1
|
Retinoic Acid Promotes the In Vitro Growth, Patterning and Improves the Cellular Composition of Human Pluripotent Stem-Cell-Derived Intestinal Organoids. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158624. [PMID: 35955755 PMCID: PMC9368900 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human intestinal organoids (HIOs) generated from human pluripotent stem cells hold great promise for modeling human development and as a possible source of tissue for transplantation. HIOs generate all of the main epithelial and mesenchymal cell types found in the developing human intestine and mature into intestinal tissue with crypts and villi following transplantation into immunocompromised mice. However, incomplete in vitro patterning and the presence of contaminating neurons could hinder their use for regenerative medicine in humans. Based on studies in model organisms, we hypothesized that the treatment of HIOs with all trans retinoic acid (ATRA) would improve their in vitro growth and patterning. We found that ATRA not only improved the patterning of HIOs, ATRA also increased organoid forming efficiency, improved epithelial growth, enriched intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts (ISEMFs) and reduced neuronal contamination in HIOs. Taken together, our studies demonstrate how the manipulation of a single developmental signaling pathway can be used to improve the survival, patterning and cellular composition of HIOs.
Collapse
|
2
|
Frau C, Godart M, Plateroti M. Thyroid hormone regulation of intestinal epithelial stem cell biology. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 459:90-97. [PMID: 28288904 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is a well-characterized target of thyroid hormones and thyroid hormone nuclear receptors TRs, as extensively described in the literature. The paradigm is its important remodelling in amphibians during thyroid hormone-dependent metamorphosis. Interestingly, several studies have described the conservation of this hormonal signal during intestinal development in mammals. Additional data suggested that it may also play a role in intestinal homeostasis, stem cell physiology and progenitor commitment as well as in tumour development. It is worth underlining that in the mammalian intestine the functionality of the TRα1 receptor is coordinated and integrated with other signalling pathways, such as Wnt and Notch, specifically at the level of stem/progenitor cell populations. Here, we summarize these data and concepts and discuss this new role for thyroid hormones and the TRα1 receptor in the biology of intestinal epithelial precursor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Frau
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, Département de La Recherche, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Matthias Godart
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, Département de La Recherche, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Michelina Plateroti
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, Département de La Recherche, 69000 Lyon, France.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Maternal vitamin A deficiency during pregnancy affects vascularized islet development. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 36:51-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
4
|
All-Trans Retinoic Acid Induces TGF-β2 in Intestinal Epithelial Cells via RhoA- and p38α MAPK-Mediated Activation of the Transcription Factor ATF2. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26225425 PMCID: PMC4520553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We have shown previously that preterm infants are at risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), an inflammatory bowel necrosis typically seen in infants born prior to 32 weeks’ gestation, because of the developmental deficiency of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2 in the intestine. The present study was designed to investigate all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) as an inducer of TGF-β2 in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and to elucidate the involved signaling mechanisms. Methods AtRA effects on intestinal epithelium were investigated using IEC6 cells. TGF-β2 expression was measured using reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blots. Signaling pathways were investigated using Western blots, transiently-transfected/transduced cells, kinase arrays, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and selective small molecule inhibitors. Results AtRA-treatment of IEC6 cells selectively increased TGF-β2 mRNA and protein expression in a time- and dose-dependent fashion, and increased the activity of the TGF-β2 promoter. AtRA effects were mediated via RhoA GTPase, Rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase 1 (ROCK1), p38α MAPK, and activating transcription factor (ATF)-2. AtRA increased phospho-ATF2 binding to the TGF-β2 promoter and increased histone H2B acetylation in the TGF-β2 nucleosome, which is typically associated with transcriptional activation. Conclusions AtRA induces TGF-β2 expression in IECs via RhoA- and p38α MAPK-mediated activation of the transcription factor ATF2. Further studies are needed to investigate the role of atRA as a protective/therapeutic agent in gut mucosal inflammation.
Collapse
|
5
|
Verdi J, Sharif S, Banafshe HR, Shoae-Hassani A. Sertraline increases the survival of retinoic acid induced neuronal cells but not glial cells from human mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Biol Int 2014; 38:901-9. [PMID: 24715678 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
An increase in the number of viable in vitro differentiated neuronal cells is important for their use in clinics. A proportion of differentiated cells lose their viability before being used, and therefore we decided to use a pharmacological agent, sertraline, to increase neural cell differentiation and their survival. Purified endometrial stem cells (EnSCs) were examined for neuronal and glial cell specific markers after retinoic acid (RA) and sertraline treatment via RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis. The survival of differentiated cells was measured by MTT assay and the frequency of apoptosis, demonstrated by caspase-3-like activity. EnSCs were differentiated into neuronal cells after RA induction. Sertraline increased neuronal cell differentiation by 1.2-fold and their survival by 1.4-fold, and decreased from glial cell differentiation significantly. The findings indicate that sertraline could be used to improve the in vitro differentiation process of stem cells into neuronal cells, and may be involved in regenerative pharmacology in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javad Verdi
- Applied Cell Sciences Department, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Stem cell and Tissue Engineering Department, Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fukamachi H, Kato S, Asashima M, Ichinose M, Yuasa Y. Activin A regulates growth of gastro-intestinal epithelial cells by mediating epithelial-mesenchymal interaction. Dev Growth Differ 2013; 55:786-91. [PMID: 24299059 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The importance of epithelial-mesenchymal interaction on the development of gastro-intestinal (GI) organs has been repeatedly reported, but its molecular mechanism has not been fully understood though several factors including hepatocyte growth factor and endothelin-3 have been shown to mediate it. Activins have been demonstrated to play important roles in the regulation of organogenesis in vertebrates, but their roles in the regulation of growth and differentiation of GI organs remain to be solved. In the present study, we examined expression of activins in developing rat GI tract, and found that inhibin bA encoding activin A was specifically expressed by GI mesenchymes, while inhibin bB encoding activin B was expressed by both epithelial and mesenchymal components. We then examined the effect of activin A on the growth of fetal rat GI epithelial cells in primary culture. We found that activin A inhibited the growth of forestomach and glandular stomach epithelial cells while it stimulated the growth of colonic epithelial cells. These results suggest that activin A secreted from GI mesenchymes region-specifically regulates the growth of attaching epithelial cells. We thus conclude that activin A mediates epithelial-mesenchymal interaction in the developing GI tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fukamachi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Shinko Kato
