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Zhou X, Zhao L, Wang C, Sun W, Jia B, Li D, Fu J. Diverse functions and pathogenetic role of Crumbs in retinopathy. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:290. [PMID: 38802833 PMCID: PMC11129452 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01673-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The Crumbs protein (CRB) family plays a crucial role in maintaining the apical-basal polarity and integrity of embryonic epithelia. The family comprises different isoforms in different animals and possesses diverse structural, localization, and functional characteristics. Mutations in the human CRB1 or CRB2 gene may lead to a broad spectrum of retinal dystrophies. Various CRB-associated experimental models have recently provided mechanistic insights into human CRB-associated retinopathies. The knowledge obtained from these models corroborates the importance of CRB in retinal development and maintenance. Therefore, complete elucidation of these models can provide excellent therapeutic prospects for human CRB-associated retinopathies. In this review, we summarize the current animal models and human-derived models of different CRB family members and describe the main characteristics of their retinal phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebin Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Liangliang Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Chenguang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Wei Sun
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Bo Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Jinling Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China.
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2
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Groh AC, Möller-Kerutt A, Gilhaus K, Höffken V, Nedvetsky P, Kleimann S, Behrens M, Ghosh S, Hansen U, Krahn MP, Ebnet K, Pavenstädt H, Ludwig A, Weide T. PALS1 is a key regulator of the lateral distribution of tight junction proteins in renal epithelial cells. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261303. [PMID: 38265145 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved apical Crumbs (CRB) complex, consisting of the core components CRB3a (an isoform of CRB3), PALS1 and PATJ, plays a key role in epithelial cell-cell contact formation and cell polarization. Recently, we observed that deletion of one Pals1 allele in mice results in functional haploinsufficiency characterized by renal cysts. Here, to address the role of PALS1 at the cellular level, we generated CRISPR/Cas9-mediated PALS1-knockout MDCKII cell lines. The loss of PALS1 resulted in increased paracellular permeability, indicating an epithelial barrier defect. This defect was associated with a redistribution of several tight junction-associated proteins from bicellular to tricellular contacts. PALS1-dependent localization of tight junction proteins at bicellular junctions required its interaction with PATJ. Importantly, reestablishment of the tight junction belt upon transient F-actin depolymerization or upon Ca2+ removal was strongly delayed in PALS1-deficient cells. Additionally, the cytoskeleton regulator RhoA was redistributed from junctions into the cytosol under PALS1 knockout. Together, our data uncover a critical role of PALS1 in the coupling of tight junction proteins to the F-actin cytoskeleton, which ensures their correct distribution along bicellular junctions and the formation of tight epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Christin Groh
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Department Molecular Nephrology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Annika Möller-Kerutt
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Department Molecular Nephrology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kevin Gilhaus
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Department Molecular Nephrology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Verena Höffken
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Department Molecular Nephrology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Pavel Nedvetsky
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Medical Cell Biology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Simon Kleimann
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Department Molecular Nephrology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Malina Behrens
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Department Molecular Nephrology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sujasha Ghosh
- School of Biological Sciences and NTU Institute of Structural Biology (NISB), Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Uwe Hansen
- University Hospital of Münster, Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine (IMM), Head Core Facility Electron Microscopy, Domagkstraße 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael P Krahn
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Medical Cell Biology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Ebnet
- Institute-associated Research Group "Cell adhesion and cell polarity", Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Straße 56, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hermann Pavenstädt
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Department Molecular Nephrology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Ludwig
- School of Biological Sciences and NTU Institute of Structural Biology (NISB), Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Thomas Weide
- University Hospital of Münster (UKM), Internal Medicine D (MedD), Department Molecular Nephrology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
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3
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Medina-Dols A, Cañellas G, Capó T, Solé M, Mola-Caminal M, Cullell N, Jaume M, Nadal-Salas L, Llinàs J, Gómez L, Tur S, Jiménez C, Díaz RM, Carrera C, Muiño E, Gallego-Fabrega C, Soriano-Tárraga C, Ruiz-Guerra L, Pol-Fuster J, Asensio V, Muncunill J, Fleischer A, Iglesias A, Giralt-Steinhauer E, Lazcano U, Fernández-Pérez I, Jiménez-Balado J, Gabriel-Salazar M, Garcia-Gabilondo M, Lei T, Torres-Aguila NP, Cárcel-Márquez J, Lladó J, Olmos G, Rosell A, Montaner J, Planas AM, Rabionet R, Hernández-Guillamon M, Jiménez-Conde J, Fernández-Cadenas I, Vives-Bauzá C. Role of PATJ in stroke prognosis by modulating endothelial to mesenchymal transition through the Hippo/Notch/PI3K axis. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:85. [PMID: 38368420 PMCID: PMC10874379 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01857-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Through GWAS studies we identified PATJ associated with functional outcome after ischemic stroke (IS). The aim of this study was to determine PATJ role in brain endothelial cells (ECs) in the context of stroke outcome. PATJ expression analyses in patient's blood revealed that: (i) the risk allele of rs76221407 induces higher expression of PATJ, (ii) PATJ is downregulated 24 h after IS, and (iii) its expression is significantly lower in those patients with functional independence, measured at 3 months with the modified Rankin scale ((mRS) ≤2), compared to those patients with marked disability (mRS = 4-5). In mice brains, PATJ was also downregulated in the injured hemisphere at 48 h after ischemia. Oxygen-glucose deprivation and hypoxia-dependent of Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α also caused PATJ depletion in ECs. To study the effects of PATJ downregulation, we generated PATJ-knockdown human microvascular ECs. Their transcriptomic profile evidenced a complex cell reprogramming involving Notch, TGF-ß, PI3K/Akt, and Hippo signaling that translates in morphological and functional changes compatible with endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT). PATJ depletion caused loss of cell-cell adhesion, upregulation of metalloproteases, actin cytoskeleton remodeling, cytoplasmic accumulation of the signal transducer C-terminal transmembrane Mucin 1 (MUC1-C) and downregulation of Notch and Hippo signaling. The EndMT phenotype of PATJ-depleted cells was associated with the nuclear recruitment of MUC1-C, YAP/TAZ, β-catenin, and ZEB1. Our results suggest that PATJ downregulation 24 h after IS promotes EndMT, an initial step prior to secondary activation of a pro-angiogenic program. This effect is associated with functional independence suggesting that activation of EndMT shortly after stroke onset is beneficial for stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina Medina-Dols
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Guillem Cañellas
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Institut Universitari d'Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma, Spain
| | - Toni Capó
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Institut Universitari d'Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma, Spain
| | - Montse Solé
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Mola-Caminal
- Neurology, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Unit of Medical Epidemiology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Natalia Cullell
- Neurology, Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa/Fundacio Docència i Recerca Mútua Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Jaume
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Institut Universitari d'Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma, Spain
| | - Laura Nadal-Salas
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Institut Universitari d'Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma, Spain
| | - Jaume Llinàs
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Institut Universitari d'Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma, Spain
| | - Lluis Gómez
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Institut Universitari d'Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma, Spain
| | - Silvia Tur
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Son Espases (HUSE), Palma, Spain
| | - Carmen Jiménez
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Son Espases (HUSE), Palma, Spain
| | - Rosa M Díaz
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Son Espases (HUSE), Palma, Spain
| | - Caty Carrera
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Muiño
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Gallego-Fabrega
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Laura Ruiz-Guerra
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Josep Pol-Fuster
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Institut Universitari d'Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma, Spain
| | - Víctor Asensio
- Department of Genetics (GEN-IB), HUSE, IdISBa, Palma, Spain
| | | | | | - Amanda Iglesias
- Department of Respiratory Medicine,, Hospital Universitari Son Espases-IdISBa Palma, Spain; CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER of Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Uxue Lazcano
- Neurology, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Marina Gabriel-Salazar
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Garcia-Gabilondo
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ting Lei
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria-Paz Torres-Aguila
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jara Cárcel-Márquez
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jerònia Lladó
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Institut Universitari d'Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma, Spain
| | - Gabriel Olmos
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Institut Universitari d'Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma, Spain
| | - Anna Rosell
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Montaner
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville & Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain
| | - Anna M Planas
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Area of Neuroscience, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Rabionet
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology & Statistics, IBUB, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Hernández-Guillamon
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Israel Fernández-Cadenas
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristòfol Vives-Bauzá
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain.
- Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Institut Universitari d'Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma, Spain.
