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Farcas RA, Almasri M, Grad S, Popa SL, Leucuta DC, Ismaiel A, Dumitrascu DL. Breaking Barriers in Functional Dyspepsia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis on Duodenal Tight Junction Protein Expression. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2024; 30:281-289. [PMID: 38972865 PMCID: PMC11238099 DOI: 10.5056/jnm24013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Disruptions in tight junction (TJ) protein expression leading to duodenal epithelial barrier impairment may contribute to increased intestinal permeability, potentially playing a role in functional dyspepsia (FD) pathophysiology. Currently published studies evaluated the role of several TJ proteins in FD patients with inconsistent results. Therefore, we conducted this systematic review and metaanalysis to evaluate the duodenal mucosal expression of several TJ proteins in FD. Methods We performed a systematic electronic search on PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus using predefined keywords. Diagnosis of FD by Rome III or Rome IV criteria was considered acceptable. Full articles satisfying our inclusion and exclusion criteria were included. The principal summary outcome was the mean difference of several TJ proteins in FD patients and control subjects. Results A total of 8 and 5 studies were included in our qualitative and quantitative synthesis, respectively, with a total population of 666 participants, out of which 420 were FD patients. No significant differences were observed between FD patients and controls in the expression of claudin-1 (-0.102 [95% CI, -0.303, 0.099]), claudin-2 (0.161 [95% CI, -0.134, 0.456)], claudin-3 (0.278 [95% CI, -0.280, 0.837]), claudin-4 (0.045 [95% CI, -0.264, 0.354]), ZO-1 (-0.221 [95% CI, -0.683, 0.241]), ZO-2 (-0.070 [95% CI, -0.147, 0.007]), ZO-3 (-0.129 [95% CI, -0.376, 0.118]), β-catenin (-0.135 [95% CI, -0.484, 0.214]), E-cadherin (-0.083 [95% CI, -0.229, 0.063]), and occludin (-0.158 [95% CI, -0.409, 0.093]). Conclusions The expressions of all evaluated proteins including claudin-1, claudin-2, claudin-3, claudin-4, ZO-1, ZO-2, ZO-3, β-catenin, E-cadherin, and occludin did not significantly differ between FD patients and controls. However, due to the limited number of included studies, results should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu A Farcas
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Malaz Almasri
- Dr Constantin Papilian Cluj Napoca Emergency Military Hospital, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Simona Grad
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Stefan-Lucian Popa
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Daniel C Leucuta
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Abdulrahman Ismaiel
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dan L Dumitrascu
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Zhang D, Li J, Zhang B, Shao Y, Wang Z. Two Doses of Zn Induced Different Microbiota Profiles and Dietary Zinc Supplementation Affects the Intestinal Microbial Profile, Intestinal Microarchitecture and Immune Response in Pigeons. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2087. [PMID: 39061548 PMCID: PMC11273959 DOI: 10.3390/ani14142087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We aimed to explore the effects of two different doses of Zn on the fecal microbiota in pigeons and the correlation between these effects and intestinal immune status. Zn doses affected pigeon growth performance, and pigeons in the T60 (60 mg/kg Zn) and T90 (90 mg/kg Zn) groups exhibited higher villus height and crypt depth in duodenum and ileum compared to the control group, respectively. Supplementation with Zn increased the expression of the IL8, CD798, TJP and NKTR genes (p < 0.05), while enhancing serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgM, and IgA concentrations compared to the control pigeons (p < 0.05). T60 treatment reduced relative Actinobacteriota abundance, while Lactobacillus spp. abundance was highest in the T90 group compared to the two other groups. The core functional genera significantly associated with immune indices in these pigeons were Rhodococcus erythropolis and Lactobacillus ponti. Our findings will help facilitate the application of dietary Zn intake in pig production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yuxin Shao
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (D.Z.); (J.L.); (B.Z.)
| | - Zheng Wang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (D.Z.); (J.L.); (B.Z.)
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Guo C, Boulant S, Stanifer ML. The Role of Interleukin-22 in Controlling Virus Infections at Mucosal Surfaces. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2024. [PMID: 38868897 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2024.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cuncai Guo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steeve Boulant
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Megan Lynn Stanifer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Marsch P, Rajagopal N, Nangia S. Biophysics of claudin proteins in tight junction architecture: Three decades of progress. Biophys J 2024:S0006-3495(24)00393-X. [PMID: 38859584 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2024.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions are cell-cell adhesion complexes that act as gatekeepers of the paracellular space. Formed by several transmembrane proteins, the claudin family performs the primary gate-keeping function. The claudin proteins form charge and size-selective diffusion barriers to maintain homeostasis across endothelial and epithelial tissue. Of the 27 known claudins in mammals, some are known to seal the paracellular space, while others provide selective permeability. The differences in permeability arise due to the varying expression levels of claudins in each tissue. The tight junctions are observed as strands in freeze-fracture electron monographs; however, at the molecular level, tight junction strands form when multiple claudin proteins assemble laterally (cis assembly) within a cell and head-on (trans assembly) with claudins of the adjacent cell in a zipper-like architecture, closing the gap between the neighboring cells. The disruption of tight junctions caused by changing claudin expression levels or mutations can lead to diseases. Therefore, knowledge of the molecular architecture of the tight junctions and how that is tied to tissue-specific function is critical for fighting diseases. Here, we review the current understanding of the tight junctions accrued over the last three decades from experimental and computational biophysics perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Marsch
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Nandhini Rajagopal
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Shikha Nangia
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York.
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5
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Sayed IM, Vo DT, Alcantara J, Inouye KM, Pranadinata RF, Luo L, Boland CR, Goyal NP, Kuo DJ, Huang SC, Sahoo D, Ghosh P, Das S. Molecular Signatures for Microbe-Associated Colorectal Cancers. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.26.595902. [PMID: 38853996 PMCID: PMC11160670 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.26.595902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Background Genetic factors and microbial imbalances play crucial roles in colorectal cancers (CRCs), yet the impact of infections on cancer initiation remains poorly understood. While bioinformatic approaches offer valuable insights, the rising incidence of CRCs creates a pressing need to precisely identify early CRC events. We constructed a network model to identify continuum states during CRC initiation spanning normal colonic tissue to pre-cancer lesions (adenomatous polyps) and examined the influence of microbes and host genetics. Methods A Boolean network was built using a publicly available transcriptomic dataset from healthy and adenoma affected patients to identify an invariant Microbe-Associated Colorectal Cancer Signature (MACS). We focused on Fusobacterium nucleatum ( Fn ), a CRC-associated microbe, as a model bacterium. MACS-associated genes and proteins were validated by RT-qPCR, RNA seq, ELISA, IF and IHCs in tissues and colon-derived organoids from genetically predisposed mice ( CPC-APC Min+/- ) and patients (FAP, Lynch Syndrome, PJS, and JPS). Results The MACS that is upregulated in adenomas consists of four core genes/proteins: CLDN2/Claudin-2 (leakiness), LGR5/leucine-rich repeat-containing receptor (stemness), CEMIP/cell migration-inducing and hyaluronan-binding protein (epithelial-mesenchymal transition) and IL8/Interleukin-8 (inflammation). MACS was induced upon Fn infection, but not in response to infection with other enteric bacteria or probiotics. MACS induction upon Fn infection was higher in CPC-APC Min+/- organoids compared to WT controls. The degree of MACS expression in the patient-derived organoids (PDOs) generally corresponded with the known lifetime risk of CRCs. Conclusions Computational prediction followed by validation in the organoid-based disease model identified the early events in CRC initiation. MACS reveals that the CRC-associated microbes induce a greater risk in the genetically predisposed hosts, suggesting its potential use for risk prediction and targeted cancer prevention.
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Shim G, Breinyn IB, Martínez-Calvo A, Rao S, Cohen DJ. Bioelectric stimulation controls tissue shape and size. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2938. [PMID: 38580690 PMCID: PMC10997591 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47079-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues sheath organs and electro-mechanically regulate ion and water transport to regulate development, homeostasis, and hydrostatic organ pressure. Here, we demonstrate how external electrical stimulation allows us to control these processes in living tissues. Specifically, we electrically stimulate hollow, 3D kidneyoids and gut organoids and find that physiological-strength electrical stimulation of ∼ 5 - 10 V/cm powerfully inflates hollow tissues; a process we call electro-inflation. Electro-inflation is mediated by increased ion flux through ion channels/transporters and triggers subsequent osmotic water flow into the lumen, generating hydrostatic pressure that competes against cytoskeletal tension. Our computational studies suggest that electro-inflation is strongly driven by field-induced ion crowding on the outer surface of the tissue. Electrically stimulated tissues also break symmetry in 3D resulting from electrotaxis and affecting tissue shape. The ability of electrical cues to regulate tissue size and shape emphasizes the role and importance of the electrical micro-environment for living tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gawoon Shim
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, 08540, NJ, USA
| | - Isaac B Breinyn
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, 08540, NJ, USA
| | - Alejandro Martínez-Calvo
- Princeton Center for Theoretical Science, Princeton University, Princeton, 08540, NJ, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, 08540, NJ, USA
| | - Sameeksha Rao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, 08540, NJ, USA
| | - Daniel J Cohen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, 08540, NJ, USA.
