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Gao Z, Shi Y, Ma L, Du J, Qiu J. Bioinspired Hierarchical Composite for Multiband Defense. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:49687-49700. [PMID: 39231313 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c11991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
The optimization of electromagnetic microwave absorbing (EMA) materials for radar stealth has been a continuous endeavor. However, meeting the defense requirements across multiple-frequency bands in increasingly complex and variable environments remains challenging. Drawing inspiration from the cytoskeleton-organelle structure, we designed and prepared a hierarchical MXene/NiFe2O4/calcined melamine foam (MNC) composite. The composite exhibits efficient and adjustable microwave absorption, infrared stealth, and solar absorption performance through the synergistic interaction of the components and the spatial effect of its novel microstructure. The composite achieves a minimum reflection loss of -58.57 dB and an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 7.00 GHz, both of which can vary with the thickness. MNC also offers stable infrared stealth performance for heat sources ranging from 37 to 300 °C and high solar absorptivity up to 96.2%, promoting ambient-temperature-adaptive infrared stealth through electricity-sunlight cooperative regulation. With exceptional environmental adaptability characteristics such as photothermal conversion, lightness, elasticity, and hydrophobicity, the MNC composite holds promise as a multispectrum defense material for radar, infrared, and visible light for various forms of equipment, clothing, and wearables in harsh conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
| | - Yunan Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
| | - Lixia Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
| | - Jun Qiu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
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Kellner AV, Hunter R, Do P, Eggert J, Jaffe M, Geitgey DK, Lee M, Hamilton JAG, Ross AJ, Ank RS, Bender RL, Ma R, Porter CC, Dreaden EC, Au-Yeung BB, Haynes KA, Henry CJ, Salaita K. The T-cell niche tunes immune function through modulation of the cytoskeleton and TCR-antigen forces. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.31.578101. [PMID: 38352441 PMCID: PMC10862838 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.31.578101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is a major public health crisis given its rampant growth and association with an increased risk for cancer. Interestingly, patients with obesity tend to have an increased tumor burden and decreased T-cell function. It remains unclear how obesity compromises T-cell mediated immunity. To address this question, we modeled the adipocyte niche using the secretome released from adipocytes as well as the niche of stromal cells and investigated how these factors modulated T-cell function. We found that the secretomes altered antigen-specific T-cell receptor (TCR) triggering and activation. RNA-sequencing analysis identified thousands of gene targets modulated by the secretome including those associated with cytoskeletal regulation and actin polymerization. We next used molecular force probes to show that T-cells exposed to the adipocyte niche display dampened force transmission to the TCR-antigen complex and conversely, stromal cell secreted factors lead to significantly enhanced TCR forces. These results were then validated in diet-induced obese mice. Importantly, secretome-mediated TCR force modulation mirrored the changes in T-cell functional responses in human T-cells using the FDA-approved immunotherapy, blinatumomab. Thus, this work shows that the adipocyte niche contributes to T-cell dysfunction through cytoskeletal modulation and reduces TCR triggering by dampening TCR forces consistent with the mechanosensor model of T-cell activation.
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3
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Zhu JH, Guan XC, Yi LL, Xu H, Li QY, Cheng WJ, Xie YX, Li WZ, Zhao HY, Wei HJ, Zhao SM. Single-nucleus transcriptome sequencing reveals hepatic cell atlas in pigs. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:770. [PMID: 38087243 PMCID: PMC10717992 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09765-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the largest substantive organ of animals, the liver plays an essential role in the physiological processes of digestive metabolism and immune defense. However, the cellular composition of the pig liver remains poorly understood. This investigation used single-nucleus RNA sequencing technology to identify cell types from liver tissues of pigs, providing a theoretical basis for further investigating liver cell types in pigs. RESULTS The analysis revealed 13 cells clusters which were further identified 7 cell types including endothelial cells, T cells, hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, stellate cells, B cells, and cholangiocytes. The dominant cell types were endothelial cells, T cells and hepatocytes in the liver tissue of Dahe pigs and Dahe black pigs, which accounts for about 85.76% and 82.74%, respectively. The number of endothelial cells was higher in the liver tissue of Dahe pigs compared to Dahe black pigs, while the opposite tendency was observed for T cells. Moreover, functional enrichment analysis demonstrated that the differentially expressed genes in pig hepatic endothelial cells were significantly enriched in the protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, MAPK signaling pathway, and FoxO signaling pathway. Functional enrichment analysis demonstrated that the differentially expressed genes in pig hepatic T cells were significantly enriched in the thyroid hormone signaling pathway, B cell receptor signaling pathway, and focal adhesion. Functional enrichment analysis demonstrated that the differentially expressed genes in pig hepatic hepatocytes were significantly enriched in the metabolic pathways. CONCLUSIONS In summary, this study provides a comprehensive cell atlas of porcine hepatic tissue. The number, gene expression level and functional characteristics of each cell type in pig liver tissue varied between breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hong Zhu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Porcine Gene Editing and Xenotransplantation, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Xuan-Cheng Guan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Porcine Gene Editing and Xenotransplantation, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Lan-Lan Yi
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Porcine Gene Editing and Xenotransplantation, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Hong Xu
- School of Public Finance and Economics, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming, 650221, China
| | - Qiu-Yan Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Porcine Gene Editing and Xenotransplantation, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Wen-Jie Cheng
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Porcine Gene Editing and Xenotransplantation, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yu-Xiao Xie
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- College of Biology and Agriculture, Zunyi Normal University, Zunyi, 563006, China
| | - Wei-Zhen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Hong-Ye Zhao
- Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Porcine Gene Editing and Xenotransplantation, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Hong-Jiang Wei
- Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Porcine Gene Editing and Xenotransplantation, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China.
| | - Su-Mei Zhao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China.
- Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Porcine Gene Editing and Xenotransplantation, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China.
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Dibsy R, Bremaud E, Mak J, Favard C, Muriaux D. HIV-1 diverts cortical actin for particle assembly and release. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6945. [PMID: 37907528 PMCID: PMC10618566 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41940-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Enveloped viruses assemble and bud from the host cell membranes. Any role of cortical actin in these processes have often been a source of debate. Here, we assessed if cortical actin was involved in HIV-1 assembly in infected CD4 T lymphocytes. Our results show that preventing actin branching not only increases HIV-1 particle release but also the number of individual HIV-1 Gag assembly clusters at the T cell plasma membrane. Indeed, in infected T lymphocytes and in in vitro quantitative model systems, we show that HIV-1 Gag protein prefers areas deficient in F-actin for assembling. Finally, we found that the host factor Arpin, an inhibitor of Arp2/3 branched actin, is recruited at the membrane of infected T cells and it can associate with the viral Gag protein. Altogether, our data show that, for virus assembly and particle release, HIV-1 prefers low density of cortical actin and may favor local actin debranching by subverting Arpin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayane Dibsy
- Institute of Research in Infectious disease of Montpellier (IRIM), University of Montpellier, UMR9004 CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Erwan Bremaud
- Institute of Research in Infectious disease of Montpellier (IRIM), University of Montpellier, UMR9004 CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Johnson Mak
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Cyril Favard
- Institute of Research in Infectious disease of Montpellier (IRIM), University of Montpellier, UMR9004 CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Delphine Muriaux
- Institute of Research in Infectious disease of Montpellier (IRIM), University of Montpellier, UMR9004 CNRS, Montpellier, France.
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Manca F, Eich G, N'Dao O, Normand L, Sengupta K, Limozin L, Puech PH. Probing mechanical interaction of immune receptors and cytoskeleton by membrane nanotube extraction. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15652. [PMID: 37730849 PMCID: PMC10511455 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42599-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of force application in immune cell recognition is now well established, the force being transmitted between the actin cytoskeleton to the anchoring ligands through receptors such as integrins. In this chain, the mechanics of the cytoskeleton to receptor link, though clearly crucial, remains poorly understood. To probe this link, we combine mechanical extraction of membrane tubes from T cells using optical tweezers, and fitting of the resulting force curves with a viscoelastic model taking into account the cell and relevant molecules. We solicit this link using four different antibodies against various membrane bound receptors: antiCD3 to target the T Cell Receptor (TCR) complex, antiCD45 for the long sugar CD45, and two clones of antiCD11 targeting open or closed conformation of LFA1 integrins. Upon disruption of the cytoskeleton, the stiffness of the link changes for two of the receptors, exposing the existence of a receptor to cytoskeleton link-namely TCR-complex and open LFA1, and does not change for the other two where a weaker link was expected. Our integrated approach allows us to probe, for the first time, the mechanics of the intracellular receptor-cytoskeleton link in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Manca
- CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire Adhesion et Inflammation (LAI), Aix Marseille University, 13009, Marseille, France.
- CNRS, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM), Aix Marseille University, 13009, Marseille, France.
- Turing Center for Living Systems (CENTURI), 13009, Marseille, France.
| | - Gautier Eich
- CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire Adhesion et Inflammation (LAI), Aix Marseille University, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Omar N'Dao
- CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire Adhesion et Inflammation (LAI), Aix Marseille University, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Lucie Normand
- CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire Adhesion et Inflammation (LAI), Aix Marseille University, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Kheya Sengupta
- CNRS, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM), Aix Marseille University, 13009, Marseille, France.
- Turing Center for Living Systems (CENTURI), 13009, Marseille, France.
| | - Laurent Limozin
- CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire Adhesion et Inflammation (LAI), Aix Marseille University, 13009, Marseille, France.
- Turing Center for Living Systems (CENTURI), 13009, Marseille, France.
| | - Pierre-Henri Puech
- CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire Adhesion et Inflammation (LAI), Aix Marseille University, 13009, Marseille, France.
- Turing Center for Living Systems (CENTURI), 13009, Marseille, France.