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Fiedler J, Moennig T, Hinrichs JH, Weber A, Wagner T, Hemmer T, Schröter R, Weide T, Epting D, Bergmann C, Nedvetsky P, Krahn MP. PATJ inhibits histone deacetylase 7 to control tight junction formation and cell polarity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:333. [PMID: 37878054 PMCID: PMC10600057 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04994-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
The conserved multiple PDZ-domain containing protein PATJ stabilizes the Crumbs-Pals1 complex to regulate apical-basal polarity and tight junction formation in epithelial cells. However, the molecular mechanism of PATJ's function in these processes is still unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that knockout of PATJ in epithelial cells results in tight junction defects as well as in a disturbed apical-basal polarity and impaired lumen formation in three-dimensional cyst assays. Mechanistically, we found PATJ to associate with and inhibit histone deacetylase 7 (HDAC7). Inhibition or downregulation of HDAC7 restores polarity and lumen formation. Gene expression analysis of PATJ-deficient cells revealed an impaired expression of genes involved in cell junction assembly and membrane organization, which is rescued by the downregulation of HDAC7. Notably, the function of PATJ regulating HDAC7-dependent cilia formation does not depend on its canonical interaction partner, Pals1, indicating a new role of PATJ, which is distinct from its function in the Crumbs complex. By contrast, polarity and lumen phenotypes observed in Pals1- and PATJ-deficient epithelial cells can be rescued by inhibition of HDAC7, suggesting that the main function of this polarity complex in this process is to modulate the transcriptional profile of epithelial cells by inhibiting HDAC7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Fiedler
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Medical Clinic D, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1-A14, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Moennig
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Medical Clinic D, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1-A14, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Johanna H Hinrichs
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Medical Clinic D, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1-A14, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Annika Weber
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Medical Clinic D, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1-A14, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Wagner
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Medical Clinic D, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1-A14, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Tim Hemmer
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Medical Clinic D, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1-A14, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Rita Schröter
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Medical Clinic D, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1-A14, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Weide
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Medical Clinic D, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1-A14, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Daniel Epting
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Bergmann
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- Medizinische Genetik Mainz, Limbach Genetics, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Pavel Nedvetsky
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Medical Clinic D, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1-A14, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael P Krahn
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Medical Clinic D, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1-A14, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Harms J, Lüttgenau SM, Emming C, Guske J, Weber K, Wagner T, Schowe L, Nedvetsky P, Krahn MP. Pals1 functions in redundancy with SMAP1 to inhibit Arf6 in order to prevent Rac1-dependent colorectal cancer cell migration and invasion. Cancer Gene Ther 2023; 30:497-506. [PMID: 36494580 PMCID: PMC10014575 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-022-00570-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Downregulation of cell-cell adhesion and increased motility are prerequisites for the metastasis of cancer cells. We have recently shown that downregulation of the tight junction adapter protein Pals1 in colorectal cancer cells results in an increase of cell migration, invasion, and metastasis due to the enhanced activation of Arf6 and Rac1. We now reveal a redundancy between the Arf6-GAP SMAP1 and Pals1 in regulating Arf6 activity and thereby Rac1-dependent cell migration. The gene encoding SMAP1 is frequently disrupted in microsatellite instable colorectal cancer specimen and cell lines. In cells expressing SMAP1, deletion of Pals1 leads to disturbed formation of tight junctions but has no impact on Arf6 activity and cell migration. In contrast, inactivation of both SMAP1 and Pals1 results in enhanced Arf6/Rac1 activity and increased cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, analyzing patient cohorts, we found a significant decrease in patient's survival when both genes were downregulated, in contrast to cases, when expression of only one of both genes was affected. Taken together, we identified a redundancy between SMAP1 and Pals1 in the regulation of activation of Arf6/Rac1, thereby controlling cell migration, invasion, and metastasis of colorectal cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Harms
- Medical Clinic D, Medical Cell Biology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Christin Emming
- Medical Clinic D, Medical Cell Biology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Justine Guske
- Medical Clinic D, Medical Cell Biology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Katrin Weber
- Medical Clinic D, Medical Cell Biology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Wagner
- Medical Clinic D, Medical Cell Biology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Larissa Schowe
- Medical Clinic D, Medical Cell Biology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Pavel Nedvetsky
- Medical Clinic D, Medical Cell Biology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael P Krahn
- Medical Clinic D, Medical Cell Biology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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Tholen LE, Latta F, Martens JHA, Hoenderop JGJ, de Baaij JHF. Transcription factor HNF1β controls a transcriptional network regulating kidney cell structure and tight junction integrity. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 324:F211-F224. [PMID: 36546837 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00199.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)1β gene (HNF1B) cause autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease, a rare and heterogeneous disease characterized by renal cysts and/or malformation, maturity-onset diabetes of the young, hypomagnesemia, and hypokalemia. The electrolyte disturbances may develop in the distal part of the nephron, which is important for fine-tuning of Mg2+ and Ca2+ reabsorption. Therefore, we aimed to study the transcriptional network directed by HNF1β in the distal part of the nephron. We combined HNF1β chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing and mRNA expression data to identify direct targets of HNF1β in a renal distal convoluted tubule cell line (mpkDCT). Gene Ontology term pathway analysis demonstrated enrichment of cell polarity, cell-cell junction, and cytoskeleton pathways in the dataset. Genes directly and indirectly regulated by HNF1β within these pathways included members of the apical and basolateral polarity complexes including Crumbs protein homolog 3 (Crb3), partitioning defective 6 homolog-β (Pard6b), and LLGL Scribble cell polarity complex component 2 (Llgl2). In monolayers of mouse inner medullary collecting duct 3 cells expressing dominant negative Hnf1b, tight junction integrity was compromised, as observed by reduced transepithelial electrical resistance values and increased permeability for fluorescein (0.4 kDa) compared with wild-type cells. Expression of dominant negative Hnf1b also led to a decrease in height (30%) and an increase in surface (58.5%) of cells grown on membranes. Moreover, three-dimensional spheroids formed by cells expressing dominant negative Hnf1b were reduced in size compared with wild-type spheroids (30%). Together, these findings demonstrate that HNF1β directs a transcriptional network regulating tight junction integrity and cell structure in the distal part of the nephron.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Genetic defects in transcription factor hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)1β cause a heterogeneous disease characterized by electrolyte disturbances, kidney cysts, and diabetes. By combining RNA-sequencing and HNF1β chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing data, we identified new HNF1β targets that were enriched for cell polarity pathways. Newly discovered targets included members of polarity complexes Crb3, Pard6b, and Llgl2. Functional assays in kidney epithelial cells demonstrated decreased tight junction integrity and a loss of typical cuboidal morphology in mutant Hnf1b cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte E Tholen
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Femke Latta
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost H A Martens
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost G J Hoenderop
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen H F de Baaij
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Yadav R, Kumar Y, Dahiya D, Bhatia A. Claudins: The Newly Emerging Targets in Breast Cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 2022; 22:737-752. [PMID: 36175290 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Claudin-low breast cancers are recently described entities showing low expression of certain claudins and cell adhesion molecules. Claudins constitute the backbone of tight junctions (TJs) formed between 2 cells. Their dysregulation plays a vital role in tumorigenesis. First part of the article focuses on the role of claudins in the TJ organization, their structural-functional characteristics, and post-transcriptional and translational modifications. The latter part of the review attempts to summarize existing knowledge regarding the status of claudins in breast cancer. The article also provides an overview of the effect of claudins on tumor progression, metastasis, stemness, chemotherapy resistance, and their crosstalk with relevant signaling pathways in breast cancer. Claudins can act as 2-edged swords in tumors. Some claudins have either tumor-suppressive/ promoting action, while others work as both in a context-dependent manner. Claudins regulate many important events in breast cancer. However, the intricacies involved in their activity are poorly understood. Post-translational modifications in claudins and their impact on TJ integrity, function, and tumor behavior are still unclear. Although their role in adverse events in breast cancer is recognized, their potential to serve as relevant targets for future therapeutics, especially for difficult-to-treat subtypes of the above malignancy, remains to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Yadav
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Yashwant Kumar
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Divya Dahiya
- Department of General Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Alka Bhatia
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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8
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Breugelmans T, Arras W, Boen LE, Borms E, Kamperdijk L, de Man J, van de Vijver E, van Gils A, de Winter BY, Moes N, Smet A. Aberrant Mucin Expression Profiles Associate With Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Presentation and Activity. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2022; 29:589-601. [PMID: 36239641 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izac217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal mucosal healing is nowadays preferred as the therapeutic endpoint in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but objective measurements at the molecular level are lacking. Because dysregulated mucin expression is suggested to be involved in mucosal barrier dysfunction in IBD, we investigated mucin expression in association with barrier mediators and clinical characteristics in colonic tissue of a pediatric IBD population. METHODS In this cross-sectional monocentric study, we quantified messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of mucins, intercellular junctions, and cell polarity complexes in inflamed and noninflamed colonic biopsies from pediatric IBD (n = 29) and non-IBD (n = 15) patients. We then validated mucin expression at protein level and correlated mucin mRNA expression with expression of barrier mediators and clinical data. RESULTS The expression of MUC1, MUC3A, MUC4, and MUC13 was increased in the inflamed colon of pediatric IBD patients compared with the noninflamed colon of non-IBD control subjects. Especially MUC13 mRNA expression associated with the expression of barrier mediators, including CDH1, OCLN, and TJP2. MUC1 and MUC3B mRNA expression in combination with calprotectin levels most accurately discriminated IBD patients from non-IBD control subjects (90.6% area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve [AUCROC], 92.0% sensitivity, 73.7% specificity), whereas aberrant mRNA expression of MUC1, MUC3A, MUC4, and MUC13 was distinctive for ulcerative colitis and of MUC3B for Crohn's disease. Furthermore, expression of MUC3A, MUC3B, and MUC4 correlated with clinical disease activity (ie, Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index and Pediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index), and of MUC1, MUC2, MUC4, and MUC13 with endoscopic colitis severity in ulcerative colitis patients. CONCLUSIONS Colonic mucin expression is disturbed in pediatric IBD patients and associates with disease activity and presentation, suggesting its use as molecular marker to aid in disease diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Breugelmans
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Infla-Med Research Consortium of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wout Arras
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Infla-Med Research Consortium of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lauren-Emma Boen
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Infla-Med Research Consortium of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eliah Borms
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Infla-Med Research Consortium of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lisa Kamperdijk
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Infla-Med Research Consortium of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Joris de Man
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Infla-Med Research Consortium of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Els van de Vijver
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgiumand.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ann van Gils
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgiumand.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Benedicte Y de Winter
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Infla-Med Research Consortium of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nicolette Moes
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Infla-Med Research Consortium of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgiumand.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Smet
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Infla-Med Research Consortium of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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9
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Moonwiriyakit A, Pathomthongtaweechai N, Steinhagen PR, Chantawichitwong P, Satianrapapong W, Pongkorpsakol P. Tight junctions: from molecules to gastrointestinal diseases. Tissue Barriers 2022; 11:2077620. [PMID: 35621376 PMCID: PMC10161963 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2022.2077620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelium functions as a tissue barrier to prevent interaction between the internal compartment and the external milieu. Intestinal barrier function also determines epithelial polarity for the absorption of nutrients and the secretion of waste products. These vital functions require strong integrity of tight junction proteins. In fact, intestinal tight junctions that seal the paracellular space can restrict mucosal-to-serosal transport of hostile luminal contents. Tight junctions can form both an absolute barrier and a paracellular ion channel. Although defective tight junctions potentially lead to compromised intestinal barrier and the development and progression of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, no FDA-approved therapies that recover the epithelial tight junction barrier are currently available in clinical practice. Here, we discuss the impacts and regulatory mechanisms of tight junction disruption in the gut and related diseases. We also provide an overview of potential therapeutic targets to restore the epithelial tight junction barrier in the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aekkacha Moonwiriyakit
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan, Thailand
| | - Nutthapoom Pathomthongtaweechai
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan, Thailand
| | - Peter R Steinhagen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Pawin Pongkorpsakol
- Princess Srisavangavadhana College of Medicine, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
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10
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Identification and characterization of Crumbs polarity complex proteins in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101786. [PMID: 35247383 PMCID: PMC9006659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Crumbs proteins are evolutionarily conserved transmembrane proteins with essential roles in promoting the formation of the apical domain in epithelial cells. The short intracellular tail of Crumbs proteins are known to interact with several proteins, including the scaffolding protein PALS1 (protein associated with LIN7, Stardust in Drosophila). PALS1 in turn binds to a second scaffolding protein PATJ (PALS1-associated tight junction protein) to form the core Crumbs/PALS1/PATJ complex. While essential roles in epithelial organization have been shown for Crumbs proteins in Drosophila and mammalian systems, the three Caenorhabditis elegans crumbs genes are dispensable for epithelial polarization and development. Here, we investigated the presence and function of PALS1 and PATJ orthologs in C. elegans. We identified MAGU-2 as the C. elegans ortholog of PALS1 and show that MAGU-2 interacts with all three Crumbs proteins and localizes to the apical membrane domain of intestinal epithelial cells in a Crumbs-dependent fashion. Similar to crumbs mutants, magu-2 deletion showed no epithelial polarity defects. We also identified MPZ-1 as a candidate ortholog of PATJ based on the physical interaction with MAGU-2 and sequence similarity with PATJ proteins. However, MPZ-1 is not broadly expressed in epithelial tissues and, therefore, not likely a core component of the C. elegans Crumbs complex. Finally, we show overexpression of the Crumbs proteins EAT-20 or CRB-3 can lead to apical membrane expansion in the intestine. Our results shed light on the composition of the C. elegans Crumbs complex and indicate that the role of Crumbs proteins in promoting apical domain formation is conserved.
