1
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Zhuang W, Zhang W, Wang L, Xie L, Feng J, Zhang B, Hu Y. Generation of a Novel SORT1×HER2 Bispecific Antibody-Drug Conjugate Targeting HER2-Low-Expression Tumor. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16056. [PMID: 38003245 PMCID: PMC10671096 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is considered an ideal antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) target because the gene is overexpressed in many tumors compared to normal tissues. Multiple anti-HER2 ADCs conjugated with different toxic payloads bring benefits to patients with high HER2 expression. However, HER2-targeted ADC technology needs further optimization to improve its effect for the treatment of patients with low HER2 expression. We hypothesized that bispecific antibody-drug conjugate (bsADC) targeting HER2 and Sortilin-1 (SORT1) would overcome this limitation. SORT1 is a suitable target for pairing with HER2 to generate a bispecific antibody (BsAb) since the gene is co-expressed with HER2 in tumors and possesses rapid internalization. We developed a BsAb (bsSORT1×HER2) that exhibited strong binding and internalization activity on HER2-low-expression tumor cells and facilitated higher HER2 degradation. The bsSORT1×HER2 was further conjugated with DXd to generate a bsADC (bsSORT1×HER2-DXd) that showed strong cytotoxicity on HER2-low-expression tumor cells and antitumor efficacy in an MDA-MB-231 xenograft mice model. These results demonstrated that employment of a SORT1×HER2-targeted bsADC may be promising to improve the antitumor efficacy of HER2-targeted ADC for the treatment of tumors with low HER2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Zhuang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Liping Xie
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jun Feng
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Baohong Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Youjia Hu
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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2
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Sharma L, Sharma A, Kumar D, Asthana MK, Lalhlenmawia H, Kumar A, Bhattacharyya S, Kumar D. Promising protein biomarkers in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:1727-1744. [PMID: 35015199 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00847-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an insidious, multifactorial disease that involves the devastation of neurons leading to cognitive impairments. Alzheimer's have compounded pathologies of diverse nature, including proteins as one important factor along with mutated genes and enzymes. Although various review articles have proposed biomarkers, still, the statistical importance of proteins is missing. Proteins associated with AD include amyloid precursor protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein, calmodulin-like skin protein, hepatocyte growth factor, matrix Metalloproteinase-2. These proteins play a crucial role in the AD hypothesis which includes the tau hypothesis, amyloid-beta (Aβ) hypothesis, cholinergic neuron damage, etc. The present review highlights the role of major proteins and their physiological functions in the early diagnosis of AD. Altered protein expression results in cognitive impairment, synaptic dysfunction, neuronal degradation, and memory loss. On the medicinal ground, efforts of making anti-amyloid, anti-tau, anti-inflammatory treatments are on the peak, having these proteins as putative targets. Few proteins, e.g., Amyloid precursor protein results in the formation of non-soluble sticky Aβ40 and Aβ42 monomers that, over time, aggregate into plaques in the cortical and limbic brain areas and neurogranin is believed to regulate calcium-mediated signaling pathways and thus modulating synaptic plasticity are few putative and potential forthcoming targets for developing effective anti-AD therapies. These proteins may help to diagnose the disease early, bode well for the successful discovery and development of therapeutic and preventative regimens for this devasting public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, 173229, India
| | - Aditi Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, 173229, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, 173229, India
| | - Manish Kumar Asthana
- Department of Humanities & Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - H Lalhlenmawia
- Department of Pharmacy, Regional Institute of Paramedical and Nursing Sciences, Zemabawk, Aizawl, 796017, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, 176061, India
| | - Sanjib Bhattacharyya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Traditional Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, 173 229, India.
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3
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Roberts BS, Yang CQ, Neher SB. Characterization of lipoprotein lipase storage vesicles in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:jcs258734. [PMID: 34382637 PMCID: PMC8403984 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a secreted triglyceride lipase involved in the clearance of very-low-density lipoproteins and chylomicrons from circulation. LPL is expressed primarily in adipose and muscle tissues and transported to the capillary lumen. LPL secretion is regulated by insulin in adipose tissue; however, few studies have examined the regulatory and trafficking steps involved in secretion. Here, we describe the intracellular localization and insulin-dependent trafficking of LPL in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We compared LPL trafficking to the better characterized trafficking pathways taken by leptin and GLUT4 (also known as SLC2A4). We show that the LPL trafficking pathway shares some characteristics of these other pathways, but that LPL subcellular localization and trafficking are distinct from those of GLUT4 and leptin. LPL secretion occurs slowly in response to insulin and rapidly in response to the Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin. This regulated trafficking is dependent on Golgi protein kinase D and the ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase ARF1. Together, these data give support to a new trafficking pathway for soluble cargo that is active in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saskia B. Neher
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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4
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Binkle L, Klein M, Borgmeyer U, Kuhl D, Hermey G. The adaptor protein PICK1 targets the sorting receptor SorLA. Mol Brain 2022; 15:18. [PMID: 35183222 PMCID: PMC8858569 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-022-00903-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
SorLA is a member of the Vps10p-domain (Vps10p-D) receptor family of type-I transmembrane proteins conveying neuronal endosomal sorting. The extracellular/luminal moiety of SorLA has a unique mosaic domain composition and interacts with a large number of different and partially unrelated ligands, including the amyloid precursor protein as well as amyloid-β. Several studies support a strong association of SorLA with sporadic and familial forms of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Although SorLA seems to be an important factor in AD, the large number of different ligands suggests a role as a neuronal multifunctional receptor with additional intracellular sorting capacities. Therefore, understanding the determinants of SorLA’s subcellular targeting might be pertinent for understanding neuronal endosomal sorting mechanisms in general. A number of cytosolic adaptor proteins have already been demonstrated to determine intracellular trafficking of SorLA. Most of these adaptors and several ligands of the extracellular/luminal moiety are shared with the Vps10p-D receptor Sortilin. Although SorLA and Sortilin show both a predominant intracellular and endosomal localization, they are targeted to different endosomal compartments. Thus, independent adaptor proteins may convey their differential endosomal targeting. Here, we hypothesized that Sortilin and SorLA interact with the cytosolic adaptors PSD95 and PICK1 which have been shown to bind the Vps10p-D receptor SorCS3. We observed only an interaction for SorLA and PICK1 in mammalian-two-hybrid, pull-down and cellular recruitment experiments. We demonstrate by mutational analysis that the C-terminal minimal PDZ domain binding motif VIA of SorLA mediates the interaction. Moreover, we show co-localization of SorLA and PICK1 at vesicular structures in primary neurons. Although the physiological role of the interaction between PICK1 and SorLA remains unsolved, our study suggests that PICK1 partakes in regulating SorLA’s intracellular itinerary.