- Faculty of Community Health Care, Department of Nursing, Teikyo Heisei University, 6-19 Chiharadainishi, Ichihara-city, Chiba, 290-0192, Japan
| | - Makoto Asashima
- Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 4, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8562, Japan.,Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Masao Ichinose
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Yuasa
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wright-Jin EC, Grider JR, Duester G, Heuckeroth RO. Retinaldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes regulate colon enteric nervous system structure and function. Dev Biol 2013; 381:28-37. [PMID: 23806210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) forms from the neural crest-derived precursors that colonize the bowel before differentiating into a network of neurons and glia that control intestinal function. Retinoids are essential for normal ENS development, but the role of retinoic acid (RA) metabolism in development remains incompletely understood. Because RA is produced locally in the tissues where it acts by stimulating RAR and RXR receptors, RA signaling during development is absolutely dependent on the rate of RA synthesis and degradation. RA is produced by three different enzymes called retinaldehyde dehydrogenases (RALDH1, RALDH2 and RALDH3) that are all expressed in the developing bowel. To determine the relative importance of these enzymes for ENS development, we analyzed whole mount preparations of adult (8-12-week old) myenteric and submucosal plexus stained with NADPH diaphorase (neurons and neurites), anti-TuJ1 (neurons and neurites), anti-HuC/HuD (neurons), and anti-S100β (glia) in an allelic series of mice with mutations in Raldh1, Raldh2, and Raldh3. We found that Raldh1-/-, Raldh2+/-, Raldh3+/- (R1(KO)R2(Het)R3(Het)) mutant mice had a reduced colon myenteric neuron density, reduced colon myenteric neuron to glia ratio, reduced colon submucosal neuron density, and increased colon myenteric fibers per neuron when compared to the wild type (WT; Raldh1WT, Raldh2WT, Raldh3WT) mice. These defects are unlikely to be due to defective ENS precursor migration since R1(KO)R2(Het)R3(KO) mice had increased enteric neuron progenitor migration into the distal colon compared to WT during development. RALDH mutant mice also have reduced contractility in the colon compared to WT mice. These data suggest that RALDH1, RALDH2 and RALDH3 each contribute to ENS development and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Wright-Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis 63110, MO, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Visualization of retinoic acid signaling in transgenic axolotls during limb development and regeneration. Dev Biol 2012; 368:63-75. [PMID: 22627291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) plays a necessary role in limb development and regeneration, but the precise mechanism by which it acts during these processes is unclear. The role of RA in limb regeneration was first highlighted by the remarkable effect that it has on respecifying the proximodistal axis of the regenerating limb so that serially repeated limbs are produced. To facilitate the study of RA signaling during development and then during regeneration of the same structure we have turned to the axolotl, the master of vertebrate regeneration, and generated transgenic animals that fluorescently report RA signaling in vivo. Characterization of these animals identified an anterior segment of the developing embryo where RA signaling occurs revealing conserved features of the early vertebrate embryo. During limb development RA signaling was present in the developing forelimb bud mesenchyme, but was not detected during hindlimb development. During limb regeneration, RA signaling was surprisingly almost exclusively observed in the apical epithelium suggesting a different role of RA during limb regeneration. After the addition of supplemental RA to regenerating limbs that leads to pattern duplications, the fibroblast stem cells of the blastema responded showing that they are capable of transcriptionally responding to RA. These findings are significant because it means that RA signaling may play a multifunctional role during forelimb development and regeneration and that the fibroblast stem cells that regulate proximodistal limb patterning during regeneration are targets of RA signaling.
Collapse
|
9
|
Comparison of epithelial differentiation and immune regulatory properties of mesenchymal stromal cells derived from human lung and bone marrow. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35639. [PMID: 22567106 PMCID: PMC3342330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) reside in many organs including lung, as shown by their isolation from fetal lung tissues, bronchial stromal compartment, bronchial-alveolar lavage and transplanted lung tissues. It is still controversial whether lung MSCs can undergo mesenchymal-to-epithelial-transition (MET) and possess immune regulatory properties. To this aim, we isolated, expanded and characterized MSCs from normal adult human lung (lung-hMSCs) and compared with human bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-hMSCs). Our results show that lung-MSCs reside at the perivascular level and do not significantly differ from BM-hMSCs in terms of immunophenotype, stemness gene profile, mesodermal differentiation potential and modulation of T, B and NK cells. However, lung-hMSCs express higher basal level of the stemness-related marker nestin and show, following in vitro treatment with retinoic acid, higher epithelial cell polarization, which is anyway partial when compared to a control epithelial bronchial cell line. Although these results question the real capability of acquiring epithelial functions by MSCs and the feasibility of MSC-based therapeutic approaches to regenerate damaged lung tissues, the characterization of this lung-hMSC population may be useful to study the involvement of stromal cell compartment in lung diseases in which MET plays a role, such as in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Collapse
|
10
|
Murase S, McKay RD. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 regulates survival of neurons in newborn hippocampus. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:12184-94. [PMID: 22351756 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.297671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of neurons in the adult rodent brain is strongly influenced by events in early postnatal life that eliminate approximately half of the neurons. Recently, we reported that neurotrophins induced survival of neonatal rat hippocampal neurons by promoting neural activity and activation of the Ser/Thr kinase, Akt. The survival of neurons also depended on integrin signaling, but a role for the extracellular matrix (ECM) in this mechanism was yet to be explored. Here, we show that levels of the matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) decrease, and the level of the ECM protein laminin increases in rat hippocampus during the period of neuronal death. Hippocampi from MMP9 null mice showed higher levels of laminin expression than wild type at P1 and no further increase at P10. In vitro, the matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor FN-439 promoted survival of neurons in a laminin-integrin β1-dependent manner. Blocking laminin signaling attenuated activation of Akt by depolarization. In vivo, injecting FN-439 into the neonatal hippocampus increased the level of laminin and promoted neuronal survival through an integrin-dependent mechanism. These results show signals from the ECM are not simply permissive but rather actively regulated, and they interact with neuronal activity to control the number of hippocampal neurons. This work is the first to report a role for MMP9 in regulating neuronal survival through the developmental process that establishes the functional brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Murase
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Switching from bone marrow-derived neurons to epithelial cells through dedifferentiation and translineage redifferentiation. Cell Biol Int 2010; 34:1075-83. [DOI: 10.1042/cbi20100516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