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Giri S, Takada A, Paudel D, Uehara O, Kurashige Y, Kuramitsu Y, Furukawa M, Matsushita K, Arakawa T, Nagasawa T, Abiko Y, Furuichi Y. Oral infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis augmented gingival epithelial barrier molecules alteration with aging. J Oral Biosci 2024; 66:126-133. [PMID: 38336260 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2024.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Disruption of the gingival epithelial barrier is often mediated by aging or the pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. This study examined the combined effects of aging and P. gingivalis exposure on gingival epithelial barrier molecules. METHODS In vitro experiments involved treating young- and senescence-induced primary human gingival epithelial progenitor cells (HGEPp) with P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and paracellular permeability were measured. In vivo, male C57BL/6J mice aged 10 (young) and 80 (old) weeks were divided into four groups: young, old, young with P. gingivalis (Pg-Young) inoculation, and old with P. gingivalis (Pg-Old) inoculation. P. gingivalis was inoculated orally thrice a week for 5 weeks. The mice were sacrificed 30 days after the last inoculation, and samples were collected for further procedures. The junctional molecules (Claudin-1, Claudin-2, E-cadherin, and Connexin) were analyzed for mRNA expression using qRT-PCR and protein production using western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The alveolar bone loss and inflammatory cytokine levels in gingival tissues were also assessed. RESULTS LPS-treated senescent cells exhibited a pronounced reduction in TER, increased permeability to albumin protein, significant upregulation of Claudin-1 and Claudin-2, and significant downregulation of E-cadherin and Connexin. Furthermore, the Pg-Old group showed identical results with aging in addition to an increase in alveolar bone loss, significantly higher than that in the other groups. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the host susceptibility to periodontal pathogens increases with age through changes in the gingival epithelial barrier molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Giri
- Division of Periodontology and Endodontology, Department of Oral Rehabilitation, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ayuko Takada
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Durga Paudel
- Advanced Research Promotion Center, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Osamu Uehara
- Division of Disease Control and Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Kurashige
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kuramitsu
- Advanced Research Promotion Center, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masae Furukawa
- Department of Oral Disease Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsushita
- Department of Oral Disease Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Toshiya Arakawa
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Nagasawa
- Division of Advanced Clinical Education, Department of Integrated Dental Education, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Abiko
- Division of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Department of Human Biology and Pathophysiology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yasushi Furuichi
- Division of Periodontology and Endodontology, Department of Oral Rehabilitation, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Alija Ç, Knobe L, Pouyiourou I, Furuse M, Rosenthal R, Günzel D. Integrating Continuous Transepithelial Flux Measurements into an Ussing Chamber Set-Up. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2252. [PMID: 38396929 PMCID: PMC10889482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Fluorescently labelled compounds are often employed to study the paracellular properties of epithelia. For flux measurements, these compounds are added to the donor compartment and samples collected from the acceptor compartment at regular intervals. However, this method fails to detect rapid changes in permeability. For continuous transepithelial flux measurements in an Ussing chamber setting, a device was developed, consisting of a flow-through chamber with an attached LED, optical filter, and photodiode, all encased in a light-impermeable container. The photodiode output was amplified and recorded. Calibration with defined fluorescein concentration (range of 1 nM to 150 nM) resulted in a linear output. As proof of principle, flux measurements were performed on various cell lines. The results confirmed a linear dependence of the flux on the fluorescein concentration in the donor compartment. Flux depended on paracellular barrier function (expression of specific tight junction proteins, and EGTA application to induce barrier loss), whereas activation of transcellular chloride secretion had no effect on fluorescein flux. Manipulation of the lateral space by osmotic changes in the perfusion solution also affected transepithelial fluorescein flux. In summary, this device allows a continuous recording of transepithelial flux of fluorescent compounds in parallel with the electrical parameters recorded by the Ussing chamber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çlirim Alija
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (Ç.A.); (L.K.); (I.P.); (R.R.)
| | - Lukas Knobe
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (Ç.A.); (L.K.); (I.P.); (R.R.)
| | - Ioanna Pouyiourou
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (Ç.A.); (L.K.); (I.P.); (R.R.)
| | - Mikio Furuse
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan;
| | - Rita Rosenthal
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (Ç.A.); (L.K.); (I.P.); (R.R.)
| | - Dorothee Günzel
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (Ç.A.); (L.K.); (I.P.); (R.R.)
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Markov AG, Bikmurzina AE, Fedorova AA, Vinogradova EP, Kruglova NM, Krivoi II, Amasheh S. Prednisolone Targets Claudins in Mouse Brain Blood Vessels. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:276. [PMID: 38203447 PMCID: PMC10779016 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells in brain capillaries are crucial for the function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and members of the tight junction protein family of claudins are regarded to be primarily responsible for barrier properties. Thus, the analysis of bioactive substances that can affect the BBB's permeability is of great importance and may be useful for the development of new therapeutic strategies for brain pathologies. In our study, we tested the hypothesis that the application of the glucocorticoid prednisolone affects the murine blood-brain barrier in vivo. Isolated brain tissue of control and prednisolone-injected mice was examined by employing immunoblotting and confocal laser scanning immunofluorescence microscopy, and the physiological and behavioral effects were analyzed. The control tissue samples revealed the expression of barrier-forming tight junction proteins claudin-1, -3, and -5 and of the paracellular cation and water-channel-forming protein claudin-2. Prednisolone administration for 7 days at doses of 70 mg/kg caused physiological and behavioral effects and downregulated claudin-1 and -3 and the channel-forming claudin-2 without altering their localization in cerebral blood vessels. Changes in the expression of these claudins might have effects on the ionic and acid-base balance in brain tissue, suggesting the relevance of our findings for therapeutic options in disorders such as cerebral edema and psychiatric failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Markov
- Department of General Physiology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.G.M.); (A.E.B.); (A.A.F.); (N.M.K.); (I.I.K.)
- Interoception Laboratory, Pavlov Institute of Physiology RAS, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia E. Bikmurzina
- Department of General Physiology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.G.M.); (A.E.B.); (A.A.F.); (N.M.K.); (I.I.K.)
| | - Arina A. Fedorova
- Department of General Physiology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.G.M.); (A.E.B.); (A.A.F.); (N.M.K.); (I.I.K.)
| | - Ekaterina P. Vinogradova
- Department of Higher Nervous Activity and Psychophysiology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Natalia M. Kruglova
- Department of General Physiology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.G.M.); (A.E.B.); (A.A.F.); (N.M.K.); (I.I.K.)
| | - Igor I. Krivoi
- Department of General Physiology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.G.M.); (A.E.B.); (A.A.F.); (N.M.K.); (I.I.K.)
| | - Salah Amasheh
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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Markov AG, Livanova AA, Fedorova AA, Kravtsova VV, Krivoi II. Chronic Ouabain Targets Pore-Forming Claudin-2 and Ameliorates Radiation-Induced Damage to the Rat Intestinal Tissue Barrier. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:278. [PMID: 38203449 PMCID: PMC10778734 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) causes disturbances in the functions of the gastrointestinal tract. Given the therapeutic potential of ouabain, a specific ligand of the Na,K-ATPase, we tested its ability to protect against IR-induced disturbances in the barrier and transport properties of the jejunum and colon of rats. Male Wistar rats were subjected to 6-day intraperitoneal injections of vehicle or ouabain (1 µg/kg/day). On the fourth day of injections, rats were exposed to total-body X-ray irradiation (10 Gy) or a sham irradiation. Isolated tissues were examined 72 h post-irradiation. Electrophysiological characteristics and paracellular permeability for sodium fluorescein were measured in an Ussing chamber. Histological analysis and Western blotting were also performed. In the jejunum tissue, ouabain exposure did not prevent disturbances in transepithelial resistance, paracellular permeability, histological characteristics, as well as changes in the expression of claudin-1, -3, -4, tricellulin, and caspase-3 induced by IR. However, ouabain prevented overexpression of occludin and the pore-forming claudin-2. In the colon tissue, ouabain prevented electrophysiological disturbances and claudin-2 overexpression. These observations may reveal a mechanism by which circulating ouabain maintains tight junction integrity under IR-induced intestinal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Markov
- Department of General Physiology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.L.); (A.A.F.); (V.V.K.); (I.I.K.)
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Hader H, Hering NA, Schulzke JD, Bücker R, Rosenthal R. Myrrh protects against IL-13-induced epithelial barrier breakdown in HT-29/B6 cells. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1301800. [PMID: 38044939 PMCID: PMC10691275 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1301800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The oleoresin myrrh has been used for centuries as an anti-inflammatory remedy for a variety of diseases and is said to have a protective effect on the intestinal epithelium. An intact epithelial barrier function is the prerequisite for a healthy gut. Inflammatory and infectious diseases of the intestine, in particular, lead to barrier impairment resulting in leak-flux diarrhea and mucosal immune responses. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of myrrh in an experimental inflammatory situation, namely, under the influence of IL-13, one of the key cytokines in ulcerative colitis. We used human intestinal epithelial HT-29/B6 cell monolayers for functional and molecular assessment of the epithelial barrier under IL-13 and myrrh treatment. IL-13 induced a loss in barrier function that was fully restored with myrrh treatment, as shown by transepithelial electrical resistance measurements. The molecular correlate of the IL-13-mediated barrier dysfunction could be assigned to an upregulation of the channel-forming tight junction (TJ) protein claudin-2 and to a subcellular redistribution of the TJ protein tricellulin, loosening the sealing of tricellular TJs. Moreover, IL-13 exposure leads to an increase in the number of apoptotic cells, contributing to the leak pathway of barrier dysfunction. Myrrh protected against changes in TJ deregulation and decreased the elevated apoptotic ratio under IL-13. The protective effects are mediated through the inhibition of the STAT3 and STAT6 pathway. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that myrrh exhibits antagonizing effects against IL-13-induced barrier impairment in a human intestinal cell model. These data suggest the use of myrrh as a promising option in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Hader
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina A. Hering
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg-Dieter Schulzke
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Bücker
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rita Rosenthal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Nicolosi RM, Bonincontro G, Imperia E, Badiali C, De Vita D, Sciubba F, Dugo L, Guarino MPL, Altomare A, Simonetti G, Pasqua G. Protective Effect of Procyanidin-Rich Grape Seed Extract against Gram-Negative Virulence Factors. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1615. [PMID: 37998817 PMCID: PMC10668874 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12111615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are implicated in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases caused by Gram-negative bacteria. Grape seeds, wine industry by-products, have antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. In the present study, the protective effect of procyanidin-rich grape seed extract (prGSE), from unfermented pomace of Vitis vinifera L. cv Bellone, on bacterial LPS-induced oxidative stress and epithelial barrier integrity damage has been studied in a model of Caco-2 cells. The prGSE was characterized at the molecular level using HPLC and NMR. The in vitro activity of prGSE against formation of biofilm of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium and Escherichia coli was investigated. In vivo, prGSE activity using infected Galleria mellonella larvae has been evaluated. The results show that the prGSE, if administered with LPS, can significantly reduce the LPS-induced permeability alteration. Moreover, the ability of the extract to prevent Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production induced by the LPS treatment of Caco-2 cells was demonstrated. prGSE inhibited the biofilm formation of E. coli and S. Typhimurium. In terms of in vivo activity, an increase in survival of infected G. mellonella larvae after treatment with prGSE was demonstrated. In conclusion, grape seed extracts could be used to reduce GI damage caused by bacterial endotoxin and biofilms of Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Maria Nicolosi
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (R.M.N.); (G.B.); (C.B.); (D.D.V.); (F.S.); (G.P.)
| | - Graziana Bonincontro
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (R.M.N.); (G.B.); (C.B.); (D.D.V.); (F.S.); (G.P.)
| | - Elena Imperia
- Department of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development and One Health, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (E.I.); (L.D.)
| | - Camilla Badiali
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (R.M.N.); (G.B.); (C.B.); (D.D.V.); (F.S.); (G.P.)
| | - Daniela De Vita
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (R.M.N.); (G.B.); (C.B.); (D.D.V.); (F.S.); (G.P.)
| | - Fabio Sciubba
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (R.M.N.); (G.B.); (C.B.); (D.D.V.); (F.S.); (G.P.)