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5
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Aass KR, Mjelle R, Kastnes MH, Tryggestad SS, van den Brink LM, Aass Roseth I, Westhrin M, Zahoor M, Moen SH, Vikene Nedal TM, Buene G, Misund K, Sponaas AM, Ma Q, Sundan A, Groen RW, Slørdahl TS, Waage A, Standal T. Intracellular IL-32 regulates mitochondrial metabolism, proliferation, and differentiation of malignant plasma cells. iScience 2022; 25:103605. [PMID: 35005550 PMCID: PMC8717606 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-32 (IL-32) is a nonclassical cytokine expressed in cancers, inflammatory diseases, and infections. Its expression is regulated by two different oxygen sensing systems; HIF1α and cysteamine dioxygenase (ADO), indicating that IL-32 may be involved in the response to hypoxia. We here demonstrate that endogenously expressed, intracellular IL-32 interacts with components of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and promotes oxidative phosphorylation. Knocking out IL-32 in three myeloma cell lines reduced cell survival and proliferation in vitro and in vivo. High-throughput transcriptomic and MS-metabolomic profiling of IL-32 KO cells revealed that cells depleted of IL-32 had perturbations in metabolic pathways, with accumulation of lipids, pyruvate precursors, and citrate. IL-32 was expressed in a subgroup of myeloma patients with inferior survival, and primary myeloma cells expressing IL-32 had a gene signature associated with immaturity, proliferation, and oxidative phosphorylation. In conclusion, we demonstrate a previously unrecognized role of IL-32 in the regulation of plasma cell metabolism. Intracellular IL-32 is an endogenous growth factor for malignant plasma cells IL-32 interacts with components of the electron transport chain IL-32 promotes oxidative phosphorylation IL-32 is expressed by immature, CD45 + highly proliferating malignant plasma cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Roseth Aass
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Robin Mjelle
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Martin H Kastnes
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Synne S Tryggestad
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Luca M van den Brink
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Ingrid Aass Roseth
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Marita Westhrin
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Muhammad Zahoor
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo 0372, Norway
| | - Siv H Moen
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Tonje M Vikene Nedal
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Glenn Buene
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Kristine Misund
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Anne-Marit Sponaas
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Qianli Ma
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Anders Sundan
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Richard Wj Groen
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081, the Netherlands
| | - Tobias S Slørdahl
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway.,Department of Hematology, St.Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Anders Waage
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway.,Department of Hematology, St.Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Therese Standal
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway.,Department of Hematology, St.Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim 7491, Norway
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6
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Kristensen KK, Leth-Espensen KZ, Kumari A, Grønnemose AL, Lund-Winther AM, Young SG, Ploug M. GPIHBP1 and ANGPTL4 Utilize Protein Disorder to Orchestrate Order in Plasma Triglyceride Metabolism and Regulate Compartmentalization of LPL Activity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:702508. [PMID: 34336854 PMCID: PMC8319833 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.702508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravascular processing of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) is crucial for delivery of dietary lipids fueling energy metabolism in heart and skeletal muscle and for storage in white adipose tissue. During the last decade, mechanisms underlying focal lipolytic processing of TRLs along the luminal surface of capillaries have been clarified by fresh insights into the functions of lipoprotein lipase (LPL); LPL's dedicated transporter protein, glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high density lipoprotein-binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1); and its endogenous inhibitors, angiopoietin-like (ANGPTL) proteins 3, 4, and 8. Key discoveries in LPL biology include solving the crystal structure of LPL, showing LPL is catalytically active as a monomer rather than as a homodimer, and that the borderline stability of LPL's hydrolase domain is crucial for the regulation of LPL activity. Another key discovery was understanding how ANGPTL4 regulates LPL activity. The binding of ANGPTL4 to LPL sequences adjacent to the catalytic cavity triggers cooperative and sequential unfolding of LPL's hydrolase domain resulting in irreversible collapse of the catalytic cavity and loss of LPL activity. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of the ANGPTL3-ANGPTL8 complex for endocrine regulation of LPL activity in oxidative organs (e.g., heart, skeletal muscle, brown adipose tissue), but the molecular mechanisms have not been fully defined. New insights have also been gained into LPL-GPIHBP1 interactions and how GPIHBP1 moves LPL to its site of action in the capillary lumen. GPIHBP1 is an atypical member of the LU (Ly6/uPAR) domain protein superfamily, containing an intrinsically disordered and highly acidic N-terminal extension and a disulfide bond-rich three-fingered LU domain. Both the disordered acidic domain and the folded LU domain are crucial for the stability and transport of LPL, and for modulating its susceptibility to ANGPTL4-mediated unfolding. This review focuses on recent advances in the biology and biochemistry of crucial proteins for intravascular lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Kølby Kristensen
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine Zinck Leth-Espensen
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anni Kumari
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Louise Grønnemose
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Lund-Winther
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephen G Young
- Departments of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Michael Ploug
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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7
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Hung C, Tuck E, Stubbs V, van der Lee SJ, Aalfs C, van Spaendonk R, Scheltens P, Hardy J, Holstege H, Livesey FJ. SORL1 deficiency in human excitatory neurons causes APP-dependent defects in the endolysosome-autophagy network. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109259. [PMID: 34133918 PMCID: PMC8220253 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the endolysosomal-autophagy network is emerging as an important pathogenic process in Alzheimer's disease. Mutations in the sorting receptor-encoding gene SORL1 cause autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease, and SORL1 variants increase risk for late-onset AD. To understand the contribution of SORL1 mutations to AD pathogenesis, we analyze the effects of a SORL1 truncating mutation on SORL1 protein levels and endolysosome function in human neurons. We find that truncating mutation results in SORL1 haploinsufficiency and enlarged endosomes in human neurons. Analysis of isogenic SORL1 wild-type, heterozygous, and homozygous null neurons demonstrates that, whereas SORL1 haploinsufficiency results in endosome dysfunction, complete loss of SORL1 leads to additional defects in lysosome function and autophagy. Neuronal endolysosomal dysfunction caused by loss of SORL1 is relieved by extracellular antisense oligonucleotide-mediated reduction of APP protein, demonstrating that PSEN1, APP, and SORL1 act in a common pathway regulating the endolysosome system, which becomes dysfunctional in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy Hung
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, 20 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - Eleanor Tuck
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, 20 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - Victoria Stubbs
- Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Sven J van der Lee
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Cora Aalfs
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John Hardy
- UK Dementia Research Institute and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and UCL Movement Disorders Centre, University College London, London, UK; Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Henne Holstege
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Frederick J Livesey
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, 20 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1DZ, UK.
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8
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Abasht B, Papah MB, Qiu J. Evidence of vascular endothelial dysfunction in Wooden Breast disorder in chickens: Insights through gene expression analysis, ultra-structural evaluation and supervised machine learning methods. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0243983. [PMID: 33395447 PMCID: PMC7781381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Several gene expression studies have been previously conducted to characterize molecular basis of Wooden Breast myopathy in commercial broiler chickens. These studies have generally used a limited sample size and relied on a binary disease outcome (unaffected or affected by Wooden Breast), which are appropriate for an initial investigation. However, to identify biomarkers of disease severity and development, it is necessary to use a large number of samples with a varying degree of disease severity. Therefore, in this study, we assayed a relatively large number of samples (n = 96) harvested from the pectoralis major muscle of unaffected (U), partially affected (P) and markedly affected (A) chickens. Gene expression analysis was conducted using the nCounter MAX Analysis System and data were analyzed using four different supervised machine-learning methods, including support vector machines (SVM), random forests (RF), elastic net logistic regression (ENET) and Lasso logistic regression (LASSO). The SVM method achieved the highest prediction accuracy for both three-class (U, P and A) and two-class (U and P+A) classifications with 94% prediction accuracy for two-class classification and 85% for three-class classification. The results also identified biomarkers of Wooden Breast severity and development. Additionally, gene expression analysis and ultrastructural evaluations provided evidence of vascular endothelial cell dysfunction in the early pathogenesis of Wooden Breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Abasht
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
| | - Michael B. Papah
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
| | - Jing Qiu
- Department of Applied Economics and Statistics, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
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9
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Wu SA, Kersten S, Qi L. Lipoprotein Lipase and Its Regulators: An Unfolding Story. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:48-61. [PMID: 33277156 PMCID: PMC8627828 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is one of the most important factors in systemic lipid partitioning and metabolism. It mediates intravascular hydrolysis of triglycerides packed in lipoproteins such as chylomicrons and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). Since its initial discovery in the 1940s, its biology and pathophysiological significance have been well characterized. Nonetheless, several studies in the past decade, with recent delineation of LPL crystal structure and the discovery of several new regulators such as angiopoietin-like proteins (ANGPTLs), glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high-density lipoprotein-binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1), lipase maturation factor 1 (LMF1) and Sel-1 suppressor of Lin-12-like 1 (SEL1L), have completely transformed our understanding of LPL biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangcheng Alivia Wu
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI48105, USA.
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition Metabolism and Genomics group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ling Qi
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI48105, USA; Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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10
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D. Bruce K, Tang M, Reigan P, H. Eckel R. Genetic Variants of Lipoprotein Lipase and Regulatory Factors Associated with Alzheimer's Disease Risk. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218338. [PMID: 33172164 PMCID: PMC7664401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a key enzyme in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. The canonical role of LPL involves the hydrolysis of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins for the provision of FFAs to metabolic tissues. However, LPL may also contribute to lipoprotein uptake by acting as a molecular bridge between lipoproteins and cell surface receptors. Recent studies have shown that LPL is abundantly expressed in the brain and predominantly expressed in the macrophages and microglia of the human and murine brain. Moreover, recent findings suggest that LPL plays a direct role in microglial function, metabolism, and phagocytosis of extracellular factors such as amyloid- beta (Aβ). Although the precise function of LPL in the brain remains to be determined, several studies have implicated LPL variants in Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. For example, while mutations shown to have a deleterious effect on LPL function and expression (e.g., N291S, HindIII, and PvuII) have been associated with increased AD risk, a mutation associated with increased bridging function (S447X) may be protective against AD. Recent studies have also shown that genetic variants in endogenous LPL activators (ApoC-II) and inhibitors (ApoC-III) can increase and decrease AD risk, respectively, consistent with the notion that LPL may play a protective role in AD pathogenesis. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of LPL structure and function, which largely point to a protective role of functional LPL in AD neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley D. Bruce
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (M.T.); (R.H.E.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Maoping Tang
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (M.T.); (R.H.E.)
| | - Philip Reigan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Robert H. Eckel
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (M.T.); (R.H.E.)