12
|
Mauney JR, Ramachandran A, Yu RN, Daley GQ, Adam RM, Estrada CR. All-trans retinoic acid directs urothelial specification of murine embryonic stem cells via GATA4/6 signaling mechanisms. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11513. [PMID: 20644631 PMCID: PMC2903484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The urinary bladder and associated tract are lined by the urothelium, a transitional epithelium that acts as a specialized permeability barrier that protects the underlying tissue from urine via expression of a highly specific group of proteins known as the uroplakins (UP). To date, our understanding of the developmental processes responsible for urothelial differentiation has been hampered due to the lack of suitable models. In this study, we describe a novel in vitro cell culture system for derivation of urothelial cells from murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs) following cultivation on collagen matrices in the presence all trans retinoic acid (RA). Upon stimulation with micromolar concentrations of RA, ESCs significantly downregulated the pluripotency factor OCT-4 but markedly upregulated UP1A, UP1B, UP2, UP3A, and UP3B mRNA levels in comparison to naïve ESCs and spontaneously differentiating controls. Pan-UP protein expression was associated with both p63- and cytokeratin 20-positive cells in discrete aggregating populations of ESCs following 9 and 14 days of RA stimulation. Analysis of endodermal transcription factors such as GATA4 and GATA6 revealed significant upregulation and nuclear enrichment in RA-treated UP2-GFP+ populations. GATA4-/- and GATA6-/- transgenic ESC lines revealed substantial attenuation of RA-mediated UP expression in comparison to wild type controls. In addition, EMSA analysis revealed that RA treatment induced formation of transcriptional complexes containing GATA4/6 on both UP1B and UP2 promoter fragments containing putative GATA factor binding sites. Collectively, these data suggest that RA mediates ESC specification toward a urothelial lineage via GATA4/6-dependent processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R. Mauney
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Aruna Ramachandran
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Richard N. Yu
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - George Q. Daley
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rosalyn M. Adam
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Carlos R. Estrada
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kaneko N, Katsuyama Y, Kawamura K, Fujiwara S. Regeneration of the gut requires retinoic acid in the budding ascidian Polyandrocarpa misakiensis. Dev Growth Differ 2010; 52:457-68. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2010.01184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
14
|
The role of the basement membrane as a modulator of intestinal epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2010; 96:175-206. [PMID: 21075345 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381280-3.00008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal development is a process of continuous dynamic bidirectional crosstalk between epithelial and underlying mesenchymal cells. This crosstalk is mediated by well-dissected signaling pathways. Another crucial actor in the epithelio-mesenchymal interactions is the stromal microenvironment, which is composed of extracellular matrix molecules. Among them, the basement membrane (BM) molecules are secreted by the epithelium and mesenchyme in a complementary manner. These molecules signal back to the cells via the integrins or other specific receptors. In this review, we mainly focus on the BM molecules, particularly laminins. The major BM molecules are organized in a complex molecular network, which is highly variable among organs. Cell culture, coculture, and grafting models have been of great interest in understanding the importance of these molecules. Mouse gene ablation of laminin chains are interesting models, which often lead to embryonic death and are frequently accompanied by compensatory processes. Overall, the BM molecules have a crucial role in the careful maintenance of intestinal homeostasis.
Collapse
|
15
|
Dekaney CM, Wu G, Yin YL, Jaeger LA. Regulation of ornithine aminotransferase gene expression and activity by all-transretinoic acid in Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells. J Nutr Biochem 2008; 19:674-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Revised: 08/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
16
|
Wang L, Tang Y, Rubin DC, Levin MS. Chronically administered retinoic acid has trophic effects in the rat small intestine and promotes adaptation in a resection model of short bowel syndrome. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007; 292:G1559-69. [PMID: 17307727 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00567.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Following the loss of functional small bowel surface area, the intestine undergoes a compensatory adaptive response. The observation that adaptation is inhibited in vitamin A-deficient rats following submassive intestinal resection suggested that vitamin A is required for this response and raised the possibility that exogenous vitamin A could augment adaptation. Therefore, to directly assess whether chronically administered retinoic acid could stimulate gut adaptation in a model of short bowel syndrome and to address the mechanisms of any such effects, Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with controlled release retinoic acid or control pellets and then subjected to mid-small bowel or sham resections. At 2 wk postoperation, changes in gut morphology, crypt cell proliferation and apoptosis, enterocyte migration, the extracellular matrix, and gene expression were assessed. Retinoic acid had significant trophic effects in resected and sham-resected rats. Retinoic acid markedly inhibited apoptosis and stimulated crypt cell proliferation and enterocyte migration postresection. Data presented indicate that these proadaptive effects of retinoic acid may be mediated via changes in the extracellular matrix (e.g., by increasing collagen IV synthesis, decreasing E-cadherin expression, and reducing integrin beta(3) levels), via affects on Hedgehog signaling (e.g., by reducing expression of the Hedgehog receptors Ptch and Ptch2 and the Gli1 transcription factor), by increasing expression of Reg1 and Pap1, and by modulation of retinoid and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathways. These studies are the first to demonstrate that retinoic acid can significantly enhance intestinal adaptation and suggest it may be beneficial in patients with short bowel syndrome.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Physiological/drug effects
- Adaptation, Physiological/genetics
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Implants
- Enterocytes/drug effects
- Enterocytes/pathology
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Hedgehog Proteins/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/drug effects
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/pathology
- Intestine, Small/physiopathology
- Intestine, Small/surgery
- Male
- Pancreatitis-Associated Proteins
- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors/drug effects
- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/agonists
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/metabolism
- Short Bowel Syndrome/drug therapy
- Short Bowel Syndrome/genetics
- Short Bowel Syndrome/metabolism
- Short Bowel Syndrome/pathology
- Short Bowel Syndrome/physiopathology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Time Factors
- Tretinoin/administration & dosage
- Tretinoin/pharmacology
- Tretinoin/therapeutic use
- Wnt Proteins/metabolism
- beta Catenin/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Wang
