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Sarkar R, Choudhury SM, Kanneganti TD. Classical apoptotic stimulus, staurosporine, induces lytic inflammatory cell death, PANoptosis. J Biol Chem 2024:107676. [PMID: 39151726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense against disease, and regulated cell death is a central component of this response that balances pathogen clearance and inflammation. Cell death pathways are generally categorized as non-lytic and lytic. While non-lytic apoptosis has been extensively studied in health and disease, lytic cell death pathways are increasingly implicated in infectious and inflammatory diseases and cancers. Staurosporine (STS) is a well-known inducer of non-lytic apoptosis. However, in this study, we observed that STS also induces lytic cell death at later timepoints. Using biochemical assessments with genetic knockouts, pharmacological inhibitors, and gene silencing, we identified that STS triggered PANoptosis via the caspase-8/RIPK3 axis, which was mediated by RIPK1. PANoptosis is a unique, lytic, innate immune cell death pathway initiated by innate immune sensors and driven by caspases and RIPKs through PANoptosome complexes. Deletion of caspase-8 and RIPK3, core components of the PANoptosome complex, protected against STS-induced lytic cell death. Overall, our study identifies STS as a time-dependent inducer of lytic inflammatory cell death, PANoptosis. These findings emphasize the importance of understanding trigger- and time-specific activation of distinct cell death pathways to advance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of innate immunity and cell death for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Sarkar
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Sk Mohiuddin Choudhury
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
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2
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Lee JR, Boothe T, Mauksch C, Thommen A, Rink JC. Epidermal turnover in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea involves basal cell extrusion and intestinal digestion. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114305. [PMID: 38906148 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Planarian flatworms undergo continuous internal turnover, wherein old cells are replaced by the division progeny of adult pluripotent stem cells (neoblasts). How cell turnover is carried out at the organismal level remains an intriguing question in planarians and other systems. While previous studies have predominantly focused on neoblast proliferation, little is known about the processes that mediate cell loss during tissue homeostasis. Here, we use the planarian epidermis as a model to study the mechanisms of cell removal. We established a covalent dye-labeling assay and image analysis pipeline to quantify the cell turnover rate in the planarian epidermis. Our findings indicate that the ventral epidermis is highly dynamic and epidermal cells undergo internalization via basal extrusion, followed by a relocation toward the intestine and ultimately digestion by intestinal phagocytes. Overall, our study reveals a complex homeostatic process of cell clearance that may generally allow planarians to catabolize their own cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ru Lee
- Department of Tissue Dynamics and Regeneration, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Graduate Center for Neurosciences, Biophysics, and Molecular Biosciences, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Boothe
- Department of Tissue Dynamics and Regeneration, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Clemens Mauksch
- Department of Tissue Dynamics and Regeneration, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Albert Thommen
- Cancer Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Jochen C Rink
- Department of Tissue Dynamics and Regeneration, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany.
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3
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Jerez HE, Simioni YR, Ghosal K, Morilla MJ, Romero EL. Cholesterol nanoarchaeosomes for alendronate targeted delivery as an anti-endothelial dysfunction agent. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 15:517-534. [PMID: 38774586 PMCID: PMC11106671 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.15.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Sodium alendronate (ALN) is a very hydrosoluble and poorly permeable molecule used as an antiresorptive agent and with vascular anticalcifying capacity. Loaded into targeted nanovesicles, its anti-inflammatory activity may be amplified towards extra-osseous and noncalcified target cells, such as severely irritated vascular endothelium. Here cytotoxicity, mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP content, and membrane fluidity of human endothelial venous cells (HUVECs) were determined after endocytosis of ALN-loaded nanoarchaeosomes (nanoARC-Chol(ALN), made of polar lipids from Halorubrum tebenquichense: cholesterol 7:3 w/w, 166 ± 5 nm, 0.16 ± 0.02 PDI, -40.8 ± 5.4 mV potential, 84.7 ± 21 µg/mg ALN/total lipids, TL). The effect of nanoARC-Chol(ALN) was further assessed on severely inflamed HUVECs. To that aim, HUVECs were grown on a porous barrier on top of a basal compartment seeded either with macrophages or human foam cells. One lighter and one more pronounced inflammatory context was modelled by adding lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to the apical or the apical and basal compartments. The endocytosis of nanoARC-Chol(ALN), was observed to partly reduce the endothelial-mesenchymal transition of HUVECs. Besides, while 10 mg/mL dexamethasone, 7.6 mM free ALN and ALN-loaded liposomes failed, 50 μg/mL TL + 2.5 μg/mL ALN (i.e., nanoARC-Chol(ALN)) reduced the IL-6 and IL-8 levels by, respectively, 75% and 65% in the mild and by, respectively, 60% and 40% in the pronounced inflammation model. This is the first report showing that the endocytosis of nanoARC-Chol(ALN) by HUVECs magnifies the anti-inflammatory activity of ALN even under conditions of intense irritation, not only surpassing that of free ALN but also that of dexamethasone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horacio Emanuel Jerez
- Nanomedicine Research and Development Centre (NARD), Science and Technology Department, National University of Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yamila Roxana Simioni
- Nanomedicine Research and Development Centre (NARD), Science and Technology Department, National University of Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Kajal Ghosal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja Subodh Chandra Mallick Rd., Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Maria Jose Morilla
- Nanomedicine Research and Development Centre (NARD), Science and Technology Department, National University of Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eder Lilia Romero
- Nanomedicine Research and Development Centre (NARD), Science and Technology Department, National University of Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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4
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Shi H, Moore MP, Wang X, Tabas I. Efferocytosis in liver disease. JHEP Rep 2024; 6:100960. [PMID: 38234410 PMCID: PMC10792655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The process of dead cell clearance by phagocytic cells, called efferocytosis, prevents inflammatory cell necrosis and promotes resolution and repair. Defective efferocytosis contributes to the progression of numerous diseases in which cell death is prominent, including liver disease. Many gaps remain in our understanding of how hepatic macrophages carry out efferocytosis and how this process goes awry in various types of liver diseases. Thus far, studies have suggested that, upon liver injury, liver-resident Kupffer cells and infiltrating monocyte-derived macrophages clear dead cells, limit inflammation, and, through macrophage reprogramming, repair liver damage. However, in unusual settings, efferocytosis can promote liver disease. In this review, we will focus on efferocytosis in various types of acute and chronic liver diseases, including metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis. Understanding the mechanisms and consequences of efferocytosis by hepatic macrophages has the potential to shed new light on liver disease pathophysiology and to guide new treatment strategies to prevent disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxue Shi
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Mary P. Moore
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ira Tabas
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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5
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Xu Z, Chen Y, Wang Y, Han W, Xu W, Liao X, Zhang T, Wang G. Matrix stiffness, endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:7027-7041. [PMID: 37382775 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08502-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is the leading cause of the human cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Endothelial dysfunction promotes the monocytes infiltration and inflammation that participate fundamentally in atherogenesis. Endothelial cells (EC) have been recognized as mechanosensitive cells and have different responses to distinct mechanical stimuli. Emerging evidence shows matrix stiffness-mediated EC dysfunction plays a vital role in vascular disease, but the underlying mechanisms are not yet completely understood. This article aims to summarize the effect of matrix stiffness on the pro-atherosclerotic characteristics of EC including morphology, rigidity, biological behavior and function as well as the related mechanical signal. The review also discusses and compares the contribution of matrix stiffness-mediated phagocytosis of macrophages and EC to AS progression. These advances in our understanding of the relationship between matrix stiffness and EC dysfunction open the avenues to improve the prevention and treatment of now-ubiquitous atherosclerotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichen Xu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Nano/Micro Biomedical Detection, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Composite Material and Device, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Wenbo Han
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Wenfeng Xu
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Nano/Micro Biomedical Detection, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Composite Material and Device, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Xiaoling Liao
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Nano/Micro Biomedical Detection, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Composite Material and Device, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Nano/Micro Biomedical Detection, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Composite Material and Device, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China.
- Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, NO.174, Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400030, PR China.