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11
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Coradini D, Gambazza S, Oriana S, Ambrogi F. Adipokines expression and epithelial cell polarity in normal and cancerous breast tissue. Carcinogenesis 2021; 41:1402-1408. [PMID: 32556088 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgaa060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is crucial for the correct structural and functional organization of epithelial tissue. Its disruption can lead to loss of the apicobasal polarity, alteration in the intracellular components, misregulation of the pathways involved in cell proliferation and cancer promotion. Very recent in vitro/in vivo findings demonstrated that obesity-associated alterations in tissue adipokines protein level negatively affect epithelial polarity. We performed an in silico study to investigate whether such alterations also occur in surgical samples. We aimed to explore the relationship among the expression of the genes coding for leptin (LEP), adiponectin (ADIPOQ), adipokine receptors (LEPR, ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2), and a panel of polarity-associated genes in normal tissue from breast reduction mammoplasty, and a series of paired samples of histologically normal (HN) tissue and invasive cancer. Results indicated that, in normal tissue, the expression of adipokines and their receptors negatively correlated with that of the polarity-associated genes and GGT1, which codes for γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) enzyme, a marker of cell distress and membrane disruption. This negative correlation progressively decreased in HN and cancerous tissue, and loss of correlation between ADIPOR2 and polarity-associated genes appeared the most noticeable alteration. Given the growing role of obesity in breast cancer etiology and the opposite action of leptin and adiponectin in epithelial tissue remodeling, ADIPOR2 loss could be addressed as a key mechanism leading to an unbalanced leptin stimulatory activity, subsequent cell polarity disruption and eventually tumor initiation, a finding that requires to be confirmed also at the protein level and with in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danila Coradini
- Laboratory of Medical Statistics and Biometry, 'Giulio A. Maccacaro', Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Campus Cascina Rosa, University of Milan, Via Vanzetti, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Gambazza
- Laboratory of Medical Statistics and Biometry, 'Giulio A. Maccacaro', Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Campus Cascina Rosa, University of Milan, Via Vanzetti, Milan, Italy
| | - Saro Oriana
- Senology Center, Ambrosiana Clinic, Istituto Sacra Famiglia, Cesano Boscone, Piazza Mons. Moneta, Cesano Boscone, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Ambrogi
- Laboratory of Medical Statistics and Biometry, 'Giulio A. Maccacaro', Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Campus Cascina Rosa, University of Milan, Via Vanzetti, Milan, Italy
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12
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Lüttgenau SM, Emming C, Wagner T, Harms J, Guske J, Weber K, Neugebauer U, Schröter R, Panichkina O, Pethő Z, Weber F, Schwab A, Wege AK, Nedvetsky P, Krahn MP. Pals1 prevents Rac1-dependent colorectal cancer cell metastasis by inhibiting Arf6. Mol Cancer 2021; 20:74. [PMID: 33941200 PMCID: PMC8094600 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01354-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of apical-basal polarity and downregulation of cell-cell contacts is a critical step during the pathogenesis of cancer. Both processes are regulated by the scaffolding protein Pals1, however, it is unclear whether the expression of Pals1 is affected in cancer cells and whether Pals1 is implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease. Using mRNA expression data and immunostainings of cancer specimen, we show that Pals1 is frequently downregulated in colorectal cancer, correlating with poorer survival of patients. We further found that Pals1 prevents cancer cell metastasis by controlling Rac1-dependent cell migration through inhibition of Arf6, which is independent of the canonical binding partners of Pals1. Loss of Pals1 in colorectal cancer cells results in increased Arf6 and Rac1 activity, enhanced cell migration and invasion in vitro and increased metastasis of transplanted tumor cells in mice. Thus, our data reveal a new function of Pals1 as a key inhibitor of cell migration and metastasis of colorectal cancer cells. Notably, this new function is independent of the known role of Pals1 in tight junction formation and apical-basal polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Mareike Lüttgenau
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Medical Clinic D, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1-A14, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Christin Emming
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Medical Clinic D, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1-A14, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Wagner
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Medical Clinic D, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1-A14, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Julia Harms
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Medical Clinic D, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1-A14, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Justine Guske
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Medical Clinic D, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1-A14, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Katrin Weber
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Medical Clinic D, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1-A14, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ute Neugebauer
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Medical Clinic D, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1-A14, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Rita Schröter
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Medical Clinic D, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1-A14, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Olga Panichkina
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Medical Clinic D, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1-A14, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Zoltán Pethő
- Institute of Physiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Florian Weber
- Institute for Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Albrecht Schwab
- Institute of Physiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Anja Kathrin Wege
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Pavel Nedvetsky
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Medical Clinic D, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1-A14, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael P Krahn
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Medical Clinic D, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1-A14, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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13
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Stabenau KA, Zimmermann MT, Mathison A, Zeighami A, Samuels TL, Chun RH, Papsin BC, McCormick ME, Johnston N, Kerschner JE. RNA Sequencing and Pathways Analyses of Middle Ear Epithelia From Patients With Otitis Media. Laryngoscope 2021; 131:2590-2597. [PMID: 33844317 DOI: 10.1002/lary.29551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Otitis media (OM) is the most common pediatric diagnosis in the United States. However, our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of OM remains relatively poor. Investigation of molecular pathways involved in OM may improve the understanding of this disease process and elucidate novel therapeutic targets. In this study, RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was used to discern cellular changes associated with OME compared to healthy middle ear epithelium (MEE). STUDY DESIGN Ex vivo case-control translational. METHODS Middle ear epithelia was collected from five pediatric patients diagnosed with OME undergoing tympanostomy tube placement and five otherwise healthy pediatric patients undergoing cochlear implantation. Specimens underwent RNA-Seq and pathways analyses. RESULTS A total of 1,292 genes exhibited differential expression in MEE from OME patients compared to controls including genes involved in inflammation, immune response to bacterial OM pathogens, mucociliary clearance, regulation of proliferation and transformation, and auditory cell differentiation. Top networks identified in OME were organismal injury and abnormalities, cell morphology, and auditory disease. Top Ingenuity canonical pathways identified were axonal guidance signaling, which contains genes associated with auditory development and disease and nicotine degradation II and III pathways. Associated upstream regulators included β-estradiol, dexamethasone, and G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor-1 (GPER1), which are associated with otoprotection or inflammation during insult. CONCLUSIONS RNA-Seq demonstrates differential gene expression in MEE from patients with OME compared to healthy controls with important implications for infection susceptibility, hearing loss, and a role for tobacco exposure in the development and/or severity of OME in pediatric patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleigh A Stabenau
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Michael T Zimmermann
- Bioinformatics Research and Development Laboratory, Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A.,Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Angela Mathison
- Bioinformatics Research and Development Laboratory, Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Atefeh Zeighami
- Bioinformatics Research and Development Laboratory, Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Tina L Samuels
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Robert H Chun
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Blake C Papsin
- Archie's Cochlear Implant Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael E McCormick
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Nikki Johnston
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Joseph E Kerschner
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
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14
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Polarity scaffolds signaling in epithelial cell permeability. Inflamm Res 2021; 70:525-538. [PMID: 33721031 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-021-01454-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
As an integral part of the innate immune system, the epithelial membrane is exposed to an array of insults that may trigger an immune response. One of the immune system's main functions is to regulate the level of communications between the mucosa and the lumen of various tissues. While it is clear that inhaled or ingested substances, or microorganisms may induce changes that affect the epithelial barrier in various ways, the proteins involved in the signaling cascades and physiological events leading to the regulation and maintenance of the barrier are not always well characterized. We review here some of the signaling components involved in regulating the barrier's paracellular permeability, and their potential effects on the activation of an immune response. While an effective immune response must be launched against pathogenic insults, tolerance must also be maintained for non-pathogenic antigens such as those in the commensal flora or for endogenous metabolites. Along with other members of the innate and adaptive immunity, the endocannabinoid system also plays an instrumental role in maintaining the balance between inflammation and tolerance. We discuss the potential effects of endo- and phytocannabinoids on epithelial permeability and how the dysregulation of this system could be involved in diseases and targeted for therapy.
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15
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Recruitment of Polarity Complexes and Tight Junction Proteins to the Site of Apical Bulk Endocytosis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:59-80. [PMID: 33548596 PMCID: PMC8082271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The molecular motor, Myosin Vb (MYO5B), is well documented for its role in trafficking cargo to the apical membrane of epithelial cells. Despite its involvement in regulating apical proteins, the role of MYO5B in cell polarity is less clear. Inactivating mutations in MYO5B result in microvillus inclusion disease (MVID), a disorder characterized by loss of key apical transporters and the presence of intracellular inclusions in enterocytes. We previously identified that inclusions in Myo5b knockout (KO) mice form from invagination of the apical brush border via apical bulk endocytosis. Herein, we sought to elucidate the role of polarity complexes and tight junction proteins during the formation of inclusions. METHODS Intestinal tissue from neonatal control and Myo5b KO littermates was analyzed by immunofluorescence to determine the localization of polarity complexes and tight junction proteins. RESULTS Proteins that make up the apical polarity complexes-Crumbs3 and Pars complexes-were associated with inclusions in Myo5b KO mice. In addition, tight junction proteins were observed to be concentrated over inclusions that were present at the apical membrane of Myo5b-deficient enterocytes in vivo and in vitro. Our mouse findings are complemented by immunostaining in a large animal swine model of MVID genetically engineered to express a human MVID-associated mutation that shows an accumulation of Claudin-2 over forming inclusions. The findings from our swine model of MVID suggest that a similar mechanism of tight junction accumulation occurs in patients with MVID. CONCLUSIONS These data show that apical bulk endocytosis involves the altered localization of apical polarity proteins and tight junction proteins after loss of Myo5b.