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Nicosia M, Lee J, Beavers A, Kish D, Farr GW, McGuirk PR, Pelletier MF, Lathia JD, Fairchild RL, Valujskikh A. Water channel aquaporin 4 is required for T cell receptor mediated lymphocyte activation. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 113:544-554. [PMID: 36805947 PMCID: PMC10848298 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins are a family of ubiquitously expressed transmembrane water channels implicated in a broad range of physiological functions. We have previously reported that aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is expressed on T cells and that treatment with a small molecule AQP4 inhibitor significantly delays T cell mediated heart allograft rejection. Using either genetic deletion or small molecule inhibitor, we show that AQP4 supports T cell receptor mediated activation of both mouse and human T cells. Intact AQP4 is required for optimal T cell receptor (TCR)-related signaling events, including nuclear translocation of transcription factors and phosphorylation of proximal TCR signaling molecules. AQP4 deficiency or inhibition impairs actin cytoskeleton rearrangements following TCR crosslinking, causing inferior TCR polarization and a loss of TCR signaling. Our findings reveal a novel function of AQP4 in T lymphocytes and identify AQP4 as a potential therapeutic target for preventing TCR-mediated T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nicosia
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Juyeun Lee
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Ashley Beavers
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Danielle Kish
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - George W. Farr
- Aeromics Inc., 470 James Street Suite 007, New Haven, CT 06513, United States
| | - Paul R. McGuirk
- Aeromics Inc., 470 James Street Suite 007, New Haven, CT 06513, United States
| | - Marc F. Pelletier
- Aeromics Inc., 470 James Street Suite 007, New Haven, CT 06513, United States
| | - Justin D. Lathia
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Robert L. Fairchild
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Anna Valujskikh
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
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7
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Vaseghi-Shanjani M, Snow AL, Margolis DJ, Latrous M, Milner JD, Turvey SE, Biggs CM. Atopy as Immune Dysregulation: Offender Genes and Targets. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2022; 10:1737-1756. [PMID: 35680527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Allergic diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders resulting from exaggerated type 2 inflammation. Although typically viewed as polygenic multifactorial disorders caused by the interaction of several genes with the environment, we have come to appreciate that allergic diseases can also be caused by monogenic variants affecting the immune system and the skin epithelial barrier. Through a myriad of genetic association studies and high-throughput sequencing tools, many monogenic and polygenic culprits of allergic diseases have been described. Identifying the genetic causes of atopy has shaped our understanding of how these conditions occur and how they may be treated and even prevented. Precision diagnostic tools and therapies that address the specific molecular pathways implicated in allergic inflammation provide exciting opportunities to improve our care for patients across the field of allergy and immunology. Here, we highlight offender genes implicated in polygenic and monogenic allergic diseases and list targeted therapeutic approaches that address these disrupted pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Vaseghi-Shanjani
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Experimental Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew L Snow
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md
| | - David J Margolis
- Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Meriem Latrous
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joshua D Milner
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Stuart E Turvey
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Experimental Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Catherine M Biggs
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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8
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Colin-York H, Heddleston J, Wait E, Karedla N, deSantis M, Khuon S, Chew TL, Sbalzarini IF, Fritzsche M. Quantifying Molecular Dynamics within Complex Cellular Morphologies using LLSM-FRAP. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2200149. [PMID: 35344286 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying molecular dynamics within the context of complex cellular morphologies is essential toward understanding the inner workings and function of cells. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) is one of the most broadly applied techniques to measure the reaction diffusion dynamics of molecules in living cells. FRAP measurements typically restrict themselves to single-plane image acquisition within a subcellular-sized region of interest due to the limited temporal resolution and undesirable photobleaching induced by 3D fluorescence confocal or widefield microscopy. Here, an experimental and computational pipeline combining lattice light sheet microscopy, FRAP, and numerical simulations, offering rapid and minimally invasive quantification of molecular dynamics with respect to 3D cell morphology is presented. Having the opportunity to accurately measure and interpret the dynamics of molecules in 3D with respect to cell morphology has the potential to reveal unprecedented insights into the function of living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huw Colin-York
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Kennedy Institute for Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - John Heddleston
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Eric Wait
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Narain Karedla
- Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Michael deSantis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Satya Khuon
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Teng-Leong Chew
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Ivo F Sbalzarini
- Faculty of Computer Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01187, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marco Fritzsche
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Kennedy Institute for Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
- Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
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Sarkar P, Kumar GA, Shrivastava S, Chattopadhyay A. Chronic cholesterol depletion increases F-actin levels and induces cytoskeletal reorganization via a dual mechanism. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100206. [PMID: 35390404 PMCID: PMC9096963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work from us and others has suggested that cholesterol is an important lipid in the context of the organization of the actin cytoskeleton. However, reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton upon modulation of membrane cholesterol is rarely addressed in the literature. In this work, we explored the signaling crosstalk between cholesterol and the actin cytoskeleton by using a high-resolution confocal microscopic approach to quantitatively measure changes in F-actin content upon cholesterol depletion. Our results show that F-actin content significantly increases upon chronic cholesterol depletion, but not during acute cholesterol depletion. In addition, utilizing inhibitors targeting the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway at different steps, we show that reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton could occur due to the synergistic effect of multiple pathways, including prenylated Rho GTPases and availability of membrane phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. These results constitute one of the first comprehensive dissections of the mechanistic basis underlying the interplay between cellular actin levels and cholesterol biosynthesis. We envision these results will be relevant for future understating of the remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton in pathological conditions with altered cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parijat Sarkar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - G Aditya Kumar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
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Schirrmacher V. Molecular Mechanisms of Anti-Neoplastic and Immune Stimulatory Properties of Oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus. Biomedicines 2022; 10:562. [PMID: 35327364 PMCID: PMC8945571 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses represent interesting anti-cancer agents with high tumor selectivity and immune stimulatory potential. The present review provides an update of the molecular mechanisms of the anti-neoplastic and immune stimulatory properties of the avian paramyxovirus, Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV). The anti-neoplastic activities of NDV include (i) the endocytic targeting of the GTPase Rac1 in Ras-transformed human tumorigenic cells; (ii) the switch from cellular protein to viral protein synthesis and the induction of autophagy mediated by viral nucleoprotein NP; (iii) the virus replication mediated by viral RNA polymerase (large protein (L), associated with phosphoprotein (P)); (iv) the facilitation of NDV spread in tumors via the membrane budding of the virus progeny with the help of matrix protein (M) and fusion protein (F); and (v) the oncolysis via apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, or ferroptosis associated with immunogenic cell death. A special property of this oncolytic virus consists of its potential for breaking therapy resistance in human cancer cells. Eight examples of this important property are presented and explained. In healthy human cells, NDV infection activates the RIG-MAVs immune signaling pathway and establishes an anti-viral state based on a strong and uninhibited interferon α,ß response. The review also describes the molecular determinants and mechanisms of the NDV-mediated immune stimulatory effects, in which the viral hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein plays a prominent role. The six viral proteins provide oncolytic NDV with a special profile in the treatment of cancer.
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11
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Angstadt S, Zhu Q, Jaffee EM, Robinson DN, Anders RA. Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Cortical Mechanics and Clinical Implications. Front Oncol 2022; 12:809179. [PMID: 35174086 PMCID: PMC8843014 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.809179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the deadliest cancers due to low therapeutic response rates and poor prognoses. Majority of patients present with symptoms post metastatic spread, which contributes to its overall lethality as the 4th leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Therapeutic approaches thus far target only one or two of the cancer specific hallmarks, such as high proliferation rate, apoptotic evasion, or immune evasion. Recent genomic discoveries reveal that genetic heterogeneity, early micrometastases, and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment contribute to the inefficacy of current standard treatments and specific molecular-targeted therapies. To effectively combat cancers like PDAC, we need an innovative approach that can simultaneously impact the multiple hallmarks driving cancer progression. Here, we present the mechanical properties generated by the cell’s cortical cytoskeleton, with a spotlight on PDAC, as an ideal therapeutic target that can concurrently attack multiple systems driving cancer. We start with an introduction to cancer cell mechanics and PDAC followed by a compilation of studies connecting the cortical cytoskeleton and mechanical properties to proliferation, metastasis, immune cell interactions, cancer cell stemness, and/or metabolism. We further elaborate on the implications of these findings in disease progression, therapeutic resistance, and clinical relapse. Manipulation of the cancer cell’s mechanical system has already been shown to prevent metastasis in preclinical models, but it has greater potential for target exploration since it is a foundational property of the cell that regulates various oncogenic behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantel Angstadt
- Department of Pathology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Qingfeng Zhu
- Department of Pathology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Elizabeth M. Jaffee
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Douglas N. Robinson
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Douglas N. Robinson, ; Robert A. Anders,
| | - Robert A. Anders
- Department of Pathology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Douglas N. Robinson, ; Robert A. Anders,
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12
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Chen H, Smith M, Herz J, Li T, Hasley R, Le Saout C, Zhu Z, Cheng J, Gronda A, Martina JA, Irusta PM, Karpova T, McGavern DB, Catalfamo M. The role of protease-activated receptor 1 signaling in CD8 T cell effector functions. iScience 2021; 24:103387. [PMID: 34841225 PMCID: PMC8605340 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8 T cells are essential for adaptive immunity against viral infections. Protease activated receptor 1 (PAR1) is expressed by CD8 T cells; however, its role in T cell effector function is not well defined. Here we show that in human CD8 T cells, PAR1 stimulation accelerates calcium mobilization. Furthermore, PAR1 is involved in cytotoxic T cell function by facilitating granule trafficking via actin polymerization and repositioning of the microtubule organizing center (MTOC) toward the immunological synapse. In vivo, PAR1-/- mice have reduced cytokine-producing T cells in response to a lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection and fail to efficiently control the virus. Specific deletion of PAR1 in LCMV GP33-specific CD8 T cells results in reduced expansion and diminished effector function. These data demonstrate that PAR1 plays a role in T cell activation and function, and this pathway could represent a new therapeutic strategy to modulate CD8 T cell effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mindy Smith