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11
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Knupp A, Mishra S, Martinez R, Braggin JE, Szabo M, Kinoshita C, Hailey DW, Small SA, Jayadev S, Young JE. Depletion of the AD Risk Gene SORL1 Selectively Impairs Neuronal Endosomal Traffic Independent of Amyloidogenic APP Processing. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107719. [PMID: 32492427 PMCID: PMC7409533 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
SORL1/SORLA is a sorting receptor involved in retromer-related endosomal traffic and an Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk gene. Using CRISPR-Cas9, we deplete SORL1 in hiPSCs to ask if loss of SORL1 contributes to AD pathogenesis by endosome dysfunction. SORL1-deficient hiPSC neurons show early endosome enlargement, a hallmark cytopathology of AD. There is no effect of SORL1 depletion on endosome size in hiPSC microglia, suggesting a selective effect on neuronal endosomal trafficking. We validate defects in neuronal endosomal traffic by showing altered localization of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in early endosomes, a site of APP cleavage by the β-secretase (BACE). Inhibition of BACE does not rescue endosome enlargement in SORL1-deficient neurons, suggesting that this phenotype is independent of amyloidogenic APP processing. Our data, together with recent findings, underscore how sporadic AD pathways regulating endosomal trafficking and autosomal-dominant AD pathways regulating APP cleavage independently converge on the defining cytopathology of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Knupp
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Swati Mishra
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Refugio Martinez
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Marcell Szabo
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Chizuru Kinoshita
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Dale W Hailey
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Scott A Small
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jessica E Young
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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12
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The structure of helical lipoprotein lipase reveals an unexpected twist in lipase storage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:10254-10264. [PMID: 32332168 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1916555117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipases are enzymes necessary for the proper distribution and utilization of lipids in the human body. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is active in capillaries, where it plays a crucial role in preventing dyslipidemia by hydrolyzing triglycerides from packaged lipoproteins. Thirty years ago, the existence of a condensed and inactive LPL oligomer was proposed. Although recent work has shed light on the structure of the LPL monomer, the inactive oligomer remained opaque. Here we present a cryo-EM reconstruction of a helical LPL oligomer at 3.8-Å resolution. Helix formation is concentration-dependent, and helices are composed of inactive dihedral LPL dimers. Heparin binding stabilizes LPL helices, and the presence of substrate triggers helix disassembly. Superresolution fluorescent microscopy of endogenous LPL revealed that LPL adopts a filament-like distribution in vesicles. Mutation of one of the helical LPL interaction interfaces causes loss of the filament-like distribution. Taken together, this suggests that LPL is condensed into its inactive helical form for storage in intracellular vesicles.
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13
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Pietilä M, Sahgal P, Peuhu E, Jäntti NZ, Paatero I, Närvä E, Al-Akhrass H, Lilja J, Georgiadou M, Andersen OM, Padzik A, Sihto H, Joensuu H, Blomqvist M, Saarinen I, Boström PJ, Taimen P, Ivaska J. SORLA regulates endosomal trafficking and oncogenic fitness of HER2. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2340. [PMID: 31138794 PMCID: PMC6538630 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10275-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is an oncogene targeted by several kinase inhibitors and therapeutic antibodies. While the endosomal trafficking of many other receptor tyrosine kinases is known to regulate their oncogenic signalling, the prevailing view on HER2 is that this receptor is predominantly retained on the cell surface. Here, we find that sortilin-related receptor 1 (SORLA; SORL1) co-precipitates with HER2 in cancer cells and regulates HER2 subcellular distribution by promoting recycling of the endosomal receptor back to the plasma membrane. SORLA protein levels in cancer cell lines and bladder cancers correlates with HER2 levels. Depletion of SORLA triggers HER2 targeting to late endosomal/lysosomal compartments and impairs HER2-driven signalling and in vivo tumour growth. SORLA silencing also disrupts normal lysosome function and sensitizes anti-HER2 therapy sensitive and resistant cancer cells to lysosome-targeting cationic amphiphilic drugs. These findings reveal potentially important SORLA-dependent endosomal trafficking-linked vulnerabilities in HER2-driven cancers. The EGF receptor HER2 is an oncogene protein thought to reside at the plasma membrane, but its endosomal trafficking is currently unclear. Here, the authors report that HER2 is endocytosed and that sortillin-related receptor 1 (SORLA) promotes endosomal HER2 recycling and HER2 oncogenic signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Pietilä
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Pranshu Sahgal
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Emilia Peuhu
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Niklas Z Jäntti
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Ilkka Paatero
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Elisa Närvä
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Hussein Al-Akhrass
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Lilja
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Maria Georgiadou
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Olav M Andersen
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience Nordic-EMBL Partnership (DANDRITE), Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 3, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Artur Padzik
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Harri Sihto
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Translational Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital, FI-00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Joensuu
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Translational Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital, FI-00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matias Blomqvist
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku and Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Irena Saarinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku and Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Peter J Boström
- Department of Urology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Pekka Taimen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku and Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland. .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20520, Turku, Finland.
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14
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HSPA12A targets the cytoplasmic domain and affects the trafficking of the Amyloid Precursor Protein receptor SorLA. Sci Rep 2019; 9:611. [PMID: 30679749 PMCID: PMC6345817 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37336-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
SorLA and Sortilin are multifunctional receptors involved in endocytosis and intracellular sorting of different and unrelated ligands. SorLA has recently attracted much attention as a novel strong risk gene for Alzheimer’s disease, and much effort is currently being put into understanding the underlying molecular mechanism. Trafficking of SorLA and Sortilin are mediated by interacting with AP-1, AP-2, GGA 1-3 and the retromer complex. Although these cytosolic adaptor proteins all bind to both SorLA and Sortilin, a large fraction of intracellular Sortilin and SorLA are located in different subcellular vesicles. This indicates that unknown specialised adaptor proteins targeting SorLA for trafficking are yet to be discovered. We have identified HSPA12A as a new adaptor protein that, among Vps10p-D receptors, selectively binds to SorLA in an ADP/ATP dependent manner. This is the first described substrate of HSPA12A, and we demonstrate that the binding, which affects both endocytic speed and subcellular localisation of SorLA, is mediated by specific acidic residues in the cytosolic domain of SorLA. The identification of the relatively unknown HSPA12A as a SorLA specific interaction partner could lead to novel insight into the molecular mechanism of SorLA, and re-emphasises the role of heat shock proteins in neurodegenerative diseases.