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6
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Spurling D, Anchan A, Hucklesby J, Finlay G, Angel CE, Graham ES. Melanoma Cells Produce Large Vesicular-Bodies That Cause Rapid Disruption of Brain Endothelial Barrier-Integrity and Disassembly of Junctional Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076082. [PMID: 37047054 PMCID: PMC10093843 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that many cells produce extracellular vesicles, and this includes a range of different cancer cell types. Here we demonstrate the profound effects of large vesicular-like bodies produced by melanoma cells on the barrier integrity of human brain endothelial cells. These vesicular-bodies have not been fully characterised but range in size from ~500 nm to >10 µm, are surrounded by membrane and are enzymatically active based on cell-tracker incorporation. Their size is consistent with previously reported large oncosomes and apoptotic bodies. We demonstrate that these melanoma-derived vesicular-bodies rapidly affect brain endothelial barrier integrity, measured using ECIS biosensor technology, where the disruption is evident within ~60 min. This disruption involves acquisition of the vesicles through transcellular uptake into the endothelial cells. We also observed extensive actin-rearrangement, actin removal from the paracellular boundary of the endothelial cells and envelopment of the vesicular-bodies by actin. This was concordant with widespread changes in CD144 localisation, which was consistent with the loss of junctional strength. High-resolution confocal imaging revealed proximity of the melanoma vesicular-bodies juxtaposed to the endothelial nucleus, often containing fragmented DNA themselves, raising speculation over this association and potential delivery of nuclear material into the brain endothelial cells. The disruption of the endothelial cells occurs in a manner that is faster and completely distinct to that of invasion by intact melanoma cells. Given the clinical observation of large vesicles in the circulation of melanoma patients by others, we hypothesize their involvement in weakening or priming the brain vasculature for melanoma invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayna Spurling
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Akshata Anchan
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - James Hucklesby
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Graeme Finlay
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Catherine E Angel
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - E Scott Graham
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
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7
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Garay JA, Silva JE, Di Genaro MS, Davicino RC. The Multiple Faces of Nitric Oxide in Chronic Granulomatous Disease: A Comprehensive Update. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102570. [PMID: 36289832 PMCID: PMC9599698 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), a signaling molecule, regulates multiple biological functions, including a variety of physiological and pathological processes. In this regard, NO participates in cutaneous inflammations, modulation of mitochondrial functions, vascular diseases, COVID-19, neurologic diseases, and obesity. It also mediates changes in the skeletal muscle function. Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a primary immunodeficiency disorder characterized by the malfunction of phagocytes caused by mutations in some of the genes encoding subunits of the superoxide-generating phagocyte NADPH (NOX). The literature consulted shows that there is a relationship between the production of NO and the NADPH oxidase system, which regulates the persistence of NO in the medium. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms of the effects of NO on CGD remain unknown. In this paper, we briefly review the regulatory role of NO in CGD and its potential underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Agustín Garay
- División de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis 5700, Argentina
| | - Juan Eduardo Silva
- División de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis 5700, Argentina
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Luis 5700, Argentina
| | - María Silvia Di Genaro
- División de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis 5700, Argentina
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Luis 5700, Argentina
| | - Roberto Carlos Davicino
- División de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis 5700, Argentina
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Luis 5700, Argentina
- Correspondence:
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8
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Ripszky Totan A, Imre MM, Parvu S, Meghea D, Radulescu R, Enasescu DSA, Moisa MR, Pituru SM. Autophagy Plays Multiple Roles in the Soft-Tissue Healing and Osseointegration in Dental Implant Surgery-A Narrative Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6041. [PMID: 36079421 PMCID: PMC9457242 DOI: 10.3390/ma15176041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dental endo-osseous implants have become a widely used treatment for replacing missing teeth. Dental implants are placed into a surgically created osteotomy in alveolar bone, the healing of the soft tissue lesion and the osseointegration of the implant being key elements to long-term success. Autophagy is considered the major intracellular degradation system, playing important roles in various cellular processes involved in dental implant integration. The aim of this review is an exploration of autophagy roles in the main cell types involved in the healing and remodeling of soft tissue lesions and implant osseointegration, post-implant surgery. We have focused on the autophagy pathway in macrophages, endothelial cells; osteoclasts, osteoblasts; fibroblasts, myofibroblasts and keratinocytes. In macrophages, autophagy modulates innate and adaptive immune responses playing a key role in osteo-immunity. Autophagy induction in endothelial cells promotes apoptosis resistance, cell survival, and protection against oxidative stress damage. The autophagic machinery is also involved in transporting stromal vesicles containing mineralization-related factors to the extracellular matrix and regulating osteoblasts' functions. Alveolar bone remodeling is achieved by immune cells differentiation into osteoclasts; autophagy plays an important and active role in this process. Autophagy downregulation in fibroblasts induces apoptosis, leading to better wound healing by improving excessive deposition of extracellular matrix and inhibiting fibrosis progression. Autophagy seems to be a dual actor on the scene of dental implant surgery, imposing further research in order to completely reveal its positive features which may be essential for clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Ripszky Totan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marina Melescanu Imre
- Department of Complete Denture, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Simona Parvu
- Department of Complementary Sciences, Hygiene and Medical Ecology Discipline, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela Meghea
- Department of Complete Denture, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Radu Radulescu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dan Sebastian Alexandru Enasescu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Radu Moisa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Silviu Mirel Pituru
- Department of Professional Organization and Medical Legislation-Malpractice, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
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9
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Kotlyarov S. Immune Function of Endothelial Cells: Evolutionary Aspects, Molecular Biology and Role in Atherogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179770. [PMID: 36077168 PMCID: PMC9456046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one of the key problems of modern medicine, which is due to the high prevalence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and their significant share in the structure of morbidity and mortality in many countries. Atherogenesis is a complex chain of events that proceeds over many years in the vascular wall with the participation of various cells. Endothelial cells are key participants in vascular function. They demonstrate involvement in the regulation of vascular hemodynamics, metabolism, and innate immunity, which act as leading links in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. These endothelial functions have close connections and deep evolutionary roots, a better understanding of which will improve the prospects of early diagnosis and effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Kotlyarov
- Department of Nursing, Ryazan State Medical University, 390026 Ryazan, Russia
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10
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Stolarz AJ, Mu S, Zhang H, Fouda AY, Rusch NJ, Ding Z. Opinion: Endothelial Cells - Macrophage-Like Gatekeepers? Front Immunol 2022; 13:902945. [PMID: 35619719 PMCID: PMC9127206 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.902945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Stolarz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Shengyu Mu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Huiliang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Abdelrahman Y Fouda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Nancy J Rusch
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Zufeng Ding
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
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11
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Abstract
Blood vessel endothelial cells (ECs) have long been known to modulate inflammation by regulating immune cell trafficking, activation status and function. However, whether the heterogeneous EC populations in various tissues and organs differ in their immunomodulatory capacity has received insufficient attention, certainly with regard to considering them for alternative immunotherapy. Recent single-cell studies have identified specific EC subtypes that express gene signatures indicative of phagocytosis or scavenging, antigen presentation and immune cell recruitment. Here we discuss emerging evidence suggesting a tissue-specific and vessel type-specific immunomodulatory role for distinct subtypes of ECs, here collectively referred to as 'immunomodulatory ECs' (IMECs). We propose that IMECs have more important functions in immunity than previously recognized, and suggest that these might be considered as targets for new immunotherapeutic approaches.
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12
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Cabrera JTO, Makino A. Efferocytosis of vascular cells in cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 229:107919. [PMID: 34171333 PMCID: PMC8695637 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell death and the clearance of apoptotic cells are tightly regulated by various signaling molecules in order to maintain physiological tissue function and homeostasis. The phagocytic removal of apoptotic cells is known as the process of efferocytosis, and abnormal efferocytosis is linked to various health complications and diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, inflammatory diseases, and autoimmune diseases. During efferocytosis, phagocytic cells and/or apoptotic cells release signals, such as "find me" and "eat me" signals, to stimulate the phagocytic engulfment of apoptotic cells. Primary phagocytic cells are macrophages and dendritic cells; however, more recently, other neighboring cell types have also been shown to exhibit phagocytic character, including endothelial cells and fibroblasts, although they are comparatively slower in clearing dead cells. In this review, we focus on macrophage efferocytosis of vascular cells, such as endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, and pericytes, and its relation to the progression and development of cardiovascular disease. We also highlight the role of efferocytosis-related molecules and their contribution to the maintenance of vascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody Tori O Cabrera
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ayako Makino
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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13
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Leishmania Promastigotes Enhance Neutrophil Recruitment through the Production of CXCL8 by Endothelial Cells. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111380. [PMID: 34832536 PMCID: PMC8623338 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells represent one of the first cell types encountered by Leishmania promastigotes when inoculated into the skin of the human hosts by the bite of phlebotomine sand flies. However, little is known on their role in the early recruitment of phagocytic cells and in the establishment of the infection. Initially, neutrophils, rapidly recruited to the site of promastigotes deposition, phagocytize Leishmania promastigotes, which elude the killing mechanisms of the host cells, survive, and infect other phagocytic cells. Here, we show that Leishmania promastigotes co-incubated with HMEC-1, a microvascular endothelial cell line, exhibited significant morphological changes and loss of infectivity. Moreover, promastigotes of different Leishmania species stimulated the production of CXCL8 by HMEC-1 in a dose- and TLR4-dependent manner. Interestingly, we observed that the conditioned media from Leishmania-stimulated HMEC-1 cells attracted leukocytes, mostly neutrophils, after 2 h of incubation. After 24 h, a higher percentage of monocytes was detected in conditioned media of unstimulated HMEC-1 cells, whereas neutrophils still predominated in conditioned medium from Leishmania-stimulated cells. The same supernatants did not contain CCL5, a chemokine recruiting T cells and monocytes. On the contrary, inhibition of the production of CCL5 induced by TNF-α was seen. These data indicate that the interaction of Leishmania promastigotes with endothelial cells leads to the production of chemokines and the recruitment of neutrophils, which contribute to the establishment of Leishmania infection.