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jasmin Herz
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rebecca Hasley
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cecile Le Saout
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ziang Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jie Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Andres Gronda
- Department of Human Science, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - José A. Martina
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pablo M. Irusta
- Department of Human Science, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tatiana Karpova
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dorian B. McGavern
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marta Catalfamo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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13
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Zhou Q, Gu H, Sun S, Zhang Y, Hou Y, Li C, Zhao Y, Ma P, Lv L, Aji S, Sun S, Wang X, Zhan L. Large-Sized Graphene Oxide Nanosheets Increase DC-T-Cell Synaptic Contact and the Efficacy of DC Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2102528. [PMID: 34396603 PMCID: PMC8420123 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) vaccines are used for cancer and infectious diseases, albeit with limited efficacy. Modulating the formation of DC-T-cell synapses may greatly increase their efficacy. The effects of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets on DCs and DC-T-cell synapse formation are evaluated. In particular, size-dependent interactions are observed between GO nanosheets and DCs. GOs with diameters of >1 µm (L-GOs) demonstrate strong adherence to the DC surface, inducing cytoskeletal reorganization via the RhoA-ROCK-MLC pathway, while relatively small GOs (≈500 nm) are predominantly internalized by DCs. Furthermore, L-GO treatment enhances DC-T-cell synapse formation via cytoskeleton-dependent membrane positioning of integrin ICAM-1. L-GO acts as a "nanozipper," facilitating the aggregation of DC-T-cell clusters to produce a stable microenvironment for T cell activation. Importantly, L-GO-adjuvanted DCs promote robust cytotoxic T cell immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 spike 1, leading to >99.7% viral RNA clearance in mice infected with a clinically isolated SARS-CoV-2 strain. These findings highlight the potential value of nanomaterials as DC vaccine adjuvants for modulating DC-T-cell synapse formation and provide a basis for the development of effective COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhou
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion MedicineBeijing100850P. R. China
| | - Hongjing Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing Institute of Microbiology and EpidemiologyAcademy of Military Medical SciencesBeijing100071China
| | - Sujing Sun
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion MedicineBeijing100850P. R. China
| | - Yulong Zhang
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion MedicineBeijing100850P. R. China
| | - Yangyang Hou
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion MedicineBeijing100850P. R. China
| | - Chenyan Li
- BGI collegeZhengzhou UniversityHenan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical ScienceZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion MedicineBeijing100850P. R. China
| | - Ping Ma
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion MedicineBeijing100850P. R. China
| | - Liping Lv
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion MedicineBeijing100850P. R. China
| | - Subi Aji
- Cold Spring Biotech CorporationBeijing110000P. R. China
| | - Shihui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing Institute of Microbiology and EpidemiologyAcademy of Military Medical SciencesBeijing100071China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion MedicineBeijing100850P. R. China
| | - Linsheng Zhan
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion MedicineBeijing100850P. R. China
- BGI collegeZhengzhou UniversityHenan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical ScienceZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001P. R. China
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14
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Garlick E, Thomas SG, Owen DM. Super-Resolution Imaging Approaches for Quantifying F-Actin in Immune Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:676066. [PMID: 34490240 PMCID: PMC8416680 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.676066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells comprise a diverse set of cells that undergo a complex array of biological processes that must be tightly regulated. A key component of cellular machinery that achieves this is the cytoskeleton. Therefore, imaging and quantitatively describing the architecture and dynamics of the cytoskeleton is an important research goal. Optical microscopy is well suited to this task. Here, we review the latest in the state-of-the-art methodology for labeling the cytoskeleton, fluorescence microscopy hardware suitable for such imaging and quantitative statistical analysis software applicable to describing cytoskeletal structures. We also highlight ongoing challenges and areas for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Garlick
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Steven G Thomas
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Dylan M Owen
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom.,Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Science and School of Mathematics, College of Engineering and Physical Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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15
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Zhovmer AS, Chandler M, Manning A, Afonin KA, Tabdanov ED. Programmable DNA-augmented hydrogels for controlled activation of human lymphocytes. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 37:102442. [PMID: 34284132 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2021.102442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Contractile forces within the planar interface between T cell and antigen-presenting surface mechanically stimulate T cell receptors (TCR) in the mature immune synapses. However, the origin of mechanical stimulation during the initial, i.e., presynaptic, microvilli-based TCR activation in the course of immune surveillance remains unknown and new tools to help address this problem are needed. In this work, we develop nucleic acid nanoassembly (NAN)-based technology for functionalization of hydrogels using isothermal toehold-mediated reassociation of RNA/DNA heteroduplexes. Resulting platform allows for regulation with NAN linkers of 3D force momentum along the TCR mechanical axis, whereas hydrogels contribute to modulation of 2D shear modulus. By utilizing different lengths of NAN linkers conjugated to polyacrylamide gels of different shear moduli, we demonstrate an efficient capture of human T lymphocytes and tunable activation of TCR, as confirmed by T-cell spreading and pY foci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Zhovmer
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| | - Morgan Chandler
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Alexis Manning
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Kirill A Afonin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA.
| | - Erdem D Tabdanov
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
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16
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Khalaf K, Hana D, Chou JTT, Singh C, Mackiewicz A, Kaczmarek M. Aspects of the Tumor Microenvironment Involved in Immune Resistance and Drug Resistance. Front Immunol 2021; 12:656364. [PMID: 34122412 PMCID: PMC8190405 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.656364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex and ever-changing "rogue organ" composed of its own blood supply, lymphatic and nervous systems, stroma, immune cells and extracellular matrix (ECM). These complex components, utilizing both benign and malignant cells, nurture the harsh, immunosuppressive and nutrient-deficient environment necessary for tumor cell growth, proliferation and phenotypic flexibility and variation. An important aspect of the TME is cellular crosstalk and cell-to-ECM communication. This interaction induces the release of soluble factors responsible for immune evasion and ECM remodeling, which further contribute to therapy resistance. Other aspects are the presence of exosomes contributed by both malignant and benign cells, circulating deregulated microRNAs and TME-specific metabolic patterns which further potentiate the progression and/or resistance to therapy. In addition to biochemical signaling, specific TME characteristics such as the hypoxic environment, metabolic derangements, and abnormal mechanical forces have been implicated in the development of treatment resistance. In this review, we will provide an overview of tumor microenvironmental composition, structure, and features that influence immune suppression and contribute to treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Khalaf
- Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Center, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Doris Hana
- Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Center, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jadzia Tin-Tsen Chou
- Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Center, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Chandpreet Singh
- Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Center, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Andrzej Mackiewicz
- Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Center, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kaczmarek
- Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Center, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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17
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Li M, Yu Y. Innate immune receptor clustering and its role in immune regulation. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:134/4/jcs249318. [PMID: 33597156 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.249318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of receptor clustering in the activation of adaptive immune cells has revolutionized our understanding of the physical basis of immune signal transduction. In contrast to the extensive studies of adaptive immune cells, particularly T cells, there is a lesser, but emerging, recognition that the formation of receptor clusters is also a key regulatory mechanism in host-pathogen interactions. Many kinds of innate immune receptors have been found to assemble into nano- or micro-sized domains on the surfaces of cells. The clusters formed between diverse categories of innate immune receptors function as a multi-component apparatus for pathogen detection and immune response regulation. Here, we highlight these pioneering efforts and the outstanding questions that remain to be answered regarding this largely under-explored research topic. We provide a critical analysis of the current literature on the clustering of innate immune receptors. Our emphasis is on studies that draw connections between the phenomenon of receptor clustering and its functional role in innate immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47401, USA
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47401, USA
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18
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Zhang J, Zhao R, Li B, Farrukh A, Hoth M, Qu B, Del Campo A. Micropatterned soft hydrogels to study the interplay of receptors and forces in T cell activation. Acta Biomater 2021; 119:234-246. [PMID: 33099024 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of T cell responses to mechanical properties of antigen presenting cells (APC) is experimentally challenging at T cell-APC interfaces. Soft hydrogels with adjustable mechanical properties and biofunctionalization are useful reductionist models to address this problem. Here, we report a methodology to fabricate micropatterned soft hydrogels with defined stiffness to form spatially confined T cell/hydrogel contact interfaces at micrometer scale. Using automatized microcontact printing we prepared arrays of anti-CD3 microdots on poly(acrylamide) hydrogels with Young's Modulus in the range of 2 to 50 kPa. We optimized the printing process to obtain anti-CD3 microdots with constant area (50 µm2, corresponding to 8 µm diameter) and comparable anti-CD3 density on hydrogels of different stiffness. The anti-CD3 arrays were recognized by T cells and restricted cell attachment to the printed areas. To test functionality of the hydrogel-T cell contact, we analyzed several key events downstream of T cell receptor (TCR) activation. Anti-CD3 arrays on hydrogels activated calcium influx, induced rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton, and led to Zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70 (ZAP70) phosphorylation. Interestingly, upon increase in the stiffness, ZAP70 phosphorylation was enhanced, whereas the rearrangements of F-actin (F-actin clearance) and phosphorylated ZAP70 (ZAP70/pY centralization) were unaffected. Our results show that micropatterned hydrogels allow tuning of stiffness and receptor presentation to analyze TCR mediated T cell activation as function of mechanical, biochemical, and geometrical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingnan Zhang
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Chemistry Department, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Renping Zhao
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, 66421 Germany
| | - Bin Li
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Aleeza Farrukh
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Markus Hoth
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, 66421 Germany
| | - Bin Qu
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, 66421 Germany
| | - Aránzazu Del Campo
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Chemistry Department, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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19