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16
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Martin E, Girardello R, Dittmar G, Ludwig A. New insights into the organization and regulation of the apical polarity network in mammalian epithelial cells. FEBS J 2021; 288:7073-7095. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Martin
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
- Proteomics of Cellular Signaling Luxembourg Institute of Health Strassen Luxembourg
| | - Rossana Girardello
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
- Proteomics of Cellular Signaling Luxembourg Institute of Health Strassen Luxembourg
| | - Gunnar Dittmar
- Proteomics of Cellular Signaling Luxembourg Institute of Health Strassen Luxembourg
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Luxembourg Luxembourg
| | - Alexander Ludwig
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology (NISB) Experimental Medicine Building Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
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17
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Syahrul S, Maliga HA, Ilmawan M, Fahriani M, Mamada SS, Fajar JK, Frediansyah A, Syahrul FN, Imran I, Haris S, Rambe AS, Emran TB, Rabaan AA, Tiwari R, Dhama K, Nainu F, Mutiawati E, Harapan H. Hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: incidence, risk factors, and pathogenesis - a systematic review and meta-analysis. F1000Res 2021; 10:34. [PMID: 33708378 PMCID: PMC7934095 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.42308.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In this study, we aimed to determine the global prevalence, chronological order of symptom appearance, and mortality rates with regard to hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and to discuss possible pathogeneses of hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke in individuals with the disease. Methods: We searched the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for relevant articles published up to November 8, 2020. Data regarding study characteristics, hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke, and COVID-19 were retrieved in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess the quality of the eligible studies. The pooled prevalence and mortality rate of hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke were calculated. Results: The pooled estimate of prevalence of hemorrhagic stroke was 0.46% (95% CI 0.40%–0.53%;
I
2=89.81%) among 67,155 COVID-19 patients and that of ischemic stroke was 1.11% (95% CI 1.03%–1.22%;
I
2=94.07%) among 58,104 COVID-19 patients. Ischemic stroke was more predominant (incidence: 71.58%) than hemorrhagic stroke (incidence: 28.42%) in COVID-19 patients who experienced a stroke. In COVID-19 patients who experienced a stroke, hospital admission with respiratory symptoms was more commonly reported than that with neurological symptoms (20.83% for hemorrhagic stroke and 5.51% for ischemic stroke versus
6.94% for hemorrhagic stroke and 5.33% for ischemic stroke, respectively). The pooled mortality rate of COVID-19 patients who experienced a hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke was 44.72% (95% CI 36.73%–52.98%) and 36.23% (95% CI 30.63%–42.24%), respectively. Conclusions: Although the occurrence of hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke is low, the mortality rates of both stroke types in patients with COVID-19 are concerning, and therefore, despite several potential pathogeneses that have been proposed, studies aimed at definitively elucidating the mechanisms of hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke in individuals with COVID-19 are warranted. PROSPERO registration: CRD42020224470 (04/12/20)
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Affiliation(s)
- Syahrul Syahrul
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.,Department of Neurology, Dr. Zainoel Abidin Hospital, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | | | - Muhammad Ilmawan
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65117, Indonesia
| | - Marhami Fahriani
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Sukamto S Mamada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Jonny Karunia Fajar
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65117, Indonesia.,Brawijaya Internal Medicine Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Andri Frediansyah
- Research Division for Natural Product Technology (BPTBA), Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Wonosari, 55861, Indonesia
| | - Faza Nabila Syahrul
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Imran Imran
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.,Department of Neurology, Dr. Zainoel Abidin Hospital, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Salim Haris
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Aldy Safruddin Rambe
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatra, 20155, Indonesia
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong-4381, Bangladesh
| | - Ali A Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, 31311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, 281 001, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Firzan Nainu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Endang Mutiawati
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.,Department of Neurology, Dr. Zainoel Abidin Hospital, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Harapan Harapan
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.,Tropical Disease Centre, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
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18
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Wang WJ, Lyu TJ, Li Z. Research Progress on PATJ and Underlying Mechanisms Associated with Functional Outcomes After Stroke. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:2811-2818. [PMID: 34471355 PMCID: PMC8405222 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s310764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is an intrinsic property of epithelial cells regulated by scaffold proteins. The CRB (crumbs) complex is known to play a predominant role in the dynamic cooperative network of polarity scaffold proteins. PATJ (PALS1-associated tight junction) is the core component in the CRB complex and has been highly conserved throughout evolution. PATJ is crucial to several important events in organisms' survival, including embryonic development, cell polarity, and barrier establishment. A recent study shows that PATJ plays an important role in functional outcomes of stroke. In this article, we elaborate on the biological structure and physiological functions of PATJ and explore the underlying mechanisms of PATJ genetic polymorphism that are associated with poor functional outcomes in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jie Wang
- Vascular Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Jie Lyu
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100070, People's Republic of China.,National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zixiao Li
- Vascular Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, People's Republic of China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100070, People's Republic of China.,National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100070, People's Republic of China.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 100070, People's Republic of China.,Research Unit of Artificial Intelligence in Cerebrovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100070, People's Republic of China
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19
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Rouaud F, Sluysmans S, Flinois A, Shah J, Vasileva E, Citi S. Scaffolding proteins of vertebrate apical junctions: structure, functions and biophysics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183399. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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Otani T, Furuse M. Tight Junction Structure and Function Revisited. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:805-817. [PMID: 32891490 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) are intercellular junctions critical for building the epithelial barrier and maintaining epithelial polarity. The claudin family of membrane proteins play central roles in TJ structure and function. However, recent findings have uncovered claudin-independent aspects of TJ structure and function, and additional players including junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs), membrane lipids, phase separation of the zonula occludens (ZO) family of scaffolding proteins, and mechanical force have been shown to play important roles in TJ structure and function. In this review, we discuss how these new findings have the potential to transform our understanding of TJ structure and function, and how the intricate network of TJ proteins and membrane lipids dynamically interact to drive TJ assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuhisa Otani
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.
| | - Mikio Furuse
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
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21
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Boon N, Wijnholds J, Pellissier LP. Research Models and Gene Augmentation Therapy for CRB1 Retinal Dystrophies. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:860. [PMID: 32922261 PMCID: PMC7456964 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) are inherited degenerative retinal dystrophies with vision loss that ultimately lead to blindness. Several genes have been shown to be involved in early onset retinal dystrophies, including CRB1 and RPE65. Gene therapy recently became available for young RP patients with variations in the RPE65 gene. Current research programs test adeno-associated viral gene augmentation or editing therapy vectors on various disease models mimicking the disease in patients. These include several animal and emerging human-derived models, such as human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived retinal organoids or hiPSC-derived retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and human donor retinal explants. Variations in the CRB1 gene are a major cause for early onset autosomal recessive RP with patients suffering from visual impairment before their adolescence and for LCA with newborns experiencing severe visual impairment within the first months of life. These patients cannot benefit yet from an available gene therapy treatment. In this review, we will discuss the recent advances, advantages and disadvantages of different CRB1 human and animal retinal degeneration models. In addition, we will describe novel therapeutic tools that have been developed, which could potentially be used for retinal gene augmentation therapy for RP patients with variations in the CRB1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanda Boon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jan Wijnholds
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lucie P Pellissier
- Biology and Bioinformatics of Signalling Systems, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements INRAE UMR 0085, CNRS UMR 7247, Université de Tours, IFCE, Nouzilly, France
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22
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The Mammalian Crumbs Complex Defines a Distinct Polarity Domain Apical of Epithelial Tight Junctions. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2791-2804.e6. [PMID: 32531288 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial apico-basal polarity is established through the asymmetric cortical distribution of the Par, Crumbs and Scribble polarity modules. Apical (Par and Crumbs) and basolateral (Scribble) polarity modules overlap at the apical-lateral border, which, in mammals, is defined by the apical junctional complex (AJC). The AJC is composed of tight junctions (TJ) and adherens junctions (AJ) and plays fundamental roles in epithelial morphogenesis and plasticity. However, the molecular composition and precise sub-junctional organization of the AJC and its associated polarity regulators are not well defined. Here, we used the peroxidase APEX2 for quantitative proximity proteomics (QPP) and electron microscopy (EM) imaging to dissect the architecture of the AJC in fully polarized MDCK-II cells. We present a high-confidence proteome of the apical-lateral border in which TJ and AJ components and apical and lateral compartment markers are spatially resolved. We further demonstrate that the Crumbs complex (Pals1, PatJ, Lin7c, and Crumbs3) defines a hitherto unidentified membrane compartment apical of TJ, which we coin the vertebrate marginal zone (VMZ). QPP, imaging, and immunoprecipitation assays showed that the HOMER scaffolding proteins, PKN2 and PTPN13, and the membrane-proximal HIPPO pathway proteins ARHGAP29 and STXBP4 are recruited to the VMZ via the PDZ domains of PatJ. Taken together, our work defines the spatial and molecular organization of the apical-lateral border in mammalian epithelial cells, reveals an intriguing molecular and spatial conservation of invertebrate and vertebrate cell polarity protein domains, and identifies a VMZ-associated protein network implicated in HIPPO signaling and the control of the cortical actin cytoskeleton.