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Katsen-Globa A, Schulz A, Pütz N, Koch M, Kohl Y, Schneider-Ickert AW, Velten T, Silina YE. Toward Alginate-Based Membrane Technology for High Performance Recovery of Heavy Metals in Cells. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:2558-2569. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Katsen-Globa
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66280 Sulzbach, Germany
| | - André Schulz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66280 Sulzbach, Germany
- Eye Clinic Sulzbach, Knappschaft Hospital Saar, 66280 Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Norbert Pütz
- Faculty of Medicine, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 100, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Koch
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Yvonne Kohl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66280 Sulzbach, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Velten
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66280 Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Yuliya E. Silina
- Institute for Biochemistry, Centre of Human and Molecular Biology, University of Saarland, Campus B 2.2, Room 317, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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15
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Malekinezhad P, Ellestad LE, Afzali N, Farhangfar SH, Omidi A, Mohammadi A. Evaluation of berberine efficacy in reducing the effects of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A added to male broiler rations. Poult Sci 2020; 100:797-809. [PMID: 33518134 PMCID: PMC7858088 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many types of mycotoxins are found in food sources contaminated with fungi, and if these are ingested in large quantities or over a long period, they can affect the health of humans and domestic animals. Berberine (BBR) is a plant alkaloid with multiple pharmacological functions. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different levels of the plant alkaloid BBR on reducing toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in broilers by examining performance characteristics, blood biochemistry, antioxidant systems, ileum morphology, and histopathology of the liver. The experiment was performed with 288 Ross 308 broilers reared in floor pens for 42 d in a randomized design with 9 treatments. Each treatment was replicated 4 times, and each replicate contained 8 chicks. Experimental treatments included (1) negative control diet with no additives (NC); (2) NC + 2 ppm AFB (positive control AFB; PCAFB); (3) NC + 2 ppm OTA (positive control OTA; PCOTA); (4) PCAFB + 200 mg/kg BBR; (5) PCAFB + 400 mg/kg BBR; (6) PCAFB + 600 mg/kg BBR; (7) PCOTA + 200 mg/kg BBR; (8) PCOTA + 400 mg/kg BBR; and (9) PCOTA + 600 mg/kg BBR. Compared with NC, feeding PCAFB and PCOTA diets reduced average daily feed intake, weight gain, serum concentrations of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and the length and width of ileum villi (P < 0.05). At the same time, these parameters increased in birds fed PCAFB or PCOTA diets supplemented with 600 mg/kg of BBR (P < 0.05). Feeding PCAFB and PCOTA diets increased feed conversion ratio (FCR), serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities, serum urea, and liver lesions compared with NC. By contrast, compared with PCAFB and PCOTA, adding 600 mg/kg BBR decreased FCR, AST, LDH, ALT, and GGT activities, urea, and liver lesions (P < 0.05). Overall, supplementation with 600 mg/kg BBR may improve growth performance, liver function, and antioxidant status of broilers fed diets contaminated with AFB and OTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouyan Malekinezhad
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran; Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Laura E Ellestad
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Nazar Afzali
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran.
| | | | - Arash Omidi
- Department of Animal Health Management, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abbas Mohammadi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
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16
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Zhou T, Zheng Y, Sun L, Badea SR, Jin Y, Liu Y, Rolfe AJ, Sun H, Wang X, Cheng Z, Huang Z, Zhao N, Sun X, Li J, Fan J, Lee C, Megraw TL, Wu W, Wang G, Ren Y. Microvascular endothelial cells engulf myelin debris and promote macrophage recruitment and fibrosis after neural injury. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:421-435. [PMID: 30664769 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0324-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The clearance of damaged myelin sheaths is critical to ensure functional recovery from neural injury. Here we show a previously unidentified role for microvessels and their lining endothelial cells in engulfing myelin debris in spinal cord injury (SCI) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We demonstrate that IgG opsonization of myelin debris is required for its effective engulfment by endothelial cells and that the autophagy-lysosome pathway is crucial for degradation of engulfed myelin debris. We further show that endothelial cells exert critical functions beyond myelin clearance to promote progression of demyelination disorders by regulating macrophage infiltration, pathologic angiogenesis and fibrosis in both SCI and EAE. Unexpectedly, myelin debris engulfment induces endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, a process that confers upon endothelial cells the ability to stimulate the endothelial-derived production of fibrotic components. Overall, our study demonstrates that the processing of myelin debris through the autophagy-lysosome pathway promotes inflammation and angiogenesis and may contribute to fibrotic scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, State & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Yiming Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Smaranda Ruxandra Badea
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuanhu Jin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA.,Department of Immunology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Alyssa J Rolfe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Haitao Sun
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Institute of Neurosciences, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhijian Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Zhaoshuai Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA.,Institute of Inflammation and Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA.,Institute of Inflammation and Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinhua Li
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jianqing Fan
- Statistical Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Choogon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Timothy L Megraw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Wutian Wu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Re-Stem Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Suzhou, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, State & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA. .,Department of Immunology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China. .,Institute of Inflammation and Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
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17
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Zhou Y, Cai W, Zhao Z, Hilton T, Wang M, Yeon J, Liu W, Zhang F, Shi FD, Wu X, Thiagarajan P, Li M, Zhang J, Dong JF. Lactadherin promotes microvesicle clearance to prevent coagulopathy and improves survival of severe TBI mice. Blood 2018; 131:563-572. [PMID: 29162596 PMCID: PMC5794502 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-08-801738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulopathy is common in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and predicts poor clinical outcomes. We have shown that brain-derived extracellular microvesicles, including extracellular mitochondria, play a key role in the development of TBI-induced coagulopathy. Here, we further show in mouse models that the apoptotic cell-scavenging factor lactadherin, given at a single dose of 400 μg/kg 30 minutes before (preconditioning) or 30 minutes after cerebral fluid percussion injury, prevented coagulopathy as defined by clotting time, fibrinolysis, intravascular fibrin deposition, and microvascular bleeding of the lungs. Lactadherin also reduced cerebral edema, improved neurological function, and increased survival. It achieved these protective effects by enhancing the clearance of circulating microvesicles through phosphatidylserine-mediated phagocytosis. Together, these results identify the scavenging system for apoptotic cells as a potential therapeutic target to prevent TBI-induced coagulopathy and improve the outcome of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhou
- Tianjin Institute of Neurology, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Bloodworks Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Wei Cai
- Institute of Pathology, Lanzhou University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zilong Zhao
- Tianjin Institute of Neurology, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Min Wang
- Institute of Pathology, Lanzhou University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jason Yeon
- Bloodworks Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Wei Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Neurology, Tianjin, China
- Bloodworks Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Fangyi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Fu-Dong Shi
- Tianjin Institute of Neurology, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | | | - Perumal Thiagarajan
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX; and
| | - Min Li
- Institute of Pathology, Lanzhou University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Neurology, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing-Fei Dong
- Bloodworks Research Institute, Seattle, WA
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
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18
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Human Peritoneal Mesothelial Cells Display Phagocytic and Antigen-Presenting Functions to Contribute to Intraperitoneal Immunity. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2017; 26:833-8. [PMID: 27120688 DOI: 10.1097/igc.0000000000000697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesothelial cells lining the peritoneal cavity are strategically positioned to respond to and counter intraperitoneal infections, cancer cells, and other challenges. We have investigated human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs) for phagocytic activity, expression of surface Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class II and accessory molecules involved in antigen presentation, and the ability to present recall antigens to T cells. Phagocytosis of dextran, latex beads, and Escherichia coli was observed by flow cytometry, and internalization was visualized using confocal and electron microscopy. Flow cytometry and/or cellular enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed constitutive expression of ICAM-1, LFA-3, and B7-1, but not B7-2 or MHC class II. Interferon-gamma induced MHC II and ICAM-1 expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Importantly, HPMCs induced autologous CD3 T-lymphocyte proliferation (H incorporation) after pulse with recall antigen. Human peritoneal mesothelial cells equipped with phagocytic and antigen-presenting machinery are anticipated to have an integral role in intraperitoneal immune surveillance.
