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Jackson JA, Denk-Lobnig M, Kitzinger KA, Martin AC. Change in RhoGAP and RhoGEF availability drives transitions in cortical patterning and excitability in Drosophila. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.06.565883. [PMID: 37986763 PMCID: PMC10659369 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.06.565883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Actin cortex patterning and dynamics are critical for cell shape changes. These dynamics undergo transitions during development, often accompanying changes in collective cell behavior. While mechanisms have been established for individual cells' dynamic behaviors, mechanisms and specific molecules that result in developmental transitions in vivo are still poorly understood. Here, we took advantage of two developmental systems in Drosophila melanogaster to identify conditions that altered cortical patterning and dynamics. We identified a RhoGEF and RhoGAP pair whose relocalization from nucleus to cortex results in actomyosin waves in egg chambers. Furthermore, we found that overexpression of a different RhoGEF and RhoGAP pair resulted in actomyosin waves in the early embryo, during which RhoA activation precedes actomyosin assembly and RhoGAP recruitment by ~4 seconds. Overall, we showed a mechanism involved in inducing actomyosin waves that is essential for oocyte development and is general to other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A. Jackson
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University
| | | | | | - Adam C. Martin
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Lead contact
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2
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Itoh K, Ossipova O, Matsuda M, Sokol SY. Myocardin-related transcription factors regulate morphogenetic events in vertebrate embryos by controlling F-actin organization and apical constriction. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.27.559818. [PMID: 37808688 PMCID: PMC10557707 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.27.559818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Myocardin-related transcription factors (Mrtfa and Mrtfb), also known as megakaryoblastic leukemia proteins (Mkl1/MAL and Mkl2), associate with serum response factor (Srf) to regulate transcription in response to actin dynamics, however, the functions of Mrtfs in early vertebrate embryos remain largely unknown. Here we document the requirement of Mrtfs for blastopore closure at gastrulation and neural plate folding in Xenopus early embryos. Both stimulation and inhibition of Mrtf activity caused similar gross morphological phenotypes, yet the effects on F-actin distribution and cell behavior were different. Suppressing Mrtf-dependent transcription reduced overall F-actin levels and inhibited apical constriction during gastrulation and neurulation. By contrast, constitutively active Mrtf caused tricellular junction remodeling and induced apical constriction in superficial ectoderm. The underlying mechanism appeared distinct from the one utilized by known apical constriction inducers. We propose that the regulation of apical constriction is among the primary cellular responses to Mrtf. Our findings highlight a dedicated role of specific transcription factors, Mrtfs, in early morphogenetic processes.
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3
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Baldwin A, Popov IK, Keller R, Wallingford J, Chang C. The RhoGEF protein Plekhg5 regulates medioapical and junctional actomyosin dynamics of apical constriction during Xenopus gastrulation. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar64. [PMID: 37043306 PMCID: PMC10295481 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-09-0411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Apical constriction results in apical surface reduction in epithelial cells and is a widely used mechanism for epithelial morphogenesis. Both medioapical and junctional actomyosin remodeling are involved in apical constriction, but the deployment of medial versus junctional actomyosin and their genetic regulation in vertebrate embryonic development have not been fully described. In this study, we investigate actomyosin dynamics and their regulation by the RhoGEF protein Plekhg5 in Xenopus bottle cells. Using live imaging and quantitative image analysis, we show that bottle cells assume different shapes, with rounding bottle cells constricting earlier in small clusters followed by fusiform bottle cells forming between the clusters. Both medioapical and junctional actomyosin signals increase as surface area decreases, though correlation of apical constriction with medioapical actomyosin localization appears to be stronger. F-actin bundles perpendicular to the apical surface form in constricted cells, which may correspond to microvilli previously observed in the apical membrane. Knockdown of plekhg5 disrupts medioapical and junctional actomyosin activity and apical constriction but does not affect initial F-actin dynamics. Taking the results together, our study reveals distinct cell morphologies, uncovers actomyosin behaviors, and demonstrates the crucial role of a RhoGEF protein in controlling actomyosin dynamics during apical constriction of bottle cells in Xenopus gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Ivan K. Popov
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Ray Keller
- Biology Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - John Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Chenbei Chang
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
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4
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Engelhardt DM, Martyr CA, Niswander L. Pathogenesis of neural tube defects: The regulation and disruption of cellular processes underlying neural tube closure. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1559. [PMID: 35504597 PMCID: PMC9605354 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neural tube closure (NTC) is crucial for proper development of the brain and spinal cord and requires precise morphogenesis from a sheet of cells to an intact three-dimensional structure. NTC is dependent on successful regulation of hundreds of genes, a myriad of signaling pathways, concentration gradients, and is influenced by epigenetic and environmental cues. Failure of NTC is termed a neural tube defect (NTD) and is a leading class of congenital defects in the United States and worldwide. Though NTDs are all defined as incomplete closure of the neural tube, the pathogenesis of an NTD determines the type, severity, positioning, and accompanying phenotypes. In this review, we survey pathogenesis of NTDs relating to disruption of cellular processes arising from genetic mutations, altered epigenetic regulation, and environmental influences by micronutrients and maternal condition. This article is categorized under: Congenital Diseases > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics Neurological Diseases > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics Neurological Diseases > Stem Cells and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Engelhardt
- Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Cara A Martyr
- Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Lee Niswander
- Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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5
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Matsuda M, Chu CW, Sokol SY. Lmo7 recruits myosin II heavy chain to regulate actomyosin contractility and apical domain size in Xenopus ectoderm. Development 2022; 149:275389. [PMID: 35451459 PMCID: PMC9188752 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Apical constriction, or a reduction in size of the apical domain, underlies many morphogenetic events during development. Actomyosin complexes play an essential role in apical constriction; however, the detailed analysis of molecular mechanisms is still pending. Here, we show that Lim domain only protein 7 (Lmo7), a multidomain adaptor at apical junctions, promotes apical constriction in the Xenopus superficial ectoderm, whereas apical domain size increases in Lmo7-depleted cells. Lmo7 is primarily localized at apical junctions and promotes the formation of the dense circumferential actomyosin belt. Strikingly, Lmo7 binds non-muscle myosin II (NMII) and recruits it to apical junctions and the apical cortex. This NMII recruitment is essential for Lmo7-mediated apical constriction. Lmo7 knockdown decreases NMIIA localization at apical junctions and delays neural tube closure in Xenopus embryos. Our findings suggest that Lmo7 serves as a scaffold that regulates actomyosin contractility and apical domain size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Matsuda