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15
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Talbot H, Saada S, Naves T, Gallet PF, Fauchais AL, Jauberteau MO. Regulatory Roles of Sortilin and SorLA in Immune-Related Processes. Front Pharmacol 2019; 9:1507. [PMID: 30666202 PMCID: PMC6330335 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sortilin, also known as Neurotensin Receptor-3, and the sorting-related receptor with type-A repeats (SorLA) are both members of the Vps10p domain receptor family. Initially identified in CNS cells, they are expressed in various other cell types where they exert multiple functions. Although mostly studied for its involvement in Alzheimer’s disease, SorLA has recently been shown to be implicated in immune response by regulating IL-6-mediated signaling, as well as driving monocyte migration. Sortilin has been shown to act as a receptor, as a co-receptor and as an intra- and extracellular trafficking regulator. In the last two decades, deregulation of sortilin has been demonstrated to be involved in many human pathophysiologies, including neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases), type 2 diabetes and obesity, cancer, and cardiovascular pathologies such as atherosclerosis. Several studies highlighted different functions of sortilin in the immune system, notably in microglia, pro-inflammatory cytokine regulation, phagosome fusion and pathogen clearance. In this review, we will analyze the multiple roles of sortilin and SorLA in the human immune system and how their deregulation may be involved in disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Talbot
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Sofiane Saada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Thomas Naves
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | | | - Anne-Laure Fauchais
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Limoges, Limoges, France.,Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Limoges Dupuytren Hospital, Limoges, France
| | - Marie-Odile Jauberteau
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Limoges, Limoges, France.,Department of Immunology, University Hospital Limoges Dupuytren Hospital, Limoges, France
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Sui GG, Xiao HB, Lu XY, Sun ZL. Naringin Activates AMPK Resulting in Altered Expression of SREBPs, PCSK9, and LDLR To Reduce Body Weight in Obese C57BL/6J Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:8983-8990. [PMID: 30092639 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous investigations have shown molecular cross-talk among activated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs), and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and that it may be an innovative pharmacologic objective for treating obesity. We scrutinized the beneficial effect of naringin, a flavanone-7- O-glycoside, on obesity and the mechanisms in the present study. We arbitrarily divided 50 mice into five groups ( n = 10): 25 or 50 or 100 mg/kg/day naringin-treated obese mice (gavage for 8 weeks), untreated obese mice, and C57BL/6J control. After 8 weeks, body weight was 51.8 ± 4.4 in the untreated obese mice group, while the weights were 41.4 ± 4.1, 34.6 ± 2.2, and 28.0 ± 2.3 in 25, 50,100 mg/kg naringin groups, respectively. Moreover, naringin treatment significantly decreased plasma 8-isoprostane (an indicator of the oxidative stress) level, fat weight, liver weight, hepatic total cholesterol concentration, hepatic triglyceride concentration, plasma leptin level, plasma insulin content, plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, and plasma PCSK9 production concomitantly with down-regulated expression of SREBP-2, PCSK9, and SREBP-1, and up-regulated expression of p-AMPKα and LDLR. The present results suggest that naringin activates AMPK resulting in altered expression of SREBPs, PCSK9, and LDLR to reduce the body weight of obese C57BL/6J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Guang Sui
- College of Veterinary Medicine , Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha 410128 , China
| | - Hong-Bo Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine , Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha 410128 , China
| | - Xiang-Yang Lu
- Hunan Province University Key Laboratory for Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotransformation , Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha 410128 , China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center for Ultilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients , Changsha 410128 , China
| | - Zhi-Liang Sun
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Drug , Changsha 410128 , China
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17
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Biochemical and cognitive effects of docosahexaenoic acid differ in a developmental and SorLA dependent manner. Behav Brain Res 2018; 348:90-100. [PMID: 29660442 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acid intake on cognition are under debate as some studies show beneficial effects while others show no effects of omega-3 supplementation. These inconsistencies may be a result of inter-individual response variations, potentially caused by gene and diet interactions. SorLA is a multifunctional receptor involved in ligand trafficking including lipoprotein lipase and amyloid precursor protein. Decreased SorLA levels have been correlated to Alzheimer's disease, and omega-3 fatty acid supplementation is known to increase SorLA expression in neuronal cell lines and mouse models. We therefore addressed potential correlations between Sorl1 and dietary omega-3 in SorLA deficient mice (Sorl1-/-) and controls exposed to diets supplemented with or deprived of omega-3 during their entire development and lifespan (lifelong) or solely from the time of weaning (post weaning). Observed diet-induced effects were only evident when exposed to lifelong omega-3 supplementation or deprivation as opposed to post weaning exposure only. Lifelong exposure to omega-3 supplementation resulted in impaired spatial learning in Sorl1-/- mice. The vitamin C antioxidant capacity in the brains of Sorl1-/- mice was reduced, but reduced glutathione and vitamin E levels were increased, leaving the overall antioxidant capacity of the brain inconclusive. No gross morphological differences of hippocampal neurons were found to account for the altered behavior. We found a significant adverse effect in cognitive performance by combining SorLA deficiency with lifelong exposure to omega-3. Our results stress the need for investigations of the underlying molecular mechanisms to clarify the precise circumstances under which omega-3 supplementation may be beneficial.
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18
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He PP, Jiang T, OuYang XP, Liang YQ, Zou JQ, Wang Y, Shen QQ, Liao L, Zheng XL. Lipoprotein lipase: Biosynthesis, regulatory factors, and its role in atherosclerosis and other diseases. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 480:126-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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19
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Buttenschøn HN, Elfving B, Nielsen M, Skeldal S, Kaas M, Mors O, Glerup S. Exploring the sortilin related receptor, SorLA, in depression. J Affect Disord 2018; 232:260-267. [PMID: 29499509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of individual biomarkers for depression have shown insufficient sensitivity and specificity for clinical use, and most likely combinations of biomarkers may provide a better signature. The sorting-related receptor with A-type repeats (SorLA) is a well-studied pathogenic factor for Alzheimer's. SorLA belongs to the Vps10p domain receptor family, which also encompasses sortilin and SorCS1-3. All family members have been implicated in neurological and mental disorders. Notably, the SORCS3 gene is genome-wide significantly associated with depression and serum protein levels of sortilin are reduced in depressed individuals. SorLA regulates the activity of neurotrophic factors and cytokines and we hence speculated that SorLA might be implicated in depression. METHODS Serum SorLA levels were measured in two well-defined clinical samples using ELISA. Generalized linear models were used in the statistical analyses. RESULTS We identified a multivariate model to discriminate depressed individuals from healthy controls. Interestingly, the model consisted of serum SorLA levels and additional four predictors: previous depressive episode, stressful life events, serum levels of sortilin and VEGF. However, as an isolated factor, we observed no significant difference in SorLA levels between 140 depressed individuals and 140 healthy controls. Nevertheless, we observed a significant increase in SorLA levels following 12 weeks of treatment with nortriptyline, but not escitalopram. LIMITATIONS The number of biomarkers included in the multivariate model for depression and lack of replication limit our study. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest SorLA as one of five factors that in combination may support the depression diagnosis, but not as an individual biomarker for depression or treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette N Buttenschøn
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Betina Elfving
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Marit Nielsen
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Sune Skeldal
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mathias Kaas
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ole Mors
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark; Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Simon Glerup
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center, MIND, Aarhus University, Denmark
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Lipoprotein Lipase Expression in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: New Insights into Leukemic Progression. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122083. [PMID: 29206143 PMCID: PMC6149886 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a central enzyme in lipid metabolism. Due to its catalytic activity, LPL is involved in metabolic pathways exploited by various solid and hematologic malignancies to provide an extra energy source to the tumor cell. We and others described a link between the expression of LPL in the tumor cell and a poor clinical outcome of patients suffering Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL). This leukemia is characterized by a slow accumulation of mainly quiescent clonal CD5 positive B cells that infiltrates secondary lymphoid organs, bone marrow and peripheral blood. Despite LPL being found to be a reliable molecular marker for CLL prognosis, its functional role and the molecular mechanisms regulating its expression are still matter of debate. Herein we address some of these questions reviewing the current state of the art of LPL research in CLL and providing some insights into where currently unexplored questions may lead to.
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Trafficking in Alzheimer's Disease: Modulation of APP Transport and Processing by the Transmembrane Proteins LRP1, SorLA, SorCS1c, Sortilin, and Calsyntenin. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:5809-5829. [PMID: 29079999 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0806-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP), one key player in Alzheimer's disease (AD), is extensively processed by different proteases. This leads to the generation of diverging fragments including the amyloid β (Aβ) peptide, which accumulates in brains of AD patients. Subcellular trafficking of APP is an important aspect for its proteolytic conversion, since the various secretases which cleave APP are located in different cellular compartments. As a consequence, altered subcellular targeting of APP is thought to directly affect the degree to which Aβ is generated. The mechanisms underlying intracellular APP transport are critical to understand AD pathogenesis and can serve as a target for future pharmacological interventions. In the recent years, a number of APP interacting proteins were identified which are implicated in sorting of APP, thereby influencing APP processing at different angles of the secretory or endocytic pathway. This review provides an update on the proteolytic processing of APP and the interplay of the transmembrane proteins low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1, sortilin-receptor with A-type repeats, SorCS1c, sortilin, and calsyntenin. We discuss the specific interactions with APP, the capacity to modulate the intracellular itinerary and the proteolytic conversion of APP, a possible involvement in the clearance of Aβ, and the implications of these transmembrane proteins in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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22
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SorLA in Interleukin-6 Signaling and Turnover. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00641-16. [PMID: 28265003 PMCID: PMC5440653 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00641-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine with important functions in various physiologic processes. Mice lacking IL-6 exhibit multiple phenotypic abnormalities, such as an inadequate immune and acute-phase response, and elevated levels of circulating IL-6 have been found to accompany several pathological conditions. IL-6 binds the nonsignaling IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), which is expressed as a transmembrane, as well as a secreted circulating protein, before it engages homodimeric gp130 for signaling. Complex formation between IL-6 and the membrane-bound IL-6 receptor gives rise to classic cis signaling, whereas complex formation between IL-6 and the soluble IL-6R results in trans signaling. Here, we report that the endocytic receptor SorLA targets IL-6 and IL-6R. We present evidence that SorLA mediates efficient cellular uptake of both IL-6 and the circulating IL-6R in astrocytes. We further show that SorLA interacts with the membrane-bound IL-6R at the cell surface and thereby downregulates IL-6 cis signaling. Finally, we find that the SorLA ectodomain, released from the cell membrane upon enzymatic cleavage of full-length SorLA, may act as an IL-6 carrier protein that stabilizes IL-6 and its capacity for trans signaling.