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19
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Chen B, Fan W, Zou J, Zhang S, He J, Shu C, Zhao G, Sun T, Hu Z, Yang YG. Complement Depletion Improves Human Red Blood Cell Reconstitution in Immunodeficient Mice. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:1034-1042. [PMID: 28966117 PMCID: PMC5639386 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that human red blood cells (hRBCs) are subject to robust rejection by macrophages in immunodeficient mice. In this study, we found that mouse serum induces hRBC adherence to murine phagocytic cells, including professional phagocytic macrophages and neutrophils and non-professional phagocytic endothelial cells. Complement was found to be responsible for mouse-serum-induced hRBC adherence to murine phagocytic cells. Although hRBC survival was not improved in NOD/SCID mice with complement depletion by cobra venom factor (CVF), CVF significantly prolonged hRBC survival in mice that were depleted of phagocytic macrophages by clodronate-liposomes. This combination treatment also synergistically improved hRBC reconstitution in human CD34+ cell-grafted mice, offering a valuable model to examine human erythropoiesis and RBC function. These data indicate that complement, which might be dispensable for hRBC rejection by macrophages, is critical in hRBC rejection by other types of murine phagocytic cells, such as neutrophils and endothelial cells. Both professional and non-professional phagocytes reject human RBC in mice Complement mediates human RBC destruction by murine phagocytes Phagocyte plus complement inhibition enhances human RBC reconstitution in mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Chen
- The First Bethune Hospital and Institute of Immunology, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun 130061, China; International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Wei Fan
- The First Bethune Hospital and Institute of Immunology, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun 130061, China; International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jun Zou
- The First Bethune Hospital and Institute of Immunology, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun 130061, China; International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Siwen Zhang
- The First Bethune Hospital and Institute of Immunology, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
| | - Jin He
- The First Bethune Hospital and Institute of Immunology, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
| | - Chang Shu
- The First Bethune Hospital and Institute of Immunology, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
| | - Guoqing Zhao
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Tianmeng Sun
- The First Bethune Hospital and Institute of Immunology, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun 130061, China; International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zheng Hu
- The First Bethune Hospital and Institute of Immunology, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun 130061, China; International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yong-Guang Yang
- The First Bethune Hospital and Institute of Immunology, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun 130061, China; International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York 10032, USA.
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20
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Rengarajan M, Hayer A, Theriot JA. Endothelial Cells Use a Formin-Dependent Phagocytosis-Like Process to Internalize the Bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005603. [PMID: 27152864 PMCID: PMC4859537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells act as gatekeepers that protect underlying tissue from blood-borne toxins and pathogens. Nevertheless, endothelial cells are able to internalize large fibrin clots and apoptotic debris from the bloodstream, although the precise mechanism of such phagocytosis-like uptake is unknown. We show that cultured primary human endothelial cells (HUVEC) internalize both pathogenic and non-pathogenic Listeria bacteria comparably, in a phagocytosis-like process. In contrast with previously studied host cell types, including intestinal epithelial cells and hepatocytes, we find that endothelial internalization of Listeria is independent of all known pathogenic bacterial surface proteins. Consequently, we exploited the internalization and intracellular replication of L. monocytogenes to identify distinct host cell factors that regulate phagocytosis-like uptake in HUVEC. Using siRNA screening and subsequent genetic and pharmacologic perturbations, we determined that endothelial infectivity was modulated by cytoskeletal proteins that normally modulate global architectural changes, including phosphoinositide-3-kinase, focal adhesions, and the small GTPase Rho. We found that Rho kinase (ROCK) is acutely necessary for adhesion of Listeria to endothelial cells, whereas the actin-nucleating formins FHOD1 and FMNL3 specifically regulate internalization of bacteria as well as inert beads, demonstrating that formins regulate endothelial phagocytosis-like uptake independent of the specific cargo. Finally, we found that neither ROCK nor formins were required for macrophage phagocytosis of L. monocytogenes, suggesting that endothelial cells have distinct requirements for bacterial internalization from those of classical professional phagocytes. Our results identify a novel pathway for L. monocytogenes uptake by human host cells, indicating that this wily pathogen can invade a variety of tissues by using a surprisingly diverse suite of distinct uptake mechanisms that operate differentially in different host cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Rengarajan
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Arnold Hayer
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Julie A. Theriot
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Hermetet F, Jacquin E, Launay S, Gaiffe E, Couturier M, Hirchaud F, Sandoz P, Prétet JL, Mougin C. Efferocytosis of apoptotic human papillomavirus-positive cervical cancer cells by human primary fibroblasts. Biol Cell 2016; 108:189-204. [DOI: 10.1111/boc.201500090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- François Hermetet
- EA3181, SFR FED4234, Université de Franche-Comté; COMUE Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LabEx LipSTIC ANR-11-LABX-0021; F-25030 Besançon Cedex France
| | - Elise Jacquin
- EA3181, SFR FED4234, Université de Franche-Comté; COMUE Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LabEx LipSTIC ANR-11-LABX-0021; F-25030 Besançon Cedex France
- Signalling Programme; The Babraham Institute; Babraham Research Campus; Cambridge CB22 3AT U.K
| | - Sophie Launay
- EA3181, SFR FED4234, Université de Franche-Comté; COMUE Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LabEx LipSTIC ANR-11-LABX-0021; F-25030 Besançon Cedex France
| | - Emilie Gaiffe
- EA3181, SFR FED4234, Université de Franche-Comté; COMUE Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LabEx LipSTIC ANR-11-LABX-0021; F-25030 Besançon Cedex France
| | - Mélanie Couturier
- UMR 1098; INSERM; Etablissement Français du Sang Bourgogne Franche-Comté; Université de Franche-Comté; COMUE Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté; SFR FED4234, LabEx LipSTIC ANR-11-LABX-0021, BP 1937; F-25020 Besançon Cedex France
| | - Fabienne Hirchaud
- EA3181, SFR FED4234, Université de Franche-Comté; COMUE Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LabEx LipSTIC ANR-11-LABX-0021; F-25030 Besançon Cedex France
| | - Patrick Sandoz
- UMR 6174; Institut FEMTO-ST, CNRS, Université de Franche-Comté; COMUE Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté; F-25044 Besançon Cedex France
| | - Jean-Luc Prétet
- EA3181, SFR FED4234, Université de Franche-Comté; COMUE Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LabEx LipSTIC ANR-11-LABX-0021; F-25030 Besançon Cedex France
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire; F-25030 Besançon Cedex France
| | - Christiane Mougin
- EA3181, SFR FED4234, Université de Franche-Comté; COMUE Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LabEx LipSTIC ANR-11-LABX-0021; F-25030 Besançon Cedex France
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire; F-25030 Besançon Cedex France
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22
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Saas P, Kaminski S, Perruche S. Prospects of apoptotic cell-based therapies for transplantation and inflammatory diseases. Immunotherapy 2014; 5:1055-73. [PMID: 24088076 DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic cell removal or interactions of early-stage apoptotic cells with immune cells are associated with an immunomodulatory microenvironment that can be harnessed to exert therapeutic effects. While the involved immune mechanisms are still being deciphered, apoptotic cell infusion has been tested in different experimental models where inflammation is deregulated. This includes chronic and acute inflammatory disorders such as arthritis, contact hypersensitivity and acute myocardial infarction. Apoptotic cell infusion has also been used in transplantation settings to prevent or treat acute and chronic rejection, as well as to limit acute graft-versus-host disease associated with allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Here, we review the mechanisms involved in apoptotic cell-induced immunomodulation and data obtained in preclinical models of transplantation and inflammatory diseases.