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Chih-Wen Chu
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sergei Y. Sokol
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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6
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Kinoshita N, Yamamoto TS, Yasue N, Takagi C, Fujimori T, Ueno N. Force-dependent remodeling of cytoplasmic ZO-1 condensates contributes to cell-cell adhesion through enhancing tight junctions. iScience 2022; 25:103846. [PMID: 35198899 PMCID: PMC8850805 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological importance of biomolecular condensates is widely recognized, but how it is controlled in time and space during development is largely unknown. Here, we show that a tight junction protein ZO-1 forms cytoplasmic condensates in the trophectoderm (TE) of the mouse embryo before E4.0. These disappear via dissolution, and ZO-1 accumulates at the cell junction as the blastocyst cavity grows and internal pressure on TE cells increases. In contrast, this dissolution was less evident in TE cells attached to the inner cell mass because they receive weaker tensile forces. Furthermore, analyses using MDCK cells demonstrated that the ZO-1 condensates are generated and maintained by liquid-liquid phase separation. Our study also highlights that the dynamics of these condensates depends on the physical environment via an interaction between ZO-1 and F-actin. We propose that the force-dependent regulation of ZO-1 condensation contributes to the establishment of robust cell-cell adhesion during early development. ZO-1 forms cytoplasmic droplets via liquid-liquid phase separation In hatching mouse embryos, ZO-1 droplets dissolve and it localizes to cell junctions In MDCK cells, ZO-1 forms droplets in response to mechanical environments Interaction with F-actin negatively regulates ZO-1 phase separation
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Kinoshita
- Division of Morphogenesis, Department of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.,School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takamasa S Yamamoto
- Division of Morphogenesis, Department of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Naoko Yasue
- Division of Morphogenesis, Department of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Chiyo Takagi
- Division of Morphogenesis, Department of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Fujimori
- Division of Embryology, Department of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 5-1 Higashiyama Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Naoto Ueno
- Division of Morphogenesis, Department of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.,School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.,Unit of Quantitative and Imaging Biology, International Research Collaboration Center, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
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7
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Abstract
Apical constriction refers to the active, actomyosin-driven process that reduces apical cell surface area in epithelial cells. Apical constriction is utilized in epithelial morphogenesis during embryonic development in multiple contexts, such as gastrulation, neural tube closure, and organogenesis. Defects in apical constriction can result in congenital birth defects, yet our understanding of the molecular control of apical constriction is relatively limited. To uncover new genetic regulators of apical constriction and gain mechanistic insight into the cell biology of this process, we need reliable assay systems that allow real-time observation and quantification of apical constriction as it occurs and permit gain- and loss-of-function analyses to explore gene function and interaction during apical constriction. In this chapter, we describe using the early Xenopus embryo as an assay system to investigate molecular mechanisms involved in apical constriction during both gastrulation and neurulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ivan K Popov
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - John B Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Chenbei Chang
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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8
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Werner JM, Negesse MY, Brooks DL, Caldwell AR, Johnson JM, Brewster RM. Hallmarks of primary neurulation are conserved in the zebrafish forebrain. Commun Biol 2021; 4:147. [PMID: 33514864 PMCID: PMC7846805 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01655-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary neurulation is the process by which the neural tube, the central nervous system precursor, is formed from the neural plate. Incomplete neural tube closure occurs frequently, yet underlying causes remain poorly understood. Developmental studies in amniotes and amphibians have identified hingepoint and neural fold formation as key morphogenetic events and hallmarks of primary neurulation, the disruption of which causes neural tube defects. In contrast, the mode of neurulation in teleosts has remained highly debated. Teleosts are thought to have evolved a unique mode of neurulation, whereby the neural plate infolds in absence of hingepoints and neural folds, at least in the hindbrain/trunk where it has been studied. Using high-resolution imaging and time-lapse microscopy, we show here the presence of these morphological landmarks in the zebrafish anterior neural plate. These results reveal similarities between neurulation in teleosts and other vertebrates and hence the suitability of zebrafish to understand human neurulation. Jonathan Werner, Maraki Negesse et al. visualize zebrafish neurulation during development to determine whether hallmarks of neural tube formation in other vertebrates also apply to zebrafish. They find that neural tube formation in the forebrain shares features such as hingepoints and neural folds with other vertebrates, demonstrating the strength of the zebrafish model for understanding human neurulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Werner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Maraki Y Negesse
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Dominique L Brooks
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Allyson R Caldwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Jafira M Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Rachel M Brewster
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA.
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9
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Konno N, Takano M, Miura K, Miyazato M, Nakamachi T, Matsuda K, Kaiya H. Identification and signaling characterization of four urotensin II receptor subtypes in the western clawed frog, Xenopus tropicalis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 299:113586. [PMID: 32828811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Urotensin II (UII) is involved, via the UII receptor (UTR), in many physiological and pathological processes, including vasoconstriction, locomotion, osmoregulation, immune response, and metabolic syndrome. In silico studies have revealed the presence of four or five distinct UTR (UTR1-UTR5) gene sequences in nonmammalian vertebrates. However, the functionality of these receptor subtypes and their associations to signaling pathways are unclear. In this study, full-length cDNAs encoding four distinct UTR subtypes (UTR1, UTR3, UTR4, and UTR5) were isolated from the western clawed frog (Xenopus tropicalis). In functional analyses, homologous Xenopus UII stimulation of cells expressing UTR1 or UTR5 induced intracellular calcoum mobilization and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. Cells expressing UTR3 or UTR4 did not show this response. Furthermore, UII induced the phosphorylation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element binding protein (CREB) through the UII-UTR1/5 system. However, intracellular cAMP accumulation was not observed, suggesting that UII-induced CREB phosphorylation is caused by a signaling pathway different from that involving Gs protein. In contrast, the administration of UII to cells increased the phosphorylation of guanine nucleotide exchange factor-H1 (GEF-H1) and myosin light chain 2 (MLC2) in all UTR subtypes. These results define four distinct UTR functional subtypes and are consistent with the molecular evolution of UTR subtypes in vertebrates. Further understanding of signaling properties associated with UTR subtypes may help in clarifying the functional roles associated with UII-UTR interactions in nonmammalian vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norifumi Konno
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan.