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Larsen JV, Petersen CM. SorLA and CLC:CLF-1-dependent Downregulation of CNTFRα as Demonstrated by Western Blotting, Inhibition of Lysosomal Enzymes, and Immunocytochemistry. J Vis Exp 2017:55019. [PMID: 28117780 PMCID: PMC5408589 DOI: 10.3791/55019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The heterodimeric cytokine Cardiotrophin-like Cytokine:Cytokine-like Factor-1 (CLC:CLF-1) targets the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored CNTFRα to form a trimeric complex that subsequently recruits glycoprotein 130/Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Receptor-β (gp130/LIFRβ) for signaling. Both CLC and CNTFRα are necessary for signaling but so far CLF-1 has only been known as a putative facilitator of CLC secretion. However, it has recently been shown that CLF-1 contains three binding sites: one for CLC; one for CNTFRα (that may promote assembly of the trimeric complex); and one for the endocytic receptor sorLA. The latter site provides high affinity binding of CLF-1, CLC:CLF-1, as well as the trimeric (CLC:CLF-1:CNTFRα) complex to sorLA, and in sorLA-expressing cells the soluble ligands CLF-1 and CLC:CLF-1 are rapidly taken up and internalized. In cells co-expressing CNTFRα and sorLA, CNTFRα first binds CLC:CLF-1 to form a membrane-associated trimeric complex, but it also connects to sorLA via the free sorLA-binding site in CLF-1. As a result, CNTFRα, which has no capacity for endocytosis on its own, is tugged along and internalized by the sorLA-mediated endocytosis of CLC:CLF-1. The present protocol describes the experimental procedures used to demonstrate i) the sorLA-mediated and CLC:CLF-1-dependent downregulation of surface-membrane CNTFRα expression; ii) sorLA-mediated endocytosis and lysosomal targeting of CNTFRα; and iii) the lowered cellular response to CLC:CLF-1-stimulation upon sorLA-mediated downregulation of CNTFRα.
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Mysling S, Kristensen KK, Larsson M, Kovrov O, Bensadouen A, Jørgensen TJ, Olivecrona G, Young SG, Ploug M. The angiopoietin-like protein ANGPTL4 catalyzes unfolding of the hydrolase domain in lipoprotein lipase and the endothelial membrane protein GPIHBP1 counteracts this unfolding. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27929370 PMCID: PMC5148603 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) undergoes spontaneous inactivation via global unfolding and this unfolding is prevented by GPIHBP1 (Mysling et al., 2016). We now show: (1) that ANGPTL4 inactivates LPL by catalyzing the unfolding of its hydrolase domain; (2) that binding to GPIHBP1 renders LPL largely refractory to this inhibition; and (3) that both the LU domain and the intrinsically disordered acidic domain of GPIHBP1 are required for this protective effect. Genetic studies have found that a common polymorphic variant in ANGPTL4 results in lower plasma triglyceride levels. We now report: (1) that this ANGPTL4 variant is less efficient in catalyzing the unfolding of LPL; and (2) that its Glu-to-Lys substitution destabilizes its N-terminal α-helix. Our work elucidates the molecular basis for regulation of LPL activity by ANGPTL4, highlights the physiological relevance of the inherent instability of LPL, and sheds light on the molecular defects in a clinically relevant variant of ANGPTL4. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.20958.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Mysling
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kristian Kølby Kristensen
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikael Larsson
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Oleg Kovrov
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - André Bensadouen
- Division of Nutritional Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Thomas Jd Jørgensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Stephen G Young
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Michael Ploug
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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25
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Schmidt V, Subkhangulova A, Willnow TE. Sorting receptor SORLA: cellular mechanisms and implications for disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 74:1475-1483. [PMID: 27832290 PMCID: PMC5357279 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2410-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sorting-related receptor with A-type repeats (SORLA) is an intracellular sorting receptor that directs cargo proteins, such as kinases, phosphatases, and signaling receptors, to their correct location within the cell. The activity of SORLA assures proper function of cells and tissues, and receptor dysfunction is the underlying cause of common human malignancies, including Alzheimer’s disease, atherosclerosis, and obesity. Here, we discuss the molecular mechanisms that govern sorting of SORLA and its cargo in multiple cell types, and why genetic defects in this receptor results in devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Schmidt
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Aygul Subkhangulova
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas E Willnow
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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26
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Matrone C, Dzamko N, Madsen P, Nyegaard M, Pohlmann R, Søndergaard RV, Lassen LB, Andresen TL, Halliday GM, Jensen PH, Nielsen MS. Mannose 6-Phosphate Receptor Is Reduced in -Synuclein Overexpressing Models of Parkinsons Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160501. [PMID: 27509067 PMCID: PMC4979956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence points to defects in autophagy as a common denominator in most neurodegenerative conditions. Progressive functional decline in the autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP) occurs with age, and the consequent impairment in protein processing capacity has been associated with a higher risk of neurodegeneration. Defects in cathepsin D (CD) processing and α-synuclein degradation causing its accumulation in lysosomes are particularly relevant for the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the mechanism by which alterations in CD maturation and α-synuclein degradation leads to autophagy defects in PD neurons is still uncertain. Here we demonstrate that MPR300 shuttling between endosomes and the trans Golgi network is altered in α-synuclein overexpressing neurons. Consequently, CD is not correctly trafficked to lysosomes and cannot be processed to generate its mature active form, leading to a reduced CD-mediated α-synuclein degradation and α-synuclein accumulation in neurons. MPR300 is downregulated in brain from α-synuclein overexpressing animal models and in PD patients with early diagnosis. These data indicate MPR300 as crucial player in the autophagy-lysosomal dysfunctions reported in PD and pinpoint MRP300 as a potential biomarker for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Matrone
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- * E-mail: ;
| | - Nicolas Dzamko
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW 2031, and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Peder Madsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Research Initiative on Blood Brain and Drug Delivery, The Lundbeck Foundation, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mette Nyegaard
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Regina Pohlmann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Rikke V. Søndergaard
- Research Initiative on Blood Brain and Drug Delivery, The Lundbeck Foundation, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU) Nanotech, DTU, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Louise B. Lassen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Thomas L. Andresen
- Research Initiative on Blood Brain and Drug Delivery, The Lundbeck Foundation, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU) Nanotech, DTU, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Glenda M. Halliday
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW 2031, and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Poul Henning Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Morten S. Nielsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Research Initiative on Blood Brain and Drug Delivery, The Lundbeck Foundation, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- * E-mail: ;
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27
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Schmidt V, Schulz N, Yan X, Schürmann A, Kempa S, Kern M, Blüher M, Poy MN, Olivecrona G, Willnow TE. SORLA facilitates insulin receptor signaling in adipocytes and exacerbates obesity. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:2706-20. [PMID: 27322061 DOI: 10.1172/jci84708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, genetic variation of sortilin-related receptor, L(DLR class) A repeats containing (SORL1), which encodes the intracellular sorting receptor SORLA, is a major genetic risk factor for familial and sporadic forms of Alzheimer's disease. Recent GWAS analysis has also associated SORL1 with obesity in humans and in mouse models, suggesting that this receptor may play a role in regulating metabolism. Here, using mouse models with genetic loss or tissue-specific overexpression of SORLA as well as data from obese human subjects, we observed a gene-dosage effect that links SORLA expression to obesity and glucose tolerance. Overexpression of human SORLA in murine adipose tissue blocked hydrolysis of triacylglycerides and caused excessive adiposity. In contrast, Sorl1 gene inactivation in mice accelerated breakdown of triacylglycerides in adipocytes and protected animals from diet-induced obesity. We then identified the underlying molecular mechanism whereby SORLA promotes insulin-induced suppression of lipolysis in adipocytes. Specifically, we determined that SORLA acts as a sorting factor for the insulin receptor (IR) that redirects internalized receptor molecules from endosomes to the plasma membrane, thereby enhancing IR surface expression and strengthening insulin signal reception in target cells. Our findings provide a molecular mechanism for the association of SORL1 with human obesity and confirm a genetic link between neurodegeneration and metabolism that converges on the receptor SORLA.