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Gjorgjieva T, Xie X, Commins P, Pasricha R, Mahmood SR, Gunsalus KC, Naumov P, Percipalle P. Loss of β-Actin Leads to Accelerated Mineralization and Dysregulation of Osteoblast-Differentiation Genes during Osteogenic Reprogramming. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2002261. [PMID: 33304760 PMCID: PMC7709978 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Actin plays fundamental roles in both the cytoplasm and the cell nucleus. In the nucleus, β-actin regulates neuronal reprogramming by consolidating a heterochromatin landscape required for transcription of neuronal gene programs, yet it remains unknown whether it has a role in other differentiation models. To explore the potential roles of β-actin in osteogenesis, β-actin wild-type (WT) and β-actin knockout (KO) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) are reprogrammed to osteoblast-like cells using small molecules in vitro. It is discovered that loss of β-actin leads to an accelerated mineralization phenotype (hypermineralization), accompanied with enhanced formation of extracellular hydroxyapatite microcrystals, which originate in the mitochondria in the form of microgranules. This phenotype is a consequence of rapid upregulation of mitochondrial genes including those involved in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in reprogrammed KO cells. It is further found that osteogenic gene programs are differentially regulated between WT and KO cells, with clusters of genes exhibiting different temporal expression patterns. A novel function for β-actin in osteogenic reprogramming through a mitochondria-based mechanism that controls cell-mediated mineralization is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Gjorgjieva
- Program in BiologyDivision of Science and MathematicsNew York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD)P.O. Box 129188Abu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
| | - Xin Xie
- Program in BiologyDivision of Science and MathematicsNew York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD)P.O. Box 129188Abu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
- Center for Genomics and Systems BiologyNew York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD)P.O. Box 129188Abu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
| | - Patrick Commins
- Program in ChemistryDivision of Science and MathematicsNew York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD)P.O. Box 129188Abu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
| | - Renu Pasricha
- Core Technology PlatformsNew York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD)P.O. Box 129188Abu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
| | - Syed Raza Mahmood
- Program in BiologyDivision of Science and MathematicsNew York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD)P.O. Box 129188Abu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
- Department of BiologyNew York UniversityNew YorkNY10003USA
| | - Kristin C. Gunsalus
- Center for Genomics and Systems BiologyNew York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD)P.O. Box 129188Abu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
- Department of BiologyNew York UniversityNew YorkNY10003USA
| | - Panče Naumov
- Program in ChemistryDivision of Science and MathematicsNew York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD)P.O. Box 129188Abu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
| | - Piergiorgio Percipalle
- Program in BiologyDivision of Science and MathematicsNew York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD)P.O. Box 129188Abu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesThe Wenner‐Gren InstituteStockholm UniversityStockholmSE‐106 91Sweden
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20
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Li R, Ma C, Cai H, Chen W. The CAR T-Cell Mechanoimmunology at a Glance. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2002628. [PMID: 33344135 PMCID: PMC7740088 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell transfer is a novel paradigm of adoptive T-cell immunotherapy. When coming into contact with a target cancer cell, CAR T-cell forms a nonclassical immunological synapse with the cancer cell and dynamically orchestrates multiple critical forces to commit cytotoxic immune function. Such an immunologic process involves a force transmission in the CAR and a spatiotemporal remodeling of cell cytoskeleton to facilitate CAR activation and CAR T-cell cytotoxic function. Yet, the detailed understanding of such mechanotransduction at the interface between the CAR T-cell and the target cell, as well as its molecular structure and signaling, remains less defined and is just beginning to emerge. This article summarizes the basic mechanisms and principles of CAR T-cell mechanoimmunology, and various lessons that can be comparatively learned from interrogation of mechanotransduction at the immunological synapse in normal cytotoxic T-cell. The recent development and future application of novel bioengineering tools for studying CAR T-cell mechanoimmunology is also discussed. It is believed that this progress report will shed light on the CAR T-cell mechanoimmunology and encourage future researches in revealing the less explored yet important mechanosensing and mechanotransductive mechanisms involved in CAR T-cell immuno-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringNew York UniversityBrooklynNY11201USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNew York UniversityBrooklynNY11201USA
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringNew York UniversityBrooklynNY11201USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNew York UniversityBrooklynNY11201USA
| | - Haogang Cai
- Tech4Health instituteNYU Langone HealthNew YorkNY10016USA
- Department of RadiologyNYU Langone HealthNew YorkNY10016USA
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringNew York UniversityBrooklynNY11201USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNew York UniversityBrooklynNY11201USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer CenterNYU Langone HealthNew YorkNY10016USA
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21
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Razvag Y, Neve-Oz Y, Sajman J, Yakovian O, Reches M, Sherman E. T Cell Activation through Isolated Tight Contacts. Cell Rep 2020; 29:3506-3521.e6. [PMID: 31825832 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells engage antigen-presenting cells in search for cognate antigens via dynamic cell protrusions before forming a tight immune synapse. The spatiotemporal events that may lead to rapid TCR triggering and signal amplification in microvilli-driven isolated contacts, and in subsequent, more uniform contacts, remain poorly understood. Here, we combined interference-reflectance microscopy and single-molecule localization microscopy in live cells to resolve TCR-dependent signaling at tight cell contacts. We show that early contacts are sufficient for robust TCR triggering and ZAP-70 recruitment. With cell spreading, TCR activation and ZAP-70 recruitment increase and shift to the edges of the growing tight contacts. CD45 segregates from TCR at tight contacts and is enriched at high local curvature membrane. Surprisingly, cortical actin and LFA localized at contact regions of intermediate tightness. Our results show in molecular detail the roles of early and tight T cell contacts in T cell activation, as both sensing and decision-making entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair Razvag
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel; Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Yair Neve-Oz
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Julia Sajman
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Oren Yakovian
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Meital Reches
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Eilon Sherman
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.
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22
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Obeidy P, Ju LA, Oehlers SH, Zulkhernain NS, Lee Q, Galeano Niño JL, Kwan RY, Tikoo S, Cavanagh LL, Mrass P, Cook AJ, Jackson SP, Biro M, Roediger B, Sixt M, Weninger W. Partial loss of actin nucleator actin-related protein 2/3 activity triggers blebbing in primary T lymphocytes. Immunol Cell Biol 2019; 98:93-113. [PMID: 31698518 PMCID: PMC7028084 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocytes utilize amoeboid migration to navigate effectively within complex microenvironments. The precise rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton required for cellular forward propulsion is mediated by actin regulators, including the actin‐related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3) complex, a macromolecular machine that nucleates branched actin filaments at the leading edge. The consequences of modulating Arp2/3 activity on the biophysical properties of the actomyosin cortex and downstream T cell function are incompletely understood. We report that even a moderate decrease of Arp3 levels in T cells profoundly affects actin cortex integrity. Reduction in total F‐actin content leads to reduced cortical tension and disrupted lamellipodia formation. Instead, in Arp3‐knockdown cells, the motility mode is dominated by blebbing migration characterized by transient, balloon‐like protrusions at the leading edge. Although this migration mode seems to be compatible with interstitial migration in three‐dimensional environments, diminished locomotion kinetics and impaired cytotoxicity interfere with optimal T cell function. These findings define the importance of finely tuned, Arp2/3‐dependent mechanophysical membrane integrity in cytotoxic effector T lymphocyte activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Obeidy
- Immune Imaging Program, The Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Lining A Ju
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Heart Research Institute and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Stefan H Oehlers
- Tuberculosis Research Program, The Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.,Discipline of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Marie Bashir Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Nursafwana S Zulkhernain
- Immune Imaging Program, The Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Quintin Lee
- Immune Imaging Program, The Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Jorge L Galeano Niño
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, the ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2033, Australia
| | - Rain Yq Kwan
- Immune Imaging Program, The Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Shweta Tikoo
- Immune Imaging Program, The Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Lois L Cavanagh
- Immune Imaging Program, The Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Paulus Mrass
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Adam Jl Cook
- Immune Imaging Program, The Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Shaun P Jackson
- Heart Research Institute and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Maté Biro
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, the ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2033, Australia
| | - Ben Roediger
- Immune Imaging Program, The Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Michael Sixt
- Institute of Science and Technology, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- Immune Imaging Program, The Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.,Department of Dermatology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.,Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
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23
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Zhu M, Zernicka-Goetz M. Building an apical domain in the early mouse embryo: Lessons, challenges and perspectives. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 62:144-149. [PMID: 31869760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarization is critical for lineage segregation and morphogenesis during mammalian embryogenesis. However, the processes and mechanisms that establish cell polarity in the mammalian embryo are not well understood. Recent studies suggest that unique regulatory mechanisms are deployed by the mouse embryo to establish cell polarization. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of cell polarity establishment, focusing on the formation of the apical domain in the mouse embryo. We will also discuss outstanding questions and possible directions for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhu
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, University of Cambridge, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, University of Cambridge, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK.
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24
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Siokis A, Robert PA, Demetriou P, Dustin ML, Meyer-Hermann M. F-Actin-Driven CD28-CD80 Localization in the Immune Synapse. Cell Rep 2019; 24:1151-1162. [PMID: 30067972 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During immunological synapse (IS) formation, T cell receptor (TCR) signaling complexes, integrins, and costimulatory molecules exhibit a particular spatial localization. Here, we develop an agent-based model for the IS formation based on TCR peptide-bound major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) and leukocyte-function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) intracellular activation molecule 1 (ICAM-1) dynamics, including CD28 binding to a costimulatory ligand, coupling of molecules to the centripetal actin flow, and size-based segregation (SBS). A radial gradient of LFA-1 in the peripheral supramolecular activation cluster (pSMAC) toward the central supramolecular activation cluster (cSMAC) emerged as a combined consequence of actin binding and diffusion and modified the positioning of other molecules. The simulations predict a mechanism of CD28 movement, according to which CD28-CD80 complexes passively follow TCR-pMHC microclusters. However, the characteristic CD28-CD80 localization in a ring pattern around the cSMAC only emerges with a particular CD28-actin coupling strength that induces a centripetal motion. These results have implications for the understanding of T cell activation and fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Siokis
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Philippe A Robert
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig 38106, Germany.
| | - Philippos Demetriou
- Kennedy Institute, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK; Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig 38106, Germany; Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38106, Germany.