| | - Moe Takano
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Koichi Miura
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 6-1 Kishibe-shinmachi, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Mikiya Miyazato
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 6-1 Kishibe-shinmachi, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan
| | - Tomoya Nakamachi
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Kouhei Matsuda
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kaiya
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 6-1 Kishibe-shinmachi, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan
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10
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Brooks ER, Islam MT, Anderson KV, Zallen JA. Sonic hedgehog signaling directs patterned cell remodeling during cranial neural tube closure. eLife 2020; 9:60234. [PMID: 33103996 PMCID: PMC7655103 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural tube closure defects are a major cause of infant mortality, with exencephaly accounting for nearly one-third of cases. However, the mechanisms of cranial neural tube closure are not well understood. Here, we show that this process involves a tissue-wide pattern of apical constriction controlled by Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling. Midline cells in the mouse midbrain neuroepithelium are flat with large apical surfaces, whereas lateral cells are taller and undergo synchronous apical constriction, driving neural fold elevation. Embryos lacking the Shh effector Gli2 fail to produce appropriate midline cell architecture, whereas embryos with expanded Shh signaling, including the IFT-A complex mutants Ift122 and Ttc21b and embryos expressing activated Smoothened, display apical constriction defects in lateral cells. Disruption of lateral, but not midline, cell remodeling results in exencephaly. These results reveal a morphogenetic program of patterned apical constriction governed by Shh signaling that generates structural changes in the developing mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Brooks
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, United States
| | - Mohammed Tarek Islam
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, United States
| | - Kathryn V Anderson
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, United States
| | - Jennifer A Zallen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, United States
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11
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Barnes KM, Fan L, Moyle MW, Brittin CA, Xu Y, Colón-Ramos DA, Santella A, Bao Z. Cadherin preserves cohesion across involuting tissues during C. elegans neurulation. eLife 2020; 9:e58626. [PMID: 33030428 PMCID: PMC7544503 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The internalization of the central nervous system, termed neurulation in vertebrates, is a critical step in embryogenesis. Open questions remain regarding how force propels coordinated tissue movement during the process, and little is known as to how internalization happens in invertebrates. We show that in C. elegans morphogenesis, apical constriction in the retracting pharynx drives involution of the adjacent neuroectoderm. HMR-1/cadherin mediates this process via inter-tissue attachment, as well as cohesion within the neuroectoderm. Our results demonstrate that HMR-1 is capable of mediating embryo-wide reorganization driven by a centrally located force generator, and indicate a non-canonical use of cadherin on the basal side of an epithelium that may apply to vertebrate neurulation. Additionally, we highlight shared morphology and gene expression in tissues driving involution, which suggests that neuroectoderm involution in C. elegans is potentially homologous with vertebrate neurulation and thus may help elucidate the evolutionary origin of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher M Barnes
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Weill Cornell MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Li Fan
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Mark W Moyle
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - Christopher A Brittin
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Yichi Xu
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Daniel A Colón-Ramos
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Recinto de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Puerto RicoSan JuanUnited States
| | - Anthony Santella
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
- Molecular Cytology Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Zhirong Bao
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
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12
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Taskinen ME, Närvä E, Conway JR, Hinojosa LS, Lilla S, Mai A, De Franceschi N, Elo LL, Grosse R, Zanivan S, Norman JC, Ivaska J. MASTL promotes cell contractility and motility through kinase-independent signaling. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e201906204. [PMID: 32311005 PMCID: PMC7265322 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201906204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-associated serine/threonine-protein kinase-like (MASTL) is a mitosis-accelerating kinase with emerging roles in cancer progression. However, possible cell cycle-independent mechanisms behind its oncogenicity remain ambiguous. Here, we identify MASTL as an activator of cell contractility and MRTF-A/SRF (myocardin-related transcription factor A/serum response factor) signaling. Depletion of MASTL increased cell spreading while reducing contractile actin stress fibers in normal and breast cancer cells and strongly impairing breast cancer cell motility and invasion. Transcriptome and proteome profiling revealed MASTL-regulated genes implicated in cell movement and actomyosin contraction, including Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 2 (GEF-H1, ARHGEF2) and MRTF-A target genes tropomyosin 4.2 (TPM4), vinculin (VCL), and nonmuscle myosin IIB (NM-2B, MYH10). Mechanistically, MASTL associated with MRTF-A and increased its nuclear retention and transcriptional activity. Importantly, MASTL kinase activity was not required for regulation of cell spreading or MRTF-A/SRF transcriptional activity. Taken together, we present a previously unknown kinase-independent role for MASTL as a regulator of cell adhesion, contractility, and MRTF-A/SRF activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Emilia Taskinen
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Elisa Närvä
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - James R.W. Conway
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura Soto Hinojosa
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, and Center for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sergio Lilla
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anja Mai
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Nicola De Franceschi
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura L. Elo
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Robert Grosse
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, and Center for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sara Zanivan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jim C. Norman
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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13
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Lee S, Cieply B, Yang Y, Peart N, Glaser C, Chan P, Carstens RP. Esrp1-Regulated Splicing of Arhgef11 Isoforms Is Required for Epithelial Tight Junction Integrity. Cell Rep 2019; 25:2417-2430.e5. [PMID: 30485810 PMCID: PMC6371790 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.10.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-specific splicing regulators Esrp1 and Esrp2 are required for mammalian development, including establishment of epidermal barrier functions. However, the mechanisms by which Esrp ablation causes defects in epithelial barriers remain undefined. We determined that the ablation of Esrp1 and Esrp2 impairs epithelial tight junction (TJ) integrity through loss of the epithelial isoform of Rho GTP exchange factor Arhgef11. Arhgef11 is required for the maintenance of TJs via RhoA activation and myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation. Ablation or depletion of Esrp1/2 or Arhgef11 inhibits MLC phosphorylation and only the epithelial Arhgef11 isoform rescues MLC phosphorylation in Arhgef11 KO epithelial cells. Mesenchymal Arhgef11 transcripts contain a C-terminal exon that binds to PAK4 and inhibits RhoA activation byArhgef11. Deletion of the mesenchymal-specific Arhgef11 exon in Esrp1/2 KO epithelial cells using CRISPR/Cas9 restored TJ function, illustrating how splicing alterations can be mechanistically linked to disease phenotypes that result from impaired functions of splicing regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- SungKyoung Lee
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Benjamin Cieply
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yueqin Yang
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Natoya Peart
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Carl Glaser
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Patricia Chan
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Russ P Carstens
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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14