- NMR-Based Metabolomics Laboratory (NMLab), Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Dugo
- Department of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development and One Health, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (E.I.); (L.D.)
| | - Michele Pier Luca Guarino
- Research Unit of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy;
- Operative Research Unit of Gastroenterology, University Policlinico Foundation Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Annamaria Altomare
- Department of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development and One Health, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (E.I.); (L.D.)
- Research Unit of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giovanna Simonetti
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (R.M.N.); (G.B.); (C.B.); (D.D.V.); (F.S.); (G.P.)
| | - Gabriella Pasqua
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (R.M.N.); (G.B.); (C.B.); (D.D.V.); (F.S.); (G.P.)
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13
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Schneemann M, Heils L, Moos V, Weiß F, Krug SM, Weiner J, Beule D, Gerhard R, Schulzke JD, Bücker R. A Colonic Organoid Model Challenged with the Large Toxins of Clostridioides difficile TcdA and TcdB Exhibit Deregulated Tight Junction Proteins. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:643. [PMID: 37999506 PMCID: PMC10674794 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clostridioides difficile toxins TcdA and TcdB are responsible for diarrhea and colitis. Lack of functional studies in organoid models of the gut prompted us to elucidate the toxin's effects on epithelial barrier function and the molecular mechanisms for diarrhea and inflammation. METHODS Human adult colon organoids were cultured on membrane inserts. Tight junction (TJ) proteins and actin cytoskeleton were analyzed for expression via Western blotting and via confocal laser-scanning microscopy for subcellular localization. RESULTS Polarized intestinal organoid monolayers were established from stem cell-containing colon organoids to apply toxins from the apical side and to perform functional measurements in the organoid model. The toxins caused a reduction in transepithelial electrical resistance in human colonic organoid monolayers with sublethal concentrations. Concomitantly, we detected increased paracellular permeability fluorescein and FITC-dextran-4000. Human colonic organoid monolayers exposed to the toxins exhibited redistribution of barrier-forming TJ proteins claudin-1, -4 and tricellulin, whereas channel-forming claudin-2 expression was increased. Perijunctional F-actin cytoskeleton organization was affected. CONCLUSIONS Adult stem cell-derived human colonic organoid monolayers were applicable as a colon infection model for electrophysiological measurements. The TJ changes noted can explain the epithelial barrier dysfunction and diarrhea in patients, as well as increased entry of luminal antigens triggering inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Schneemann
- Clinical Physiology, Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucas Heils
- Clinical Physiology, Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Moos
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Weiß
- Clinical Physiology, Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne M. Krug
- Clinical Physiology, Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - January Weiner
- Core Unit Bioinformatics (CUBI), Berlin Institute of Health at Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dieter Beule
- Core Unit Bioinformatics (CUBI), Berlin Institute of Health at Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Gerhard
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jörg-Dieter Schulzke
- Clinical Physiology, Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Bücker
- Clinical Physiology, Nutritional Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
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14
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Gayger-Dias V, Vizuete AFK, Rodrigues L, Wartchow KM, Bobermin L, Leite MC, Quincozes-Santos A, Kleindienst A, Gonçalves CA. How S100B crosses brain barriers and why it is considered a peripheral marker of brain injury. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:2109-2119. [PMID: 38058025 PMCID: PMC10800124 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231214260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
S100B is a 21-kDa protein that is produced and secreted by astrocytes and widely used as a marker of brain injury in clinical and experimental studies. The majority of these studies are based on measurements in blood serum, assuming an associated increase in cerebrospinal fluid and a rupture of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Moreover, extracerebral sources of S100B are often underestimated. Herein, we will review these interpretations and discuss the routes by which S100B, produced by astrocytes, reaches the circulatory system. We discuss the concept of S100B as an alarmin and its dual activity as an inflammatory and neurotrophic molecule. Furthermore, we emphasize the lack of data supporting the idea that S100B acts as a marker of BBB rupture, and the need to include the glymphatic system in the interpretations of serum changes of S100B. The review is also dedicated to valorizing extracerebral sources of S100B, particularly adipocytes. Furthermore, S100B per se may have direct and indirect modulating roles in brain barriers: on the tight junctions that regulate paracellular transport; on the expression of its receptor, RAGE, which is involved in transcellular protein transport; and on aquaporin-4, a key protein in the glymphatic system that is responsible for the clearance of extracellular proteins from the central nervous system. We hope that the data on S100B, discussed here, will be useful and that it will translate into further health benefits in medical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Gayger-Dias
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90.035-003, Brazil
| | - Adriana FK Vizuete
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90.035-003, Brazil
| | - Letícia Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Neurosciences, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90.035-003, Brazil
| | - Krista Minéia Wartchow
- Brain Health Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10044, USA
| | - Larissa Bobermin
- Graduate Program in Neurosciences, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90.035-003, Brazil
| | - Marina Concli Leite
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90.035-003, Brazil
| | - André Quincozes-Santos
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90.035-003, Brazil
| | - Andrea Kleindienst
- Department of Neurosurgery, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90.035-003, Brazil
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15
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Takebayashi G, Chiba Y, Wakamatsu K, Murakami R, Miyai Y, Matsumoto K, Uemura N, Yanase K, Shirakami G, Ogino Y, Ueno M. E-Cadherin Is Expressed in Epithelial Cells of the Choroid Plexus in Human and Mouse Brains. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:7813-7826. [PMID: 37886936 PMCID: PMC10605538 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45100492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence showing the functional significance of the choroid plexus is accumulating. Epithelial cells with tight and adherens junctions of the choroid plexus play important roles in cerebrospinal fluid production and circadian rhythm formation. Although specific types of cadherin expressed in adherens junctions of choroid plexus epithelium (CPE) have been examined, they remained uncertain. Recent mass spectrometry and immunolocalization analysis revealed that non-epithelial cadherins, P- and N-cadherins, are expressed in the lateral membrane of CPE, whereas E-cadherin expression has not been confirmed in CPE of humans or mice. In this study, we examined E-cadherin expression in CPE of mice and humans by RT-PCR, immunohistochemical-, and Western blotting analyses. We confirmed, by using RT-PCR analysis, the mRNA expression of E-cadherin in the choroid plexus of mice. The immunohistochemical expression of E-cadherin was noted in the lateral membrane of CPE of mice and humans. We further confirmed, in Western blotting, the specific immunoreactivity for E-cadherin. Immunohistochemically, the expression of E- and N-cadherins or vimentin was unevenly distributed in some CPE, whereas that of E- and P-cadherins or β-catenin frequently co-existed in other CPE. These findings indicate that E-cadherin is expressed in the lateral membrane of CPE, possibly correlated with the expression of other cadherins and cytoplasmic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genta Takebayashi
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Takamatsu 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan; (G.T.); (Y.C.); (K.W.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (K.M.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Takamatsu 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan; (N.U.); (K.Y.); (G.S.); (Y.O.)
| | - Yoichi Chiba
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Takamatsu 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan; (G.T.); (Y.C.); (K.W.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Keiji Wakamatsu
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Takamatsu 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan; (G.T.); (Y.C.); (K.W.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Ryuta Murakami
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Takamatsu 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan; (G.T.); (Y.C.); (K.W.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Yumi Miyai
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Takamatsu 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan; (G.T.); (Y.C.); (K.W.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Koichi Matsumoto
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Takamatsu 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan; (G.T.); (Y.C.); (K.W.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Naoya Uemura
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Takamatsu 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan; (N.U.); (K.Y.); (G.S.); (Y.O.)
| | - Ken Yanase
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Takamatsu 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan; (N.U.); (K.Y.); (G.S.); (Y.O.)
| | - Gotaro Shirakami
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Takamatsu 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan; (N.U.); (K.Y.); (G.S.); (Y.O.)
| | - Yuichi Ogino
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Takamatsu 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan; (N.U.); (K.Y.); (G.S.); (Y.O.)
| | - Masaki Ueno
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Takamatsu 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan; (G.T.); (Y.C.); (K.W.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (K.M.)