- Washington Univ. School of Medicine, Campus Box 8124, 660 South Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Shen CN, Marguerie A, Chien CY, Dickson C, Slack JMW, Tosh D. All-trans retinoic acid suppresses exocrine differentiation and branching morphogenesis in the embryonic pancreas. Differentiation 2007; 75:62-74. [PMID: 17244022 PMCID: PMC1890579 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2006.00116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has shown that retinoic acid (RA) signalling is required for early pancreatic development in zebrafish and frog but its role in later development in mammals is less clear cut. In the present study, we determined the effects of RA on the differentiation of the mouse embryonic pancreas. Addition of all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) to embryonic pancreatic cultures induced a number of changes. Branching morphogenesis and exocrine differentiation were suppressed and there was premature formation of endocrine cell clusters (although the total area of β cells was not different in control and atRA-treated buds). We investigated the mechanism of these changes and found that the premature formation of β cells was associated with the early expression of high-level Pdx1 in the endocrine cell clusters. In contrast, the suppressive effect of RA on exocrine differentiation may be due to a combination of two mechanisms (i) up-regulation of the extracellular matrix component laminin and (ii) enhancement of apoptosis. We also demonstrate that addition of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-10 is able to partially prevent apoptosis and rescue exocrine differentiation and branching morphogenesis in atRA-treated cultures but not in mice lacking the FGF receptor 2-IIIb, suggesting the effects of FGF-10 are mediated through this receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ning Shen
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fukasawa H, Kagechika H, Shudo K. [Retinoid therapy for autoimmune diseases]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 29:114-26. [PMID: 16819260 DOI: 10.2177/jsci.29.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Retinoid is a collective term for compounds which bind to and activate retinoic acid receptors (RARalpha, beta, gamma and RXRalpha, beta, gamma), members of nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. The most important endogeneous retinoid is all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) which is an RARalpha, beta and gamma ligand. ATRA and its mimics have been in clinical use for treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) and some skin diseases. Many synthetic retinoids have been developed and attempts to improve their medicinal properties have been made. Among them, tamibarotene (Am80) is an RARalpha- and RARbeta-specific (but RARgamma- and RXRs-nonbinding) synthetic retinoid that is effective in the treatment of psoriasis patients and relapsed APL. Experimentally, this compound is also active in animal models of rheumatoid arthritis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. On this background, possible application of retinoids for the treatment of autoimmune diseases was discussed. In particular, Th1 dominant autoimmune diseases may be the targets of the retinoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fukasawa
- Department of Drug Development, Institute of Medicinal and Molecular Design, Inc
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Marlier A, Gilbert T. Expression of retinoic acid-synthesizing and -metabolizing enzymes during nephrogenesis in the rat. Gene Expr Patterns 2006; 5:179-85. [PMID: 15567713 DOI: 10.1016/j.modgep.2004.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2004] [Revised: 07/30/2004] [Accepted: 08/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A signaling through its active form retinoic acid (RA) plays a critical role during kidney development and vitamin A deficiency in the rat induces renal hypoplasia. Here, we describe the distribution of four enzymes of the RA synthetic pathway (aldehyde dehydrogenases ALDH1A1-3 and ALDH8A1) and two enzymes of the degradative pathway (CYP26A1 and CYP26B1) in the developing rat metanephros. We provide evidence that each enzyme displays a cell-type specific expression pattern that changes considerably in the course of renal organogenesis and nephron differentiation. ALDH1A2 expression was restricted to the cortical stroma cell population, whereas ALDH8A1 transcripts were present in emerging renal vesicles. CYP26A1 and CYP26B1 mRNAs were absent during this time. Following nephron induction, ALDH1A1 remained weakly expressed in the UB ends, but was highly expressed in the UB-connected tubule and in all differentiating tubular segments of the developing nephron. ALDH1A2 was strongly expressed in the visceral layer of the developing glomeruli, as well as in cortical collecting tubules. ALDH1A3 mRNAs were found in the developing papilla and ureter. During postnatal nephrogenesis, ALDH1A3 and ALDH8A1 were co-expressed in the ureteric bud ends. CYP26A1 and CYP26B1 were both expressed from E18.5 onwards in S-shaped bodies, in tubular and glomerular anlagen, respectively. On the last day of nephrogenesis in the rat, CYP26B1 expression extended to UB ends. Our results indicate that tubular and glomerular differentiation of the nephron relies upon precise control of the RA metabolic pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Marlier
- INSERM U574, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Tour Lavoisier, 6ème étage, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fukamachi H, Narita T, Yahagi N, Takeda H, Ichinose M. Endothelin-3 controls growth of colonic epithelial cells by mediating epithelial-mesenchymal interaction. Dev Growth Differ 2005; 47:573-80. [PMID: 16287488 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2005.00827.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
It has been repeatedly reported that endothelin-3 (ET-3) is expressed by gastrointestinal mesenchymes, and that paracrine signaling between ET-3 and its receptor plays an essential role in controlling differentiation of the enteric nervous system in the gut, especially in the colon. However it remains to be solved whether ET-3 plays a role in regulating the growth of gastrointestinal epithelial cells. We have previously reported culture systems for forestomach, glandular stomach and duodenal epithelial cells, but a system for colonic epithelial cells has not been established. In the present study, we examined optimal culture conditions for colonic epithelial cells, and examined whether ET-3 affects the growth of gastrointestinal epithelial cells, with special reference to colonic cells. We found that ET-3 dose-dependently and region-specifically stimulated their growth in primary culture: colonic epithelial cells were most responsive, followed by duodenal and glandular stomach epithelial cells. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that ET-3 and a receptor for ET-3 were expressed by both colonic mesenchymes and epithelia, but the levels were much higher in mesenchymes than in epithelia. These results suggest that ET-3 plays an important role in the growth control of colonic epithelial cells, possibly by mediating epithelial-mesenchymal interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fukamachi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Epithelial differentiation of human adipose tissue-derived adult stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 330:142-50. [PMID: 15781243 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.02.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adult human stem cells are employed in novel treatments and bio-artificial devices. Recent studies have identified an abundant source of stem cells termed adipose-derived adult stem (ADAS)-cells in the subcutaneous adipose tissue. Under appropriate culture conditions ADAS-cells differentiate to various cell types, including chondrocytes, adipocytes, and smooth muscle cells. Aiming at epithelial differentiation this study investigated the effect of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on human ADAS-cells. ATRA-induced cytokeratin 18 expression in ADAS-cells and nearly abolished vimentin expression as shown by Western blot. In immunofluorescence, the formation of keratin fibers in ATRA-treated ADAS-cells could be observed. The percentage of ADAS-cells being able to undergo epithelial differentiation as quantified by FACS-analysis was above 80%. Inhibition of cell growth by ATRA was shown using DAPI- and MTT-assays. ATRA can differentiate ADAS-cells toward the epithelial lineage. This finding, along with a previously described neural differentiation, shows that ADAS-cells have epithelial potential.