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28
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Ito K, Enomoto H. Retrograde transport of neurotrophic factor signaling: implications in neuronal development and pathogenesis. J Biochem 2016; 160:77-85. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvw037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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29
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Klinger SC, Højland A, Jain S, Kjolby M, Madsen P, Svendsen AD, Olivecrona G, Bonifacino JS, Nielsen MS. Polarized trafficking of the sorting receptor SorLA in neurons and MDCK cells. FEBS J 2016; 283:2476-93. [PMID: 27192064 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The sorting receptor SorLA is highly expressed in neurons and is also found in other polarized cells. The receptor has been reported to participate in the trafficking of several ligands, some of which are linked to human diseases, including the amyloid precursor protein, TrkB, and Lipoprotein Lipase (LpL). Despite this, only the trafficking in nonpolarized cells has been described so far. Due to the many differences between polarized and nonpolarized cells, we examined the localization and trafficking of SorLA in epithelial Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells and rat hippocampal neurons. We show that SorLA is mainly found in sorting endosomes and on the basolateral surface of MDCK cells and in the somatodendritic domain of neurons. This polarized distribution of SorLA respectively depends on an acidic cluster and an extended version of this cluster and involves the cellular adaptor complex AP-1. Furthermore, we show that SorLA can mediate transcytosis across a tight cell layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine C Klinger
- Department of Biomedicine, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, The MIND Centre, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anne Højland
- Department of Biomedicine, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, The MIND Centre, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Shweta Jain
- Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mads Kjolby
- Department of Biomedicine, The MIND Centre, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, The Danish Diabetes Academy, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Peder Madsen
- Department of Biomedicine, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, The MIND Centre, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Anna Dorst Svendsen
- Department of Biomedicine, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, The MIND Centre, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Gunilla Olivecrona
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Physiological Chemistry, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Juan S Bonifacino
- Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Morten S Nielsen
- Department of Biomedicine, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, The MIND Centre, Aarhus University, Denmark
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30
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Cytokine-Like Factor 1, an Essential Facilitator of Cardiotrophin-Like Cytokine:Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor Receptor α Signaling and sorLA-Mediated Turnover. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:1272-86. [PMID: 26858303 PMCID: PMC4836274 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00917-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiotrophin-like cytokine:cytokine-like factor-1 (CLC:CLF-1) is a heterodimeric neurotropic cytokine that plays a crucial role during neuronal development. Mice lacking CLC:CLF-1 die soon after birth due to a suckling defect and show reduced numbers of motor neurons. Humans carrying mutations in CLC:CLF-1 develop similar disorders, known as Sohar-Crisponi or cold-induced sweating syndrome, and have a high risk of early death. It is well known that CLC binds the ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor α (CNTFRα) and is a prerequisite for signaling through the gp130/leukemia inhibitory factor receptor β (LIFRβ) heterodimer, whereas CLF-1 serves to promote the cellular release of CLC. However, the precise role of CLF-1 is unclear. Here, we report that CLF-1, based on its binding site for CLC and on two additional and independent sites for CNTFRα and sorLA, is a key player in CLC and CNTFRα signaling and turnover. The site for CNTFRα enables CLF-1 to promote CLC:CNTFRα complex formation and signaling. The second site establishes a link between the endocytic receptor sorLA and the tripartite CLC:CLF-1:CNTFRα complex and allows sorLA to downregulate the CNTFRα pool in stimulated cells. Finally, sorLA may bind and concentrate the tripartite soluble CLC:CLF-1:CNTFRα complex on cell membranes and thus facilitate its signaling through gp130/LIFRβ.
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31
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Dijk W, Beigneux AP, Larsson M, Bensadoun A, Young SG, Kersten S. Angiopoietin-like 4 promotes intracellular degradation of lipoprotein lipase in adipocytes. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:1670-83. [PMID: 27034464 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m067363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
LPL hydrolyzes triglycerides in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins along the capillaries of heart, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. The activity of LPL is repressed by angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) but the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Our objective was to study the cellular location and mechanism for LPL inhibition by ANGPTL4. We performed studies in transfected cells, ex vivo studies, and in vivo studies with Angptl4(-/-) mice. Cotransfection of CHO pgsA-745 cells with ANGPTL4 and LPL reduced intracellular LPL protein levels, suggesting that ANGPTL4 promotes LPL degradation. This conclusion was supported by studies of primary adipocytes and adipose tissue explants from wild-type and Angptl4(-/-) mice. Absence of ANGPTL4 resulted in accumulation of the mature-glycosylated form of LPL and increased secretion of LPL. Blocking endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi transport abolished differences in LPL abundance between wild-type and Angptl4(-/-) adipocytes, suggesting that ANGPTL4 acts upon LPL after LPL processing in the ER. Finally, physiological changes in adipose tissue ANGPTL4 expression during fasting and cold resulted in inverse changes in the amount of mature-glycosylated LPL in wild-type mice, but not Angptl4(-/-) mice. We conclude that ANGPTL4 promotes loss of intracellular LPL by stimulating LPL degradation after LPL processing in the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieneke Dijk
- Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne P Beigneux
- Departments of Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Mikael Larsson
- Departments of Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - André Bensadoun
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Stephen G Young
- Departments of Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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32
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Schmidt V, Willnow TE. Protein sorting gone wrong – VPS10P domain receptors in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Atherosclerosis 2016; 245:194-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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33
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LR11/SorLA links triglyceride-rich lipoproteins to risk of developing cardiovascular disease in FH patients. Atherosclerosis 2015; 243:429-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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34
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Whittle AJ, Jiang M, Peirce V, Relat J, Virtue S, Ebinuma H, Fukamachi I, Yamaguchi T, Takahashi M, Murano T, Tatsuno I, Takeuchi M, Nakaseko C, Jin W, Jin Z, Campbell M, Schneider WJ, Vidal-Puig A, Bujo H. Soluble LR11/SorLA represses thermogenesis in adipose tissue and correlates with BMI in humans. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8951. [PMID: 26584636 PMCID: PMC4673879 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) is an important component of energy expenditure in mammals. Recent studies have confirmed its presence and metabolic role in humans. Defining the physiological regulation of BAT is therefore of great importance for developing strategies to treat metabolic diseases. Here we show that the soluble form of the low-density lipoprotein receptor relative, LR11/SorLA (sLR11), suppresses thermogenesis in adipose tissue in a cell-autonomous manner. Mice lacking LR11 are protected from diet-induced obesity associated with an increased browning of white adipose tissue and hypermetabolism. Treatment of adipocytes with sLR11 inhibits thermogenesis via the bone morphogenetic protein/TGFβ signalling pathway and reduces Smad phosphorylation. In addition, sLR11 levels in humans are shown to positively correlate with body mass index and adiposity. Given the need for tight regulation of a tissue with a high capacity for energy wastage, we propose that LR11 plays an energy conserving role that is exaggerated in states of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Whittle
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level 4, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Meizi Jiang
- Department of Clinical-Laboratory and Experimental-Research Medicine, Toho University, Sakura Medical Center, Sakura 285-8741, Japan
- Department of Genome Research and Clinical Application, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Vivian Peirce
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level 4, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Joana Relat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Sam Virtue
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level 4, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Hiroyuki Ebinuma
- Tsukuba Research Institute, Sekisui Medical Co. Ltd., Ryugasaki 301-0852, Japan
| | - Isamu Fukamachi
- Tsukuba Research Institute, Sekisui Medical Co. Ltd., Ryugasaki 301-0852, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamaguchi
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toho University, Sakura Medical Center, Sakura 285-8741, Japan
| | - Mao Takahashi
- Cardiovascular Center, Toho University, Sakura Medical Center, Sakura 285-8741, Japan
| | - Takeyoshi Murano
- Department of Clinical-Laboratory and Experimental-Research Medicine, Toho University, Sakura Medical Center, Sakura 285-8741, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tatsuno
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toho University, Sakura Medical Center, Sakura 285-8741, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takeuchi
- Department of Hematology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba 260-8677, Japan
| | - Chiaki Nakaseko
- Department of Hematology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba 260-8677, Japan
| | - Wenlong Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, China
| | - Zhehu Jin
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, China
| | - Mark Campbell
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level 4, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Wolfgang J. Schneider
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level 4, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK
- Department of Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Hideaki Bujo
- Department of Clinical-Laboratory and Experimental-Research Medicine, Toho University, Sakura Medical Center, Sakura 285-8741, Japan
- Department of Genome Research and Clinical Application, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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35
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Nyegaard M, Rendtorff ND, Nielsen MS, Corydon TJ, Demontis D, Starnawska A, Hedemand A, Buniello A, Niola F, Overgaard MT, Leal SM, Ahmad W, Wikman FP, Petersen KB, Crüger DG, Oostrik J, Kremer H, Tommerup N, Frödin M, Steel KP, Tranebjærg L, Børglum AD. A Novel Locus Harbouring a Functional CD164 Nonsense Mutation Identified in a Large Danish Family with Nonsyndromic Hearing Impairment. PLoS Genet 2015. [PMID: 26197441 PMCID: PMC4510537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonsyndromic hearing impairment (NSHI) is a highly heterogeneous condition with more than eighty known causative genes. However, in the clinical setting, a large number of NSHI families have unexplained etiology, suggesting that there are many more genes to be identified. In this study we used SNP-based linkage analysis and follow up microsatellite markers to identify a novel locus (DFNA66) on chromosome 6q15-21 (LOD 5.1) in a large Danish family with dominantly inherited NSHI. By locus specific capture and next-generation sequencing, we identified a c.574C>T heterozygous nonsense mutation (p.R192*) in CD164. This gene encodes a 197 amino acid transmembrane sialomucin (known as endolyn, MUC-24 or CD164), which is widely expressed and involved in cell adhesion and migration. The mutation segregated with the phenotype and was absent in 1200 Danish control individuals and in databases with whole-genome and exome sequence data. The predicted effect of the mutation was a truncation of the last six C-terminal residues of the cytoplasmic tail of CD164, including a highly conserved canonical sorting motif (YXXФ). In whole blood from an affected individual, we found by RT-PCR both the wild-type and the mutated transcript suggesting that the mutant transcript escapes nonsense mediated decay. Functional studies in HEK cells demonstrated that the truncated protein was almost completely retained on the plasma cell membrane in contrast to the wild-type protein, which targeted primarily to the endo-lysosomal compartments, implicating failed endocytosis as a possible disease mechanism. In the mouse ear, we found CD164 expressed in the inner and outer hair cells of the organ of Corti, as well as in other locations in the cochlear duct. In conclusion, we have identified a new DFNA locus located on chromosome 6q15-21 and implicated CD164 as a novel gene for hearing impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Nyegaard