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Silver JT, Wirtz-Peitz F, Simões S, Pellikka M, Yan D, Binari R, Nishimura T, Li Y, Harris TJC, Perrimon N, Tepass U. Apical polarity proteins recruit the RhoGEF Cysts to promote junctional myosin assembly. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3397-3414. [PMID: 31409654 PMCID: PMC6781438 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201807106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver et al. show that the RhoGEF Cysts links apical polarity proteins to Rho1 and myosin activation at adherens junctions to support junctional and epithelial integrity in the Drosophila ectoderm. The spatio-temporal regulation of small Rho GTPases is crucial for the dynamic stability of epithelial tissues. However, how RhoGTPase activity is controlled during development remains largely unknown. To explore the regulation of Rho GTPases in vivo, we analyzed the Rho GTPase guanine nucleotide exchange factor (RhoGEF) Cysts, the Drosophila orthologue of mammalian p114RhoGEF, GEF-H1, p190RhoGEF, and AKAP-13. Loss of Cysts causes a phenotype that closely resembles the mutant phenotype of the apical polarity regulator Crumbs. This phenotype can be suppressed by the loss of basolateral polarity proteins, suggesting that Cysts is an integral component of the apical polarity protein network. We demonstrate that Cysts is recruited to the apico-lateral membrane through interactions with the Crumbs complex and Bazooka/Par3. Cysts activates Rho1 at adherens junctions and stabilizes junctional myosin. Junctional myosin depletion is similar in Cysts- and Crumbs-compromised embryos. Together, our findings indicate that Cysts is a downstream effector of the Crumbs complex and links apical polarity proteins to Rho1 and myosin activation at adherens junctions, supporting junctional integrity and epithelial polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan T Silver
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Sérgio Simões
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Milena Pellikka
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dong Yan
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Richard Binari
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Takashi Nishimura
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Minatojima-minamimachi, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tony J C Harris
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ulrich Tepass
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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15
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Eaton AF, Clayton DR, Ruiz WG, Griffiths SE, Rubio ME, Apodaca G. Expansion and contraction of the umbrella cell apical junctional ring in response to bladder filling and voiding. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:2037-2052. [PMID: 31166831 PMCID: PMC6727774 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-02-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial junctional complex, composed of tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes, and an associated actomyosin cytoskeleton, forms the apical junctional ring (AJR), which must maintain its continuity in the face of external mechanical forces that accompany normal physiological functions. The AJR of umbrella cells, which line the luminal surface of the bladder, expands during bladder filling and contracts upon voiding; however, the mechanisms that drive these events are unknown. Using native umbrella cells as a model, we observed that the umbrella cell's AJR assumed a nonsarcomeric organization in which filamentous actin and ACTN4 formed unbroken continuous rings, while nonmuscle myosin II (NMMII) formed linear tracts along the actin ring. Expansion of the umbrella cell AJR required formin-dependent actin assembly, but was independent of NMMII ATPase function. AJR expansion also required membrane traffic, RAB13-dependent exocytosis, specifically, but not trafficking events regulated by RAB8A or RAB11A. In contrast, the voiding-induced contraction of the AJR depended on NMMII and actin dynamics, RHOA, and dynamin-dependent endocytosis. Taken together, our studies indicate that a mechanism by which the umbrella cells retain continuity during cyclical changes in volume is the expansion and contraction of their AJR, processes regulated by the actomyosin cytoskeleton and membrane trafficking events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amity F Eaton
- Department of Medicine, George M. O'Brien Pittsburgh Center for Kidney Research.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Dennis R Clayton
- Department of Medicine, George M. O'Brien Pittsburgh Center for Kidney Research
| | - Wily G Ruiz
- Department of Medicine, George M. O'Brien Pittsburgh Center for Kidney Research
| | - Shawn E Griffiths
- Department of Medicine, George M. O'Brien Pittsburgh Center for Kidney Research
| | - Maria Eulalia Rubio
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Gerard Apodaca
- Department of Medicine, George M. O'Brien Pittsburgh Center for Kidney Research.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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16
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Arnold TR, Shawky JH, Stephenson RE, Dinshaw KM, Higashi T, Huq F, Davidson LA, Miller AL. Anillin regulates epithelial cell mechanics by structuring the medial-apical actomyosin network. eLife 2019; 8:39065. [PMID: 30702429 PMCID: PMC6424563 DOI: 10.7554/elife.39065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular forces sculpt organisms during development, while misregulation of cellular mechanics can promote disease. Here, we investigate how the actomyosin scaffold protein anillin contributes to epithelial mechanics in Xenopus laevis embryos. Increased mechanosensitive recruitment of vinculin to cell-cell junctions when anillin is overexpressed suggested that anillin promotes junctional tension. However, junctional laser ablation unexpectedly showed that junctions recoil faster when anillin is depleted and slower when anillin is overexpressed. Unifying these findings, we demonstrate that anillin regulates medial-apical actomyosin. Medial-apical laser ablation supports the conclusion that that tensile forces are stored across the apical surface of epithelial cells, and anillin promotes the tensile forces stored in this network. Finally, we show that anillin's effects on cellular mechanics impact tissue-wide mechanics. These results reveal anillin as a key regulator of epithelial mechanics and lay the groundwork for future studies on how anillin may contribute to mechanical events in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torey R Arnold
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Joseph H Shawky
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States.,Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Rachel E Stephenson
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Kayla M Dinshaw
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Tomohito Higashi
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Farah Huq
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Lance A Davidson
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States.,Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Ann L Miller
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
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17
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Popov IK, Ray HJ, Skoglund P, Keller R, Chang C. The RhoGEF protein Plekhg5 regulates apical constriction of bottle cells during gastrulation. Development 2018; 145:dev168922. [PMID: 30446627 PMCID: PMC6307888 DOI: 10.1242/dev.168922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Apical constriction regulates epithelial morphogenesis during embryonic development, but how this process is controlled is not understood completely. Here, we identify a Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) gene plekhg5 as an essential regulator of apical constriction of bottle cells during Xenopus gastrulation. plekhg5 is expressed in the blastopore lip and its expression is sufficient to induce ectopic bottle cells in epithelia of different germ layers in a Rho-dependent manner. This activity is not shared by arhgef3, which encodes another organizer-specific RhoGEF. Plekhg5 protein is localized in the apical cell cortex via its pleckstrin homology domain, and the GEF activity enhances its apical recruitment. Plekhg5 induces apical actomyosin accumulation and cell elongation. Knockdown of plekhg5 inhibits activin-induced bottle cell formation and endogenous blastopore lip formation in gastrulating frog embryos. Apical accumulation of actomyosin, apical constriction and bottle cell formation fail to occur in these embryos. Taken together, our data indicate that transcriptional regulation of plekhg5 expression at the blastopore lip determines bottle cell morphology via local polarized activation of Rho by Plekhg5, which stimulates apical actomyosin activity to induce apical constriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan K Popov
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Heather J Ray
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Paul Skoglund
- Biology Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Ray Keller
- Biology Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Chenbei Chang
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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18
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Abstract