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23
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Aguilar-Aragon M, Fletcher G, Thompson BJ. The cytoskeletal motor proteins Dynein and MyoV direct apical transport of Crumbs. Dev Biol 2020; 459:126-137. [PMID: 31881198 PMCID: PMC7090908 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Crumbs (Crb in Drosophila; CRB1-3 in mammals) is a transmembrane determinant of epithelial cell polarity and a regulator of Hippo signalling. Crb is normally localized to apical cell-cell contacts, just above adherens junctions, but how apical trafficking of Crb is regulated in epithelial cells remains unclear. We use the Drosophila follicular epithelium to demonstrate that polarized trafficking of Crb is mediated by transport along microtubules by the motor protein Dynein and along actin filaments by the motor protein Myosin-V (MyoV). Blocking transport of Crb-containing vesicles by Dynein or MyoV leads to accumulation of Crb within Rab11 endosomes, rather than apical delivery. The final steps of Crb delivery and stabilisation at the plasma membrane requires the exocyst complex and three apical FERM domain proteins - Merlin, Moesin and Expanded - whose simultaneous loss disrupts apical localization of Crb. Accordingly, a knock-in deletion of the Crb FERM-binding motif (FBM) also impairs apical localization. Finally, overexpression of Crb challenges this system, creating a sensitized background to identify components involved in cytoskeletal polarization, apical membrane trafficking and stabilisation of Crb at the apical domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aguilar-Aragon
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, NW1 1AT, London, United Kingdom
| | - G Fletcher
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, NW1 1AT, London, United Kingdom
| | - B J Thompson
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, NW1 1AT, London, United Kingdom; The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 131 Garran Rd, Acton, ACT 2601, Canberra, Australia.
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24
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Choi J, Troyanovsky RB, Indra I, Mitchell BJ, Troyanovsky SM. Scribble, Erbin, and Lano redundantly regulate epithelial polarity and apical adhesion complex. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2277-2293. [PMID: 31147384 PMCID: PMC6605793 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201804201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The basolateral protein Scribble (Scrib), a member of the LAP protein family, is essential for epithelial apicobasal polarity (ABP) in Drosophila However, a conserved function for this protein in mammals is unclear. Here we show that the crucial role for Scrib in ABP has remained obscure due to the compensatory function of two other LAP proteins, Erbin and Lano. A combined Scrib/Erbin/Lano knockout disorganizes the cell-cell junctions and the cytoskeleton. It also results in mislocalization of several apical (Par6, aPKC, and Pals1) and basolateral (Llgl1 and Llgl2) identity proteins. These defects can be rescued by the conserved "LU" region of these LAP proteins. Structure-function analysis of this region determined that the so-called LAPSDb domain is essential for basolateral targeting of these proteins, while the LAPSDa domain is essential for supporting the membrane basolateral identity and binding to Llgl. In contrast to the key role in Drosophila, mislocalization of Llgl proteins does not appear to be critical in the scrib ABP phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongho Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Regina B Troyanovsky
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Indrajyoti Indra
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Brian J Mitchell
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Sergey M Troyanovsky
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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25
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Chang B, Svoboda KKH, Liu X. Cell polarization: From epithelial cells to odontoblasts. Eur J Cell Biol 2018; 98:1-11. [PMID: 30473389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity identifies the asymmetry of a cell. Various types of cells, including odontoblasts and epithelial cells, polarize to fulfil their destined functions. Odontoblast polarization is a prerequisite and fundamental step for tooth development and tubular dentin formation. Current knowledge of odontoblast polarization, however, is very limited, which greatly impedes the development of novel approaches for regenerative endodontics. Compared to odontoblasts, epithelial cell polarization has been extensively studied over the last several decades. The knowledge obtained from epithelia polarization has been found applicable to other cell types, which is particularly useful considering the remarkable similarities of the morphological and compositional features between polarized odontoblasts and epithelia. In this review, we first discuss the characteristics, the key regulatory factors, and the process of epithelial polarity. Next, we compare the known facts of odontoblast polarization with epithelial cells. Lastly, we clarify knowledge gaps in odontoblast polarization and propose the directions for future research to fill the gaps, leading to the advancement of regenerative endodontics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Kathy K H Svoboda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA.
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26
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Garcia MA, Nelson WJ, Chavez N. Cell-Cell Junctions Organize Structural and Signaling Networks. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:a029181. [PMID: 28600395 PMCID: PMC5773398 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell-cell junctions link cells to each other in tissues, and regulate tissue homeostasis in critical cell processes that include tissue barrier function, cell proliferation, and migration. Defects in cell-cell junctions give rise to a wide range of tissue abnormalities that disrupt homeostasis and are common in genetic abnormalities and cancers. Here, we discuss the organization and function of cell-cell junctions primarily involved in adhesion (tight junction, adherens junction, and desmosomes) in two different epithelial tissues: a simple epithelium (intestine) and a stratified epithelium (epidermis). Studies in these tissues reveal similarities and differences in the organization and functions of different cell-cell junctions that meet the requirements for the specialized functions of each tissue. We discuss cell-cell junction responses to genetic and environmental perturbations that provide further insights into their roles in maintaining tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Garcia
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - W James Nelson
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Natalie Chavez
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
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27
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Steinbacher T, Kummer D, Ebnet K. Junctional adhesion molecule-A: functional diversity through molecular promiscuity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1393-1409. [PMID: 29238845 PMCID: PMC11105642 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2729-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) regulate important processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation and morphogenesis. This activity is primarily due to their ability to initiate intracellular signaling cascades at cell-cell contact sites. Junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A) is an IgSF-CAM with a short cytoplasmic tail that has no catalytic activity. Nevertheless, JAM-A is involved in a variety of biological processes. The functional diversity of JAM-A resides to a large part in a C-terminal PDZ domain binding motif which directly interacts with nine different PDZ domain-containing proteins. The molecular promiscuity of its PDZ domain motif allows JAM-A to recruit protein scaffolds to specific sites of cell-cell adhesion and to assemble signaling complexes at those sites. Here, we review the molecular characteristics of JAM-A, including its dimerization, its interaction with scaffolding proteins, and the phosphorylation of its cytoplasmic domain, and we describe how these characteristics translate into diverse biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Steinbacher
- Institute-Associated Research Group: Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Cells-In-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003-CiM), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Daniel Kummer
- Institute-Associated Research Group: Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center (IZKF), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Ebnet
- Institute-Associated Research Group: Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany.
- Cells-In-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003-CiM), University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
- Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center (IZKF), University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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28
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Khan KN, Robson A, Mahroo OAR, Arno G, Inglehearn CF, Armengol M, Waseem N, Holder GE, Carss KJ, Raymond LF, Webster AR, Moore AT, McKibbin M, van Genderen MM, Poulter JA, Michaelides M. A clinical and molecular characterisation of CRB1-associated maculopathy. Eur J Hum Genet 2018; 26:687-694. [PMID: 29391521 PMCID: PMC5945653 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-017-0082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, over 150 disease-associated variants in CRB1 have been described, resulting in a range of retinal disease phenotypes including Leber congenital amaurosis and retinitis pigmentosa. Despite this, no genotype–phenotype correlations are currently recognised. We performed a retrospective review of electronic patient records to identify patients with macular dystrophy due to bi-allelic variants in CRB1. In total, seven unrelated individuals were identified. The median age at presentation was 21 years, with a median acuity of 0.55 decimalised Snellen units (IQR = 0.43). The follow-up period ranged from 0 to 19 years (median = 2.0 years), with a median final decimalised Snellen acuity of 0.65 (IQR = 0.70). Fundoscopy revealed only a subtly altered foveal reflex, which evolved into a bull’s-eye pattern of outer retinal atrophy. Optical coherence tomography identified structural changes—intraretinal cysts in the early stages of disease, and later outer retinal atrophy. Genetic testing revealed that one rare allele (c.498_506del, p.(Ile167_Gly169del)) was present in all patients, with one patient being homozygous for the variant and six being heterozygous. In trans with this, one variant recurred twice (p.(Cys896Ter)), while the four remaining alleles were each observed once (p.(Pro1381Thr), p.(Ser478ProfsTer24), p.(Cys195Phe) and p.(Arg764Cys)). These findings show that the rare CRB1 variant, c.498_506del, is strongly associated with localised retinal dysfunction. The clinical findings are much milder than those observed with bi-allelic, loss-of-function variants in CRB1, suggesting this in-frame deletion acts as a hypomorphic allele. This is the most prevalent disease-causing CRB1 variant identified in the non-Asian population to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamron N Khan
- University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK. .,Inherited Eye Disease Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK. .,Section of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience, Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. .,Department of Ophthalmology, St. James's University Teaching Hospital, Leeds, UK.