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23
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Wang X, Zachman AL, Chun YW, Shen FW, Hwang YS, Sung HJ. Polymeric stent materials dysregulate macrophage and endothelial cell functions: implications for coronary artery stent. Int J Cardiol 2014; 174:688-95. [PMID: 24820736 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.04.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biodegradable polymers have been applied as bulk or coating materials for coronary artery stents. The degradation of polymers, however, could induce endothelial dysfunction and aggravate neointimal formation. Here we use polymeric microparticles to simulate and demonstrate the effects of degraded stent materials on phagocytic activity, cell death and dysfunction of macrophages and endothelial cells. METHODS Microparticles made of low molecular weight polyesters were incubated with human macrophages and coronary artery endothelial cells (ECs). Microparticle-induced phagocytosis, cytotoxicity, apoptosis, cytokine release and surface marker expression were determined by immunostaining or ELISA. Elastase expression was analyzed by ELISA and the elastase-mediated polymer degradation was assessed by mass spectrometry. RESULTS We demonstrated that poly(D,L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) microparticles induced cytotoxicity in macrophages and ECs, partially through cell apoptosis. The particle treatment alleviated EC phagocytosis, as opposed to macrophages, but enhanced the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 along with decreased nitric oxide production, indicating that ECs were activated and lost their capacity to maintain homeostasis. The activation of both cell types induced the release of elastase or elastase-like protease, which further accelerated polymer degradation. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that low molecule weight PLLA and PCL microparticles increased cytotoxicity and dysregulated endothelial cell function, which in turn enhanced elastase release and polymer degradation. These indicate that polymer or polymer-coated stents impose a risk of endothelial dysfunction after deployment which can potentially lead to delayed endothelialization, neointimal hyperplasia and late thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - Angela L Zachman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - Young Wook Chun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - Fang-Wen Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - Yu-Shik Hwang
- Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hak-Joon Sung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States; Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.
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24
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Diniz MS, de Matos APA, Lourenço J, Castro L, Peres I, Mendonça E, Picado A. Liver alterations in two freshwater fish species (Carassius auratus and Danio rerio) following exposure to different TiO₂ nanoparticle concentrations. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2013; 19:1131-1140. [PMID: 23931156 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927613013238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TIO₂ NPs) and oxidative stress effects were studied in two freshwater fish species (Carassius auratus and Danio rerio) exposed for 21 days to different concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100/mgL) of TiO₂ NPs and to a control (tap water). Additional fish were transferred to clean water for 14 days to assess the ability to recover from exposure to TiO₂ NPs. Activities of the enzyme glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) (malondialdheyde) were measured as indicators of oxidative stress. Histological and ultra-structural changes in livers from both species of fish were evaluated by light and electron microscopy. Results show a general GST activity increase according to TiO₂ NPs concentrations, which is in agreement with data from LPO. After 21 days, GST activities decreased possibly caused by suppression of GST synthesis as a result of severe stress. Histological and ultra-structural analysis of livers from exposed fish show degeneration of the hepatic tissue and alterations in hepatocytes such as glycogen depletion and an increase in lipofucsin lysosome-like granules. After a depuration period a partial recovery for biochemical markers and cells was observed. The results suggest that TiO₂ promotes alterations in hepatic tissues compatible with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário S Diniz
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Centro de Química Fina e Biotecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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Thomas L, Bielemeier A, Lambert PA, Darveau RP, Marshall LJ, Devitt A. The N-terminus of CD14 acts to bind apoptotic cells and confers rapid-tethering capabilities on non-myeloid cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70691. [PMID: 23936239 PMCID: PMC3728300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death and removal of cell corpses in a timely manner is a key event in both physiological and pathological situations including tissue homeostasis and the resolution of inflammation. Phagocytic clearance of cells dying by apoptosis is a complex sequential process comprising attraction, recognition, tethering, signalling and ultimately phagocytosis and degradation of cell corpses. A wide range of molecules acting as apoptotic cell-associated ligands, phagocyte-associated receptors or soluble bridging molecules have been implicated within this process. The role of myeloid cell CD14 in mediating apoptotic cell interactions with macrophages has long been known though key molecules and residues involved have not been defined. Here we sought to further dissect the function of CD14 in apoptotic cell clearance. A novel panel of THP-1 cell-derived phagocytes was employed to demonstrate that CD14 mediates effective apoptotic cell interactions with macrophages in the absence of detectable TLR4 whilst binding and responsiveness to LPS requires TLR4. Using a targeted series of CD14 point mutants expressed in non-myeloid cells we reveal CD14 residue 11 as key in the binding of apoptotic cells whilst other residues are reported as key for LPS binding. Importantly we note that expression of CD14 in non-myeloid cells confers the ability to bind rapidly to apoptotic cells. Analysis of a panel of epithelial cells reveals that a number naturally express CD14 and that this is competent to mediate apoptotic cell clearance. Taken together these data suggest that CD14 relies on residue 11 for apoptotic cell tethering and it may be an important tethering molecule on so called 'non-professional' phagocytes thus contributing to apoptotic cell clearance in a non-myeloid setting. Furthermore these data establish CD14 as a rapid-acting tethering molecule, expressed in monocytes, which may thus confer responsiveness of circulating monocytes to apoptotic cell derived material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Thomas
- School of Life & Health Sciences & Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Bielemeier
- School of Life & Health Sciences & Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Peter A. Lambert
- School of Life & Health Sciences & Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Richard P. Darveau
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lindsay J. Marshall
- School of Life & Health Sciences & Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Devitt
- School of Life & Health Sciences & Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Panzarini E, Inguscio V, Tenuzzo BA, Dini L. In vitro and in vivo clearance of Rose Bengal Acetate-PhotoDynamic Therapy-induced autophagic and apoptotic cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 238:765-78. [PMID: 23828594 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213494552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focuses on the clearance of Rose Bengal Acetate (RBAc)-PhotoDynamic Therapy (PDT)-generated apoptotic and autophagic HeLa cells by murine and human macrophages. Indeed, phagocytosis of dead cells drives the therapeutic efficacy of PDT through both efficient removal of dead/dying cells and macrophages response evoked during engulfment and, up to now, clearance of dying photosensitized cells has been less investigated than PDT mechanisms of cell death induction. RBAc-PDT ensures a long onset of cytotoxicity and a time-related cell death of HeLa cells by signals originating from or converging on almost all intracellular organelles. On this basis, to clarify whether the efficacious cell death commitment is followed by an efficient clearance mechanism, we primarily focused on the analysis of 'eat me' signals exposure and 'find me' signals release, and then investigated the migration, recognition, engulfment and response of murine Raw 264.7 and human blood isolated macrophages. Dead cells secreted 'find me' signals, i.e. fractalkine and Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP 70), to recruit macrophages and promote their fast phagocytosis. Macrophages phagocytosed apoptotic and autophagic PDT-treated cells more efficiently than the respective positive controls, i.e. puromycin-induced apoptotic and Earle's balanced salt solution-starved autophagic cells. Phagocytosis depends on the glycans exposed on dead cells. The macrophages internalization of photokilled cells elicits the production of Interleukin-10, Transforming Growth Factor-β and Tumour Necrosis Factor-α by macrophages. TNFα production, along with HSP70 release and plasma membrane translocation on dead cells, suggest an immunogenic impact of RBAc-PDT. In fact, macrophages, activated fibroblasts and endothelial cells colonized the inoculum site of photosensitized cells in rat calf muscles, endorsing the hypothesis of immunogenic elicitation of RBAc-PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Panzarini
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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Phagocytosis of apoptotic trophoblastic debris protects endothelial cells against activation. Placenta 2012; 33:548-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Gaiffe E, Prétet JL, Launay S, Jacquin E, Saunier M, Hetzel G, Oudet P, Mougin C. Apoptotic HPV positive cancer cells exhibit transforming properties. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36766. [PMID: 22574222 PMCID: PMC3344932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that DNA can be transferred from dying engineered cells to neighboring cells through the phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies, which leads to cellular transformation. Here, we provide evidence of an uptake of apoptotic-derived cervical cancer cells by human mesenchymal cells. Interestingly, HeLa (HPV 18+) or Ca Ski (HPV16+) cells, harboring integrated high-risk HPV DNA but not C-33 A cells (HPV-), were able to transform the recipient cells. Human primary fibroblasts engulfed the apoptotic bodies effectively within 30 minutes after co-cultivation. This mechanism is active and involves the actin cytoskeleton. In situ hybridization of transformed fibroblasts revealed the presence of HPV DNA in the nucleus of a subset of phagocytosing cells. These cells expressed the HPV16/18 E6 gene, which contributes to the disruption of the p53/p21 pathway, and the cells exhibited a tumorigenic phenotype, including an increased proliferation rate, polyploidy and anchorage independence growth. Such horizontal transfer of viral oncogenes to surrounding cells that lack receptors for HPV could facilitate the persistence of the virus, the main risk factor for cervical cancer development. This process might contribute to HPV-associated disease progression in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Gaiffe
- Equipe d'Accueil 3181, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 133, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Jean-Luc Prétet
- Equipe d'Accueil 3181, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 133, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Sophie Launay
- Equipe d'Accueil 3181, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 133, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Elise Jacquin
- Equipe d'Accueil 3181, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 133, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Maëlle Saunier
- Equipe d'Accueil 3181, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 133, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Geneviève Hetzel
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pierre Oudet
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christiane Mougin
- Equipe d'Accueil 3181, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 133, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon, Besançon, France
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review assesses the recent progress in xenograft rejection by innate immune responses, with a focus on innate cellular xenoreactivity. RECENT FINDINGS Current literature was reviewed for new insights into the role of innate cellular immunity in xenograft rejection. Increasing evidence confirms that vigorous innate immune cell activation is accounted for by a combination of xenoantigen recognition by activating receptors, and incompatibility in inhibitory receptor-ligand interactions. Although both innate humoral and cellular xenoimmune responses are predominantly elicited by preformed and induced xenoreactive antibodies in nonhuman primates following porcine xenotransplantation, innate immune cells can also be activated by xenografts in the absence of antibodies. The latter antibody-independent response will likely persist in recipients even when adaptive xenoimmune responses are suppressed. In addition to xenograft rejection by recipient innate immune cells, phagocytic cells within liver xenografts are also deleterious to recipients by causing thrombocytopenia. SUMMARY Strategies of overcoming innate immune responses are required for successful clinical xenotransplantation. In addition to developing better immunosuppressive and tolerance induction protocols, endeavors towards further genetic modifications of porcine source animals are ultimately important for successful clinical xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York 10032, USA
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Szondy Z, Korponay-Szabó I, Király R, Fésüs L. Transglutaminase 2 Dysfunctions in the Development of Autoimmune Disorders: Celiac Disease and TG2 −/−Mouse. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY - AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 78:295-345. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118105771.ch7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a complex system playing an important role in tumor development and progression. Besides tumor cells, the tumor microenvironment harbours a variety of host-derived cells, such as endothelial cells, fibroblasts, innate and adaptive immune cells, as well as extracellular matrix (ECM) fibers, cytokines, and other mediators. This review discusses the potential role of hypoxia and endothelial cells within tumor microenvironment and emphasizes their interaction with antigen specific killer cells.