Collapse
|
22
|
Chailler P, Ménard D. Establishment of human gastric epithelial (HGE) cell lines exhibiting barrier function, progenitor, and prezymogenic characteristics. J Cell Physiol 2005; 202:263-74. [PMID: 15389599 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The unavailability of human cell lines representative of the gastric glandular epithelium while able to form a functional barrier restricts the application of a cell culture approach to the field of gastric epithelial physiology. In the current study, we have characterized new non-transfected clones isolated from gastric carcinoma cell lines known to express functional markers of the human gastric mucosa (J Cell Biochem 2001;81:241). Twenty-one clones exhibiting epithelial-type junctions (renamed HGE cell lines) were isolated from NCI-N87 (ATCC CRL 5822), whereas only squamous cell lines could be generated from other native strains. Of these 21 clones, HGE-17 and HGE-20 formed dense coherent monolayers and displayed true epithelial phenotype. E-cadherin and ZO-1 proteins were consistently localized at the periphery of all cells which also generated transepithelial electrical resistance. Moreover, growth factors known to be trophic for the gastric mucosa were able to stimulate mitogenesis at subconfluence. HGE-17 exhibited a poorly differentiated precursor-like status and responded strongly to EGF/TGFalpha treatment in restitution assays. HGE-20 cells, on the other hand, exhibited a higher degree of differentiation at the ultrastructural level as well as higher gastric lipase and pepsinogen levels. These latter zymogens were compartmentalized into granules which also contained mucin-6 (MUC6, prezymogenic-like status). Exogenous hormones, i.e., 1 mug/ml hydrocortisone and 5 microM retinoic acid, significantly increased enzyme levels in HGE-20. In conclusion, HGE-17 and HGE-20 represent the first human gastric cell lines with true epithelial characteristics, opening a venue to important applications for the study of re-epithelization, permeability, and regulation of digestive functions in the context of gastric physiology and pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Chailler
- CIHR Group on Functional Development and Physiopathology of the Digestive Tract, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke (Québec), Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Piccinni SA, Bolcato-Bellemin AL, Klein A, Yang VW, Kedinger M, Simon-Assmann P, Lefebvre O. Kruppel-like factors regulate the Lama1 gene encoding the laminin alpha1 chain. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:9103-14. [PMID: 14634001 PMCID: PMC2225534 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m305804200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Laminin-1 (alpha1beta1gamma1), a basement membrane (BM) constituent, has been associated with differentiation processes and also with malignant progression. In the intestinal tissue, the alpha1 chain is expressed and secreted in the subepithelial BM during the developmental period; in the adult rodent tissue, it is restricted to the BM of the dividing cells. To understand how laminin alpha1 chain expression is regulated, we cloned and characterized a 2-kb promoter region of the Lama1 mouse gene. Analysis of the promoter was conducted in the Caco2-TC7 intestinal epithelial cells by transient transfection of serially deleted and site-directed mutated promoter constructs, by electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and expression of selected transcription factors. We determined that a proximal region, which includes an Sp1-binding GC box and a Krüppel-like element, was important for the promoter activity. This region is conserved between the human and mouse genes. Interestingly, two Krüppel-like factors KLF4 and KLF5 exhibit opposing effects on the Lama1 promoter activity that are decreased and increased, respectively, in the intestinal epithelial cells. These data corroborate the complementary expression of KLF4 and KLF5 along the intestinal crypt-villus axis and the parallel expression of KLF5 and laminin alpha1 chain in the crypt region. Finally, we showed that glucocorticoids stimulate the promoter activity. This study is the first characterization of the Lama1 promoter; we identified regulatory elements that may account for the expression pattern of the endogenous protein in the mouse intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Olivier Lefebvre
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: INSERM-Unité 381, 3, Ave. Molière, 67 200 Strasbourg, France. Tel.: 33−3−88−27−77−27; Fax: 33−3−88−26−35−38; E-mail: .
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang L, Li J, Li Q, Zhang J, Duan XL. Morphological changes of cell proliferation and apoptosis in rat jejunal mucosa at different ages. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9:2060-4. [PMID: 12970906 PMCID: PMC4656674 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i9.2060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the changes of cell proliferation and apoptosis in rat jejunal epithelium at different ages.
METHODS: Cell proliferation and apoptosis of the jejunal mucosal and glandulous epithelia from birth to postnatal 12th month were observed using immunocytochemistry (ICC), and TUNEL method. The height of villus, the thickness of muscle layer and the number of goblet cells in jejunal mucosal and glandulous epithelia were measured by BeiHang analytic software and analyzed by STAT.
RESULTS: (1) Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) positive cells of jejunal glandulous recess were found and increased in number from birth to the postnatal 3rd month. The number of PCNA positive cells peaked in the postnatal 3rd month, and decreased from then on. (2) The number of apoptotic cells also peaked in the postnatal 3rd month, showing a similar trend to that of the PCNA positive cells. (3) The height of jejunal villus increased after birth, peaked in the postnatal 3rd month and decreased from then on. The jejunal muscle layer became thicker in the postnatal 3rd week and the postnatal 12th month. The number of goblet cells of the jejunal mucosal and glandulous epithelia had a linear correlation with age.