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16
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Abstract
Sequential expression of claudins, a family of tight junction proteins, along the nephron mirrors the sequential expression of ion channels and transporters. Only by the interplay of transcellular and paracellular transport can the kidney efficiently maintain electrolyte and water homeostasis in an organism. Although channel and transporter defects have long been known to perturb homeostasis, the contribution of individual tight junction proteins has been less clear. Over the past two decades, the regulation and dysregulation of claudins have been intensively studied in the gastrointestinal tract. Claudin expression patterns have, for instance, been found to be affected in infection and inflammation, or in cancer. In the kidney, a deeper understanding of the causes as well as the effects of claudin expression alterations is only just emerging. Little is known about hormonal control of the paracellular pathway along the nephron, effects of cytokines on renal claudin expression or relevance of changes in paracellular permeability to the outcome in any of the major kidney diseases. By summarizing current findings on the role of specific claudins in maintaining electrolyte and water homeostasis, this Review aims to stimulate investigations on claudins as prognostic markers or as druggable targets in kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Meoli
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorothee Günzel
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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17
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Nyimanu D, Behm C, Choudhury S, Yu ASL. The role of claudin-2 in kidney function and dysfunction. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:1437-1445. [PMID: 37387353 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Claudin-2 is a tight junction protein expressed in leaky epithelia where it forms paracellular pores permeable to cations and water. The paracellular pore formed by claudin-2 is important in energy-efficient cation and water transport in the proximal tubules of the kidneys. Mounting evidence now suggests that claudin-2 may modulate cellular processes often altered in disease, including cellular proliferation. Also, dysregulation of claudin-2 expression has been linked to various diseases, including kidney stone disease and renal cell carcinoma. However, the mechanisms linking altered claudin-2 expression and function to disease are poorly understood and require further investigation. The aim of this review is to discuss the current understanding of the role of claudin-2 in kidney function and dysfunction. We provide a general overview of the claudins and their organization in the tight junction, the expression, and function of claudin-2 in the kidney, and the evolving evidence for its role in kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duuamene Nyimanu
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, U.S.A
| | - Christine Behm
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, U.S.A
| | - Sonali Choudhury
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, U.S.A
| | - Alan S L Yu
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, U.S.A
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18
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Mineiro R, Albuquerque T, Neves AR, Santos CRA, Costa D, Quintela T. The Role of Biological Rhythms in New Drug Formulations to Cross the Brain Barriers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12541. [PMID: 37628722 PMCID: PMC10454916 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
For brain protection, the blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier limit the traffic of molecules between blood and brain tissue and between blood and cerebrospinal fluid, respectively. Besides their protective function, brain barriers also limit the passage of therapeutic drugs to the brain, which constitutes a great challenge for the development of therapeutic strategies for brain disorders. This problem has led to the emergence of novel strategies to treat neurological disorders, like the development of nanoformulations to deliver therapeutic agents to the brain. Recently, functional molecular clocks have been identified in the blood-brain barrier and in the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. In fact, circadian rhythms in physiological functions related to drug disposition were also described in brain barriers. This opens the possibility for chronobiological approaches that aim to use time to improve drug efficacy and safety. The conjugation of nanoformulations with chronobiology for neurological disorders is still unexplored. Facing this, here, we reviewed the circadian rhythms in brain barriers, the nanoformulations studied to deliver drugs to the brain, and the nanoformulations with the potential to be conjugated with a chronobiological approach to therapeutic strategies for the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Mineiro
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tânia Albuquerque
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana Raquel Neves
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Cecília R. A. Santos
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Diana Costa
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Telma Quintela
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- UDI-IPG—Unidade de Investigação para o Desenvolvimento do Interior, Instituto Politécnico da Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
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19
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Maupérin M, Sassi A, Méan I, Feraille E, Citi S. Knock Out of CGN and CGNL1 in MDCK Cells Affects Claudin-2 but Has a Minor Impact on Tight Junction Barrier Function. Cells 2023; 12:2004. [PMID: 37566083 PMCID: PMC10417749 DOI: 10.3390/cells12152004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cingulin (CGN) and paracingulin (CGNL1) are cytoplasmic proteins of tight junctions (TJs), where they play a role in tethering ZO-1 to the actomyosin and microtubule cytoskeletons. The role of CGN and CGNL1 in the barrier function of epithelia is not completely understood. Here, we analyzed the effect of the knock out (KO) of either CGN or CGNL1 or both on the paracellular permeability of monolayers of kidney epithelial (MDCK) cells. KO cells displayed a modest but significant increase in the transepithelial resistance (TER) of monolayers both in the steady state and during junction assembly by the calcium switch, whereas the permeability of the monolayers to 3 kDa dextran was not affected. The permeability to sodium was slightly but significantly decreased in KO cells. This phenotype correlated with slightly increased mRNA levels of claudin-2, slightly decreased protein levels of claudin-2, and reduced junctional accumulation of claudin-2, which was rescued by CGN or CGNL1 but not by ZO-1 overexpression. These results confirm previous observations indicating that CGN and CGNL1 are dispensable for the barrier function of epithelia and suggest that the increase in the TER in clonal lines of MDCK cells KO for CGN, CGNL1, or both is due to reduced protein expression and junctional accumulation of the sodium pore-forming claudin, claudin-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Maupérin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ali Sassi
- Department of Cellular and Metabolic Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Méan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Feraille
- Department of Cellular and Metabolic Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Citi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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20
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Lin C, He H, Kim JJ, Zheng X, Huang Z, Dai N. Osmotic pressure induces translocation of aquaporin-8 by P38 and JNK MAPK signaling pathways in patients with functional constipation. Dig Liver Dis 2023; 55:1049-1059. [PMID: 36792433 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2023.01.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aquaporins (AQPs) maintain fluid homeostasis in the colon. The role of colonic AQPs in the pathophysiology of functional constipation (FC) remains largely unknown. AIM To explore variations in aquaporins and investigate their underlying mechanisms. METHODS Colonic biopsies were collected from patients with FC and healthy controls. The expression and localization of AQPs were evaluated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence assays. Furthermore, osmotic pressure-induced cell model was used in vitro to investigate the potential relationship between AQP8 and osmotic pressure, and to reveal the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS Upregulation of AQP3 and AQP8, and downregulation of AQP1, AQP7, AQP9, AQP10, and AQP11 were observed in the patients with functional constipation. Furthermore, cellular translocation of AQP8 from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane was observed in patients with FC. Mechanistically, the increase in osmotic pressure could activate the Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, and subsequently promote the upregulation and translocation of AQP8. CONCLUSION Upregulation of AQP8 and AQP3, and translocation of AQP8 were observed in colon biopsies from patients with FC. The p38 and JNK MAPK signaling pathways are involved in the regulation of osmotic pressure-induced AQP8 variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhong Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huiqin He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - John J Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Xia Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhihui Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Ning Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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21
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Xiang J, Hua Y, Xi G, Keep RF. Mechanisms of cerebrospinal fluid and brain interstitial fluid production. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 183:106159. [PMID: 37209923 PMCID: PMC11071066 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluid homeostasis is fundamental for brain function with cerebral edema and hydrocephalus both being major neurological conditions. Fluid movement from blood into brain is one crucial element in cerebral fluid homeostasis. Traditionally it has been thought to occur primarily at the choroid plexus (CP) as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) secretion due to polarized distribution of ion transporters at the CP epithelium. However, there are currently controversies as to the importance of the CP in fluid secretion, just how fluid transport occurs at that epithelium versus other sites, as well as the direction of fluid flow in the cerebral ventricles. The purpose of this review is to evaluate evidence on the movement of fluid from blood to CSF at the CP and the cerebral vasculature and how this differs from other tissues, e.g., how ion transport at the blood-brain barrier as well as the CP may drive fluid flow. It also addresses recent promising data on two potential targets for modulating CP fluid secretion, the Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter, NKCC1, and the non-selective cation channel, transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4). Finally, it raises the issue that fluid secretion from blood is not constant, changing with disease and during the day. The apparent importance of NKCC1 phosphorylation and TRPV4 activity at the CP in determining fluid movement suggests that such secretion may also vary over short time frames. Such dynamic changes in CP (and potentially blood-brain barrier) function may contribute to some of the controversies over its role in brain fluid secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ya Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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22
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Kato S, Inomata H. Blastopore gating mechanism to regulate extracellular fluid excretion. iScience 2023; 26:106585. [PMID: 37192977 PMCID: PMC10182286 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluid uptake and efflux play roles in early embryogenesis as well as in adult homeostasis. Multicellular organisms have two main pathways for fluid movement: cellular-level, such as transcellular and paracellular pathways, and tissue-level, involving muscle contraction. Interestingly, early Xenopus embryos with immature functional muscles excrete archenteron fluid via a tissue-level mechanism that opens the blastopore through a gating mechanism that is unclear. Using microelectrodes, we show that the archenteron has a constant fluid pressure and as development progress the blastopore pressure resistance decreases. Combining physical perturbations and imaging analyses, we found that the pushing force exerted by the circumblastoporal collars (CBCs) at the slit periphery regulates pressure resistance. We show that apical constriction at the blastopore dorsoventral ends contributes to this pushing force, and relaxation of ventral constriction causes fluid excretion. These results indicate that actomyosin contraction mediates temporal control of tissue-level blastopore opening and fluid excretion in early Xenopus embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Kato
- Laboratory for Axial Pattern Dynamics, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Laboratory for Developmental Morphogeometry, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- Corresponding author
| | - Hidehiko Inomata
- Laboratory for Axial Pattern Dynamics, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- Corresponding author
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23
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Huang L, Liu B, Yu XW, Pan GQ, Xu JY, Yan D, Wang YL, Guo QN. Rat tight junction proteins are disrupted after subchronic exposure to okadaic acid. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:62201-62212. [PMID: 36940028 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26471-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA), a lipophilic phycotoxin distributed worldwide, causes diarrheic shellfish poisoning and even leads to tumor formation. Currently, the consumption of contaminated seafood is the most likely cause of chronic OA exposure, but there is a serious lack of relevant data. Here, the Sprague-Dawley rats were exposure to OA by oral administration at 100 µg/kg body weight, and the tissues were collected and analyzed to assess the effect of subchronic OA exposure. The results showed that subchronic OA administration disturbed colonic mucosal integrity and induced colitis. The colonic tight junction proteins were disrupted and the cell cycle of colonic epithelial cells was accelerated. It is inferred that disruption of the colonic tight junction proteins might be related to the development of chronic diarrhea by affecting water and ion transport. Moreover, the accelerated proliferation of colonic epithelial cells indicated that subchronic OA exposure might promote the restitution process of gut barrier or induce tumor promoter activity in rat colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Huang