The cytoskeleton is crucially important for the assembly of cell-cell junctions and the homeostatic regulation of their functions. Junctional proteins act, in turn, as anchors for cytoskeletal filaments, and as regulators of cytoskeletal dynamics and signalling proteins. The cross-talk between junctions and the cytoskeleton is critical for the morphogenesis and physiology of epithelial and other tissues, but is not completely understood. Microtubules are implicated in the delivery of junctional proteins to cell-cell contact sites, in the differentiation and spatial organization of the cytoplasm, and in the stabilization of the barrier and adhesive functions of junctions. Here we focus on the relationships between microtubules and junctions of vertebrate epithelial cells. We highlight recent discoveries on the molecular underpinnings of microtubule-junction interactions, and report new data about the interaction of cingulin and paracingulin with microtubules. We also propose a possible new role of junctions as “molecular sinks” for microtubule-associated signalling proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Vasileva
- a Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3) , University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Sandra Citi
- a Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3) , University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
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19
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Tight junction-associated protein GEF-H1 in the neighbours of dividing epithelial cells is essential for adaptation of cell-cell membrane during cytokinesis. Exp Cell Res 2018; 371:72-82. [PMID: 30056063 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Animal cells divide by a process called cytokinesis which relies on the constriction of a contractile actomyosin ring leading to the production of two daughter cells. Cytokinesis is an intrinsic property of cells which occurs even for artificially isolated cells. During division, isolated cells undergo dramatic changes in shape such as rounding and membrane deformation as the division furrow ingresses. However, cells are often embedded in tissues and thus are surrounded by neighbouring cells. How these neighbours might influence, or might themselves be influenced by, the shape changes of cytokinesis is poorly understood in vertebrates. Here, we show that during cytokinesis of epithelial cells in the Xenopus embryo, lateral cell-cell contacts remain almost perpendicular to the epithelial plane. Depletion of the tight junction-associated protein GEF-H1 leads to a transient and stereotyped deformation of cell-cell contacts. Although, this deformation occurs only during cytokinesis, we show that it originates from immediate neighbours of the dividing cell. Moreover, we show that exocyst and recycling endosome regulation by GEF-H1 are involved in adaptation of cell-cell contacts to deformation. Our results highlight the crucial role of tight junctions and GEF-H1 in cell-cell contact adaptation when cells are exposed to a mechanical stress such as cytokinesis.
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20
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Balashova OA, Visina O, Borodinsky LN. Folate action in nervous system development and disease. Dev Neurobiol 2018; 78:391-402. [PMID: 29380544 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The vitamin folic acid has been recognized as a crucial environmental factor for nervous system development. From the early fetal stages of the formation of the presumptive spinal cord and brain to the maturation and maintenance of the nervous system during infancy and childhood, folate levels and its supplementation have been considered influential in the clinical outcome of infants and children affected by neurological diseases. Despite the vast epidemiological information recorded on folate function and neural tube defects, neural development and neurodegenerative diseases, the mechanisms of folate action in the developing neural tissue have remained elusive. Here we compiled studies that argue for a unique role for folate in nervous system development and function and its consequences to neural disease and repair. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 78: 391-402, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Balashova
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology and Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Olesya Visina
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology and Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Laura N Borodinsky
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology and Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
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21
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Sandí MJ, Marshall CB, Balan M, Coyaud É, Zhou M, Monson DM, Ishiyama N, Chandrakumar AA, La Rose J, Couzens AL, Gingras AC, Raught B, Xu W, Ikura M, Morrison DK, Rottapel R. MARK3-mediated phosphorylation of ARHGEF2 couples microtubules to the actin cytoskeleton to establish cell polarity. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/503/eaan3286. [PMID: 29089450 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aan3286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The PAR-1-MARK pathway controls cell polarity through the phosphorylation of microtubule-associated proteins. Rho-Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor 2 (ARHGEF2), which activates Ras homolog family member A (RHOA), is anchored to the microtubule network and sequestered in an inhibited state through binding to dynein light chain Tctex-1 type 1 (DYNLT1). We showed in mammalian cells that liver kinase B1 (LKB1) activated the microtubule affinity-regulating kinase 3 (MARK3), which in turn phosphorylated ARHGEF2 at Ser151 This modification disrupted the interaction between ARHGEF2 and DYNLT1 by generating a 14-3-3 binding site in ARHGEF2, thus causing ARHGEF2 to dissociate from microtubules. Phosphorylation of ARHGEF2 by MARK3 stimulated RHOA activation and the formation of stress fibers and focal adhesions, and was required for organized cellular architecture in three-dimensional culture. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) dephosphorylated Ser151 in ARHGEF2 to restore the inhibited state. Thus, we have identified a regulatory switch controlled by MARK3 that couples microtubules to the actin cytoskeleton to establish epithelial cell polarity through ARHGEF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-José Sandí
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Princess Margaret Cancer Research Tower, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Christopher B Marshall
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Princess Margaret Cancer Research Tower, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Marc Balan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Princess Margaret Cancer Research Tower, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Étienne Coyaud
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Princess Margaret Cancer Research Tower, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Ming Zhou
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Daniel M Monson
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Noboru Ishiyama
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Princess Margaret Cancer Research Tower, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Arun A Chandrakumar
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Princess Margaret Cancer Research Tower, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - José La Rose
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Princess Margaret Cancer Research Tower, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Amber L Couzens
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Princess Margaret Cancer Research Tower, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Wei Xu
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biostatistics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mitsuhiko Ikura
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Princess Margaret Cancer Research Tower, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Deborah K Morrison
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Robert Rottapel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Princess Margaret Cancer Research Tower, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada. .,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Division of Rheumatology, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
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22
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Nikolopoulou E, Galea GL, Rolo A, Greene NDE, Copp AJ. Neural tube closure: cellular, molecular and biomechanical mechanisms. Development 2017; 144:552-566. [PMID: 28196803 DOI: 10.1242/dev.145904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neural tube closure has been studied for many decades, across a range of vertebrates, as a paradigm of embryonic morphogenesis. Neurulation is of particular interest in view of the severe congenital malformations - 'neural tube defects' - that result when closure fails. The process of neural tube closure is complex and involves cellular events such as convergent extension, apical constriction and interkinetic nuclear migration, as well as precise molecular control via the non-canonical Wnt/planar cell polarity pathway, Shh/BMP signalling, and the transcription factors Grhl2/3, Pax3, Cdx2 and Zic2. More recently, biomechanical inputs into neural tube morphogenesis have also been identified. Here, we review these cellular, molecular and biomechanical mechanisms involved in neural tube closure, based on studies of various vertebrate species, focusing on the most recent advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanthia Nikolopoulou
- Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Gabriel L Galea
- Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Ana Rolo
- Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Nicholas D E Greene
- Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Andrew J Copp
- Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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23