| | - Anthony Robson
- Department of Electrophysiology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Omar A R Mahroo
- University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.,Inherited Eye Disease Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Gavin Arno
- University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Chris F Inglehearn
- Section of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience, Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Monica Armengol
- Inherited Eye Disease Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Naushin Waseem
- Section of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience, Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Graham E Holder
- Department of Electrophysiology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Keren J Carss
- NIHR BioResource - Rare Diseases, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Haematology, NHS Blood and Transplant Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK.,Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Lucy F Raymond
- NIHR BioResource - Rare Diseases, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Haematology, NHS Blood and Transplant Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK.,Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Andrew R Webster
- University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.,Inherited Eye Disease Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Anthony T Moore
- University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.,Inherited Eye Disease Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK.,Ophthalmology Department, University of California San Francisco Medical School, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Martin McKibbin
- Section of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience, Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Department of Ophthalmology, St. James's University Teaching Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Maria M van Genderen
- Bartiméus Diagnostic Centre for Complex Visual Disorders, Zeist, The Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - James A Poulter
- Section of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience, Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Michel Michaelides
- University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.,Inherited Eye Disease Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
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29
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Hochapfel F, Denk L, Mendl G, Schulze U, Maaßen C, Zaytseva Y, Pavenstädt H, Weide T, Rachel R, Witzgall R, Krahn MP. Distinct functions of Crumbs regulating slit diaphragms and endocytosis in Drosophila nephrocytes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:4573-4586. [PMID: 28717874 PMCID: PMC11107785 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2593-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian podocytes, the key determinants of the kidney's filtration barrier, differentiate from columnar epithelial cells and several key determinants of apical-basal polarity in the conventional epithelia have been shown to regulate podocyte morphogenesis and function. However, little is known about the role of Crumbs, a conserved polarity regulator in many epithelia, for slit-diaphragm formation and podocyte function. In this study, we used Drosophila nephrocytes as model system for mammalian podocytes and identified a conserved function of Crumbs proteins for cellular morphogenesis, nephrocyte diaphragm assembly/maintenance, and endocytosis. Nephrocyte-specific knock-down of Crumbs results in disturbed nephrocyte diaphragm assembly/maintenance and decreased endocytosis, which can be rescued by Drosophila Crumbs as well as human Crumbs2 and Crumbs3, which were both expressed in human podocytes. In contrast to the extracellular domain, which facilitates nephrocyte diaphragm assembly/maintenance, the intracellular FERM-interaction motif of Crumbs is essential for regulating endocytosis. Moreover, Moesin, which binds to the FERM-binding domain of Crumbs, is essential for efficient endocytosis. Thus, we describe here a new mechanism of nephrocyte development and function, which is likely to be conserved in mammalian podocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Hochapfel
- Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik D, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Domagkstr. 3a, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Lucia Denk
- Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gudrun Mendl
- Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ulf Schulze
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik D, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Domagkstr. 3a, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Christine Maaßen
- Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Yulia Zaytseva
- Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Pavenstädt
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik D, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Domagkstr. 3a, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Weide
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik D, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Domagkstr. 3a, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Reinhard Rachel
- Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ralph Witzgall
- Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael P Krahn
- Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik D, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Domagkstr. 3a, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Jiang X, An W, Yang X, Lin J, Ma S, Wang D, Tang S. Asymmetric distribution of CRUMBS polarity complex proteins from compacted 8-cell to blastocyst stage during mouse preimplantation development. Gene Expr Patterns 2017; 27:93-98. [PMID: 29155075 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
During mouse preimplantation development, blastomeres are equipotent until polarity establishment at compacted 8-cell stage. The intrinsic nature of polarity is the asymmetric distribution of polarity proteins between inside and outside blastomeres along the direction of apical-basal axis. This study investigated the early developmental temporal and spatial expression of the main CRUMBS polarity complex proteins in the mouse preimplantation embryo. We observed that Crb3, Pals1, Patj and Mpdz are transcribed in the mouse preimplantation embryo. However, the asymmetric distribution of these polarity proteins is not established until the compacted 8-cell stage. From compaction and thereafter, CRB3 and PALS1 are progressively enriched in the apical membrane, while PATJ and MPDZ are discretely localized at both tight junctions and the apical membrane adjacent to tight junctions. These temporal and spatial distribution patterns suggest that CRUMBS polarity complex might be involved in the cell polarity establishment in the early mouse embryo and reinforce the viewpoint that developmentally spatial asymmetries are first set up at the compaction stage. The present study provides a foundation for further investigation on the functions of CRUMBS polarity complex in trophectoderm specification and blastocyst morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlong Jiang
- Laboratory of Animal Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
| | - Wenzhong An
- Laboratory of Animal Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
| | - Jieye Lin
- Laboratory of Animal Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
| | - Shiliang Ma
- Laboratory of Animal Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
| | - Dajia Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China.
| | - Shuang Tang
- Laboratory of Animal Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China.
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31
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Wen JK, Wang YT, Chan CC, Hsieh CW, Liao HM, Hung CC, Chen GC. Atg9 antagonizes TOR signaling to regulate intestinal cell growth and epithelial homeostasis in Drosophila. eLife 2017; 6:29338. [PMID: 29144896 PMCID: PMC5690286 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and survival under various stress conditions. Autophagy-related gene 9 (Atg9) encodes a multipass transmembrane protein thought to act as a membrane carrier for forming autophagosomes. However, the molecular regulation and physiological importance of Atg9 in animal development remain largely unclear. Here, we generated Atg9 null mutant flies and found that loss of Atg9 led to shortened lifespan, locomotor defects, and increased susceptibility to stress. Atg9 loss also resulted in aberrant adult midgut morphology with dramatically enlarged enterocytes. Interestingly, inhibiting the TOR signaling pathway rescued the midgut defects of the Atg9 mutants. In addition, Atg9 interacted with PALS1-associated tight junction protein (Patj), which associates with TSC2 to regulate TOR activity. Depletion of Atg9 caused a marked decrease in TSC2 levels. Our findings revealed an antagonistic relationship between Atg9 and TOR signaling in the regulation of cell growth and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Kun Wen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Genome and Systems Biology Program, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Wang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chiang Chan
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wen Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Man Liao
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chun Hung
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guang-Chao Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Genome and Systems Biology Program, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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32
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Wen W, Zhang M. Protein Complex Assemblies in Epithelial Cell Polarity and Asymmetric Cell Division. J Mol Biol 2017; 430:3504-3520. [PMID: 28963071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric local concentration of protein complexes on distinct membrane regions is a fundamental property in numerous biological processes and is a hallmark of cell polarity. Evolutionarily conserved core polarity proteins form specific and dynamic networks to regulate the establishment and maintenance of cell polarity, as well as distinct polarity-driven cellular events. This review focuses on the molecular and structural basis governing regulated formation of several sets of core cell polarity regulatory complexes, as well as their functions in epithelial cell polarization and asymmetric cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Systems Biology for Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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33
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Tapia R, Kralicek SE, Hecht GA. EPEC effector EspF promotes Crumbs3 endocytosis and disrupts epithelial cell polarity. Cell Microbiol 2017; 19. [PMID: 28618099 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) uses a type III secretion system to inject effector proteins into host intestinal epithelial cells causing diarrhoea. EPEC infection redistributes basolateral proteins β1-integrin and Na+ /K+ ATPase to the apical membrane of host cells. The Crumbs (Crb) polarity complex (Crb3/Pals1/Patj) is essential for epithelial cell polarisation and tight junction (TJ) assembly. Here, we demonstrate that EPEC displaces Crb3 and Pals1 from the apical membrane to the cytoplasm of cultured intestinal epithelial cells and colonocytes of infected mice. In vitro studies show that EspF, but not Map, alters Crb3, whereas both effectors modulate Pals1. EspF perturbs polarity formation in cyst morphogenesis assays and induces endocytosis and apical redistribution of Na+ /K+ ATPase. EspF binds to sorting nexin 9 (SNX9) causing membrane remodelling in host cells. Infection with ΔespF/pespFD3, a mutant strain that ablates EspF binding to SNX9, or inhibition of dynamin, attenuates Crb3 endocytosis caused by EPEC. In addition, infection with ΔespF/pespFD3 has no impact on Na+ /K+ ATPase endocytosis. These data support the hypothesis that EPEC perturbs apical-basal polarity in an EspF-dependent manner, which would contribute to EPEC-associated diarrhoea by disruption of TJ and altering the crucial positioning of membrane transporters involved in the absorption of ions and solutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Tapia
- Department of Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sarah E Kralicek
- Department of Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gail A Hecht
- Department of Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA.,Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
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34
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Klunder LJ, Faber KN, Dijkstra G, van IJzendoorn SCD. Mechanisms of Cell Polarity-Controlled Epithelial Homeostasis and Immunity in the Intestine. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a027888. [PMID: 28213466 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a027888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cell polarity is instrumental to maintain epithelial homeostasis and balance communications between the gut lumen and bodily tissue, thereby controlling the defense against gastrointestinal pathogens and maintenance of immune tolerance to commensal bacteria. In this review, we highlight recent advances with regard to the molecular mechanisms of cell polarity-controlled epithelial homeostasis and immunity in the human intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon J Klunder
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Klaas Nico Faber
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard Dijkstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sven C D van IJzendoorn
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
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35
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Michgehl U, Pavenstädt H, Vollenbröker B. Cross talk between the Crumbs complex and Hippo signaling in renal epithelial cells. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:917-926. [PMID: 28612137 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell polarity has a crucial role in organizing cells into tissues and in mediating transport processes and cell-cell communication. Especially the cells of the nephron require apicobasal polarity to establish and maintain their barrier function. The Crumbs complex including the integral membrane protein Crumbs, as well as Pals1 and Patj, is essential for the establishment of apicobasal polarity. The interactions of the core proteins and the interplay with other processes have been characterized in various epithelial cell lines in detail. Notably, Crb2 and Crb3 are expressed within the kidney and play an important role in the proper function of podocytes and tubules, respectively. The interaction of polarity proteins and components of the Hippo pathway-an evolutionarily highly conserved kinase cascade regulating cell proliferation, organ size, and tissue regeneration-has been discovered recently. Here, we discuss potential molecular and physiological links between the Crumbs complex and the Hippo pathway in renal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Michgehl
- Internal Medicine D, University Hospital of Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, A14, D-48149, Muenster, Germany.