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Abstract
Abstract
Aged or damaged RBCs are effectively removed from the blood circulation by Kupffer cells in the liver, but little is known regarding the mechanism of the clearance process. Here we show that stabilin-1 and stabilin-2 in hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (HSECs) are critical in effectively clearing damaged RBCs in mouse liver. Damaged RBCs and phosphatidylserine (PS)–coated beads were effectively sequestered in the hepatic sinusoid regardless of the presence of Kupffer cells, suggesting a role for HSECs in PS-dependent sequestration of PS-exposed RBCs in the liver. HSECs mediate tethering of damaged RBCs in a PS-dependent manner via stabilin-1 and stabilin-2. In a sinusoid-mimicked coculture system consisting of macrophages layered over HSECs, there was significant enhancement of the phagocytic capacity of macrophages, and this was mediated by stabilin-1 and stabilin-2 in HSECs. Liver-specific knockdown of stabilin-1 and stabilin-2 inhibited the sequestration of damaged RBCs in the hepatic sinusoid and delayed the elimination of damaged cells in an in vivo animal model. Thus, the roles of stabilin-1 and stabilin-2 in hepatic sequestration of PS-exposed RBCs may represent a potential mechanism for the clearance of damaged RBCs by Kupffer cells and for the control of some pathologic conditions such as hemolytic anemia.
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Devitt A, Marshall LJ. The innate immune system and the clearance of apoptotic cells. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 90:447-57. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0211095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Wagner BJ, Lindau D, Ripper D, Stierhof YD, Glatzle J, Witte M, Beck H, Keppeler H, Lauber K, Rammensee HG, Königsrainer A. Phagocytosis of dying tumor cells by human peritoneal mesothelial cells. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:1644-54. [PMID: 21525033 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.078907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal carcinomatosis is an advanced form of metastatic disease characterized by cancer cell dissemination onto the peritoneum. It is commonly observed in ovarian and colorectal cancers and is associated with poor patient survival. Novel therapies consist of cytoreductive surgery in combination with intraperitoneal chemotherapy, aiming at tumor cell death induction. The resulting dying tumor cells are considered to be eliminated by professional as well as semi-professional phagocytes. In the present study, we have identified a hitherto unknown type of 'amateur' phagocyte in this environment: human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HMCs). We demonstrate that HMCs engulf corpses of dying ovarian and colorectal cancer cells, as well as other types of apoptotic cells. Flow cytometric, confocal and electron microscopical analyses revealed that HMCs ingest dying cell fragments in a dose- and time-dependent manner and the internalized material subsequently traffics into late phagolysosomes. Regarding the mechanisms of prey cell recognition, our results show that HMCs engulf apoptotic corpses in a serum-dependent and -independent fashion and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses revealed that diverse opsonin receptor systems orchestrating dying cell clearance are expressed in HMCs at high levels. Our data strongly suggest that HMCs contribute to dying cell removal in the peritoneum, and future studies will elucidate in what manner this influences tumor cell dissemination and the antitumor immune response.
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Abstract
It is becoming evident that failure in the removal of dying cells causes and/or promotes the onset of chronic diseases. Impairment of phagocytosis of apoptotic cells can be due not only to genetic or molecular malfunctioning but also to external/environmental factors. Two of these environmental factors have been recently reported to down regulate the clearance of apoptotic cells: cigarette smoke and static magnetic fields. Cigarette smoke contains highly reactive carbonyls that modify proteins which directly/indirectly affects cellular function. Human macrophages interacting with carbonyl or cigarette smoke modified extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins dramatically down regulated their ability to phagocytose apoptotic neutrophils. It was postulated that changes in the ECM environment as a result of cigarette smoke affect the ability of macrophages to remove apoptotic cells. This decreased phagocytic activity was as a result of sequestration of receptors involved in the uptake of apoptotic cells towards that of recognition of carbonyl adducts on the modified ECM proteins leading to increased macrophage adhesion. Downregulation of the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells was also described when performed in presence of static magnetic fields (SMFs) of moderate intensity. SMFs have been reported to perturb distribution of membrane proteins and glycoproteins, receptors, cytoskeleton and trans-membrane fluxes of different ions, especially calcium [Ca(2+)]i, that in turn, interfere with many different physiological activities, including phagocytosis. The effects of cigarette smoke and SMF on the phagocytosis of dying cells will be here discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Dini
- Department Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of the Salento, Lecce, Italy.