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Abstract
The claudin family of tetraspan transmembrane proteins is essential for tight junction formation and regulation of paracellular transport between epithelial cells. Claudins also play a role in apical-basal cell polarity, cell adhesion and link the tight junction to the actin cytoskeleton to exert effects on cell shape. The function of claudins in paracellular transport has been extensively studied through loss-of-function and gain-of-function studies in cell lines and in animal models, however, their role in morphogenesis has been less appreciated. In this review, we will highlight the importance of claudins during morphogenesis by specifically focusing on their critical functions in generating epithelial tubes, lumens, and tubular networks during organ formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda I Baumholtz
- a Department of Human Genetics , McGill University , Montréal , Québec , Canada.,b The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre , Montréal , Québec , Canada
| | - Indra R Gupta
- a Department of Human Genetics , McGill University , Montréal , Québec , Canada.,b The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre , Montréal , Québec , Canada.,c Department of Pediatrics , McGill University , Montréal , Québec , Canada
| | - Aimee K Ryan
- a Department of Human Genetics , McGill University , Montréal , Québec , Canada.,b The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre , Montréal , Québec , Canada.,c Department of Pediatrics , McGill University , Montréal , Québec , Canada
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24
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Sharp GC, Ho K, Davies A, Stergiakouli E, Humphries K, McArdle W, Sandy J, Davey Smith G, Lewis SJ, Relton CL. Distinct DNA methylation profiles in subtypes of orofacial cleft. Clin Epigenetics 2017; 9:63. [PMID: 28603561 PMCID: PMC5465456 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-017-0362-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epigenetic data could help identify risk factors for orofacial clefts, either by revealing a causal role for epigenetic mechanisms in causing clefts or by capturing information about causal genetic or environmental factors. Given the evidence that different subtypes of orofacial cleft have distinct aetiologies, we explored whether children with different cleft subtypes showed distinct epigenetic profiles. Methods In whole-blood samples from 150 children from the Cleft Collective cohort study, we measured DNA methylation at over 450,000 sites on the genome. We then carried out epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) to test the association between methylation at each site and cleft subtype (cleft lip only (CLO) n = 50; cleft palate only (CPO) n = 50; cleft lip and palate (CLP) n = 50). We also compared methylation in the blood to methylation in the lip or palate tissue using genome-wide data from the same 150 children and conducted an EWAS of CLO compared to CLP in lip tissue. Results We found four genomic regions in blood differentially methylated in CLO compared to CLP, 17 in CPO compared to CLP and 294 in CPO compared to CLO. Several regions mapped to genes that have previously been implicated in the development of orofacial clefts (for example, TBX1, COL11A2, HOXA2, PDGFRA), and over 250 associations were novel. Methylation in blood correlated with that in lip/palate at some regions. There were 14 regions differentially methylated in the lip tissue from children with CLO and CLP, with one region (near KIAA0415) showing up in both the blood and lip EWAS. Conclusions Our finding of distinct methylation profiles in different orofacial cleft (OFC) subtypes represents a promising first step in exploring the potential role of epigenetic modifications in the aetiology of OFCs and/or as clinically useful biomarkers of OFC subtypes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13148-017-0362-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma C Sharp
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
| | - Karen Ho
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
| | - Amy Davies
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
| | - Evie Stergiakouli
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
| | - Kerry Humphries
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
| | - Wendy McArdle
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
| | - Jonathan Sandy
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
| | - Sarah J Lewis
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
| | - Caroline L Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
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25
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Ravindran E, Hu H, Yuzwa SA, Hernandez-Miranda LR, Kraemer N, Ninnemann O, Musante L, Boltshauser E, Schindler D, Hübner A, Reinecker HC, Ropers HH, Birchmeier C, Miller FD, Wienker TF, Hübner C, Kaindl AM. Homozygous ARHGEF2 mutation causes intellectual disability and midbrain-hindbrain malformation. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006746. [PMID: 28453519 PMCID: PMC5428974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mid-hindbrain malformations can occur during embryogenesis through a disturbance of transient and localized gene expression patterns within these distinct brain structures. Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (ARHGEF) family members are key for controlling the spatiotemporal activation of Rho GTPase, to modulate cytoskeleton dynamics, cell division, and cell migration. We identified, by means of whole exome sequencing, a homozygous frameshift mutation in the ARHGEF2 as a cause of intellectual disability, a midbrain-hindbrain malformation, and mild microcephaly in a consanguineous pedigree of Kurdish-Turkish descent. We show that loss of ARHGEF2 perturbs progenitor cell differentiation and that this is associated with a shift of mitotic spindle plane orientation, putatively favoring more symmetric divisions. The ARHGEF2 mutation leads to reduction in the activation of the RhoA/ROCK/MLC pathway crucial for cell migration. We demonstrate that the human brain malformation is recapitulated in Arhgef2 mutant mice and identify an aberrant migration of distinct components of the precerebellar system as a pathomechanism underlying the midbrain-hindbrain phenotype. Our results highlight the crucial function of ARHGEF2 in human brain development and identify a mutation in ARHGEF2 as novel cause of a neurodevelopmental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethiraj Ravindran
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum (SPZ), Center for Chronic Sick Children, Charité University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hao Hu
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Scott A. Yuzwa
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Nadine Kraemer
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum (SPZ), Center for Chronic Sick Children, Charité University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Ninnemann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luciana Musante
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eugen Boltshauser
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Detlev Schindler
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Angela Hübner
- Pediatrics, University Hospital, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans-Christian Reinecker
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | | | - Freda D. Miller
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Christoph Hübner
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angela M. Kaindl
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum (SPZ), Center for Chronic Sick Children, Charité University, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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26
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D. S. V, L. A. D. Mechanics of neurulation: From classical to current perspectives on the physical mechanics that shape, fold, and form the neural tube. Birth Defects Res 2017; 109:153-168. [PMID: 27620928 PMCID: PMC9972508 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neural tube defects arise from mechanical failures in the process of neurulation. At the most fundamental level, formation of the neural tube relies on coordinated, complex tissue movements that mechanically transform the flat neural epithelium into a lumenized epithelial tube (Davidson, 2012). The nature of this mechanical transformation has mystified embryologists, geneticists, and clinicians for more than 100 years. Early embryologists pondered the physical mechanisms that guide this transformation. Detailed observations of cell and tissue movements as well as experimental embryological manipulations allowed researchers to generate and test elementary hypotheses of the intrinsic and extrinsic forces acting on the neural tissue. Current research has turned toward understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying neurulation. Genetic and molecular perturbation have identified a multitude of subcellular components that correlate with cell behaviors and tissue movements during neural tube formation. In this review, we focus on methods and conceptual frameworks that have been applied to the study of amphibian neurulation that can be used to determine how molecular and physical mechanisms are integrated and responsible for neurulation. We will describe how qualitative descriptions and quantitative measurements of strain, force generation, and tissue material properties as well as simulations can be used to understand how embryos use morphogenetic programs to drive neurulation. Birth Defects Research 109:153-168, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayraghavan D. S.