CONCLUSION: (1) PCNA positive cells are distributed in the jejunal glandulous recess. (2) Apoptotic cell number peaks in the postnatal 3rd month, indicating that cell proliferation and apoptosis are developed with the formation of digestive metabolism as rat grows to maturity. (3) The thickness of jejunal muscle layer increases to a maximum in the postnatal 3rd week, which may be related to the change in diet from milk to solid food. (4) The number of goblet cells increases rapidly in the postnatal 3rd week, probably due to ingestion of solid food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Life Science College, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, Hebei Province, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cdx homeodomain proteins in vertebral patterning. MURINE HOMEOBOX GENE CONTROL OF EMBRYONIC PATTERNING AND ORGANOGENESIS 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1799(03)13003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
|
26
|
Tulachan SS, Doi R, Kawaguchi Y, Tsuji S, Nakajima S, Masui T, Koizumi M, Toyoda E, Mori T, Ito D, Kami K, Fujimoto K, Imamura M. All-trans retinoic acid induces differentiation of ducts and endocrine cells by mesenchymal/epithelial interactions in embryonic pancreas. Diabetes 2003; 52:76-84. [PMID: 12502496 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.52.1.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Retinoids during the embryonic period act as a mesenchymal inducer in many organs, including kidney, lung, central nervous system, and gut. Retinoic acid (RA) demonstrates insulinotropic effects in adult pancreas, but only a limited study has elucidated its role in pancreatic organogenesis. In this study, we have analyzed the existence of RA-signaling machinery in embryonic pancreas and evaluated its role using in vitro tissue culture experiments. Here we show the presence of endogenous retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (RALDH2), the most effective RA-synthesizing enzyme, RA-binding proteins, and RA receptors (RARs) in embryonic pancreatic tissue. RALDH2 is expressed exclusively in the mesenchyme. Exogenously added all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) in tissue culture experiments stimulated differentiation of endocrine and duct cells and promoted apoptotic cell death of acinar tissue. Furthermore, we demonstrate that atRA upregulates the PDX-1 expression. Taken together, our data suggest that atRA-mediated mesenchymal/epithelial interactions play an important role in determining the cell fate of epithelial cells via regulation of the PDX-1 gene, leading to the proper formation of the endocrine versus exocrine component during pancreatic organogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sidhartha Singh Tulachan
- Department of Surgery and Surgical Basic Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Fritsch C, Swietlicki EA, Lefebvre O, Kedinger M, Iordanov H, Levin MS, Rubin DC. Epimorphin expression in intestinal myofibroblasts induces epithelial morphogenesis. J Clin Invest 2002. [DOI: 10.1172/jci0213588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
28
|
Kobayashi H, Spilde TL, Bhatia AM, Buckingham RB, Hembree MJ, Prasadan K, Preuett BL, Imamura M, Gittes GK. Retinoid signaling controls mouse pancreatic exocrine lineage selection through epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. Gastroenterology 2002; 123:1331-40. [PMID: 12360493 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2002.35949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The early embryonic pancreas gives rise to exocrine (ducts and acini) and endocrine lineages. Control of exocrine differentiation is poorly understood, but may be a critical avenue through which to manipulate pancreatic ductal carcinoma. Retinoids have been shown to change the character of pancreatic ductal cancer cells to a less malignant phenotype. We have shown that 9-cis retinoic acid (9cRA) inhibits acinar differentiation in the developing pancreas, in favor of ducts, and we wanted to determine the role of retinoids in duct versus acinar differentiation. METHODS We used multiple culture systems for the 11-day embryonic mouse pancreas. RESULTS Retinoic acid receptor (RAR)-selective agonists mimicked the acinar suppressive effect of 9cRA, suggesting that RAR-RXR heterodimers were critical to ductal differentiation. RARalpha was only expressed in mesenchyme, whereas RXRalpha was expressed in epithelium and mesenchyme. Retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2, a critical enzyme in retinoid synthesis, was expressed only in pancreatic epithelium. 9cRA did not induce ductal differentiation in the absence of mesenchyme, implicating a requirement for mesenchyme in 9cRA effects. Mesenchymal laminin is necessary for duct differentiation, and retinoids are known to enhance laminin expression. In 9cRA-treated pancreas, immunohistochemistry for laminin showed a strong band of staining around ducts, and blockage of laminin signaling blocked all 9cRA effects. Western blot and RT-PCR of pancreatic mesenchyme showed laminin-beta1 protein and mRNA induction by 9cRA. CONCLUSIONS Retinoids regulate exocrine lineage selection through epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, mediated through up-regulation of mesenchymal laminin-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Surgical Organogenesis, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Pitera JE, Smith VV, Woolf AS, Milla PJ. Embryonic gut anomalies in a mouse model of retinoic Acid-induced caudal regression syndrome: delayed gut looping, rudimentary cecum, and anorectal anomalies. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2001; 159:2321-9. [PMID: 11733381 PMCID: PMC1850584 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63082-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2001] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A and its derivatives such as retinoic acid (RA) are important signaling molecules for morphogenesis of vertebrate embryos. Little is known, however, about morphogenetic factors controlling the development of the gastrointestinal tract and RA is likely to be involved. In the mouse, teratogenic doses of RA cause truncation of the embryonic caudal body axis that parallel the caudal regression syndrome as described in humans. These changes are often associated with anomalies of the lower digestive tract. Overlapping spatiotemporal expression of retinoic acid receptor-beta (RAR beta) and cellular retinol-binding protein I, CRBPI, with Hoxb5 and c-ret in the gut mesoderm imply possible cooperation required for proper neuromuscular development. To determine susceptibility and responsiveness of the developing gut and its neuromusculature to exogenous retinoids we used a mouse model of RA-induced caudal regression syndrome. The results showed that stage-specific RA treatment both in vivo and in vitro affected gut looping/rotation morphogenesis and growth of asymmetrical structures such as the cecum together with delayed differentiation of the gut mesoderm and colonization of the postcecal gut by neural crest-derived enteric neuronal precursors. These observations demonstrate that RA has a direct effect on gut morphogenesis and innervation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Pitera