- Department of Pathology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Pathology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Wen Yu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine to Prevent and Treat Autoimmune Diseases, Chongqing, 400021, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Qiang Pan
- Department of Pathology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Yi Xu
- Department of Pathology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Yan
- Department of Pathology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Li Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao-Nan Guo
- Department of Pathology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Horowitz A, Chanez-Paredes SD, Haest X, Turner JR. Paracellular permeability and tight junction regulation in gut health and disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023:10.1038/s41575-023-00766-3. [PMID: 37186118 PMCID: PMC10127193 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-023-00766-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial tight junctions define the paracellular permeability of the intestinal barrier. Molecules can cross the tight junctions via two distinct size-selective and charge-selective paracellular pathways: the pore pathway and the leak pathway. These can be distinguished by their selectivities and differential regulation by immune cells. However, permeability increases measured in most studies are secondary to epithelial damage, which allows non-selective flux via the unrestricted pathway. Restoration of increased unrestricted pathway permeability requires mucosal healing. By contrast, tight junction barrier loss can be reversed by targeted interventions. Specific approaches are needed to restore pore pathway or leak pathway permeability increases. Recent studies have used preclinical disease models to demonstrate the potential of pore pathway or leak pathway barrier restoration in disease. In this Review, we focus on the two paracellular flux pathways that are dependent on the tight junction. We discuss the latest evidence that highlights tight junction components, structures and regulatory mechanisms, their impact on gut health and disease, and opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arie Horowitz
- UNIROUEN, INSERM U1245, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Normandie University, Rouen, France
| | - Sandra D Chanez-Paredes
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xenia Haest
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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25
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Houillier P, Lievre L, Hureaux M, Prot-Bertoye C. Mechanisms of paracellular transport of magnesium in intestinal and renal epithelia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2023; 1521:14-31. [PMID: 36622354 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium is the fourth most abundant cation in the body. It plays a critical role in many biological processes, including the process of energy release. Paracellular transport of magnesium is mandatory for magnesium homeostasis. In addition to intestinal absorption that occurs in part across the paracellular pathway, magnesium is reabsorbed by the kidney tubule. The bulk of magnesium is reabsorbed through the paracellular pathway in the proximal tubule and the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. The finding that rare genetic diseases due to pathogenic variants in genes encoding specific claudins (CLDNs), proteins located at the tight junction that determine the selectivity and the permeability of the paracellular pathway, led to an awareness of their importance in magnesium homeostasis. Familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis is caused by a loss of function of CLDN16 or CLDN19. Pathogenic CLDN10 variants cause HELIX syndrome, which is associated with a severe renal loss of sodium chloride and hypermagnesemia. The present review summarizes the current knowledge of the mechanisms and factors involved in paracellular magnesium permeability. The review also highlights some of the unresolved questions that need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Houillier
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL 8228 - Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Physiologie, Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Héréditaires de l'Enfant et de l'Adulte (MARHEA), Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares du Calcium et du Phosphate, Paris, France
| | - Loïc Lievre
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL 8228 - Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Paris, France
| | - Marguerite Hureaux
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Héréditaires de l'Enfant et de l'Adulte (MARHEA), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, Paris, France
- Paris Centre de Recherche Cardio-vasculaire, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Prot-Bertoye
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL 8228 - Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Physiologie, Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Héréditaires de l'Enfant et de l'Adulte (MARHEA), Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares du Calcium et du Phosphate, Paris, France
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26
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Zhao X, Fan Y, Zhang W, Xiang M, Kang S, Wang S, Liu X. DhFIG_2, a gene of nematode-trapping fungus Dactylellina haptotyla that encodes a component of the low-affinity calcium uptake system, is required for conidiation and knob-trap formation. Fungal Genet Biol 2023; 166:103782. [PMID: 36849068 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Calcium ion (Ca2+) is a universal second messenger involved in regulating diverse processes in animals, plants, and fungi. The low-affinity calcium uptake system (LACS) participates in acquiring Ca2+ from extracellular environments under high extracellular Ca2+ concentration. Unlike most fungi, which encode only one protein (FIG1) for LACS, nematode-trapping fungi (NTF) encode two related proteins. AoFIG_2, the NTF-specific LACS component encoded by adhesive network-trap forming Arthrobotrys oligospora, was shown to be required for conidiation and trap formation. We characterized the role of DhFIG_2, an AoFIG_2 ortholog encoded by knob-trap forming Dactylellina haptotyla, in growth and development to expand our understanding of the role of LACS in NTF. Because repeated attempts to disrupt DhFIG_2 failed, knocking down the expression of DhFIG_2 via RNA interference (RNAi) was used to study its function. RNAi of DhFIG_2 significantly decreased its expression, severely reduced conidiation and trap formation, and affected vegetative growth and stress responses, suggesting that this component of LACS is crucial for trap formation and conidiation in NTF. Our study demonstrated the utility of RNAi assisted by ATMT for studying gene function in D. haptotyla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhou Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yani Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Meichun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Seogchan Kang
- Department of Plant Pathology & Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, PA 16802, USA
| | - Shunxian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Xingzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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27
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Karaki SI. A Technique of Measurement of Gastrointestinal Luminal Nutrient Sensing and These Absorptions: Ussing Chamber (Short-Circuit Current) Technique. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2023; 69:164-175. [PMID: 37394421 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.69.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a series of hollow organs that play roles in food digestion and nutrient absorption. To perform these functions, they should recognize the luminal environment and elicit adequate physiological responses, including digestive juice secretion, peristaltic movements, etc. The Ussing chamber technique is an electrophysiological method for measuring transepithelial ion transport and permeability as short-circuit current (Isc) and transepithelial electrical tissue conductance (Gt) or resistance (TEER), respectively, in vitro. This technique can be applied for the measurement of luminal nutrient sensing and absorption. This article introduces practical methods for measuring luminal nutrient sensing and absorption using intestinal mucosa specimens isolated from humans and experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichiro Karaki
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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28
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Günzel D. Is there a molecular basis for solvent drag in the renal proximal tubule? Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:277-281. [PMID: 36418493 PMCID: PMC9849172 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02773-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The concept of solvent drag, i.e., water and solutes sharing the same pore and their transport being frictionally coupled, was first proposed in the early 1950s. During the following decades, it was applied to transport processes across cell membranes as well as transport along the paracellular pathway. Water-driven solute transport was proposed as the major mechanism for electrolyte and nutrient absorption in the small intestine and for Cl- and HCO3- reabsorption in the renal proximal tubule. With the discovery of aquaporins as transcellular route for water transport and the claudin protein family as the major determinant of paracellular transport properties, new mechanistic insights in transepithelial water and solute transport are emerging and call for a reassessment of the solvent drag concept. Current knowledge does not provide a molecular basis for relevant solvent drag-driven, paracellular nutrient, and inorganic anion (re-)absorption. For inorganic cation transport, in contrast, solvent drag along claudin-2-formed paracellular channels appears feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Günzel
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany.
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29
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Claudin-10b cation channels in tight junction strands: Octameric-interlocked pore barrels constitute paracellular channels with low water permeability. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:1711-1727. [PMID: 36874155 PMCID: PMC9977872 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Claudin proteins constitute the backbone of tight junctions (TJs) regulating paracellular permeability for solutes and water. The molecular mechanism of claudin polymerization and paracellular channel formation is unclear. However, a joined double-rows architecture of claudin strands has been supported by experimental and modeling data. Here, we compared two variants of this architectural model for the related but functionally distinct cation channel-forming claudin-10b and claudin-15: tetrameric-locked-barrel vs octameric-interlocked-barrels model. Homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulations of double-membrane embedded dodecamers indicate that claudin-10b and claudin-15 share the same joined double-rows architecture of TJ-strands. For both, the results indicate octameric-interlocked-barrels: Sidewise unsealed tetrameric pore scaffolds interlocked with adjacent pores via the β1β2 loop of the extracellular segment (ECS) 1. This loop mediates hydrophobic clustering and, together with ECS2, cis- and trans-interaction between claudins of the adjacent tetrameric pore scaffolds. In addition, the β1β2 loop contributes to lining of the ion conduction pathway. The charge-distribution along the pore differs between claudin-10b and claudin-15 and is suggested to be a key determinant for the cation- and water permeabilities that differ between the two claudins. In the claudin-10b simulations, similar as for claudin-15, the conserved D56 in the pore center is the main cation interaction site. In contrast to claudin-15 channels, the claudin-10b-specific D36, K64 and E153 are suggested to cause jamming of cations that prevents efficient water passage. In sum, we provide novel mechanistic information about polymerization of classic claudins, formation of embedded channels and thus regulation of paracellular transport across epithelia.
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30
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A pore-forming protein drives macropinocytosis to facilitate toad water maintaining. Commun Biol 2022; 5:730. [PMID: 35869260 PMCID: PMC9307623 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03686-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining water balance is a real challenge for amphibians in terrestrial environments. Our previous studies with toad Bombina maxima discovered a pore-forming protein and trefoil factor complex βγ-CAT, which is assembled under tight regulation depending on environmental cues. Here we report an unexpected role for βγ-CAT in toad water maintaining. Deletion of toad skin secretions, in which βγ-CAT is a major component, increased animal mortality under hypertonic stress. βγ-CAT was constitutively expressed in toad osmoregulatory organs, which was inducible under the variation of osmotic conditions. The protein induced and participated in macropinocytosis in vivo and in vitro. During extracellular hyperosmosis, βγ-CAT stimulated macropinocytosis to facilitate water import and enhanced exosomes release, which simultaneously regulated aquaporins distribution. Collectively, these findings uncovered that besides membrane integrated aquaporin, a secretory pore-forming protein can facilitate toad water maintaining via macropinocytosis induction and exocytosis modulation, especially in responses to osmotic stress. In addition to membrane-integrated aquaporins, a novel secretory pore-forming protein, βγ-CAT, can facilitate toad water maintaining via macropinocytosis induction and exocytosis modulation, especially in responses to osmotic stress.