| | - H Pavenstädt
- Internal Medicine D, University Hospital of Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, A14, D-48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - B Vollenbröker
- Internal Medicine D, University Hospital of Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, A14, D-48149, Muenster, Germany
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36
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Camilleri M, Carlson P, Valentin N, Acosta A, O'Neill J, Eckert D, Dyer R, Na J, Klee EW, Murray JA. Pilot study of small bowel mucosal gene expression in patients with irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 311:G365-76. [PMID: 27445342 PMCID: PMC5076008 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00037.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Prior studies in with irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D) patients showed immune activation, secretion, and barrier dysfunction in jejunal or colorectal mucosa. We measured mRNA expression by RT-PCR of 91 genes reflecting tight junction proteins, chemokines, innate immunity, ion channels, transmitters, housekeeping genes, and controls for DNA contamination and PCR efficiency in small intestinal mucosa from 15 IBS-D and 7 controls (biopsies negative for celiac disease). Fold change was calculated using 2((-ΔΔCT)) formula. Nominal P values (P < 0.05) were interpreted with false detection rate (FDR) correction (q value). Cluster analysis with Lens for Enrichment and Network Studies (LENS) explored connectivity of mechanisms. Upregulated genes (uncorrected P < 0.05) were related to ion transport (INADL, MAGI1, and SONS1), barrier (TJP1, 2, and 3 and CLDN) or immune functions (TLR3, IL15, and MAPKAPK5), or histamine metabolism (HNMT); downregulated genes were related to immune function (IL-1β, TGF-β1, and CCL20) or antigen detection (TLR1 and 8). The following genes were significantly upregulated (q < 0.05) in IBS-D: INADL, MAGI1, PPP2R5C, MAPKAPK5, TLR3, and IL-15. Among the 14 nominally upregulated genes, there was clustering of barrier and PDZ domains (TJP1, TJP2, TJP3, CLDN4, INADL, and MAGI1) and clustering of downregulated genes (CCL20, TLR1, IL1B, and TLR8). Protein expression of PPP2R5C in nuclear lysates was greater in patients with IBS-D and controls. There was increase in INADL protein (median 9.4 ng/ml) in patients with IBS-D relative to controls (median 5.8 ng/ml, P > 0.05). In conclusion, altered transcriptome (and to lesser extent protein) expression of ion transport, barrier, immune, and mast cell mechanisms in small bowel may reflect different alterations in function and deserves further study in IBS-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Camilleri
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Paula Carlson
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Nelson Valentin
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Andres Acosta
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Jessica O'Neill
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Deborah Eckert
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Roy Dyer
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Jie Na
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and Division of Biomedical Statistic and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Eric W Klee
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and Division of Biomedical Statistic and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Joseph A Murray
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
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37
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Brinkmann BF, Steinbacher T, Hartmann C, Kummer D, Pajonczyk D, Mirzapourshafiyi F, Nakayama M, Weide T, Gerke V, Ebnet K. VE-cadherin interacts with cell polarity protein Pals1 to regulate vascular lumen formation. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:2811-21. [PMID: 27466317 PMCID: PMC5025268 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-02-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood vessel tubulogenesis requires the establishment of apicobasal polarity of endothelial cells. A novel interaction is described of the cell adhesion molecule VE-cadherin with the cell polarity protein Pals1. The activity of VE-cadherin in regulation of endothelial lumen formation depends on its interaction with both Pals1 and Par3. Blood vessel tubulogenesis requires the formation of stable cell-to-cell contacts and the establishment of apicobasal polarity of vascular endothelial cells. Cell polarity is regulated by highly conserved cell polarity protein complexes such as the Par3-aPKC-Par6 complex and the CRB3-Pals1-PATJ complex, which are expressed by many different cell types and regulate various aspects of cell polarity. Here we describe a functional interaction of VE-cadherin with the cell polarity protein Pals1. Pals1 directly interacts with VE-cadherin through a membrane-proximal motif in the cytoplasmic domain of VE-cadherin. VE-cadherin clusters Pals1 at cell–cell junctions. Mutating the Pals1-binding motif in VE-cadherin abrogates the ability of VE-cadherin to regulate apicobasal polarity and vascular lumen formation. In a similar way, deletion of the Par3-binding motif at the C-terminus of VE-cadherin impairs apicobasal polarity and vascular lumen formation. Our findings indicate that the biological activity of VE-cadherin in regulating endothelial polarity and vascular lumen formation is mediated through its interaction with the two cell polarity proteins Pals1 and Par3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin F Brinkmann
- Institute-Associated Research Group "Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity,", University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center, University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany
| | - Tim Steinbacher
- Institute-Associated Research Group "Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity,", University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Hartmann
- Institute-Associated Research Group "Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity,", University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center, University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany
| | - Daniel Kummer
- Institute-Associated Research Group "Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity,", University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center, University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany
| | - Denise Pajonczyk
- Institute-Associated Research Group "Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity,", University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany
| | - Fatemeh Mirzapourshafiyi
- Laboratory for Cell Polarity and Organogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Masanori Nakayama
- Laboratory for Cell Polarity and Organogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Weide
- Department of Internal Medicine D, Division of Molecular Nephrology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany
| | - Volker Gerke
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM), University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Ebnet
- Institute-Associated Research Group "Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity,", University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center, University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany
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38
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Involvement of Tight Junction Plaque Proteins in Cancer. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-016-0108-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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39
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Zihni C, Mills C, Matter K, Balda MS. Tight junctions: from simple barriers to multifunctional molecular gates. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2016; 17:564-80. [PMID: 27353478 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2016.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 843] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epithelia and endothelia separate different tissue compartments and protect multicellular organisms from the outside world. This requires the formation of tight junctions, selective gates that control paracellular diffusion of ions and solutes. Tight junctions also form the border between the apical and basolateral plasma-membrane domains and are linked to the machinery that controls apicobasal polarization. Additionally, signalling networks that guide diverse cell behaviours and functions are connected to tight junctions, transmitting information to and from the cytoskeleton, nucleus and different cell adhesion complexes. Recent advances have broadened our understanding of the molecular architecture and cellular functions of tight junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceniz Zihni
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Clare Mills
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Karl Matter
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Maria S Balda
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
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40
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Gao Y, Xiao X, Lui WY, Lee WM, Mruk D, Cheng CY. Cell polarity proteins and spermatogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 59:62-70. [PMID: 27292315 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
When the cross-section of a seminiferous tubule from an adult rat testes is examined microscopically, Sertoli cells and germ cells in the seminiferous epithelium are notably polarized cells. For instance, Sertoli cell nuclei are found near the basement membrane. On the other hand, tight junction (TJ), basal ectoplasmic specialization (basal ES, a testis-specific actin-rich anchoring junction), gap junction (GJ) and desmosome that constitute the blood-testis barrier (BTB) are also located near the basement membrane. The BTB, in turn, divides the epithelium into the basal and the adluminal (apical) compartments. Within the epithelium, undifferentiated spermatogonia and preleptotene spermatocytes restrictively reside in the basal compartment whereas spermatocytes and post-meiotic spermatids reside in the adluminal compartment. Furthermore, the heads of elongating/elongated spermatids point toward the basement membrane with their elongating tails toward the tubule lumen. However, the involvement of polarity proteins in this unique cellular organization, in particular the underlying molecular mechanism(s) by which polarity proteins confer cellular polarity in the seminiferous epithelium is virtually unknown until recent years. Herein, we discuss latest findings regarding the role of different polarity protein complexes or modules and how these protein complexes are working in concert to modulate Sertoli cell and spermatid polarity. These findings also illustrate polarity proteins exert their effects through the actin-based cytoskeleton mediated by actin binding and regulatory proteins, which in turn modulate adhesion protein complexes at the cell-cell interface since TJ, basal ES and GJ utilize F-actin for attachment. We also propose a hypothetical model which illustrates the antagonistic effects of these polarity proteins. This in turn provides a unique mechanism to modulate junction remodeling in the testis to support germ cell transport across the epithelium in particular the BTB during the epithelial cycle of spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gao
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Xiang Xiao
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, United States; Department of Reproductive Physiology, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Wing-Yee Lui
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Will M Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dolores Mruk
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - C Yan Cheng
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, United States.
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41
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Reyes Fernandez PC, Replogle RA, Wang L, Zhang M, Fleet JC. Novel Genetic Loci Control Calcium Absorption and Femur Bone Mass as Well as Their Response to Low Calcium Intake in Male BXD Recombinant Inbred Mice. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:994-1002. [PMID: 26636428 PMCID: PMC4862900 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Low dietary calcium (Ca) intake during growth limits peak bone mass but physiological adaptation can prevent this adverse effect. To assess the genetic control on the physiologic response to dietary Ca restriction (RCR), we conducted a study in 51 BXD lines fed either 0.5% (basal) or 0.25% (low) Ca diets from ages 4 to 12 weeks (n = 8/line/diet). Ca absorption (CaAbs), femur bone mineral density (BMD), and bone mineral content (BMC) were examined. ANCOVA with body size as covariate was used to detect significant line and diet main effects, and line-by-diet interactions. Body size-corrected residuals were used for linkage mapping and to estimate heritability (h(2) ). Loci controlling the phenotypes were identified using composite interval mapping on each diet and for the RCR. h(2) of basal phenotypes (0.37-0.43) and their RCR (0.32-0.38) was moderate. For each phenotype, we identified multiple quantitative trait loci (QTL) on each diet and for the RCR. Several loci affected multiple traits: Chr 1 (88.3-90.6 cM, CaAbs, BMC), Chr 4 (45.8-49.2 cM, CaAbs, BMD, BMC), Chr 8 (28.6-31.6 cM, CaAbs, BMD, RCR), and Chr 15 (13.6-24 cM, BMD, BMC; 32.3-36 cM, CaAbs RCR, BMD). This suggests that gene clusters may regulate interdependent bone-related phenotypes. Using in silico expression QTL (eQTL) mapping and bioinformatic tools, we identified novel candidates for the regulation of bone under Ca stress (Ext1, Deptor), and for the first time, we report genes modulating Ca absorption (Inadl, Sc4mol, Sh3rf1, and Dennd3), and both Ca and bone metabolism (Tceanc2, Tll1, and Aadat). Our data reveal gene-by-diet interactions and the existence of novel relationships between bone and Ca metabolism during growth. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca A Replogle
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Libo Wang
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - James C Fleet
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Charrier LE, Loie E, Laprise P. Mouse Crumbs3 sustains epithelial tissue morphogenesis in vivo. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17699. [PMID: 26631503 PMCID: PMC4668553 DOI: 10.1038/srep17699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human apical protein CRB3 (Crb3 in mouse) organizes epithelial cell polarity. Loss of CRB3 expression increases the tumorogenic potential of cultured epithelial cells and favors metastasis formation in nude mice. These data emphasize the need of in vivo models to study CRB3 functions. Here, we report the phenotypic analysis of a novel Crb3 knockout mouse model. Crb3-deficient newborn mice show improper clearance of airways, suffer from respiratory distress and display perinatal lethality. Crb3 is also essential to maintain apical membrane identity in kidney epithelial cells. Numerous kidney cysts accompany these polarity defects. Impaired differentiation of the apical membrane is also observed in a subset of cells of the intestinal epithelium. This results in improper remodeling of adhesive contacts in the developing intestinal epithelium, thereby leading to villus fusion. We also noted a strong increase in cytoplasmic β-catenin levels in intestinal epithelial cells. β-catenin is a mediator of the Wnt signaling pathway, which is overactivated in the majority of colon cancers. In addition to clarifying the physiologic roles of Crb3, our study highlights that further functional analysis of this protein is likely to provide insights into the etiology of diverse pathologies, including respiratory distress syndrome, polycystic kidney disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie E. Charrier
- Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Biochimie Médicale et Pathologie/Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- CRCHU de Québec-axe oncologie, Québec, Canada
| | - Elise Loie
- Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Biochimie Médicale et Pathologie/Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- CRCHU de Québec-axe oncologie, Québec, Canada
| | - Patrick Laprise
- Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Biochimie Médicale et Pathologie/Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- CRCHU de Québec-axe oncologie, Québec, Canada
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Mruk DD, Cheng CY. The Mammalian Blood-Testis Barrier: Its Biology and Regulation. Endocr Rev 2015; 36:564-91. [PMID: 26357922 PMCID: PMC4591527 DOI: 10.1210/er.2014-1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Spermatogenesis is the cellular process by which spermatogonia develop into mature spermatids within seminiferous tubules, the functional unit of the mammalian testis, under the structural and nutritional support of Sertoli cells and the precise regulation of endocrine factors. As germ cells develop, they traverse the seminiferous epithelium, a process that involves restructuring of Sertoli-germ cell junctions, as well as Sertoli-Sertoli cell junctions at the blood-testis barrier. The blood-testis barrier, one of the tightest tissue barriers in the mammalian body, divides the seminiferous epithelium into 2 compartments, basal and adluminal. The blood-testis barrier is different from most other tissue barriers in that it is not only comprised of tight junctions. Instead, tight junctions coexist and cofunction with ectoplasmic specializations, desmosomes, and gap junctions to create a unique microenvironment for the completion of meiosis and the subsequent development of spermatids into spermatozoa via spermiogenesis. Studies from the past decade or so have identified the key structural, scaffolding, and signaling proteins of the blood-testis barrier. More recent studies have defined the regulatory mechanisms that underlie blood-testis barrier function. We review here the biology and regulation of the mammalian blood-testis barrier and highlight research areas that should be expanded in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores D Mruk
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York 10065
| | - C Yan Cheng
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York 10065
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CRB3A Controls the Morphology and Cohesion of Cancer Cells through Ehm2/p114RhoGEF-Dependent Signaling. Mol Cell Biol 2015. [PMID: 26217016 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00673-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane protein CRB3A controls epithelial cell polarization. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms of CRB3A function is essential as this protein prevents the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which contributes to tumor progression. To investigate the functional impact of altered CRB3A expression in cancer cells, we expressed CRB3A in HeLa cells, which are devoid of endogenous CRB3A. While control HeLa cells display a patchy F-actin distribution, CRB3A-expressing cells form a circumferential actomyosin belt. This reorganization of the cytoskeleton is accompanied by a transition from an ameboid cell shape to an epithelial-cell-like morphology. In addition, CRB3A increases the cohesion of HeLa cells. To perform these functions, CRB3A recruits p114RhoGEF and its activator Ehm2 to the cell periphery using both functional motifs of its cytoplasmic tail and increases RhoA activation levels. ROCK1 and ROCK2 (ROCK1/2), which are critical effectors of RhoA, are also essential to modulate the cytoskeleton and cell shape downstream of CRB3A. Overall, our study highlights novel roles for CRB3A and deciphers the signaling pathway conferring to CRB3A the ability to fulfill these functions. Thereby, our data will facilitate further investigation of CRB3A functions and increase our understanding of the cellular defects associated with the loss of CRB3A expression in cancer cells.