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36
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Peng B, Koga K, Cardenas I, Aldo P, Mor G. Phagocytosis of apoptotic trophoblast cells by human endometrial endothelial cells induces proinflammatory cytokine production. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 64:12-9. [PMID: 20219062 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00815.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Apoptosis is a normal constituent of trophoblast turnover in the placenta; however in some cases, this process is related to pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia. Recognition and engulfment of these apoptotic trophoblast cells is important for clearance of dying cells. The aim of this study was to show the cross talk between human endometrial endothelial cells (HEECs) and apoptotic trophoblast cells in an in vitro coculture model and its effect on cytokine production by HEECs. METHOD OF STUDY Fluorescent-labeled HEECs were cocultured with fluorescent-labeled apoptotic human trophoblast cells. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry were used to show the interaction between these two types of cells. Cytokine profiles were determined using multiplex analysis. RESULTS HEECs are capable to phagocytose apoptotic trophoblasts. This activity is inhibited by the phagocytosis inhibitor cytochalasin B. Phagocytosis of apoptotic trophoblast cells induced the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 by HEECs. CONCLUSION This study provides the first evidence that HEECs have an ability to phagocytose apoptotic trophoblasts. Furthermore, we demonstrated an inflammatory response of HEECs after phagocytosing the apoptotic trophoblast cells. This event may contribute to the inflammatory response in both normal pregnancy and pathologic pregnancy such as preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Peng
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Reproductive Immunology Unit, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Graham A, Ford I, Morrison R, Barker RN, Greaves M, Erwig LP. Anti-endothelial antibodies interfere in apoptotic cell clearance and promote thrombosis in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:1756-62. [PMID: 19155525 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.3.1756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antiphospholipid syndrome is an important cause of recurrent thrombotic events. The pathogenesis of the thrombosis remains unclear, but it has been suggested that anti-phospholipid Abs, which are laboratory markers for the disease and include species capable of binding to vascular endothelial cells, play an important role. We hypothesized that these anti-endothelial Abs promote thrombosis through interference with clearance of dying cells. We show that healthy endothelial cell monolayers effectively remove apoptotic endothelial cells, but this clearance is markedly inhibited by serum or IgG from patients with antiphospholipid syndrome and anti-endothelial Abs. In addition, patient sera or IgG opsonize apoptotic endothelial cells and cause enhanced Fc-mediated uptake by professional phagocytes. Importantly, the delayed clearance of apoptotic cells by healthy endothelial cells and the enhanced Fc-mediated macrophage uptake each result in procoagulant consequences, as judged by increased thrombin generation. The effects on apoptotic cell clearance were reproduced by a mAb derived from a patient with antiphospholipid syndrome, which binds to endothelial cells and is thrombogenic in experimental models. Taken together, our data support a novel, dual mechanism by which anti-endothelial Abs are prothrombotic in antiphospholipid syndrome by inhibiting removal of procoagulant apoptotic cells and by diverting their clearance to provoke inflammatory and prothrombotic changes in professional phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Graham
- School of Medicine, Division of Applied Medicine, University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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38
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Dini L, Carla’ EC, De Luca M, Faraldi G, Tagliafierro G. Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells: Liver recognition and molecular mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/11250009909356271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Dalton SR, Lee SML, King RN, Nanji AA, Kharbanda KK, Casey CA, McVicker BL. Carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in asialoglycoprotein receptor-deficient mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 77:1283-90. [PMID: 19185565 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The asialoglycoprotein (ASGP) receptor is an abundant hepatocyte-specific receptor involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis. This receptor's abundance and function is decreased by chronic ethanol administration prior to the appearance of pathology such as necrosis or inflammation. Hence, this study aimed to determine if ASGP receptor function is required to protect against liver injury by utilizing a knockout mouse model lacking functional ASGP receptor in the setting of carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) hepatotoxicity. Briefly, ASGP receptor-deficient (RD) mice and wild-type (WT) mice were injected with 1ml/kg body weight of CCl(4). In the subsequent week, mice were monitored for liver damage and pathology (aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and light microscopy). The consequences of CCl(4) injection were examined by measuring alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) deposition, contents of malondialdehyde and the percentage of apoptotic hepatocytes. After CCl(4) injection, RD mice showed increased liver pathology together with significantly increased activities of AST and ALT compared to that in WT mice. There were also significantly more apoptotic bodies, lipid peroxidation and deposition of alpha-SMA in RD mice versus WT mice following CCl(4) injection. Since these two mouse strains only differ in whether or not they have the ASGP receptor, it can be concluded that proper ASGP receptor function exerted a protective effect against CCl(4) toxicity. Thus, receptor-mediated endocytosis by the ASGP receptor could represent a novel molecular mechanism that is responsible for subsequent liver health or injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana R Dalton
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, 68198-2000, USA
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Yun JH, Henson PM, Tuder RM. Phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells: role in lung disease. Expert Rev Respir Med 2008; 2:753-65. [PMID: 20477237 PMCID: PMC3956128 DOI: 10.1586/17476348.2.6.753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis and apoptotic clearance are matched processes that are centered in the maintenance of homeostasis. Similar to apoptosis, apoptotic cell clearance is a conserved mechanism that is highly efficient and redundant, highlighting its overall functional importance in homeostasis. Increasing evidence suggests that the mismatch between apoptosis and apoptotic cell clearance underlies pathologic conditions including inflammatory lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, asthma, acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome and cancer immunity. Although direct causality has yet to be established, this paradigm opens novel approaches towards the understanding and treatment of lung diseases. Glucocorticoids, statins and macrolide antibiotics, which are already in use for treating lung conditions, have a positive effect on apoptotic clearance and are among novel agents that are potential candidates for treatment of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong H Yun
- Program in Translational Lung Research, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver, School of Medicine, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA, Tel.: +1 303 724 6049,
| | - Peter M Henson
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO, USA, Tel.: +1 303 398 1380, Fax: +1 303 398 1381,
| | - Rubin M Tuder
- Program in Translational Lung Research, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver, School of Medicine, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA, Tel.: +1 303 724 6062,
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Lleo A, Selmi C, Invernizzi P, Podda M, Gershwin ME. The consequences of apoptosis in autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2008; 31:257-62. [PMID: 18513925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2008.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The clearance of apoptotic cells is a highly regulated mechanism, normally associated with anti-inflammatory response. During early stages of apoptosis the cell is promptly recognized and engulfed by professional phagocytes or tissue cells to avoid the outflow of intracellular content and limit the immunological reaction against released antigens. However, increasing evidences suggest that impairment in the uptake of apoptotic cell debris is linked to the development of autoimmunity. In fact, autoantigens have been demonstrated to be content within apoptotic bodies and apoptotic cells seems to be critical in the presentation of antigens, activation of innate immunity and regulation of macrophage cytokine secretion. We herein review the known mechanisms for regulating the uptake of the products of apoptosis in the development of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lleo
- Division of Rheumatology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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42
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Role of Invariant Natural Killer T Cells in Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cell-Induced Immunosuppression Among T Cells with Indirect Allospecificity. Transplantation 2008; 85:1060-4. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31816a3372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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43
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Hart SP, Dransfield I, Rossi AG. Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Methods 2008; 44:280-5. [PMID: 18314060 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2007.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/10/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Removal of apoptotic cells by phagocytes plays an important role in many biological processes, including embryological development and tissue remodelling. In addition, it has become apparent that one of the key mechanisms for the successful resolution of inflammation is the orchestrated clearance of apoptotic inflammatory cells by phagocytes (e.g., macrophages and dendritic cells) and other cells known to have phagocytic capacity (e.g., hepatocytes, endothelial cells, epithelial cells, etc.). Furthermore, phagocytosis of apoptotic cells is an active and highly regulated process that not only serves to remove potentially histotoxic cells from the inflammatory milieu, but also directs the phenotype of the phagocytic cell to be anti-inflammatory. Convincing evidence has been presented that reduced or dysregulated phagocytosis of apoptotic cells contributes to the development and propagation of inflammatory disorders. Conversely, enhanced phagocytosis of apoptotic cells may be exploited for therapeutic gain. Indeed, powerful anti-inflammatory drugs such as the glucocorticoids have been shown to augment clearance of apoptotic cells which may contribute to their therapeutic effectiveness. In this chapter, we describe methods for studying phagocytosis of apoptotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Hart
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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44
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Abstract
Surface markers of apoptotic cells are of great interest as potential targets for non-destructive detection and study of these cells. They are also important for apoptotic cell recognition and subsequent clearance by cells of the immune system. Recently, it was found that apoptosis is accompanied by not only the loss of plasma membrane asymmetry detected by Annexin V, but also by changes in cell surface glycoconjugates. These novel markers of apoptosis are alpha-D-mannose and beta-D-galactose-specific plasma membrane glycoproteins whose expression is substantially increased after induction of apoptosis. The glyconeoepitopes described in this article are proposed to be useful for both, the detection of apoptotic cells and the isolation of the latter, from mixed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rostyslav Bilyy
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
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45
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Atabai K, Sheppard D, Werb Z. Roles of the innate immune system in mammary gland remodeling during involution. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2007; 12:37-45. [PMID: 17286210 PMCID: PMC2574498 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-007-9036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary gland involution is a period of intensive tissue remodeling. Over the course of a relatively brief period, a large proportion of the mammary gland epithelium undergoes programmed cell death and is removed by phagocytes. In addition, the gland is cleared of residual milk fat globules as well as milk and adipocytes become the predominant cell type. The role of the immune system in this process has not been clearly defined. Professional phagocytes derived from the immune system can participate in the clearance of apoptotic and autophagic cells, the removal of residual milk components, and the prevention of mastitis during mammary gland involution. However, many of these functions can also be performed by non-professional phagocytes (e.g. mammary epithelial cells). This review will discuss the evidence that supports a role for innate immune cells in mammary gland remodeling during involution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Atabai
- Lung Biology Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-2922, USA.