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25
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Kim S, Kalappurakkal JM, Mayor S, Rosen MK. Phosphorylation of nephrin induces phase separated domains that move through actomyosin contraction. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:2996-3012. [PMID: 31599693 PMCID: PMC6857567 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-12-0823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells is organized into lipid and protein microdomains, whose assembly mechanisms and functions are incompletely understood. We demonstrate that proteins in the nephrin/Nck/N-WASP actin-regulatory pathway cluster into micron-scale domains at the basal plasma membrane upon triggered phosphorylation of transmembrane protein nephrin. The domains are persistent but readily exchange components with their surroundings, and their formation is dependent on the number of Nck SH3 domains, suggesting they are phase separated polymers assembled through multivalent interactions among the three proteins. The domains form independent of the actin cytoskeleton, but acto-myosin contractility induces their rapid lateral movement. Nephrin phosphorylation induces larger clusters at the cell periphery, which are associated with extensive actin assembly and dense filopodia. Our studies illustrate how multivalent interactions between proteins at the plasma membrane can produce micron-scale organization of signaling molecules, and how the resulting clusters can both respond to and control the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Kim
- Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- The HHMI/MBL Summer Institute, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543
| | - Joseph M. Kalappurakkal
- The HHMI/MBL Summer Institute, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Satyajit Mayor
- The HHMI/MBL Summer Institute, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Michael K. Rosen
- Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- The HHMI/MBL Summer Institute, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543
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26
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Pejoski D, Ballester M, Auderset F, Vono M, Christensen D, Andersen P, Lambert PH, Siegrist CA. Site-Specific DC Surface Signatures Influence CD4 + T Cell Co-stimulation and Lung-Homing. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1650. [PMID: 31396211 PMCID: PMC6668556 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) that drain the gut and skin are known to favor the establishment of T cell populations that home to the original site of DC-antigen (Ag) encounter by providing soluble “imprinting” signals to T cells in the lymph node (LN). To study the induction of lung T cell-trafficking, we used a protein-adjuvant murine intranasal and intramuscular immunization model to compare in vivo-activated Ag+ DCs in the lung and muscle-draining LNs. Higher frequencies of Ag+ CD11b+ DCs were observed in lung-draining mediastinal LNs (MedLN) compared to muscle-draining inguinal LNs (ILN). Ag+ CD11b+ MedLN DCs were qualitatively superior at priming CD4+ T cells, which then expressed CD49a and CXCR3, and preferentially trafficked into the lung parenchyma. CD11b+ DCs from the MedLN expressed higher levels of surface podoplanin, Trem4, GL7, and the known co-stimulatory molecules CD80, CD86, and CD24. Blockade of specific MedLN DC molecules or the use of sorted DC and T cell co-cultures demonstrated that DC surface phenotype influences the ability to prime T cells that then home to the lung. Thus, the density of dLN Ag+ DCs, and DC surface molecule signatures are factors that can influence the output and differentiation of lung-homing CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pejoski
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccine Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie Ballester
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccine Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Floriane Auderset
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccine Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria Vono
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccine Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Andersen
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul-Henri Lambert
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccine Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Claire-Anne Siegrist
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccine Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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27
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Minkwitz C, Schoon HA, Zhang Q, Schöniger S. Plasticity of endometrial epithelial and stromal cells-A new approach towards the pathogenesis of equine endometrosis. Reprod Domest Anim 2019; 54:835-845. [PMID: 30907027 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Equine endometrosis, a frequent cause of subfertility, is characterized by periglandular fibrosis, and no treatment exists. Endometrial biopsies not only contain diseased glands, but also contain healthy glands and stroma. Myoepithelial (ME) and myofibroblastic (MF) markers are calponin, smooth muscle actin (SMA), desmin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Epithelial vimentin expression indicates epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). The aim of this immunohistochemical study was to investigate whether biopsies with endometrosis express MF and ME markers and vimentin. Compared to healthy areas, significantly higher percentages of endometrotic glands were lined by calponin- and vimentin-positive epithelial cells, whereas periglandular fibrosis contained significantly higher percentages of stromal cells positive for vimentin, desmin and SMA and significantly less calponin-positive stromal cells. The rare GFAP expression was restricted to endometrotic glands. Of these, the most frequent features of endometrotic glands were higher percentages of SMA- and vimentin-positive stromal cells and the prominent epithelial calponin staining that occurred in 100%, 93% and 95% of examined biopsies. Results indicate plasticity of equine endometrial epithelial and stromal cells. Particularly, endometrotic glands show evidence for ME differentiation and EMT. The different expression of MF markers between stromal cells from healthy and endometrotic areas suggests functional differences. The characteristic changes in the expression of SMA, vimentin and calponin between endometrotic glands and healthy areas can be helpful to confirm early stages of endometrosis. The characterization of cellular differentiation may help to decipher the pathogenesis of endometrosis and could lead to therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Minkwitz
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Qian Zhang
- Institute of Anatomy, Experimental Neurobiology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Sandra Schöniger
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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28
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Pullen RH, Abel SM. Mechanical feedback enables catch bonds to selectively stabilize scanning microvilli at T-cell surfaces. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:2087-2095. [PMID: 31116687 PMCID: PMC6727777 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-01-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cells use microvilli to search the surfaces of antigen-presenting cells for antigenic ligands. The active motion of scanning microvilli provides a force-generating mechanism that is intriguing in light of single-molecule experiments showing that applied forces increase the lifetimes of stimulatory receptor–ligand bonds (catch-bond behavior). In this work, we introduce a theoretical framework to explore the motion of a microvillar tip above an antigen-presenting surface when receptors on the tip stochastically bind to ligands on the surface and dissociate from them in a force-dependent manner. Forces on receptor-ligand bonds impact the motion of the microvillus, leading to feedback between binding and microvillar motion. We use computer simulations to show that the average microvillar velocity varies in a ligand-dependent manner; that catch bonds generate responses in which some microvilli almost completely stop, while others move with a broad distribution of velocities; and that the frequency of stopping depends on the concentration of stimulatory ligands. Typically, a small number of catch bonds initially immobilize the microvillus, after which additional bonds accumulate and increase the cumulative receptor-engagement time. Our results demonstrate that catch bonds can selectively slow and stabilize scanning microvilli, suggesting a physical mechanism that may contribute to antigen discrimination by T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Pullen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Steven M Abel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
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29
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Abstract
A wide range of cell–microenvironmental interactions are mediated by membrane-localized receptors that bind ligands present on another cell or the extracellular matrix. This situation introduces a number of physical effects including spatial organization of receptor–ligand complexes and development of mechanical forces in cells. Unlike traditional experimental approaches, hybrid live cell–supported lipid bilayer (SLB) systems, wherein a live cell interacts with a synthetic substrate supported membrane, allow interrogation of these aspects of receptor signaling. The SLB system directly offers facile control over the identity, density, and mobility of ligands used for engaging cellular receptors. Further, application of various nano- and micropatterning techniques allows for spatial patterning of ligands. In this review, we describe the hybrid live cell–SLB system and its application in uncovering a range of spatial and mechanical aspects of receptor signaling. We highlight the T cell immunological synapse, junctions formed between EphA2- and ephrinA1-expressing cells, and adhesions formed by cadherin and integrin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabir H. Biswas
- NTU Institute for Health Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637553
| | - Jay T. Groves
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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30
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Harrison DL, Fang Y, Huang J. T-Cell Mechanobiology: Force Sensation, Potentiation, and Translation. FRONTIERS IN PHYSICS 2019; 7:45. [PMID: 32601597 PMCID: PMC7323161 DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2019.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A T cell is a sensitive self-referential mechanical sensor. Mechanical forces influence the recognition, activation, differentiation, and function throughout the lifetime of a T cell. T cells constantly perceive and respond to physical stimuli through their surface receptors, cytoskeleton, and subcellular structures. Surface receptors receive physical cues in the form of forces generated through receptor-ligand binding events, which are dynamically regulated by contact tension, shear stress, and substrate rigidity. The resulting mechanotransduction not only influences T-cell recognition and signaling but also possibly modulates cell metabolism and gene expression. Moreover, forces also dynamically regulate the deformation, organization, and translocation of cytoskeleton and subcellular structures, leading to changes in T-cell mobility, migration, and infiltration. However, the roles and mechanisms of how mechanical forces modulate T-cell recognition, signaling, metabolism, and gene expression, are largely unknown and underappreciated. Here, we review recent technological and scientific advances in T-cell mechanobiology, discuss possible roles and mechanisms of T-cell mechanotransduction, and propose new research directions of this emerging field in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin L. Harrison
- The Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yun Fang
- The Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jun Huang
- The Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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31
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Colin-York H, Li D, Korobchevskaya K, Chang VT, Betzig E, Eggeling C, Fritzsche M. Cytoskeletal actin patterns shape mast cell activation. Commun Biol 2019; 2:93. [PMID: 30854485 PMCID: PMC6405992 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0322-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of immune cells relies on a dynamic actin cytoskeleton. Despite detailed knowledge of molecular actin assembly, the exact processes governing actin organization during activation remain elusive. Using advanced microscopy, we here show that Rat Basophilic Leukemia (RBL) cells, a model mast cell line, employ an orchestrated series of reorganization events within the cortical actin network during activation. In response to IgE antigen-stimulation of FCε receptors (FCεR) at the RBL cell surface, we observed symmetry breaking of the F-actin network and subsequent rapid disassembly of the actin cortex. This was followed by a reassembly process that may be driven by the coordinated transformation of distinct nanoscale F-actin architectures, reminiscent of self-organizing actin patterns. Actin patterns co-localized with zones of Arp2/3 nucleation, while network reassembly was accompanied by myosin-II activity. Strikingly, cortical actin disassembly coincided with zones of granule secretion, suggesting that cytoskeletal actin patterns contribute to orchestrate RBL cell activation. Huw Colin-York et al. use advanced microscopy techniques to show that the cortical actin network within a model mast cell line undergoes a series of reorganizational events at the basal interface during activation. They find that actin patterns co-localize with zones of Arp2/3 nucleation and myosin-II activity accompanies network reassembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huw Colin-York
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Dong Li
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA, 20147, USA.,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Kseniya Korobchevskaya
- Kennedy Institute for Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Veronica T Chang
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Eric Betzig
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA, 20147, USA
| | - Christian Eggeling
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Marco Fritzsche
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK. .,Kennedy Institute for Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK.