- Gastroenterology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Cheung WM, Chu AH, Chu PW, Ip NY. Cloning and expression of a novel nuclear matrix-associated protein that is regulated during the retinoic acid-induced neuronal differentiation. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:17083-91. [PMID: 11278750 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m010802200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), a derivative of vitamin A, is essential for the normal patterning and neurogenesis during development. RA treatment induces growth arrest and terminal differentiation of a human embryonal carcinoma cell line (NT2) into postmitotic central nervous system neurons. Using RNA fingerprinting by arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction, we identified a novel serine/threonine-rich protein, RA-regulated nuclear matrix-associated protein (Ramp), that was down-regulated during the RA-induced differentiation of NT2 cells. Prominent mRNA expression of ramp could be detected in adult placenta and testis as well as in all human fetal tissues examined. The genomic clone of ramp has been mapped to the telomere of chromosome arm 1q, corresponding to band 1q32.1-32.2. Associated with the nuclear matrix of NT2 cells, Ramp translocates from the interphase nucleus to the metaphase cytoplasm during mitosis. During the late stage of cytokinesis, Ramp concentrates at the midzone of the dividing daughter cells. The transcript expression of ramp is closely correlated with the cell proliferation rate of NT2 cells. Moreover, overexpression of Ramp induces a transient increase in the proliferation rate of NT2 cells. Taken together, our data suggest that Ramp plays a role in the proliferation of the human embryonal carcinoma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W M Cheung
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology Research Institute, and Molecular Neuroscience Center, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Nikawa T, Ikemoto M, Tokuoka K, Teshima S, Alpers DH, Masui Y, Kishi K, Rokutan K. Interleukin-1beta enhances retinoic acid-mediated expression of bone-type alkaline phosphatase in rat IEC-6 cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001; 280:G510-7. [PMID: 11171635 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.2001.280.3.g510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that vitamin A upregulated the expression of bone-type alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in fetal rat small intestine and rat intestinal IEC-6 cells. In this study, we examined interactions between retinoic acid (RA) and several growth factors/cytokines on the isozyme expression in IEC-6 cells. Epidermal growth factor and interleukins (ILs)-2, -4, -5, and -6 completely blocked the RA-mediated increase in ALP activity. In contrast, IL-1beta markedly increased the activity, protein, and mRNA of the bone-type ALP only when RA was present. IL-1beta and/or RA did not change the type 1 IL-1 receptor transcript level, whereas IL-1beta enhanced the RA-induced expressions of retinoic acid receptor-beta (RAR-beta) and retinoid X receptor-beta (RXR-beta) mRNAs and RA-mediated RXR response element binding. The synergism of IL-1beta and RA on ALP activity was completely blocked by protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors. Our results suggest that IL-1beta may modify the ALP isozyme expression in small intestinal epithelial cells by stimulating PKC-dependent, RAR-beta- and/or RXR-beta-mediated signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Nikawa
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Slorach EM, Campbell FC, Dorin JR. A mouse model of intestinal stem cell function and regeneration. J Cell Sci 1999; 112 Pt 18:3029-38. [PMID: 10462519 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.112.18.3029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We present here an in vivo mouse model for intestinal stem cell function and differentiation that uses postnatal intestinal epithelial cell aggregates to generate a differentiated murine small intestinal mucosa with full crypt-villus architecture. The process of neomucosal formation is highly similar to that of intestinal regeneration. Both in vivo grafting and primary culture of these cells reveal two different epithelial cell populations, which display properties consistent with intestinal epithelial transit amplifying and stem cell populations. Using this model system with a mixture of wild-type and transgene marked cells, we have shown that neomucosae originally develop from single aggregates, but that over time the mucosae fuse to form chimaeric mucosae. Despite fusion, the chimaeric mucosae maintain crypt clonality and villus polyclonality, demonstrating that clonal segregation persists during intestinal epithelial regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E M Slorach
- Molecular Genetics Section, MRC Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK. . uk
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Freund JN, Domon-Dell C, Kedinger M, Duluc I. The Cdx-1 and Cdx-2 homeobox genes in the intestine. Biochem Cell Biol 1999; 76:957-69. [PMID: 10392709 DOI: 10.1139/o99-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The past years have witnessed an increasing number of reports relative to homeobox genes in endoderm-derived tissues. In this review, we focus on the caudal-related Cdx-1 and Cdx-2 homeobox genes to give an overview of the in vivo, in vitro, and ex vivo approaches that emphasize their primary role in intestinal development and in the control of intestinal cell proliferation, differentiation, and identity. The participation of these genes in colon tumorigenesis and their identification as important actors of the oncogenic process are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J N Freund
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 381, Strasbourg, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Simon-Assmann P, Lefebvre O, Bellissent-Waydelich A, Olsen J, Orian-Rousseau V, De Arcangelis A. The laminins: role in intestinal morphogenesis and differentiation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998; 859:46-64. [PMID: 9928369 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb11110.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic and reciprocal heterotypic cell interactions are crucial for intestinal morphogenesis and differentiation. This paper emphasizes the role of basement membrane molecules and in particular of laminins as potent mediators in this intercellular cross talk. Changes in the expression or localization of laminin isoforms or of integrins during development and cell migration strengthen the concept that heterogeneity in cell-matrix interactions could mediate distinct cell responses. A combination of genetic or biochemical approaches associated with in vitro models allows us to study the potential role of each laminin isoform in basement membrane assembly, cell migration, or cell differentiation.