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Nanna D. Rendtorff
- Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (ICMM), The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Bispebjerg Hospital/Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Genetic Clinic, Kennedy Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | | | | | - Ditte Demontis
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anna Starnawska
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne Hedemand
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Annalisa Buniello
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Niola
- Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Suzanne M. Leal
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Friedrik P. Wikman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Jaap Oostrik
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Hannie Kremer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Niels Tommerup
- Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (ICMM), The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Frödin
- Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karen P. Steel
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lisbeth Tranebjærg
- Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (ICMM), The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Bispebjerg Hospital/Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Genetic Clinic, Kennedy Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Anders D. Børglum
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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36
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Klinger SC, Siupka P, Nielsen MS. Retromer-Mediated Trafficking of Transmembrane Receptors and Transporters. MEMBRANES 2015; 5:288-306. [PMID: 26154780 PMCID: PMC4584283 DOI: 10.3390/membranes5030288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Transport between the endoplasmatic reticulum, the Golgi-network, the endo-lysosomal system and the cell surface can be categorized as anterograde or retrograde, describing traffic that goes forward or backward, respectively. Traffic going from the plasma membrane to endosomes and lysosomes or the trans-Golgi network (TGN) constitutes the major retrograde transport routes. Several transmembrane proteins undergo retrograde transport as part of a recycling mechanism that contributes to reutilization and maintenance of a steady-state protein localization. In addition, some receptors are hijacked by exotoxins and used for entry and intracellular transport. The physiological relevance of retrograde transport cannot be overstated. Retrograde trafficking of the amyloid precursor protein determines the distribution between organelles, and hence the possibility of cleavage by γ-secretase. Right balancing of the pathways is critical for protection against Alzheimer’s disease. During embryonic development, retrograde transport of Wntless to the TGN is essential for the following release of Wnt from the plasma membrane. Furthermore, overexpression of Wntless has been linked to oncogenesis. Here, we review relevant aspects of the retrograde trafficking of mammalian transmembrane receptors and transporters, with focus on the retromer-mediated transport between endosomes and the TGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine C Klinger
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Piotr Siupka
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Morten S Nielsen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Lee SM, Kang YH, Kim KK, Kim TW, Choe M. Study of Lipoprotein Lipase Inhibitory Activity of Anti-obesity Herb Extracts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.9721/kjfst.2015.47.2.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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38
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Sortilin, Encoded by the Cardiovascular Risk Gene SORT1, and Its Suggested Functions in Cardiovascular Disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2015; 17:496. [DOI: 10.1007/s11883-015-0496-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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39
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Caglayan S, Takagi-Niidome S, Liao F, Carlo AS, Schmidt V, Burgert T, Kitago Y, Füchtbauer EM, Füchtbauer A, Holtzman DM, Takagi J, Willnow TE. Lysosomal sorting of amyloid-β by the SORLA receptor is impaired by a familial Alzheimer's disease mutation. Sci Transl Med 2014; 6:223ra20. [PMID: 24523320 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3007747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SORLA/SORL1 is a unique neuronal sorting receptor for the amyloid precursor protein that has been causally implicated in both sporadic and autosomal dominant familial forms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Brain concentrations of SORLA are inversely correlated with amyloid-β (Aβ) in mouse models and AD patients, suggesting that increasing expression of this receptor could be a therapeutic option for decreasing the amount of amyloidogenic products in affected individuals. We characterize a new mouse model in which SORLA is overexpressed, and show a decrease in Aβ concentrations in mouse brain. We trace the underlying molecular mechanism to the ability of this receptor to direct lysosomal targeting of nascent Aβ peptides. Aβ binds to the amino-terminal VPS10P domain of SORLA, and this binding is impaired by a familial AD mutation in SORL1. Thus, loss of SORLA's Aβ sorting function is a potential cause of AD in patients, and SORLA may be a new therapeutic target for AD drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safak Caglayan
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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Intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of cardiac lipoprotein lipase following diabetes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:163-71. [PMID: 25463481 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a pivotal enzyme controlling heart metabolism by providing the majority of fatty acids required by this organ. From activation in cardiomyocytes to secretion to the vascular lumen, cardiac LPL is regulated by multiple pathways, which are altered during diabetes. Hence, dimerization/activation of LPL is modified following diabetes, a process controlled by lipase maturation factor 1. The role of AMP-activated protein kinase, protein kinase D, and heparan sulfate proteoglycans, intrinsic factors that regulate the intracellular transport of LPL is also shifted, and is discussed. More recent studies have identified several exogenous factors released from endothelial cells (EC) and adipose tissue that are required for proper functioning of LPL. In response to hyperglycemia, both active and latent heparanase are released from EC to facilitate LPL secretion. Diabetes also increased the expression of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high density lipoprotein-binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1) in EC, which mediates the transport of LPL across EC. Angiopoietin-like protein 4 secreted from the adipose tissue has the potential to reduce coronary LPL activity. Knowledge of these intrinsic and extrinsic factors could be used develop therapeutic targets to normalize LPL function, and maintain cardiac energy homeostasis after diabetes.
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41
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Impaired synaptic vesicle recycling contributes to presynaptic dysfunction in lipoprotein lipase-deficient mice. Neuroscience 2014; 280:275-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Li Y, He PP, Zhang DW, Zheng XL, Cayabyab FS, Yin WD, Tang CK. Lipoprotein lipase: from gene to atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2014; 237:597-608. [PMID: 25463094 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a key enzyme in lipid metabolism and responsible for catalyzing lipolysis of triglycerides in lipoproteins. LPL is produced mainly in adipose tissue, skeletal and heart muscle, as well as in macrophage and other tissues. After synthesized, it is secreted and translocated to the vascular lumen. LPL expression and activity are regulated by a variety of factors, such as transcription factors, interactive proteins and nutritional state through complicated mechanisms. LPL with different distributions may exert distinct functions and have diverse roles in human health and disease with close association with atherosclerosis. It may pose a pro-atherogenic or an anti-atherogenic effect depending on its locations. In this review, we will discuss its gene, protein, synthesis, transportation and biological functions, and then focus on its regulation and relationship with atherosclerosis and potential underlying mechanisms. The goal of this review is to provide basic information and novel insight for further studies and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Discovery, Life Science Research Center, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Ping-Ping He
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Discovery, Life Science Research Center, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China; School of Nursing, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Da-Wei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Xi-Long Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, The Cumming School of Medicine, The University of Calgary, Health Sciences Center, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Fracisco S Cayabyab
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Wei-Dong Yin
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Discovery, Life Science Research Center, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
| | - Chao-Ke Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Discovery, Life Science Research Center, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusong Guo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3200;
| | - Daniel W. Sirkis
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3200;
| | - Randy Schekman
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3200;
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The SORL1 gene and convergent neural risk for Alzheimer's disease across the human lifespan. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:1125-32. [PMID: 24166411 PMCID: PMC4004725 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Prior to intervention trials in individuals genetically at-risk for late-onset Alzheimer's disease, critical first steps are identifying where (neuroanatomic effects), when (timepoint in the lifespan) and how (gene expression and neuropathology) Alzheimer's risk genes impact the brain. We hypothesized that variants in the sortilin-like receptor (SORL1) gene would affect multiple Alzheimer's phenotypes before the clinical onset of symptoms. Four independent samples were analyzed to determine effects of SORL1 genetic risk variants across the lifespan at multiple phenotypic levels: (1) microstructural integrity of white matter using diffusion tensor imaging in two healthy control samples (n=118, age 18-86; n=68, age 8-40); (2) gene expression using the Braincloud postmortem healthy control sample (n=269, age 0-92) and (3) Alzheimer's neuropathology (amyloid plaques and tau tangles) using a postmortem sample of healthy, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's individuals (n=710, age 66-108). SORL1 risk variants predicted lower white matter fractional anisotropy in an age-independent manner in fronto-temporal white matter tracts in both samples at 5% family-wise error-corrected thresholds. SORL1 risk variants also predicted decreased SORL1 mRNA expression, most prominently during childhood and adolescence, and significantly predicted increases in amyloid pathology in postmortem brain. Importantly, the effects of SORL1 variation on both white matter microstructure and gene expression were observed during neurodevelopmental phases of the human lifespan. Further, the neuropathological mechanism of risk appears to primarily involve amyloidogenic pathways. Interventions targeted toward the SORL1 amyloid risk pathway may be of greatest value during early phases of the lifespan.