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32
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Jin SW, Markle TJ, Anmole G, Rahimi A, Kuang XT, Brumme ZL, Brockman MA. Modulation of TCR-dependent NFAT signaling is impaired in HIV-1 Nef isolates from elite controllers. Virology 2019; 530:39-50. [PMID: 30780124 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 Nef modulates the activation state of CD4+ T cells by altering signaling events elicited by the T cell receptor (TCR). Primary nef sequences exhibit extensive inter-individual diversity that influences their ability to downregulate CD4 and HLA class I; however, the impact of nef variation on modulation of T cell signaling is poorly characterized. Here, we measured TCR-mediated activation of NFAT transcription factor in the presence of nef alleles isolated from 45 elite controllers (EC) and 46 chronic progressors (CP). EC Nef clones displayed lower ability to inhibit NFAT signaling (median 87 [IQR 75-93]% relative to SF2 Nef) compared to CP clones (94 [IQR 89-98]%) (p < 0.001). Polymorphisms in Nef's N-terminal domain impaired its ability to inhibit NFAT signaling. Results indicate that primary nef alleles exhibit a range of abilities to modulate TCR-dependent NFAT signaling, implicating natural variation in this function as a potential contributor to differential HIV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Jin
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Tristan J Markle
- Dept. of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Gursev Anmole
- Dept. of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Asa Rahimi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Xiaomei T Kuang
- Dept. of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Zabrina L Brumme
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mark A Brockman
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; Dept. of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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33
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Lin JJY, Low-Nam ST, Alfieri KN, McAffee DB, Fay NC, Groves JT. Mapping the stochastic sequence of individual ligand-receptor binding events to cellular activation: T cells act on the rare events. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/564/eaat8715. [PMID: 30647147 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aat8715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) binding to agonist peptide major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) triggers signaling events that initiate T cell responses. This system is remarkably sensitive, requiring only a few binding events to successfully activate a cellular response. On average, activating pMHC ligands exhibit mean dwell times of at least a few seconds when bound to the TCR. However, a T cell accumulates pMHC-TCR interactions as a stochastic series of discrete, single-molecule binding events whose individual dwell times are broadly distributed. With activation occurring in response to only a handful of such binding events, individual cells are unlikely to experience the average binding time. Here, we mapped the ensemble of pMHC-TCR binding events in space and time while simultaneously monitoring cellular activation. Our findings revealed that T cell activation hinges on rare, long-dwell time binding events that are an order of magnitude longer than the average agonist pMHC-TCR dwell time. Furthermore, we observed that short pMHC-TCR binding events that were spatially correlated and temporally sequential led to cellular activation. These observations indicate that T cell antigen discrimination likely occurs by sensing the tail end of the pMHC-TCR binding dwell time distribution rather than its average properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny J Y Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Shalini T Low-Nam
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Katherine N Alfieri
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Darren B McAffee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Nicole C Fay
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jay T Groves
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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34
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Abstract
T cells effectively explore the tissue in search for antigens. When activated, they dedicate a big amount of energy and resources to arrange a complex structure called immunological synapse (IS), containing a particular distribution of molecules defined as supramolecular activation clusters (SMACs), and become polarized toward the target cell in a manner that channels the information specifically. This arrangement is symmetrical and requires the polarization of the MTOC and the Golgi to be operational, especially for the proper delivery of lytic granules and the recycling of molecules three dimensionally segregated at the clustered interface. Alternatively, after the productive encounter, T cells need to rearrange again to newly navigate through the tissue, changing back to a motile state called immunological kinapse (IK). In this IK state, the MTOC and the Golgi apparatus are repositioned and recruited at the back of the T cell to facilitate motility, while the established symmetry of the elements of the SMACs is broken and distributed in a different pattern. Both states, IS and IK, are interchangeable and are mainly orchestrated by the MTOC/Golgi complex, being critical for an effective immune response.
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35
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Meddens MBM, Mennens SFB, Celikkol FB, Te Riet J, Kanger JS, Joosten B, Witsenburg JJ, Brock R, Figdor CG, Cambi A. Biophysical Characterization of CD6-TCR/CD3 Interplay in T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2333. [PMID: 30356797 PMCID: PMC6189472 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the T cell receptor (TCR) on the T cell through ligation with antigen-MHC complex of an antigen-presenting cell (APC) is an essential process in the activation of T cells and induction of the subsequent adaptive immune response. Upon activation, the TCR, together with its associated co-receptor CD3 complex, assembles in signaling microclusters that are transported to the center of the organizational structure at the T cell-APC interface termed the immunological synapse (IS). During IS formation, local cell surface receptors and associated intracellular molecules are reorganized, ultimately creating the typical bull's eye-shaped pattern of the IS. CD6 is a surface glycoprotein receptor, which has been previously shown to associate with CD3 and co-localize to the center of the IS in static conditions or stable T cell-APC contacts. In this study, we report the use of different experimental set-ups analyzed with microscopy techniques to study the dynamics and stability of CD6-TCR/CD3 interaction dynamics and stability during IS formation in more detail. We exploited antibody spots, created with microcontact printing, and antibody-coated beads, and could demonstrate that CD6 and the TCR/CD3 complex co-localize and are recruited into a stimulatory cluster on the cell surface of T cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate, for the first time, that CD6 forms microclusters co-localizing with TCR/CD3 microclusters during IS formation on supported lipid bilayers. These co-localizing CD6 and TCR/CD3 microclusters are both radially transported toward the center of the IS formed in T cells, in an actin polymerization-dependent manner. Overall, our findings further substantiate the role of CD6 during IS formation and provide novel insight into the dynamic properties of this CD6-TCR/CD3 complex interplay. From a methodological point of view, the biophysical approaches used to characterize these receptors are complementary and amenable for investigation of the dynamic interactions of other membrane receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein B M Meddens
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Svenja F B Mennens
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - F Burcu Celikkol
- Department of Nano-BioPhysics, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Joost Te Riet
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Johannes S Kanger
- Department of Nano-BioPhysics, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Ben Joosten
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - J Joris Witsenburg
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Roland Brock
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Carl G Figdor
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Alessandra Cambi
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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36
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Feng Y, Reinherz EL, Lang MJ. αβ T Cell Receptor Mechanosensing Forces out Serial Engagement. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:596-609. [PMID: 30060805 PMCID: PMC6154790 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocytes use αβ T cell receptors (TCRs) to recognize
sparse antigenic peptides bound to MHC molecules (pMHCs) arrayed on
antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Contrary to conventional receptor–ligand
associations exemplified by antigen-antibody interactions, forces play a crucial
role in nonequilibrium mechanosensor-based T cell activation. Both T cell
motility and local cytoskeleton machinery exert forces (i.e., generate loads) on
TCR–pMHC bonds. We review biological features of the load-dependent
activation process as revealed by optical tweezers single molecule/single cell
and other biophysical measurements. The findings link pMHC-triggered TCRs to
single cytoskeletal motors; define the importance of energized anisotropic
(i.e., force direction dependent) activation; and characterize immunological
synapse formation as digital, revealing no serial requirement. The emerging
picture suggests new approaches for the monitoring and design of cytotoxic T
lymphocyte (CTL)-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinnian Feng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Ellis L Reinherz
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Matthew J Lang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
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de la Zerda A, Kratochvil MJ, Suhar NA, Heilshorn SC. Review: Bioengineering strategies to probe T cell mechanobiology. APL Bioeng 2018; 2:021501. [PMID: 31069295 PMCID: PMC6324202 DOI: 10.1063/1.5006599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells play a major role in adaptive immune response, and T cell dysfunction can lead to the progression of several diseases that are often associated with changes in the mechanical properties of tissues. However, the concept that mechanical forces play a vital role in T cell activation and signaling is relatively new. The endogenous T cell microenvironment is highly complex and dynamic, involving multiple, simultaneous cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. This native complexity has made it a challenge to isolate the effects of mechanical stimuli on T cell activation. In response, researchers have begun developing engineered platforms that recapitulate key aspects of the native microenvironment to dissect these complex interactions in order to gain a better understanding of T cell mechanotransduction. In this review, we first describe some of the unique characteristics of T cells and the mounting research that has shown they are mechanosensitive. We then detail the specific bioengineering strategies that have been used to date to measure and perturb the mechanical forces at play during T cell activation. In addition, we look at engineering strategies that have been used successfully in mechanotransduction studies for other cell types and describe adaptations that may make them suitable for use with T cells. These engineering strategies can be classified as 2D, so-called 2.5D, or 3D culture systems. In the future, findings from this emerging field will lead to an optimization of culture environments for T cell expansion and the development of new T cell immunotherapies for cancer and other immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi de la Zerda
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | | - Nicholas A Suhar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Sarah C Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Zhang MS, Tran PM, Wolff AJ, Tremblay MM, Fosdick MG, Houtman JCD. Glycerol monolaurate induces filopodia formation by disrupting the association between LAT and SLP-76 microclusters. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/528/eaam9095. [PMID: 29717064 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aam9095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is a monoglyceride with potent antimicrobial properties that suppresses T cell receptor (TCR)-induced signaling and T cell effector function. Actin rearrangement is needed for the interaction of T cells with antigen-presenting cells and for migration to sites of infection. Because of the critical role actin rearrangement plays in T cell effector function, we analyzed the effect of GML on the rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton after TCR activation. We found that GML-treated human T cells were less adherent than untreated T cells and did not form actin ring structures but instead developed numerous inappropriate actin-mediated filopodia. The formation of these filopodia was not due to disruption of TCR-proximal regulators of actin or microtubule polymerization. Instead, total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy demonstrated mislocalization of actin nucleation protein Arp2 microclusters, but not those containing the adaptor proteins SLP-76 and WASp, or the actin nucleation protein ARPC3, which are necessary for TCR-induced actin rearrangement. Additionally, SLP-76 microclusters colocalized with WASp and WAVE microclusters but not with LAT. Together, our data suggest that GML alters actin cytoskeletal rearrangements and identify diverse functions for GML as a T cell-suppressive agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Phuong M Tran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Alexander J Wolff
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Mikaela M Tremblay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Micaela G Fosdick