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31
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Du Z, Yan Q, Shen E, Weinstein AM, Wang T. Regulation of glomerulotubular balance. IV. Implication of aquaporin 1 in flow-dependent proximal tubule transport and cell volume. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 323:F642-F653. [PMID: 36108052 PMCID: PMC9705020 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00167.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The water channel aquaporin-1 (AQP1) is the principal water pathway for isotonic water reabsorption in the kidney proximal tubule (PT). We investigated flow-mediated fluid (Jv) and [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]) reabsorption in PTs of the mouse kidney by microperfusion in wild-type (WT) and AQP1 knockout (KO) mice. Experiments were simulated in an adaptation of a mathematical model of the rat PT. An increase in perfusion rate from 5 to 20 nL/min increased Jv and [Formula: see text] in PTs of WT mice. AQP1 KO mice significantly decreased Jv at low and high flow rates compared with control. In contrast, [Formula: see text] was not reduced at either low or high flow rates. Cell volume showed no significant difference between WT and AQP1 KO mice. Renal clearance experiments showed significantly higher urine flow in AQP1 KO mice, but there was no significant difference in either Na+ and K+ or [Formula: see text] excretion. Acid-base parameters of blood pH, Pco2, [Formula: see text], and urine pH were the same in both WT and KO mice. In model calculations, tubules whose tight junction (TJ) water permeability (Pf) was that assigned to the rat TJ, showed no difference in Jv between WT and KO, whereas TJ Pf set to 25% of the rat predicted Jv concordant with our observations from AQP1 KO. These results affirm the dominance of AQP1 in mediating isotonic water reabsorption by the mouse PT and demonstrate that flow-stimulated [Formula: see text] reabsorption is intact and independent of AQP1. With reference to the model, the findings also suggest that TJ water flux in the PT is less prominent in the mouse than in the rat kidney.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We found an absence of flow-dependent modulation of fluid absorption but no effect on either proximal tubule (PT) [Formula: see text] absorption or acid-base parameters in the aquaporin 1 (AQP1) knockout mouse. We affirmed the dominance of the water channel AQP1 in mediating isotonic water reabsorption by the mouse PT and demonstrated that flow-stimulated [Formula: see text] reabsorption is independent of AQP1. With reference to the model, the findings also suggest that tight junctional water flux in the PT is less prominent in the mouse than rat kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaopeng Du
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Qingshang Yan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Emma Shen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Alan M Weinstein
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
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32
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Alexander RT, Dimke H. Molecular mechanisms underlying paracellular calcium and magnesium reabsorption in the proximal tubule and thick ascending limb. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1518:69-83. [PMID: 36200584 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Calcium and magnesium are the most abundant divalent cations in the body. The plasma level is controlled by coordinated interaction between intestinal absorption, reabsorption in the kidney, and, for calcium at least, bone storage and exchange. The kidney adjusts urinary excretion of these ions in response to alterations in their systemic concentration. Free ionized and anion-complexed calcium and magnesium are filtered at the glomerulus. The majority (i.e., >85%) of filtered divalent cations are reabsorbed via paracellular pathways from the proximal tubule and thick ascending limb (TAL) of the loop of Henle. Interestingly, the largest fraction of filtered calcium is reabsorbed from the proximal tubule (65%), while the largest fraction of filtered magnesium is reclaimed from the TAL (60%). The paracellular pathways mediating these fluxes are composed of tight junctional pores formed by claudins. In the proximal tubule, claudin-2 and claudin-12 confer calcium permeability, while the exact identity of the magnesium pore remains to be determined. Claudin-16 and claudin-19 contribute to the calcium and magnesium permeable pathway in the TAL. In this review, we discuss the data supporting these conclusions and speculate as to why there is greater fractional calcium reabsorption from the proximal tubule and greater fractional magnesium reabsorption from the TAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Todd Alexander
- Departments of Physiology & Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Women's and Children's Health Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Henrik Dimke
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Demark.,Department of Nephrology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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33
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Jin Y, Gao XY, Zhao J, Tian WS, Zhang YL, Tian EJ, Zhou BH, Wang HW. Estrogen deficiency aggravates fluoride-induced small intestinal mucosa damage and junctional complexes proteins expression disorder in rats. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 246:114181. [PMID: 36252517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of estrogen deficiency on the small intestinal mucosal barrier induced by fluoride (F), F exposure models of ovariectomy (OVX) rats (surgically removed ovaries) and non-OVX rats (normal condition) were established by adding sodium fluoride (NaF) (0, 25, 50, and 100 mg/L, calculated by F ion) in drinking water for 90 days. The intestinal mucosal histomorphology, mucosal barrier function, and protein expression levels of tight junctions (TJs), adhesion junctions (AJs), and desmosomes were evaluated in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and 5-Bromo-2-deoxyUridine (BrdU) measurement showed that excessive F-induced damage to intestinal epithelial cells and inhibited the proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells, eventually decreasing the number of goblet cells and decreasing glycoprotein secretion, as indicated by Alcian blue and periodic acid-Schiff (AB-PAS) and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. Further immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that excessive F decreased the protein expression levels of occludin, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), E-cadherin, and desmoplakin (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) and enhanced the expression of claudin-2 (P < 0.01), suggesting that cell-to-cell junctions were disrupted. Collectively, F exposure impaired the small intestinal mucosal barrier by inducing damage to intestinal epithelial cells and inhibiting intestinal epithelial cell proliferation. Disorders in the junctional complex protein expression blocked the synergy between intercellular communication and aggravated mucosal injury. In particular, estrogen deficiency exacerbated F-induced enterotoxicity, which provides new explanations for the development and severity of intestinal disease in postmenopausal women with high-F areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Jin
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Ying Gao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei-Shun Tian
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Ling Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Er-Jie Tian
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bian-Hua Zhou
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Wei Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China.
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Defective claudin-10 causes a novel variation of HELIX syndrome through compromised tight junction strand assembly. Genes Dis 2022; 9:1301-1314. [PMID: 35873018 PMCID: PMC9293720 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of claudin-10 based tight junctions (TJs) is paramount to paracellular Na+ transport in multiple epithelia. Sequence variants in CLDN10 have been linked to HELIX syndrome, a salt-losing tubulopathy with altered handling of divalent cations accompanied by dysfunctional salivary, sweat, and lacrimal glands. Here, we investigate molecular basis and phenotypic consequences of a newly identified homozygous CLDN10 variant that translates into a single amino acid substitution within the fourth transmembrane helix of claudin-10. In addition to hypohidrosis (H), electrolyte (E) imbalance with impaired urine concentrating ability, and hypolacrimia (L), phenotypic findings include altered salivary electrolyte composition and amelogenesis imperfecta but neither ichthyosis (I) nor xerostomia (X). Employing cellular TJ reconstitution assays, we demonstrate perturbation of cis- and trans-interactions between mutant claudin-10 proteins. Ultrastructures of reconstituted TJ strands show disturbed continuity and reduced abundance in the mutant case. Throughout, both major isoforms, claudin-10a and claudin-10b, are differentially affected with claudin-10b showing more severe molecular alterations. However, expression of the mutant in renal epithelial cells with endogenous TJs results in wild-type-like ion selectivity and conductivity, indicating that aberrant claudin-10 is generally capable of forming functional paracellular channels. Thus, mutant proteins prove pathogenic by compromising claudin-10 TJ strand assembly. Additional ex vivo investigations indicate their insertion into TJs to occur in a tissue-specific manner.
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Farnesoid X receptor activation by the novel agonist TC-100 (3α, 7α, 11β-Trihydroxy-6α-ethyl-5β-cholan-24-oic Acid) preserves the intestinal barrier integrity and promotes intestinal microbial reshaping in a mouse model of obstructed bile acid flow. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113380. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Gonschior H, Schmied C, Van der Veen RE, Eichhorst J, Himmerkus N, Piontek J, Günzel D, Bleich M, Furuse M, Haucke V, Lehmann M. Nanoscale segregation of channel and barrier claudins enables paracellular ion flux. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4985. [PMID: 36008380 PMCID: PMC9411157 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32533-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The paracellular passage of ions and small molecules across epithelia is controlled by tight junctions, complex meshworks of claudin polymers that form tight seals between neighboring cells. How the nanoscale architecture of tight junction meshworks enables paracellular passage of specific ions or small molecules without compromising barrier function is unknown. Here we combine super-resolution stimulated emission depletion microscopy in live and fixed cells and tissues, multivariate classification of super-resolution images and fluorescence resonance energy transfer to reveal the nanoscale organization of tight junctions formed by mammalian claudins. We show that only a subset of claudins can assemble into characteristic homotypic meshworks, whereas tight junctions formed by multiple claudins display nanoscale organization principles of intermixing, integration, induction, segregation, and exclusion of strand assemblies. Interestingly, channel-forming claudins are spatially segregated from barrier-forming claudins via determinants mainly encoded in their extracellular domains also known to harbor mutations leading to human diseases. Electrophysiological analysis of claudins in epithelial cells suggests that nanoscale segregation of distinct channel-forming claudins enables barrier function combined with specific paracellular ion flux across tight junctions. Meshworks of claudin polymers control the paracellular transport and barrier properties of epithelial tight junctions. Here, the authors show different claudin nanoscale organization principles, finding that claudin segregation enables barrier formation and paracellular ion flux across tight junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Gonschior
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christopher Schmied
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Jenny Eichhorst
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina Himmerkus
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jörg Piontek
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorothee Günzel
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Bleich
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Mikio Furuse
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Volker Haucke
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125, Berlin, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Lehmann
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125, Berlin, Germany.
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Phenol-Rich Botanicals Modulate Oxidative Stress and Epithelial Integrity in Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172188. [PMID: 36077907 PMCID: PMC9454507 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Botanicals are mainly known for their role as antimicrobials and anti-inflammatories. Thus, the dual purpose of the study was to verify the antioxidant potential of the tested botanicals and to evaluate their possible modulation of intestinal barrier integrity. As the effects of various phenol-rich extracts were screened, the human Caco-2 cell line was determined to be most suitable for use as the in vitro model for the intestinal epithelium. The tested botanicals, all approved as feed additives, are ginger essential oil, tea tree oil, grape seed extract, green tea extract, olive extract, chestnut extract, pomegranate extract, thyme essential oil, and capsicum oleoresin. The cells were treated with incremental doses of each botanical, followed by measurements of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), gene expression of tight junctions (TJs), and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The results showed how different phenol-rich botanicals could modulate barrier functions and oxidative stress in different ways. Interestingly, all the botanicals tested exerted an antioxidant potential by dropping the cytoplasmatic ROS, while the beneficial effect was exerted at different concentrations for each botanical. Our data support the role of plant extracts and essential oils in controlling gut barrier function and in reducing the negative effects of oxidative stress in intestinal epithelial cells, thereby supporting gut barrier functionality.
