the treatment of cancers. Through enzyme-dependent chromatin remodeling and enzyme-independent motif recognition, PARP1 also plays important roles in regulating gene expression. Besides presenting current findings on how each process is individually controlled by PARP1, we shall discuss how transcription and DNA repair are so intricately linked that disturbance by PARP1 enzymatic inhibition, enzyme hyperactivation in diseases, and viral replication can favor one function while suppressing the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ling Ko
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, #03-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore.
| | - Ee Chee Ren
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, #03-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore.
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48
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Darzynkiewicz Z, Zhao H, Halicka HD, Rybak P, Dobrucki J, Wlodkowic D. DNA damage signaling assessed in individual cells in relation to the cell cycle phase and induction of apoptosis. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2012; 49:199-217. [PMID: 23137030 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2012.738808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Reviewed are the phosphorylation events reporting activation of protein kinases and the key substrates critical for the DNA damage signaling (DDS). These DDS events are detected immunocytochemically using phospho-specific Abs; flow cytometry or image-assisted cytometry provide the means to quantitatively assess them on a cell by cell basis. The multiparameter analysis of the data is used to correlate these events with each other and relate to the cell cycle phase, DNA replication and induction of apoptosis. Expression of γH2AX as a possible marker of induction of DNA double strand breaks is the most widely studied event of DDS. Reviewed are applications of this multiparameter approach to investigate constitutive DDS reporting DNA damage by endogenous oxidants byproducts of oxidative phosphorylation. Also reviewed are its applications to detect and explore mechanisms of DDS induced by variety of exogenous agents targeting DNA such as exogenous oxidants, ionizing radiation, radiomimetic drugs, UV light, DNA topoisomerase I and II inhibitors, DNA crosslinking drugs and variety of environmental genotoxins. Analysis of DDS induced by these agents provides often a wealth of information about mechanism of induction and the type of DNA damage (lesion) and is reviewed in the context of cell cycle phase specificity, DNA replication, and induction of apoptosis or cell senescence. Critically assessed is interpretation of the data as to whether the observed DDS events report induction of a particular type of DNA lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Darzynkiewicz
- Brander Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
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49
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Abeti R, Duchen MR. Activation of PARP by oxidative stress induced by β-amyloid: implications for Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:2589-96. [PMID: 23076628 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0895-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major neurodegenerative disease of old age, characterised by progressive cognitive impairment, dementia and atrophy of the central nervous system. The pathological hallmarks include the accumulation of the peptide β-amyloid (Aβ) which itself is toxic to neurons in culture. Recently, it has been discovered that Aβ activates the protein poly(ADP-ribosyl) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) specifically in astrocytes, leading indirectly to neuronal cell death. PARP-1 is a DNA repair enzyme, normally activated by single strand breaks associated with oxidative stress, which catalyses the formation of poly ADP-ribose polymers from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)). The pathological over activation of PARP-1 causes depletion of NAD(+) and leads to cell death. Here we review the relationship between AD and PARP-1, and explore the role played by astrocytes in neuronal death. AD has so far proven refractory to any effective treatment. Identification of these pathways represents a step towards a greater understanding of the pathophysiology of this devastating disease with the potential to explore novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosella Abeti
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, UCL, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
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50
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Valdez BC, Nieto Y, Murray D, Li Y, Wang G, Champlin RE, Andersson BS. Epigenetic modifiers enhance the synergistic cytotoxicity of combined nucleoside analog-DNA alkylating agents in lymphoma cell lines. Exp Hematol 2012; 40:800-10. [PMID: 22687754 PMCID: PMC3447105 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is used for treatment of lymphoma. In an attempt to design an efficacious and safe prehematopoietic stem cell transplantation conditioning regimen, we investigated the cytotoxicity of the combination of busulfan (B), melphalan (M), and gemcitabine (G) in lymphoma cell lines in the absence or presence of drugs that induce epigenetic changes. Cells were exposed to drugs individually or in combination and analyzed by the MTT proliferation assay, flow cytometry, and Western blotting. We used ~IC(10) drug concentrations (57 μM B, 1 μM M and 0.02 μM G), which individually did not have major effects on cell proliferation. Their combination resulted in 50% inhibition of proliferation. Reduction to almost half concentration (20 μM B, 0.7 μM M and 0.01 μM G) did not have significant effects, but addition of the histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (0.6 μM) to this combination resulted in a marked (~65%) growth inhibition. The cytotoxicity of these combinations correlates with the activation of the ataxia telangiectasia mutated-CHK2 pathway, phosphorylation of KRAB-associated protein-1, epigenetic changes such as methylation and acetylation of histone 3, and activation of apoptosis. The relevance of epigenetic changes is further shown by the induction of DNA methyltransferases in tumor cells with low constitutive levels of DNMT3A and DNMT3B. The addition of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine to (BMG+suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid) further enhances cell killing. Overall, BMG combinations are synergistically cytotoxic to lymphoma cells. Epigenetic changes induced by suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine further enhance the cytotoxicity. This study provides a rationale for an ongoing clinical trial in our institution using (BMG+suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid) as pre-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation conditioning for lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benigno C Valdez
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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