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Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease globally, but there is still much mystery surrounding the topic of lipid regulation. Many studies have attempted to assess the underlying genetic basis of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) metabolism. Recently, multiple genome-wide association studies identified genes that strongly associate with plasma lipid concentration and cardiovascular disease. Compelling evidence linking the SORT1 gene to both LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and the risk of coronary artery disease emerged from the data, prompting the search for the molecules and mechanisms responsible for this association. Three recent studies explored this relation through sortilin, the gene product of SORT1, and an intracellular trafficking molecule. Careful, hypothesis-driven experimental designs elucidated the potential mechanisms of sortilin's role in LDL-C metabolism. However, each study's conclusions differed in the details of SORT1's association to LDL-C and the subcellular mechanisms at work. Nevertheless, these 3 studies demonstrate how a complex disease such as hyperlipidemia can be evaluated from the scope of the genome down through the level of cellular regulation. Their findings serve as a platform for further study of LDL-C metabolism and hyperlipidemia while also providing lessons on how to better study other complex diseases.
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46
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High lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1 expression independently predicts high risk for biochemical recurrence in prostate cancers. Mol Oncol 2013; 7:1001-11. [PMID: 23941784 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1 (LPCAT1) has been suggested to play a role in cancer. To assess its role in prostate cancer, LPCAT1 expression was analyzed on a tissue microarray containing samples from 11,152 prostate cancer patients. In benign prostate glands, LPCAT1 immunostaining was absent or weak. In prostate cancer, LPCAT1 positivity was found in 73.8% of 8786 interpretable tumors including 29.2% with strong expression. Increased LPCAT1 expression was associated with advanced tumor stage (pT3b/T4) (p < 0.0001), high Gleason score (≥4 + 4) (p < 0.0001), positive nodal involvement (p = 0.0002), positive surgical margin (p = 0.0005), and early PSA recurrence (p < 0.0001). High LPCAT1 expression was strongly linked to ERG-fusion type prostate cancer. Strong LPCAT1 staining was detected in 45.3% of ERG positive but in only 16.7% of ERG negative tumors (p < 0.0001). Within ERG negative cancers, LPCAT1 staining was strongly increased within the subgroup of PTEN deleted cancers (p < 0.0001). Further subgroup analyses revealed that associations of high LPCAT1 expression with PSA recurrence and unfavorable tumor phenotype were largely driven by ERG negative cancers (p < 0.0001) while these effects were substantially mitigated in ERG positive cancers (p = 0.0073). The prognostic impact of LPCAT1 expression was independent of histological and clinical parameters. It is concluded, that LPCAT1 measurement, either alone or in combination, may be utilized for better clinical decision-making. These data also highlight the potentially important role of lipid metabolism in prostate cancer biology.
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47
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Cholesterol and phospholipids in frontal cortex and synaptosomes of suicide completers: relationship with endosomal lipid trafficking genes. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:272-9. [PMID: 23164340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol (CHL) and phospholipid (PL) levels in synaptosomal membranes in particular can have an impact on cell signalling. Alterations in peripheral CHL measures have been consistently reported in suicidal behaviour. As CHL and PL turnover in the brain are important in synapse maintenance and function, the objective of this study was to determine if differences exist in synaptosomal cholesterol and phospholipid levels between suicide completers and controls. Expression measures of genes involved in lipid trafficking suggest an association between Lysosomal acid lipase A, cholesteryl ester hydrolase (LIPA) and brain PL levels, with LIPA being significantly increased in violent suicides and associated with alterations in brain PL. The results of this study suggest an altered PL content mediated by LIPA expression in violent suicides in the prefrontal cortex, which would have important consequences for inhibitory neurotransmission.
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Mendoza-Barberá E, Julve J, Nilsson SK, Lookene A, Martín-Campos JM, Roig R, Lechuga-Sancho AM, Sloan JH, Fuentes-Prior P, Blanco-Vaca F. Structural and functional analysis of APOA5 mutations identified in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:649-661. [PMID: 23307945 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m031195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During the diagnosis of three unrelated patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia, three APOA5 mutations [p.(Ser232_Leu235)del, p.Leu253Pro, and p.Asp332ValfsX4] were found without evidence of concomitant LPL, APOC2, or GPIHBP1 mutations. The molecular mechanisms by which APOA5 mutations result in severe hypertriglyceridemia remain poorly understood, and the functional impairment/s induced by these specific mutations was not obvious. Therefore, we performed a thorough structural and functional analysis that included follow-up of patients and their closest relatives, measurement of apoA-V serum concentrations, and sequencing of the APOA5 gene in 200 nonhyperlipidemic controls. Further, we cloned, overexpressed, and purified both wild-type and mutant apoA-V variants and characterized their capacity to activate LPL. The interactions of recombinant wild-type and mutated apoA-V variants with liposomes of different composition, heparin, LRP1, sortilin, and SorLA/LR11 were also analyzed. Finally, to explore the possible structural consequences of these mutations, we developed a three-dimensional model of full-length, lipid-free human apoA-V. A complex, wide array of impairments was found in each of the three mutants, suggesting that the specific residues affected are critical structural determinants for apoA-V function in lipoprotein metabolism and, therefore, that these APOA5 mutations are a direct cause of hypertriglyceridemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josep Julve
- Institute for Biomedical Research (IIB) Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stefan K Nilsson
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Physiological Chemistry, Umeå University, SE90187, Sweden
| | - Aivar Lookene
- Department of Chemistry, Tallinn Technical University, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | | | - Rosa Roig
- Institute for Biomedical Research (IIB) Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Francisco Blanco-Vaca
- Institute for Biomedical Research (IIB) Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, 08017 Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
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Glerup S, Lume M, Olsen D, Nyengaard J, Vaegter C, Gustafsen C, Christensen E, Kjolby M, Hay-Schmidt A, Bender D, Madsen P, Saarma M, Nykjaer A, Petersen C. SorLA Controls Neurotrophic Activity by Sorting of GDNF and Its Receptors GFRα1 and RET. Cell Rep 2013; 3:186-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2012.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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50
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Willnow TE, Andersen OM. Sorting receptor SORLA – a trafficking path to avoid Alzheimer disease. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:2751-60. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.125393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive proteolytic breakdown of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) to neurotoxic amyloid β peptides (Aβ) by secretases in the brain is a molecular cause of Alzheimer disease (AD). According to current concepts, the complex route whereby APP moves between the secretory compartment, the cell surface and endosomes to encounter the various secretases determines its processing fate. However, the molecular mechanisms that control the intracellular trafficking of APP in neurons and their contribution to AD remain poorly understood. Here, we describe the functional elucidation of a new sorting receptor SORLA that emerges as a central regulator of trafficking and processing of APP. SORLA interacts with distinct sets of cytosolic adaptors for anterograde and retrograde movement of APP between the trans-Golgi network and early endosomes, thereby restricting delivery of the precursor to endocytic compartments that favor amyloidogenic breakdown. Defects in SORLA and its interacting adaptors result in transport defects and enhanced amyloidogenic processing of APP, and represent important risk factors for AD in patients. As discussed here, these findings uncovered a unique regulatory pathway for the control of neuronal protein transport, and provide clues as to why defects in this pathway cause neurodegenerative disease.
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