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jon C D Houtman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. .,Biomedical Sciences Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Hortigüela V, Larrañaga E, Cutrale F, Seriola A, García-Díaz M, Lagunas A, Andilla J, Loza-Alvarez P, Samitier J, Ojosnegros S, Martínez E. Nanopatterns of Surface-Bound EphrinB1 Produce Multivalent Ligand-Receptor Interactions That Tune EphB2 Receptor Clustering. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:629-637. [PMID: 29243484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Here we present a nanostructured surface able to produce multivalent interactions between surface-bound ephrinB1 ligands and membrane EphB2 receptors. We created ephrinB1 nanopatterns of regular size (<30 nm in diameter) by using self-assembled diblock copolymers. Next, we used a statistically enhanced version of the Number and Brightness technique, which can discriminate-with molecular sensitivity-the oligomeric states of diffusive species to quantitatively track the EphB2 receptor oligomerization process in real time. The results indicate that a stimulation using randomly distributed surface-bound ligands was not sufficient to fully induce receptor aggregation. Conversely, when nanopatterned onto our substrates, the ligands effectively induced a strong receptor oligomerization. This presentation of ligands improved the clustering efficiency of conventional ligand delivery systems, as it required a 9-fold lower ligand surface coverage and included faster receptor clustering kinetics compared to traditional cross-linked ligands. In conclusion, nanostructured diblock copolymers constitute a novel strategy to induce multivalent ligand-receptor interactions leading to a stronger, faster, and more efficient receptor activation, thus providing a useful strategy to precisely tune and potentiate receptor responses. The efficiency of these materials at inducing cell responses can benefit applications such as the design of new bioactive materials and drug-delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Hortigüela
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) , Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Enara Larrañaga
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) , Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Francesco Cutrale
- Translational Imaging Center, Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Anna Seriola
- Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona (CMRB) , Hospital Duran i Reynals, Hospitalet de Llobregat 08908, Spain
| | - María García-Díaz
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) , Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Anna Lagunas
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) , Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) , Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Jordi Andilla
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Castelldefels, Barcelona 08860, Spain
| | - Pablo Loza-Alvarez
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Castelldefels, Barcelona 08860, Spain
| | - Josep Samitier
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) , Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) , Madrid 28029, Spain
- Department of Engineering: Electronics, University of Barcelona (UB) , Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Samuel Ojosnegros
- Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona (CMRB) , Hospital Duran i Reynals, Hospitalet de Llobregat 08908, Spain
| | - Elena Martínez
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) , Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) , Madrid 28029, Spain
- Department of Engineering: Electronics, University of Barcelona (UB) , Barcelona 08028, Spain
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40
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Transistor-Based Impedimetric Monitoring of Single Cells. LABEL-FREE MONITORING OF CELLS IN VITRO 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/11663_2017_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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41
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Abstract
Researchers striving to convert biology into an exact science foremost rely on structural biology and biochemical reconstitution approaches to obtain quantitative data. However, cell biological research is moving at an ever-accelerating speed into areas where these approaches lose much of their edge. Intrinsically unstructured proteins and biochemical interaction networks composed of interchangeable, multivalent, and unspecific interactions pose unique challenges to quantitative biology, as do processes that occur in discrete cellular microenvironments. Here we argue that a conceptual change in our way of conducting biochemical experiments is required to take on these new challenges. We propose that reconstitution of cellular processes in vitro should be much more focused on mimicking the cellular environment in vivo, an approach that requires detailed knowledge of the material properties of cellular compartments, essentially requiring a material science of the cell. In a similar vein, we suggest that quantitative biochemical experiments in vitro should be accompanied by corresponding experiments in vivo, as many newly relevant cellular processes are highly context-dependent. In essence, this constitutes a call for chemical biologists to convert their discipline from a proof-of-principle science to an area that could rightfully be called quantitative biochemistry in living cells. In this essay, we discuss novel techniques and experimental strategies with regard to their potential to fulfill such ambitious aims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alf Honigmann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics , Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - André Nadler
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics , Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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42
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Meissner JM, Sikorski AF, Nawara T, Grzesiak J, Marycz K, Bogusławska DM, Michalczyk I, Lecomte MC, Machnicka B. αII-spectrin in T cells is involved in the regulation of cell-cell contact leading to immunological synapse formation? PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189545. [PMID: 29244882 PMCID: PMC5731749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
T-lymphocyte activation after antigen presentation to the T-Cell Receptor (TCR) is a critical step in the development of proper immune responses to infection and inflammation. This dynamic process involves reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and signaling molecules at the cell membrane, leading to the formation of the Immunological Synapse (IS). The mechanisms regulating the formation of the IS are not completely understood. Nonerythroid spectrin is a membrane skeletal protein involved in the regulation of many cellular processes, including cell adhesion, signaling and actin cytoskeleton remodeling. However, the role of spectrin in IS formation has not been explored. We used molecular, imaging and cellular approaches to show that nonerythroid αII-spectrin redistributes to the IS during T-cell activation. The redistribution of spectrin coincides with the relocation of CD45 and LFA-1, two components essential for IS formation and stability. We assessed the role of spectrin by shRNA-mediated depletion from Jurkat T cells and show that spectrin-depleted cells exhibit decreased adhesion and are defective in forming lamellipodia and filopodia. Importantly, IS formation is impaired in spectrin-depleted cells. Thus, spectrin may be engaged in regulation of distinct events necessary for the establishment and maturity of the IS: besides the involvement of spectrin in the control of CD45 and LFA-1 surface display, spectrin acts in the establishment of cell-cell contact and adhesion processes during the formation of the IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna M. Meissner
- Laboratory of Cytobiochemistry, Biotechnology Faculty, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, University of Environmental and Life Sciences Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Aleksander F. Sikorski
- Laboratory of Cytobiochemistry, Biotechnology Faculty, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tomasz Nawara
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, University of Environmental and Life Sciences Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jakub Grzesiak
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, University of Environmental and Life Sciences Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Marycz
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, University of Environmental and Life Sciences Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Izabela Michalczyk
- Laboratory of Cytobiochemistry, Biotechnology Faculty, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marie-Christine Lecomte
- Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge UMR_S1134, Inserm, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ. de la Réunion, Univ. des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Beata Machnicka
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
- * E-mail:
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Kiso K, Yoshifuji H, Oku T, Hikida M, Kitagori K, Hirayama Y, Nakajima T, Haga H, Tsuruyama T, Miyagawa-Hayashino A. Transgelin-2 is upregulated on activated B-cells and expressed in hyperplastic follicles in lupus erythematosus patients. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184738. [PMID: 28910360 PMCID: PMC5599031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgelin-2 (TAGLN2) is an actin-binding protein that controls actin stability and promotes T cell activation. TAGLN2 is also expressed on B-cells but its function in B-cells is unknown. We found that TAGLN2-expressing B-cells were localized in the germinal center (GC) of secondary lymphoid tissues and TAGLN2 mRNA was significantly upregulated after IgM+IgG stimulation in primary human B-cells, suggesting that TAGLN2 was upregulated upon B-cell activation. In support of this, lymph nodes (LNs) from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), in which the intense GC activity have been recognized, showed increased TAGLN2 expression in B-cells compared to control LNs. Moreover, TAGLN2+B-cells were distributed widely not only in the GC but also in the perifollicular areas in SLE LNs. In contrast, CD19+ B-cells and CD19+CD27+ memory-B cells in peripheral blood of SLE patients showed no increase in TAGLN2 mRNA. Two-photon excitation microscopy of Raji cells demonstrated that TAGLN2 colocalized with F-actin and moved together to the periphery upon stimulation. TAGLN2-knockdown in Raji cells resulted in impaired phosphorylation of PLCγ2 leading to inhibition of cell migration. Microarray analysis of TAGLN2-knockdown Raji cells showed decreased expression of the genes associated with immune function including CCR6 and as well as of those associated with regulation of the actin cytoskeleton including ABI2, compared to controls. These results suggest that TAGLN2 might regulate activation and migration of B-cells, in particular, the entry of activated B-cells into the follicle. We also suggest that TAGLN2 could be used as a marker for activated B-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Kiso
- Center for Anatomical, Pathological and Forensic Medical Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hajime Yoshifuji
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takuma Oku
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Research Portfolio & Science, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masaki Hikida
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Physiology, Department of Life Science, Akita University
| | - Koji Kitagori
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hirayama
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Research Portfolio & Science, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Toshiki Nakajima
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hironori Haga
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Tsuruyama
- Center for Anatomical, Pathological and Forensic Medical Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Aya Miyagawa-Hayashino
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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44
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Conformational transitions and interactions underlying the function of membrane embedded receptor protein kinases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:1417-1429. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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45
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Catch Bonds at T Cell Interfaces: Impact of Surface Reorganization and Membrane Fluctuations. Biophys J 2017; 113:120-131. [PMID: 28700910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Catch bonds are characterized by average lifetimes that initially increase with increasing tensile force. Recently, they have been implicated in T cell activation, where small numbers of antigenic receptor-ligand bonds at a cell-cell interface can stimulate a T cell. Here, we use computational methods to investigate small numbers of bonds at the interface between two membranes. We characterize the time-dependent forces on the bonds in response to changes in the membrane shape and the organization of other surface molecules. We then determine the distributions of bond lifetimes using recent force-dependent lifetime data for T cell receptors bound to various ligands. Strong agonists, which exhibit catch bond behavior, are markedly more likely to remain intact than an antagonist whose average lifetime decreases with increasing force. Thermal fluctuations of the membrane shape enhance the decay of the average force on a bond, but also lead to fluctuations of the force. These fluctuations promote bond rupture, but the effect is buffered by catch bonds. When more than one bond is present, the bonds experience reduced average forces that depend on their relative positions, leading to changes in bond lifetimes. Our results highlight the importance of force-dependent binding kinetics when bonds experience time-dependent and fluctuating forces, as well as potential consequences of collective bond behavior relevant to T cell activation.