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Davidson L. A.
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260,Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA 15213,Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
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27
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Hatte G, Prigent C, Tassan JP. Tight junctions negatively regulate mechanical forces applied to adherens junctions in vertebrate epithelial tissue. J Cell Sci 2017; 131:jcs.208736. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.208736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelia are layers of polarised cells tightly bound to each other by adhesive contacts. Epithelia act as barriers between an organism and its external environment. Understanding how epithelia maintain their essential integrity while remaining sufficiently plastic to allow events such as cytokinesis to take place is a key biological problem. In vertebrates, the remodelling and reinforcement of adherens junctions maintains epithelial integrity during cytokinesis. The involvement of tight junctions in cell division, however, has remained unexplored. Here, we examine the role of tight junctions during cytokinesis in the epithelium of the Xenopus laevis embryo. Depletion of tight junction-associated proteins ZO-1 and GEF-H1 leads to altered cytokinesis duration and contractile ring geometry. Using a tension biosensor, we show that cytokinesis defects originate from misregulation of tensile forces applied to adherens junctions. Our results reveal that tight junctions regulate mechanical tension applied to adherens junctions, which in turn impacts cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Hatte
- CNRS UMR 6290, Rennes, France
- Université de Rennes 1, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Claude Prigent
- CNRS UMR 6290, Rennes, France
- Université de Rennes 1, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Tassan
- CNRS UMR 6290, Rennes, France
- Université de Rennes 1, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Rennes, France
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28
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Abstract
Neural tube closure is an important morphogenetic event that involves dramatic reshaping of both neural and non-neural tissues. Rho GTPases are key cytoskeletal regulators involved in cell motility and in several developmental processes, and are thus expected to play pivotal roles in neurulation. Here, we discuss 2 recent studies that shed light on the roles of distinct Rho GTPases in different tissues during neurulation. RhoA plays an essential role in regulating actomyosin dynamics in the neural epithelium of the elevating neural folds, while Rac1 is required for the formation of cell protrusions in the non-neural surface ectoderm during neural fold fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rolo
- a Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health , London , UK
| | - Sarah Escuin
- a Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health , London , UK
| | - Nicholas D E Greene
- a Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health , London , UK
| | - Andrew J Copp
- a Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health , London , UK
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29
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Ossipova O, Chu CW, Fillatre J, Brott BK, Itoh K, Sokol SY. The involvement of PCP proteins in radial cell intercalations during Xenopus embryonic development. Dev Biol 2015; 408:316-27. [PMID: 26079437 PMCID: PMC4810801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway orients cells in diverse epithelial tissues in Drosophila and vertebrate embryos and has been implicated in many human congenital defects and diseases, such as ciliopathies, polycystic kidney disease and malignant cancers. During vertebrate gastrulation and neurulation, PCP signaling is required for convergent extension movements, which are primarily driven by mediolateral cell intercalations, whereas the role for PCP signaling in radial cell intercalations has been unclear. In this study, we examine the function of the core PCP proteins Vangl2, Prickle3 (Pk3) and Disheveled in the ectodermal cells, which undergo radial intercalations during Xenopus gastrulation and neurulation. In the epidermis, multiciliated cell (MCC) progenitors originate in the inner layer, but subsequently migrate to the embryo surface during neurulation. We find that the Vangl2/Pk protein complexes are enriched at the apical domain of intercalating MCCs and are essential for the MCC intercalatory behavior. Addressing the underlying mechanism, we identified KIF13B, as a motor protein that binds Disheveled. KIF13B is required for MCC intercalation and acts synergistically with Vangl2 and Disheveled, indicating that it may mediate microtubule-dependent trafficking of PCP proteins necessary for cell shape regulation. In the neural plate, the Vangl2/Pk complexes were also concentrated near the outermost surface of deep layer cells, suggesting a general role for PCP in radial intercalation. Consistent with this hypothesis, the ectodermal tissues deficient in Vangl2 or Disheveled functions contained more cell layers than normal tissues. We propose that PCP signaling is essential for both mediolateral and radial cell intercalations during vertebrate morphogenesis. These expanded roles underscore the significance of vertebrate PCP proteins as factors contributing to a number of diseases, including neural tube defects, tumor metastases, and various genetic syndromes characterized by abnormal migratory cell behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ossipova
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Chih-Wen Chu
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jonathan Fillatre
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Barbara K Brott
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Keiji Itoh
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sergei Y Sokol
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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30
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Kim K, Ossipova O, Sokol SY. Neural crest specification by inhibition of the ROCK/Myosin II pathway. Stem Cells 2015; 33:674-85. [PMID: 25346532 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Neural crest is a population of multipotent progenitor cells that form at the border of neural and non-neural ectoderm in vertebrate embryos, and undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition and migration. According to the traditional view, the neural crest is specified in early embryos by signaling molecules including BMP, FGF, and Wnt proteins. Here, we identify a novel signaling pathway leading to neural crest specification, which involves Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) and its downstream target nonmuscle Myosin II. We show that ROCK inhibitors promote differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into neural crest-like progenitors (NCPs) that are characterized by specific molecular markers and ability to differentiate into multiple cell types, including neurons, chondrocytes, osteocytes, and smooth muscle cells. Moreover, inhibition of Myosin II was sufficient for generating NCPs at high efficiency. Whereas Myosin II has been previously implicated in the self-renewal and survival of hESCs, we demonstrate its role in neural crest development during ESC differentiation. Inhibition of this pathway in Xenopus embryos expanded neural crest in vivo, further indicating that neural crest specification is controlled by ROCK-dependent Myosin II activity. We propose that changes in cell morphology in response to ROCK and Myosin II inhibition initiate mechanical signaling leading to neural crest fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeongmi Kim
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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31
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Christodoulou N, Skourides P. Cell-Autonomous Ca 2+ Flashes Elicit Pulsed Contractions of an Apical Actin Network to Drive Apical Constriction during Neural Tube Closure. Cell Rep 2015; 13:2189-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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32
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Abstract
The establishment and maintenance of epithelial cell-cell junctions is crucially important to regulate adhesion, apico-basal polarity and motility of epithelial cells, and ultimately controls the architecture and physiology of epithelial organs. Junctions are supported, shaped and regulated by cytoskeletal filaments, whose dynamic organization and contractility are finely tuned by GTPases of the Rho family, primarily RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42. Recent research has identified new molecular mechanisms underlying the cross-talk between these GTPases and epithelial junctions. Here we briefly summarize the current knowledge about the organization, molecular evolution and cytoskeletal anchoring of cell-cell junctions, and we comment on the most recent advances in the characterization of the interactions between Rho GTPases and junctional proteins, and their consequences with regards to junction assembly and regulation of cell behavior in vertebrate model systems. The concept of “zonular signalosome” is proposed, which highlights the close functional relationship between proteins of zonular junctions (zonulae occludentes and adhaerentes) and the control of cytoskeletal organization and signaling through Rho GTPases, transcription factors, and their effectors.