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Quintanova C, Himmerkus N, Svendsen SL, von Schwerdtner O, Merkel C, Pinckert L, Mutig K, Breiderhoff T, Müller D, Günzel D, Bleich M. Unrecognized role of claudin-10b in basolateral membrane infoldings of the thick ascending limb. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1517:266-278. [PMID: 35996827 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Claudin-10b is an important component of the tight junction in the thick ascending limb (TAL) of Henle's loop and allows paracellular sodium transport. In immunofluorescence stainings, claudin-10b-positive cells exhibited extensive extra staining of basolateral, column-like structures. The precise localization and function have so far remained elusive. In isolated cortical TAL segments from C57BL/6J mice, kidney-specific claudin-10 knockout mice (cKO), and respective litter mates (WT), we investigated the localization and protein expression and function by fluorescence microscopy and electrophysiological measurements. Ultrastructural analysis of TAL in kidney sections was performed by electron microscopy. Claudin-10b colocalized with the basolateral Na+ -K+ ATPase and the Cl- channel subunit barttin, but the lack of claudin-10b did not influence the localization or abundance of these proteins. However, the accessibility of the basolateral infolded extracellular space to ouabain or fluorescein was increased by basolateral Ca2+ removal and in the absence of claudin-10b. Ultrastructural analysis by electron microscopy revealed a widening of basolateral membrane infoldings in cKO in comparison to WT. We hypothesize that claudin-10b shapes neighboring membrane invaginations by trans interaction to stabilize and facilitate high-flux salt transport in a water-tight epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina Himmerkus
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Samuel L Svendsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Physiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Cosima Merkel
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lennart Pinckert
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kerim Mutig
- Department of Anatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tilman Breiderhoff
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Nephrology, and Metabolic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik Müller
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Nephrology, and Metabolic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorothee Günzel
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Bleich
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
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Renal water transport in health and disease. Pflugers Arch 2022; 474:841-852. [PMID: 35678906 PMCID: PMC9338902 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02712-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Saving body water by optimal reabsorption of water filtered by the kidney leading to excretion of urine with concentrations of solutes largely above that of plasma allowed vertebrate species to leave the aquatic environment to live on solid ground. Filtered water is reabsorbed for 70% and 20% by proximal tubules and thin descending limbs of Henle, respectively. These two nephron segments express the water channel aquaporin-1 located along both apical and basolateral membranes. In the proximal tubule, the paracellular pathway accounts for at least 30% of water reabsorption, and the tight-junction core protein claudin-2 plays a key role in this permeability. The ascending limb of Henle and the distal convoluted tubule are impermeant to water and are responsible for urine dilution. The water balance is adjusted along the collecting system, i.e. connecting tubule and the collecting duct, under the control of arginine-vasopressin (AVP). AVP is synthesized by the hypothalamus and released in response to an increase in extracellular osmolality or stimulation of baroreceptors by decreased blood pressure. In response to AVP, aquaporin-2 water channels stored in subapical intracellular vesicles are translocated to the apical plasma membrane and raise the water permeability of the collecting system. The basolateral step of water reabsorption is mediated by aquaporin-3 and -4, which are constitutively expressed. Drugs targeting water transport include classical diuretics, which primarily inhibit sodium transport; the new class of SGLT2 inhibitors, which promotes osmotic diuresis and the non-peptidic antagonists of the V2 receptor, which are pure aquaretic drugs. Disturbed water balance includes diabetes insipidus and hyponatremias. Diabetes insipidus is characterized by polyuria and polydipsia. It is either related to a deficit in AVP secretion called central diabetes insipidus that can be treated by AVP analogs or to a peripheral defect in AVP response called nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Diabetes insipidus can be either of genetic origin or acquired. Hyponatremia is a common disorder most often related to free water excess relying on overstimulated or inappropriate AVP secretion. The assessment of blood volume is key for the diagnosis and treatment of hyponatremia, which can be classified as hypo-, eu-, or hypervolemic.
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Eguchi H, Kimura R, Matsunaga H, Matsunaga T, Yoshino Y, Endo S, Ikari A. Increase in Anticancer Drug-Induced Toxicity by Fisetin in Lung Adenocarcinoma A549 Spheroid Cells Mediated by the Reduction of Claudin-2 Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147536. [PMID: 35886884 PMCID: PMC9316057 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudin-2 (CLDN2), a component of tight junction, is involved in the reduction of anticancer drug-induced toxicity in spheroids of A549 cells derived from human lung adenocarcinoma. Fisetin, a dietary flavonoid, inhibits cancer cell growth, but its effect on chemosensitivity in spheroids is unknown. Here, we found that fisetin (20 μM) decreases the protein level of CLDN2 to 22.3%. Therefore, the expression mechanisms were investigated by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Spheroids were formed in round-bottom plates, and anticancer drug-induced toxicity was measured by ATP content. Fisetin decreased the phosphorylated-Akt level, and CLDN2 expression was decreased by a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, suggesting the inhibition of PI3K/Akt signal is involved in the reduction of CLDN2 expression. Hypoxia level, one of the hallmarks of tumor microenvironment, was reduced by fisetin. Although fisetin did not change hypoxia inducible factor-1α level, it decreased the protein level of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, a stress response factor, by 25.4% in the spheroids. The toxicity of doxorubicin (20 μM) was enhanced by fisetin from 62.8% to 40.9%, which was rescued by CLDN2 overexpression (51.7%). These results suggest that fisetin can enhance anticancer drug toxicity in A549 spheroids mediated by the reduction of CLDN2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Eguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan; (H.E.); (R.K.); (H.M.); (Y.Y.); (S.E.)
| | - Riho Kimura
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan; (H.E.); (R.K.); (H.M.); (Y.Y.); (S.E.)
| | - Haruka Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan; (H.E.); (R.K.); (H.M.); (Y.Y.); (S.E.)
| | - Toshiyuki Matsunaga
- Education Center of Green Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 502-8585, Japan;
| | - Yuta Yoshino
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan; (H.E.); (R.K.); (H.M.); (Y.Y.); (S.E.)
| | - Satoshi Endo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan; (H.E.); (R.K.); (H.M.); (Y.Y.); (S.E.)
| | - Akira Ikari
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan; (H.E.); (R.K.); (H.M.); (Y.Y.); (S.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +81-58-230-8124
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Weiß F, Holthaus D, Kraft M, Klotz C, Schneemann M, Schulzke JD, Krug SM. Human duodenal organoid-derived monolayers serve as a suitable barrier model for duodenal tissue. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1515:155-167. [PMID: 35666953 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Usually, duodenal barriers are investigated using intestinal cell lines like Caco-2, which in contrast to native tissue are limited in cell-type representation. Organoids can consist of all intestinal cell types and are supposed to better reflect the in vivo situation. Growing three-dimensionally, with the apical side facing the lumen, application of typical physiological techniques to analyze the barrier is difficult. Organoid-derived monolayers (ODMs) were developed to overcome this. After optimizing culturing conditions, ODMs were characterized and compared to Caco-2 and duodenal tissue. Tight junction composition and appearance were analyzed, and electrophysiological barrier properties, like paracellular and transcellular barrier function and macromolecule permeability, were evaluated. Furthermore, transcriptomic data were analyzed. ODMs had tight junction protein expression and paracellular barrier properties much more resembling the originating tissue than Caco-2. Transcellular barrier was similar between ODMs and native tissue but was increased in Caco-2. Transcriptomic data showed that Caco-2 expressed fewer solute carriers than ODMs and native tissue. In conclusion, while Caco-2 cells differ mostly in transcellular properties, ODMs reflect trans- and paracellular properties of the originating tissue. If cultured under optimized conditions, ODMs possess reproducible functionality, and the variety of different cell types makes them a suitable model for human tissue-specific investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Weiß
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CBF, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Holthaus
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit 16 Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Kraft
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit 16 Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Klotz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit 16 Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina Schneemann
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CBF, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg D Schulzke
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CBF, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne M Krug
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CBF, Berlin, Germany
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Ye Z, Zhu Y, Tang N, Zhao X, Jiang J, Ma J, Zhang H. α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist GTS-21 attenuates DSS-induced intestinal colitis by improving intestinal mucosal barrier function. Mol Med 2022; 28:59. [PMID: 35659178 PMCID: PMC9164421 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00485-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Cholinergic output, which could modulate innate immune responses through stimulation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR), might be a target to minimize tissue damage in autoimmune disease. GTS-21, a selective α7nAChR agonist, has previously demonstrated to inhibit synovium inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. In this study, we investigated the effect of GTS-21 on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model and its potential mechanism. Methods Male BABL/c mice (n = 32) were randomly divided into four groups: normal control group, DSS-induced colitis group, GTS-21 treatment with or without α7nAChR antagonist α-BGT treatment group. Disease activity index (DAI), histological activity index (HAI) and colonic macroscopic damage were evaluated. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)–dextran assay was applied to measure intestinal permeability. The expressions of tight junction (TJ) proteins and NF-κB associated proteins were detected by Western blot. Results GTS-21 could decrease DAI scores, HAI scores, intestinal permeability and reduce the intestinal bacterial translocation in DSS-induced colitis group, whereas α7nAChR antagonist α-BGT could impair this protective influence. The expressions of TJ proteins were increased with administration of GTS-21 both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, GTS-21 also inhibited the NF-қB activation in intestinal epithelial cells and colitis model, while α-BGT reversed the inhibitory effect. Conclusion The α7nAChR agonist GTS-21 attenuated DSS-induced colitis through increasing expressions of TJ proteins in colon tissues and improved intestinal barrier function, which might be due to modulating NF-қB activation in intestinal epithelial cells. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s10020-022-00485-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziping Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunjuan Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Ganyu District People's Hospital of Lianyungang City, Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Nana Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyue Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