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Azoulay-Alfaguter I, Strazza M, Peled M, Novak HK, Muller J, Dustin ML, Mor A. The tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 promotes T cell adhesion by activating the adaptor protein CrkII in the immunological synapse. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/491/eaal2880. [PMID: 28790195 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aal2880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The adaptor protein CrkII regulates T cell adhesion by recruiting the guanine nucleotide exchange factor C3G, an activator of Rap1. Subsequently, Rap1 stimulates the integrin LFA-1, which leads to T cell adhesion and interaction with antigen-presenting cells (APCs). The adhesion of T cells to APCs is critical for their proper function and education. The interface between the T cell and the APC is known as the immunological synapse. It is characterized by the specific organization of proteins that can be divided into central supramolecular activation clusters (c-SMACs) and peripheral SMACs (p-SMACs). Through total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy and experiments with supported lipid bilayers, we determined that activated Rap1 was recruited to the immunological synapse and localized to the p-SMAC. C3G and the active (dephosphorylated) form of CrkII also localized to the same compartment. In contrast, inactive (phosphorylated) CrkII was confined to the c-SMAC. Activation of CrkII and its subsequent movement from the c-SMAC to the p-SMAC depended on the phosphatase SHP-1, which acted downstream of the T cell receptor. In the p-SMAC, CrkII recruited C3G, which led to Rap1 activation and LFA-1-mediated adhesion of T cells to APCs. Functionally, SHP-1 was necessary for both the adhesion and migration of T cells. Together, these data highlight a signaling pathway in which SHP-1 acts through CrkII to reshape the pattern of Rap1 activation in the immunological synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marianne Strazza
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael Peled
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Hila K Novak
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.,Kennedy Institute for Rheumatology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - James Muller
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.,Kennedy Institute for Rheumatology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Adam Mor
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA. .,Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.,Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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47
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Terry S, Savagner P, Ortiz-Cuaran S, Mahjoubi L, Saintigny P, Thiery JP, Chouaib S. New insights into the role of EMT in tumor immune escape. Mol Oncol 2017; 11:824-846. [PMID: 28614624 PMCID: PMC5496499 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel immunotherapy approaches have provided durable remission in a significant number of cancer patients with cancers previously considered rapidly lethal. Nonetheless, the high degree of nonresponders, and in some cases the emergence of resistance in patients who do initially respond, represents a significant challenge in the field of cancer immunotherapy. These issues prompt much more extensive studies to better understand how cancer cells escape immune surveillance and resist immune attacks. Here, we review the current knowledge of how cellular heterogeneity and plasticity could be involved in shaping the tumor microenvironment (TME) and in controlling antitumor immunity. Indeed, recent findings have led to increased interest in the mechanisms by which cancer cells undergoing epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT), or oscillating within the EMT spectrum, might contribute to immune escape through multiple routes. This includes shaping of the TME and decreased susceptibility to immune effector cells. Although much remains to be learned on the mechanisms at play, cancer cell clones with mesenchymal features emerging from the TME seem to be primed to face immune attacks by specialized killer cells of the immune system, the natural killer cells, and the cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Recent studies investigating patient tumors have suggested EMT as a candidate predictive marker to be explored for immunotherapy outcome. Promising data also exist on the potential utility of targeting these cancer cell populations to at least partly overcome such resistance. Research is now underway which may lead to considerable progress in optimization of treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Terry
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Genetic Oncology, Gustave Roussy, EPHE, Fac. de médecine - Univ. Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Pierre Savagner
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, France.,U1194, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,Université Montpellier, France.,Institut du Cancer Montpellier, France
| | - Sandra Ortiz-Cuaran
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, France.,Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.,Faculté de Pharmacie de Lyon, ISPB, Université Lyon 1, France.,LabEx DEVweCAN, Université de Lyon, France
| | - Linda Mahjoubi
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Genetic Oncology, Gustave Roussy, EPHE, Fac. de médecine - Univ. Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Pierre Saintigny
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, France.,Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.,Faculté de Pharmacie de Lyon, ISPB, Université Lyon 1, France.,LabEx DEVweCAN, Université de Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Paul Thiery
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Genetic Oncology, Gustave Roussy, EPHE, Fac. de médecine - Univ. Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,CNRS UMR 7057, Matter and Complex Systems, Paris, France.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Salem Chouaib
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Genetic Oncology, Gustave Roussy, EPHE, Fac. de médecine - Univ. Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
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48
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Fritzsche M, Fernandes RA, Chang VT, Colin-York H, Clausen MP, Felce JH, Galiani S, Erlenkämper C, Santos AM, Heddleston JM, Pedroza-Pacheco I, Waithe D, de la Serna JB, Lagerholm BC, Liu TL, Chew TL, Betzig E, Davis SJ, Eggeling C. Cytoskeletal actin dynamics shape a ramifying actin network underpinning immunological synapse formation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1603032. [PMID: 28691087 PMCID: PMC5479650 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1603032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
T cell activation and especially trafficking of T cell receptor microclusters during immunological synapse formation are widely thought to rely on cytoskeletal remodeling. However, important details on the involvement of actin in the latter transport processes are missing. Using a suite of advanced optical microscopes to analyze resting and activated T cells, we show that, following contact formation with activating surfaces, these cells sequentially rearrange their cortical actin across the entire cell, creating a previously unreported ramifying actin network above the immunological synapse. This network shows all the characteristics of an inward-growing transportation network and its dynamics correlating with T cell receptor rearrangements. This actin reorganization is accompanied by an increase in the nanoscale actin meshwork size and the dynamic adjustment of the turnover times and filament lengths of two differently sized filamentous actin populations, wherein formin-mediated long actin filaments support a very flat and stiff contact at the immunological synapse interface. The initiation of immunological synapse formation, as highlighted by calcium release, requires markedly little contact with activating surfaces and no cytoskeletal rearrangements. Our work suggests that incipient signaling in T cells initiates global cytoskeletal rearrangements across the whole cell, including a stiffening process for possibly mechanically supporting contact formation at the immunological synapse interface as well as a central ramified transportation network apparently directed at the consolidation of the contact and the delivery of effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fritzsche
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Corresponding author. (M.F.); (C.E.)
| | - Ricardo A. Fernandes
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Veronica T. Chang
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Huw Colin-York
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Mathias P. Clausen
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Center for Biomembrane Physics (MEMPHYS), University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - James H. Felce
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Silvia Galiani
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | | | - Ana M. Santos
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - John M. Heddleston
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | | | - Dominic Waithe
- Wolfson Imaging Centre, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Jorge Bernardino de la Serna
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Wolfson Imaging Centre, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Harwell-Oxford Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK
- Department of Physics, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - B. Christoffer Lagerholm
- Wolfson Imaging Centre, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Tsung-li Liu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, 11010 Torreyana Road, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Teng-Leong Chew
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Eric Betzig
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Simon J. Davis
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Christian Eggeling
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Wolfson Imaging Centre, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Corresponding author. (M.F.); (C.E.)
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eNOS S-nitrosylates β-actin on Cys374 and regulates PKC-θ at the immune synapse by impairing actin binding to profilin-1. PLoS Biol 2017; 15:e2000653. [PMID: 28394935 PMCID: PMC5386235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2000653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton coordinates the organization of signaling microclusters at the immune synapse (IS); however, the mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. We show here that nitric oxide (NO) generated by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) controls the coalescence of protein kinase C-θ (PKC-θ) at the central supramolecular activation cluster (c-SMAC) of the IS. eNOS translocated with the Golgi to the IS and partially colocalized with F-actin around the c-SMAC. This resulted in reduced actin polymerization and centripetal retrograde flow of β-actin and PKC-θ from the lamellipodium-like distal (d)-SMAC, promoting PKC-θ activation. Furthermore, eNOS-derived NO S-nitrosylated β-actin on Cys374 and impaired actin binding to profilin-1 (PFN1), as confirmed with the transnitrosylating agent S-nitroso-L-cysteine (Cys-NO). The importance of NO and the formation of PFN1-actin complexes on the regulation of PKC-θ was corroborated by overexpression of PFN1- and actin-binding defective mutants of β-actin (C374S) and PFN1 (H119E), respectively, which reduced the coalescence of PKC-θ at the c-SMAC. These findings unveil a novel NO-dependent mechanism by which the actin cytoskeleton controls the organization and activation of signaling microclusters at the IS. T cells are an essential arm of the immunity against the invasion of pathogenic agents in organisms. These specialized cells recognize foreign antigens displayed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APC) by means of the T cell receptor (TCR). Early signaling takes place in these cells through the specific clustering of TCRs, which trigger the recruitment of signaling molecules to the immune synapse (IS), a plasma membrane–associated intercellular domain important for T cell activation. In this location, several signaling molecules that include the protein kinase C-θ (PKC-θ) form microclusters that are translocated centripetally towards the center of the IS, following the retrograde movement of actin. In this study, we show that nitric oxide (NO) formed by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) regulates the translocation of PKC-θ to the IS, increasing its activation. eNOS can effectively modify β-actin by S-nitrosylation on Cys374, reducing its ability to bind profilin-1 (PFN1)—a protein required for actin polymerization—polymerize and flow from the periphery to the central region of the IS. We propose that eNOS-derived NO controls actin polymerization via S-nitrosylation of actin as one of the major driving forces for the transport of PKC-θ towards the central area of the IS, which is essential for T cell activation.
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50
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Delcassian D, Sattler S, Dunlop IE. T cell immunoengineering with advanced biomaterials. Integr Biol (Camb) 2017; 9:211-222. [PMID: 28252135 PMCID: PMC6034443 DOI: 10.1039/c6ib00233a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in biomaterials design offer the potential to actively control immune cell activation and behaviour. Many human diseases, such as infections, cancer, and autoimmune disorders, are partly mediated by inappropriate or insufficient activation of the immune system. T cells play a central role in the host immune response to these diseases, and so constitute a promising cell type for manipulation. In vivo, T cells are stimulated by antigen presenting cells (APC), therefore to design immunoengineering biomaterials that control T cell behaviour, artificial interfaces that mimic the natural APC-T cell interaction are required. This review draws together research in the design and fabrication of such biomaterial interfaces, and highlights efforts to elucidate key parameters in T cell activation, such as substrate mechanical properties and spatial organization of receptors, illustrating how they can be manipulated by bioengineering approaches to alter T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derfogail Delcassian
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK. and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Susanne Sattler
- Imperial College London National Heart and Lung Institute, Du Cane Road, W12 0NN, London, UK
| | - Iain E Dunlop
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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