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Sen A, Sun R, Krahn MP. Localization and Function of Pals1-associated Tight Junction Protein in Drosophila Is Regulated by Two Distinct Apical Complexes. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:13224-33. [PMID: 25847234 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.629014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane protein Crumbs (Crb) and its intracellular adaptor protein Pals1 (Stardust, Sdt in Drosophila) play a crucial role in the establishment and maintenance of apical-basal polarity in epithelial cells in various organisms. In contrast, the multiple PDZ domain-containing protein Pals1-associated tight junction protein (PATJ), which has been described to form a complex with Crb/Sdt, is not essential for apical basal polarity or for the stability of the Crb/Sdt complex in the Drosophila epidermis. Here we show that, in the embryonic epidermis, Sdt is essential for the correct subcellular localization of PATJ in differentiated epithelial cells but not during cellularization. Consistently, the L27 domain of PATJ is crucial for the correct localization and function of the protein. Our data further indicate that the four PDZ domains of PATJ function, to a large extent, in redundancy, regulating the function of the protein. Interestingly, the PATJ-Sdt heterodimer is not only recruited to the apical cell-cell contacts by binding to Crb but depends on functional Bazooka (Baz). However, biochemical experiments show that PATJ associates with both complexes, the Baz-Sdt and the Crb-Sdt complex, in the mature epithelium of the embryonic epidermis, suggesting a role of these two complexes for the function of PATJ during the development of Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Sen
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rui Sun
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael P Krahn
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Lin WH, Asmann YW, Anastasiadis PZ. Expression of polarity genes in human cancer. Cancer Inform 2015; 14:15-28. [PMID: 25991909 PMCID: PMC4390136 DOI: 10.4137/cin.s18964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polarity protein complexes are crucial for epithelial apical–basal polarity and directed cell migration. Since alterations of these processes are common in cancer, polarity proteins have been proposed to function as tumor suppressors or oncogenic promoters. Here, we review the current understanding of polarity protein functions in epithelial homeostasis, as well as tumor formation and progression. As most previous studies focused on the function of single polarity proteins in simplified model systems, we used a genomics approach to systematically examine and identify the expression profiles of polarity genes in human cancer. The expression profiles of polarity genes were distinct in different human tissues and classified cancer types. Additionally, polarity expression profiles correlated with disease progression and aggressiveness, as well as with identified cancer types, where specific polarity genes were commonly altered. In the case of Scribble, gene expression analysis indicated its common amplification and upregulation in human cancer, suggesting a tumor promoting function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Hsin Lin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Yan W Asmann
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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Abstract
Apico-basal polarity is a cardinal molecular feature of adult eukaryotic epithelial cells and appears to be involved in several key cellular processes including polarized cell migration and maintenance of tissue architecture. Epithelial cell polarity is maintained by three well-conserved polarity complexes, namely, PAR, Crumbs and SCRIB. The location and interaction between the components of these complexes defines distinct structural domains of epithelial cells. Establishment and maintenance of apico-basal polarity is regulated through various conserved cell signalling pathways including TGF beta, Integrin and WNT signalling. Loss of cell polarity is a hallmark for carcinoma, and its underlying molecular mechanism is beginning to emerge from studies on model organisms and cancer cell lines. Moreover, deregulated expression of apico-basal polarity complex components has been reported in human tumours. In this review, we provide an overview of the apico-basal polarity complexes and their regulation, their role in cell migration, and finally their involvement in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Khursheed
- Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Nampally, Hyderabad 500 001, India
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Ngok SP, Lin WH, Anastasiadis PZ. Establishment of epithelial polarity--GEF who's minding the GAP? J Cell Sci 2014; 127:3205-15. [PMID: 24994932 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.153197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarization is a fundamental process that underlies epithelial morphogenesis, cell motility, cell division and organogenesis. Loss of polarity predisposes tissues to developmental disorders and contributes to cancer progression. The formation and establishment of epithelial cell polarity is mediated by the cooperation of polarity protein complexes, namely the Crumbs, partitioning defective (Par) and Scribble complexes, with Rho family GTPases, including RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42. The activation of different GTPases triggers distinct downstream signaling pathways to modulate protein-protein interactions and cytoskeletal remodeling. The spatio-temporal activation and inactivation of these small GTPases is tightly controlled by a complex interconnected network of different regulatory proteins, including guanine-nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs), GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), and guanine-nucleotide-dissociation inhibitors (GDIs). In this Commentary, we focus on current understanding on how polarity complexes interact with GEFs and GAPs to control the precise location and activation of Rho GTPases (Crumbs for RhoA, Par for Rac1, and Scribble for Cdc42) to promote apical-basal polarization in mammalian epithelial cells. The mutual exclusion of GTPase activities, especially that of RhoA and Rac1, which is well established, provides a mechanism through which polarity complexes that act through distinct Rho GTPases function as cellular rheostats to fine-tune specific downstream pathways to differentiate and preserve the apical and basolateral domains. This article is part of a Minifocus on Establishing polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu P Ngok
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Griffin Cancer Research Building, Room 307, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Wan-Hsin Lin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Griffin Cancer Research Building, Room 307, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Panos Z Anastasiadis
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Griffin Cancer Research Building, Room 307, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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49
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Alves CH, Pellissier LP, Wijnholds J. The CRB1 and adherens junction complex proteins in retinal development and maintenance. Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 40:35-52. [PMID: 24508727 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The early developing retinal neuroepithelium is composed of multipotent retinal progenitor cells that differentiate in a time specific manner, giving rise to six major types of neuronal and one type of glial cells. These cells migrate and organize in three distinct nuclear layers divided by two plexiform layers. Apical and adherens junction complexes have a crucial role in this process by the establishment of polarity and adhesion. Changes in these complexes disturb the spatiotemporal aspects of retinogenesis, leading to retinal degeneration resulting in mild or severe impairment of retinal function and vision. In this review, we summarize the mouse models for the different members of the apical and adherens junction protein complexes and describe the main features of their retinal phenotypes. The knowledge acquired from the different mutant animals for these proteins corroborate their importance in retina development and maintenance of normal retinal structure and function. More recently, several studies have tried to unravel the connection between the apical proteins, important cellular signaling pathways and their relation in retina development. Still, the mechanisms by which these proteins function remain largely unknown. Here, we hypothesize how the mammalian apical CRB1 complex might control retinogenesis and prevents onset of Leber congenital amaurosis or retinitis pigmentosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celso Henrique Alves
- Department of Neuromedical Genetics, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lucie P Pellissier
- Department of Neuromedical Genetics, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Wijnholds
- Department of Neuromedical Genetics, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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50
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Vacca B, Bazellières E, Nouar R, Harada A, Massey-Harroche D, Le Bivic A. Drebrin E depletion in human intestinal epithelial cells mimics Rab8a loss of function. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:2834-46. [PMID: 24399445 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells are highly polarized and exhibit a complex architecture with a columnar shape and a specialized apical surface supporting microvilli organized in a brush border. These microvilli are rooted in a dense meshwork of acto-myosin called the terminal web. We have shown recently that Drebrin E, an F-actin-binding protein, is a key protein for the organization of the terminal web and the brush border. Drebrin E is also required for the columnar cell shape of Caco2 cells (human colonic cells). Here, we found that the subcellular localization of several apical markers including dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) was strikingly modified in Drebrin E-depleted Caco2 cells. Instead of being mostly present at the apical surface, these proteins are accumulated in an enlarged subapical compartment. Using known intracellular markers, we show by both confocal and electron microscopy that this compartment is related to lysosomes. We also demonstrate that the enrichment of DPPIV in this compartment originates from apical endocytosis and that depletion of Rab8a induces an accumulation of apical proteins in a similar compartment. Consistent with this, the phenotype observed in Drebrin E knock-down Caco2 cells shares some features with a pathology called microvillar inclusion disease (MVID) involving both Myosin Vb and Rab8a. Taken together, these results suggest that Drebrin E redirects the apical recycling pathway in intestinal epithelial cells to the lysosomes, demonstrating that Drebrin E is a key regulator in apical trafficking in Caco2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Vacca
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, UMR7288, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), Case 907, 13288 Marseille, Cedex 09, France
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