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Hempel C, Rosenthal R, Fromm A, Krug SM, Fromm M, Günzel D, Piontek J. Tight junction channels claudin-10b and claudin-15: Functional mapping of pore-lining residues. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1515:129-142. [PMID: 35650657 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Although functional and structural models for paracellular channels formed by claudins have been reported, mechanisms regulating charge and size selectivity of these channels are unknown in detail. Here, claudin-15 and claudin-10b cation channels showing high-sequence similarity but differing channel properties were analyzed. Mutants of pore-lining residues were expressed in MDCK-C7 cells. In claudin-15, proposed ion interaction sites (D55 and E64) conserved between both claudins were neutralized. D55N and E64Q substitutions decreased ion permeabilities, and D55N/E64Q had partly additive effects. D55N increased cation dehydration capability and decreased pore diameter. Additionally, residues differing between claudin-15 and -10b close to pore center were analyzed. Claudin-10b-mimicking W63K affected neither assembly nor function of claudin-15 channels. In contrast, in claudin-10b, corresponding (claudin-15b-mimicking) K64W and K64M substitutions disturbed integration into tight junction and slightly altered relative permeabilities for differently sized monovalent cations. Removal of claudin-10b-specific negative charge (D36A substitution) was without effect. The data suggest that a common tetra-aspartate ring (D55/D56) in pore center of claudin-15/-10b channels directly attracts cations, while E64/D65 may be at least partly shielded by W63/K64. Charge at position W63/K64 affects assembly and properties for claudin-10b but not for claudin-15 channels. Our findings add to the mechanistic understanding of the determinants of paracellular cation permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Hempel
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medizinische Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Infektiologie und Rheumatologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rita Rosenthal
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medizinische Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Infektiologie und Rheumatologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Fromm
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medizinische Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Infektiologie und Rheumatologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne M Krug
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medizinische Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Infektiologie und Rheumatologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Fromm
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medizinische Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Infektiologie und Rheumatologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorothee Günzel
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medizinische Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Infektiologie und Rheumatologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Piontek
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medizinische Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Infektiologie und Rheumatologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Droessler L, Cornelius V, Boehm E, Stein L, Brunner N, Amasheh S. Barrier Perturbation in Porcine Peyer’s Patches by Tumor Necrosis Factor is Associated With a Dysregulation of Claudins. Front Physiol 2022; 13:889552. [PMID: 35707009 PMCID: PMC9189282 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.889552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) has been described as one of the main mediators of intestinal inflammatory diseases, affecting the composition of tight junction (TJ) proteins and leading to a disruption of the epithelial barrier. An intact intestinal barrier is mandatory, because the follicle-associated epithelium of Peyer’s patches represents the first defense line of the intestinal immune system and ensures a controlled uptake of antigens from the gut lumen. In the current study, we have analyzed the detailed effects of TNF on the follicle-associated epithelium of porcine Peyer’s patches by applying the Ussing chamber technique. Epithelial tissue specimens of Peyer’s patches and the surrounding villus epithelium were mounted into conventional Ussing chambers and incubated with TNF for 10 h. The transepithelial resistance, representing epithelial barrier function of the tissue, was recorded. A reduction of transepithelial resistance was detected after 8 h in Peyer’s patch tissue specimens, whereas the villus epithelium was not significantly affected by TNF. Subsequent molecular analysis of TJ protein expression revealed a marked decrease of claudin-1 and -4, and an increase of claudin-2. In neighboring villus epithelium, no significant changes in the expression of TJ proteins could be shown. A strong increase of TNF receptor-2 (TNFR-2) could also be detected in Peyer’s patches, in agreement with the major role of this receptor in Peyer’s patches. Our findings were in accordance with changes detected by confocal laser scanning immunofluorescence microscopy. The regulation of TNF effects via myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) was analyzed in blocking experiments. Our detailed analysis is the first to show that TNF affects the barrier function of the follicle-associated epithelium of porcine Peyer’s patches but has no effects on the villus epithelium. These findings reveal not only the basic differences of epithelial barrier function between the two structures, but also the significance of Peyer’s patches as a primary mucosal immune defense.
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Zhang S, Zhong R, Tang S, Han H, Chen L, Zhang H. Baicalin Alleviates Short-Term Lincomycin-Induced Intestinal and Liver Injury and Inflammation in Infant Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116072. [PMID: 35682750 PMCID: PMC9181170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The adverse effects of short-term megadose of antibiotics exposure on the gastrointestinal and liver tissue reactions in young children have been reported. Antibiotic-induced intestinal and liver reactions are usually unpredictable and present a poorly understood pathogenesis. It is, therefore, necessary to develop strategies for reducing the adverse effects of antibiotics. Studies on the harm and rescue measures of antibiotics from the perspective of the gut–liver system are lacking. Here, we demonstrate that lincomycin exposure reduced body weight, disrupted the composition of gut microbiota and intestinal morphology, triggered immune-mediated injury and inflammation, caused liver dysfunction, and affected lipid metabolism. However, baicalin administration attenuated the lincomycin-induced changes. Transcriptome analysis showed that baicalin improved immunity in mice, as evidenced by the decreased levels of intestinal inflammatory cytokines and expression of genes that regulate Th1, Th2, and Th17 cell differentiation, and inhibited mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis pathways. In addition, baicalin improved liver function by upregulating the expression of genes involved in bile acid secretion and lipid degradation, and downregulating genes involved in lipid synthesis in lincomycin-treated mice. Bile acids can regulate intestinal immunity and strengthen hepatoenteric circulation. In addition, baicalin also improved anti-inflammatory bacteria abundance (Blautia and Coprobacillus) and reduced pathogenic bacteria abundance (Proteobacteria, Klebsiella, and Citrobacter) in lincomycin-treated mice. Thus, baicalin can ameliorate antibiotic-induced injury and its associated complications such as liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Liang Chen
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (H.Z.); Tel.: +86-10-6281-8910 (L.C.); Fax: +86-10-6281-6013 (H.Z.)
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (H.Z.); Tel.: +86-10-6281-8910 (L.C.); Fax: +86-10-6281-6013 (H.Z.)
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Moonwiriyakit A, Pathomthongtaweechai N, Steinhagen PR, Chantawichitwong P, Satianrapapong W, Pongkorpsakol P. Tight junctions: from molecules to gastrointestinal diseases. Tissue Barriers 2022; 11:2077620. [PMID: 35621376 PMCID: PMC10161963 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2022.2077620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelium functions as a tissue barrier to prevent interaction between the internal compartment and the external milieu. Intestinal barrier function also determines epithelial polarity for the absorption of nutrients and the secretion of waste products. These vital functions require strong integrity of tight junction proteins. In fact, intestinal tight junctions that seal the paracellular space can restrict mucosal-to-serosal transport of hostile luminal contents. Tight junctions can form both an absolute barrier and a paracellular ion channel. Although defective tight junctions potentially lead to compromised intestinal barrier and the development and progression of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, no FDA-approved therapies that recover the epithelial tight junction barrier are currently available in clinical practice. Here, we discuss the impacts and regulatory mechanisms of tight junction disruption in the gut and related diseases. We also provide an overview of potential therapeutic targets to restore the epithelial tight junction barrier in the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aekkacha Moonwiriyakit
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan, Thailand
| | - Nutthapoom Pathomthongtaweechai
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan, Thailand
| | - Peter R Steinhagen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Pawin Pongkorpsakol
- Princess Srisavangavadhana College of Medicine, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
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Piossek F, Beneke S, Schlichenmaier N, Mucic G, Drewitz S, Dietrich DR. Physiological oxygen and co-culture with human fibroblasts facilitate in vivo-like properties in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 361:109959. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Metabolites and Biomarker Compounds of Neurodegenerative Diseases in Cerebrospinal Fluid. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12040343. [PMID: 35448530 PMCID: PMC9031591 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in diagnostic procedures for neurological disorders, it is still difficult to definitively diagnose some neurodegenerative diseases without neuropathological examination of autopsied brain tissue. As pathological processes in the brain are frequently reflected in the components of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), CSF samples are sometimes useful for diagnosis. After CSF is secreted from the choroid plexus epithelial cells in the ventricles, some flows in the brain, some is mixed with intracerebral interstitial fluid, and some is excreted through two major drainage pathways, i.e., the intravascular periarterial drainage pathway and the glymphatic system. Accordingly, substances produced by metabolic and pathological processes in the brain may be detectable in CSF. Many papers have reported changes in the concentration of substances in the CSF of patients with metabolic and neurological disorders, some of which can be useful biomarkers of the disorders. In this paper, we show the significance of glucose- and neurotransmitter-related CSF metabolites, considering their transporters in the choroid plexus; summarize the reported candidates of CSF biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases, including amyloid-β, tau, α-synuclein, microRNAs, and mitochondrial DNA; and evaluate their potential as efficient diagnostic tools.
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Vitamin D Receptor Influences Intestinal Barriers in Health and Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071129. [PMID: 35406694 PMCID: PMC8997406 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D receptor (VDR) executes most of the biological functions of vitamin D. Beyond this, VDR is a transcriptional factor regulating the expression levels of many target genes, such as genes for tight junction proteins claudin-2, -5, -12, and -15. In this review, we discuss the progress of research on VDR that influences intestinal barriers in health and disease. We searched PubMed and Google Scholar using key words vitamin D, VDR, tight junctions, cancer, inflammation, and infection. We summarize the literature and progress reports on VDR regulation of tight junction distribution, cellular functions, and mechanisms (directly or indirectly). We review the impacts of VDR on barriers in various diseases, e.g., colon cancer, infection, inflammatory bowel disease, and chronic inflammatory lung diseases. We also discuss the limits of current studies and future directions. Deeper understanding of the mechanisms by which the VDR signaling regulates intestinal barrier functions allow us to develop efficient and effective therapeutic strategies based on levels of tight junction proteins and vitamin D/VDR statuses for human diseases.
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MacAulay N, Keep RF, Zeuthen T. Cerebrospinal fluid production by the choroid plexus: a century of barrier research revisited. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:26. [PMID: 35317823 PMCID: PMC8941821 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00323-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) envelops the brain and fills the central ventricles. This fluid is continuously replenished by net fluid extraction from the vasculature by the secretory action of the choroid plexus epithelium residing in each of the four ventricles. We have known about these processes for more than a century, and yet the molecular mechanisms supporting this fluid secretion remain unresolved. The choroid plexus epithelium secretes its fluid in the absence of a trans-epithelial osmotic gradient, and, in addition, has an inherent ability to secrete CSF against an osmotic gradient. This paradoxical feature is shared with other 'leaky' epithelia. The assumptions underlying the classical standing gradient hypothesis await experimental support and appear to not suffice as an explanation of CSF secretion. Here, we suggest that the elusive local hyperosmotic compartment resides within the membrane transport proteins themselves. In this manner, the battery of plasma membrane transporters expressed in choroid plexus are proposed to sustain the choroidal CSF secretion independently of the prevailing bulk osmotic gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna MacAulay
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thomas Zeuthen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
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