Collapse
|
35
|
Kedinger M, Duluc I, Fritsch C, Lorentz O, Plateroti M, Freund JN. Intestinal epithelial-mesenchymal cell interactions. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998; 859:1-17. [PMID: 9928366 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb11107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal morphogenesis, as well as maintenance of the stem cell population and of the steady state between cell proliferation and differentiation, results from controlled cell interactions. There is growing evidence that the mesenchymal cells control epithelial cell behavior via their own expression and induction in the epithelial cells of key regulatory genes. This heterologous cross talk involves basement membrane molecules and paracrine factors. New in vitro/in vivo cellular models allowed us to analyze various mesenchymal cell phenotypes and to show that they exhibit different inductive properties on epithelial cells and that their proliferation and metabolic properties are differentially modulated by cytokines. Finally the epithelial-mesenchymal unit is controlled by hormonal and exogenous factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Kedinger
- INSERM, Unit 381 Ontogenesis and Pathology of the Gut, Strasbourg, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Nikawa T, Rokutan K, Nanba K, Tokuoka K, Teshima S, Engle MJ, Alpers DH, Kishi K. Vitamin A up-regulates expression of bone-type alkaline phosphatase in rat small intestinal crypt cell line and fetal rat small intestine. J Nutr 1998; 128:1869-77. [PMID: 9808636 DOI: 10.1093/jn/128.11.1869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A is a potent inducer for liver/bone/kidney alkaline phosphatase (L/B/K ALP) in a variety of tissues. However, the evidence for induction of L/B/K ALP by vitamin A in small intestine is limited. In this study, we investigated the influence of vitamin A on L/B/K ALP expression in rat small intestinal crypt IEC-6 cells and fetal rat small intestine. Treatment of IEC-6 cells with all-trans retinoic acid (RA) increased the levels of activity, protein and mRNA of L/B/K ALP, whereas enterocyte-specific proteins, including intestinal ALP, sucrase-isomaltase and glucose transporter-2, were not induced. The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction technique revealed that this L/B/K ALP transcript had the bone-type but not the liver-type leader exon. IEC-6 cells constitutively expressed mRNAs of all subtypes of retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR) at varied concentrations. Among these receptor mRNAs, RARbeta mRNA quickly responded to RA treatment, and the level was doubled within 4 h. Gel mobility shift assay showed that RA induced an RXRE-binding activity in IEC-6 cells. The L/B/K ALP transcript, expressed in fetal rat small intestine, also contained the bone-type leader exon. Intragastric administration of 10 mg retinyl acetate to pregnant rats from gestational d 7 to 15 increased the levels of this transcript and enzyme in 15-d fetal rat small intestine. Our results suggest that vitamin A may be an important regulator for L/B/K ALP expression in fetal rat small intestine as well as in IEC-6 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Nikawa
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kedinger M, Lefebvre O, Duluc I, Freund JN, Simon-Assmann P. Cellular and molecular partners involved in gut morphogenesis and differentiation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1998; 353:847-56. [PMID: 9684282 PMCID: PMC1692284 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.1998.0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal mucosa represents an interesting model to study the cellular and molecular basis of epithelial-mesenchymal cross-talk participating in the development and maintenance of the digestive function. This cross-talk involves extracellular matrix molecules, cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion molecules as well as paracrine factors and their receptors. The cellular and molecular unit is additionally regulated by hormonal, immune and neural inputs. Such integrated cell interactions are involved in pattern formation, in proximodistal regionalization, in maintenance of a gradient of epithelial proliferation and differentiation, and in epithelial cell migration. We focus predominantly on two aspects of these integrated interactions in this paper: (i) the role of basement membrane molecules, namely laminins, in the developmental and spatial epithelial behaviour; and (ii) the importance of the mesenchymal cell compartment in these processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Kedinger
- INSERM Unit 381, Development and Pathology of the Digestive Tract, Strasbourg, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Plateroti M, Rubin DC, Duluc I, Singh R, Foltzer-Jourdainne C, Freund JN, Kedinger M. Subepithelial fibroblast cell lines from different levels of gut axis display regional characteristics. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 274:G945-54. [PMID: 9612277 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.1998.274.5.g945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The intestine is characterized by morphofunctional differences along the proximodistal axis. The aim of this study was to derive mesenchymal cell lines representative of the gut axis. We isolated and cloned rat intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts raised from 8-day proximal jejunum, distal ileum, and proximal colon lamina propria. Two clonal cell lines from each level of the gut were characterized. They 1) express the specific markers vimentin, smooth muscle alpha-actin, and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, revealed by immunofluorescence microscopy and 2) distinctly support endodermal cell growth in a coculture model, depending on their regional origin, and 3) the clones raised from the various proximodistal regions maintain the same pattern of morphogenetic and growth and/or differentiation factor gene expression as in vivo: hepatocyte growth and/or scatter factor and transforming growth factor-beta 1 mRNAs analyzed by RT-PCR were more abundant, in the colon and ileal clones and mucosal connective tissue, respectively. In addition, epimorphin mRNA studied by Northern blot was also the highest in one ileal clone, in which it was selectively upregulated by all-trans retinoic acid (RA) treatment. Epimorphin expression in isolated 8-day intestinal lamina propria was higher in the distal small intestine and proximal colon than in the proximal small intestine. In conclusion, we isolated and characterized homogeneous cell subtypes that can now be used to approach the molecular regulation of the epithelium-mesenchyme-dependent regional specificity along the gut.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Plateroti
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 381, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ratineau C, Plateroti M, Dumortier J, Blanc M, Kédinger M, Chayvialle JA, Roche C. Intestinal-type fibroblasts selectively influence proliferation rate and peptide synthesis in the murine entero-endocrine cell line STC-1. Differentiation 1997; 62:139-47. [PMID: 9447708 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-0436.1997.6230139.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium consists of enterocytes, endocrine cells, goblet cells and Paneth cells, which differentiate from pluripotent stem cells located at the crypt bases. The role of the epithelial-mesenchymal inter-actions has been well documented for the differentiation of enterocytes, but the mechanisms that control endocrine cell differentiation are poorly understood. We have cultured the intestinal endocrine cell line STC-1, which synthesizes most of the intestinal peptide hormones, in media conditioned by several subepithelial fibroblast cell lines from three distinct sites of intestine. The fibroblast Swiss 3T3 cell line was used as a non-intestinal control. Our results show that culture media from intestinal fibroblasts inhibit the proliferation rate of STC-1 cells, while those from Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts do not. As regards peptide hormone gene expression, Swiss 3T3-conditioned media have no effect, whereas media from intestinal fibroblasts variably affect cholecystokinin, glucagon, secretin and somatostatin mRNA levels. In particular, clonal subepithelial myofibroblasts do not exert the same effects as mixed subepithelial fibroblasts from homologous intestinal segment. Taken together, these results suggest that cultured fibroblasts of intestinal origin release soluble factors that inhibit STC-1 cell proliferation and modulate, in a region-specific manner, the expression of hormonal peptide genes in this nonspecialized endocrine cell line.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Ratineau
- INSERM Unité 45, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|