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46
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Berg M, Wingender G, Djandji D, Hegenbarth S, Momburg F, Hämmerling G, Limmer A, Knolle P. Cross-presentation of antigens from apoptotic tumor cells by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells leads to tumor-specific CD8+ T cell tolerance. Eur J Immunol 2007; 36:2960-70. [PMID: 17039564 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Development of tumor-specific T cell tolerance contributes to the failure of the immune system to eliminate tumor cells. Here we report that hematogenous dissemination of tumor cells followed by their elimination and local removal of apoptotic tumor cells in the liver leads to subsequent development of T cell tolerance towards antigens associated with apoptotic tumor cells. We provide evidence that liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) remove apoptotic cell fragments generated by induction of tumor cell apoptosis through hepatic NK1.1+ cells. Antigen associated with apoptotic cell material is processed and cross-presented by LSEC to CD8+ T cells, leading to induction of CD8+ T cell tolerance. Adoptive transfer of LSEC isolated from mice challenged previously with tumor cells promotes development of CD8+ T cell tolerance towards tumor-associated antigen in vivo. Our results indicate that hematogenous dissemination of tumor cells, followed by hepatic tumor cell elimination and local cross-presentation of apoptotic tumor cells by LSEC and subsequent CD8+ T cell tolerance induction, represents a novel mechanism operative in tumor immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Berg
- Institut für Molekulare Medizin und Experimentelle Immunologie Bonn, Germany
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47
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Larrivée B, Olive PL, Karsan A. Tissue distribution of endothelial cells in vivo following intravenous injection. Exp Hematol 2006; 34:1741-5. [PMID: 17157171 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2006.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Revised: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/08/2006] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies have suggested that endothelial cells derived from circulating endothelial progenitors can be used as carriers for cell-based therapy. However, the in vivo homing properties of mature endothelial cells are still unclear. In this paper, we studied the kinetics and specificity of endothelial homing to sites of angiogenesis. METHODS The kinetics of the distribution of endothelial cells in mice following intravenous injection of 3H-thymidine-labeled microvascular endothelial cells were examined. To detect the homing of viable and apoptotic endothelial cells, GFP-labeled microvascular endothelial cells were injected intravenously in immunodeficient mice. RESULTS We observed that endothelial cells injected intravenously transit rapidly through the lungs, but do not home specifically to any organ. We did not observe specific accumulation of endothelial cells in subcutaneously implanted tumors following intravenous injection. Rare GFP-labeled endothelial cells were observed in the proximity of tumor blood vessels. However, similar findings were seen when GFP-labeled apoptotic endothelial cells were injected intravenously. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that integration of mature endothelial cells to the vasculature is a rare event and that engulfment of apoptotic bodies, independent of nuclear fusion, may be misinterpreted as cell plasticity, and care should be taken in the interpretation of such findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Larrivée
- Departments of Medical Biophysics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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48
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Kirsch T, Woywodt A, Beese M, Wyss K, Park JK, Erdbruegger U, Hertel B, Haller H, Haubitz M. Engulfment of apoptotic cells by microvascular endothelial cells induces proinflammatory responses. Blood 2006; 109:2854-62. [PMID: 17119109 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-06-026187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractCirculating endothelial cells (CECs) have been detected in a variety of vascular disorders, but their interactions with healthy endothelium remain unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the response of human endothelial cells (ECs) to apoptotic or necrotic ECs in an in vitro model and to delineate pathogenetic pathways. Here we show that incubation of the human microvascular endothelial cell line (HMEC-1) with apoptotic ECs resulted in increased expression of chemokines and enhanced binding of leukocytes to HMEC-1 cells, whereas exposure of HMEC-1 cells to necrotic ECs caused no changes in leukocyte-binding affinity. Both apoptotic and necrotic cells were bound and engulfed by HMEC-1 cells and primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). We therefore suggest that exposures to apoptotic and necrotic ECs induce different patterns of chemokine synthesis and leukocyte adhesion in healthy ECs. These data indicate that CECs are not only markers of vascular damage but may induce proinflammatory signals in the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Kirsch
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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49
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Murphy J, Tacon D, Tedbury P, Hadden J, Knowling S, Sawamura T, Peckham M, Phillips S, Walker J, Ponnambalam S. LOX-1 scavenger receptor mediates calcium-dependent recognition of phosphatidylserine and apoptotic cells. Biochem J 2006; 393:107-15. [PMID: 16146427 PMCID: PMC1383669 DOI: 10.1042/bj20051166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2005] [Revised: 08/31/2005] [Accepted: 09/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The LOX-1 (lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1) scavenger receptor regulates vascular responses to oxidized-low-density-lipoprotein particles implicated in atherosclerotic plaque formation. LOX-1 is closely related to C-type lectins, but the mechanism of ligand recognition is not known. Here we show that human LOX-1 recognizes a key cellular phospholipid, PS (phosphatidylserine), in a Ca2+-dependent manner, both in vitro and in cultured cells. A recombinant, folded and glycosylated LOX-1 molecule binds PS, but not other phospholipids. LOX-1 recognition of PS was maximal in the presence of millimolar Ca2+ levels. Mg2+ was unable to substitute for Ca2+ in LOX-1 binding to PS, indicating a Ca2+-specific requirement for bivalent cations. LOX-1-mediated recognition of PS-containing apoptotic bodies was dependent on Ca2+ and was decreased to background levels by bivalent-cation chelation, LOX-1-blocking antibodies or PS-containing liposomes. The LOX-1 membrane protein is thus a Ca2+-dependent phospholipid receptor, revealing novel recognition of phospholipids by mammalian lectins.
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Key Words
- ca2+
- lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (lox-1)
- liposomes
- phosphatidylserine
- protein-lipid overlay
- recombinant protein
- apob-100, apolipoprotein b-100
- bv-lox-1, baculovirus/insect cell-expressed lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1
- ec-lox-1, bacterially expressed lox-1
- gst, glutathione s-transferase
- his6, hexahistidine
- hlox-1, human lox-1
- hrp, horseradish peroxidase
- il-1β, interleukin-1β
- iptg, isopropyl β-d-thiogalactoside
- moi, multiplicity of infection
- ni-nta, ni2+-nitrilotriacetate
- nk, natural killer
- oxldl, oxidized low-density lipoprotein
- pc, phosphatidylcholine
- pe, phosphatidylethanolamine
- pi, phosphatidylinositol
- pngase f, n-glycosidase f
- ps, phosphatidylserine
- stgn46, soluble his6-tagged trans-golgi-network protein 46
- tbs, tris-buffered saline
- tnf-α, tumour necrosis factor-α
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E. Murphy
- *Endothelial Cell Biology Unit, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
- ‡Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Daryl Tacon
- ‡Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Philip R. Tedbury
- *Endothelial Cell Biology Unit, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
- ‡Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Jonathan M. Hadden
- †Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
- ‡Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Stuart Knowling
- †Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
- ‡Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Tatsuya Sawamura
- §National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka 565-565, Japan
| | - Michelle Peckham
- ‡Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Simon E. V. Phillips
- †Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
- ‡Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - John H. Walker
- *Endothelial Cell Biology Unit, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
- ‡Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Sreenivasan Ponnambalam
- *Endothelial Cell Biology Unit, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
- †Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
- ‡Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
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50
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Monks J, Rosner D, Geske FJ, Lehman L, Hanson L, Neville MC, Fadok VA. Epithelial cells as phagocytes: apoptotic epithelial cells are engulfed by mammary alveolar epithelial cells and repress inflammatory mediator release. Cell Death Differ 2005; 12:107-14. [PMID: 15647754 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Clearance of apoptotic cells is critical to tissue homeostasis and resolution of inflammatory lesions. Macrophages are known to remove dying cells and release anti-inflammatory mediators in response; however, many cells traditionally thought of as poor phagocytes can mediate this function as well. In the lactating mammary gland following weaning, alveolar epithelial cell death is massive, yet the gland involutes rapidly, attaining its prepregnancy state in a matter of days. We found histologic evidence of apoptotic cell phagocytosis by viable mammary epithelial cells (MEC) in the involuting mouse mammary gland. Cultured MEC were able to engulf apoptotic cells in vitro, utilizing many of the same receptors used by macrophages, including the phosphatidylserine receptor (PSR), CD36, the vitronectin receptor alpha(v)beta3, and CD91. In addition, MEC, like macrophages, produced TGFbeta in response to stimulation of the PSR by apoptotic cells or the anti-PSR ab 217G8E9, and downregulated endotoxin-stimulated proinflammatory cytokine production. These data support the hypothesis that amateur phagocytes play a significant role in apoptotic cell clearance and its regulation of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Monks
- Program in Cell Biology, D509, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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