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Key Words
- AJ, adherens junction
- AMOT, angiomotin
- AMPK, Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase
- APC, adenomatous poliposis coli
- CD2AP, CD2-associated protein
- CGN, cingulin
- CGNL1, paracingulin
- Cdc42
- Cdc42, cell division cycle 42
- DLC, deleted in liver cancer
- Dbl, diffuse B-cell lymphoma
- EPLIN, epithelial protein lost in neoplasm
- ERK, extracellular regulated kinase
- FERM, four.point.one, ezrin, radixin, moesin
- FGD5, FYVE, RhoGEF and PH domain containing 5
- GAP, GTPase activating protein
- GEF, guanine nucleotide exchange factor
- GST, glutathione -S- transferase; JAM = junctional adhesion molecule
- MCF-7, Michigan Cancer Foundation - 7
- MDCK, Madin Darby Canine Kidney
- MKLP1, mitotic kinesin-like protein-1
- MRCK, myotonic dystrophy-related Cdc42-binding kinase
- MgcRacGAP, male germ cell racGAP
- PA, puncta adhaerentia
- PAK, p21-activated kinase; PATJ, Pals1 associated tight junction protein
- PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- PDZ, Post synaptic density protein (PSD95), Drosophila, disc large tumour suppressor (DlgA), and zonula occludens-1
- PLEKHA7, pleckstrin homology domain containing, family A member 7
- RICH-1, RhoGAP interacting with CIP4 homologues
- ROCK, Rho-associated protein kinase
- Rac
- Rho
- SH3BP1, (SH3 domain 490 binding protein-1)
- TJ, tight junction
- Tbx-3, T-box-3
- Tiam, Tumor invasion and metastasis
- WASP, Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein
- WAVE, WASP family Verprolin-homologous protein
- ZA, zonula adhaerens
- ZO, zonula occludens
- ZONAB, (ZO-1)–associated nucleic acid binding protein.
- cytoseleton
- epithelium
- junctions
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Citi
- a Department of Cell Biology ; University of Geneva ; Geneva , Switzerland
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33
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Sokol SY. Spatial and temporal aspects of Wnt signaling and planar cell polarity during vertebrate embryonic development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 42:78-85. [PMID: 25986055 PMCID: PMC4562884 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling pathways act at multiple locations and developmental stages to specify cell fate and polarity in vertebrate embryos. A long-standing question is how the same molecular machinery can be reused to produce different outcomes. The canonical Wnt/β-catenin branch modulates target gene transcription to specify cell fates along the dorsoventral and anteroposterior embryonic axes. By contrast, the Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) branch is responsible for cell polarization along main body axes, which coordinates morphogenetic cell behaviors during gastrulation and neurulation. Whereas both cell fate and cell polarity are modulated by spatially- and temporally-restricted Wnt activity, the downstream signaling mechanisms are very diverse. This review highlights recent progress in the understanding of Wnt-dependent molecular events leading to the establishment of PCP and linking it to early morphogenetic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Y Sokol
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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34
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Ossipova O, Kim K, Sokol SY. Planar polarization of Vangl2 in the vertebrate neural plate is controlled by Wnt and Myosin II signaling. Biol Open 2015; 4:722-30. [PMID: 25910938 PMCID: PMC4467192 DOI: 10.1242/bio.201511676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate neural tube forms as a result of complex morphogenetic movements, which require the functions of several core planar cell polarity (PCP) proteins, including Vangl2 and Prickle. Despite the importance of these proteins for neurulation, their subcellular localization and the mode of action have remained largely unknown. Here we describe the anteroposterior planar cell polarity (AP-PCP) of the cells in the Xenopus neural plate. At the neural midline, the Vangl2 protein is enriched at anterior cell edges and that this localization is directed by Prickle, a Vangl2-interacting protein. Our further analysis is consistent with the model, in which Vangl2 AP-PCP is established in the neural plate as a consequence of Wnt-dependent phosphorylation. Additionally, we uncover feedback regulation of Vangl2 polarity by Myosin II, reiterating a role for mechanical forces in PCP. These observations indicate that both Wnt signaling and Myosin II activity regulate cell polarity and cell behaviors during vertebrate neurulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ossipova
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kyeongmi Kim
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sergei Y Sokol
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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35
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Ossipova O, Chuykin I, Chu CW, Sokol SY. Vangl2 cooperates with Rab11 and Myosin V to regulate apical constriction during vertebrate gastrulation. Development 2014; 142:99-107. [PMID: 25480917 DOI: 10.1242/dev.111161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Core planar cell polarity (PCP) proteins are well known to regulate polarity in Drosophila and vertebrate epithelia; however, their functions in vertebrate morphogenesis remain poorly understood. In this study, we describe a role for PCP signaling in the process of apical constriction during Xenopus gastrulation. The core PCP protein Vangl2 is detected at the apical surfaces of cells at the blastopore lip, and it functions during blastopore formation and closure. Further experiments show that Vangl2, as well as Daam1 and Rho-associated kinase (Rock), regulate apical constriction of bottle cells at the blastopore and ectopic constriction of ectoderm cells triggered by the actin-binding protein Shroom3. At the blastopore lip, Vangl2 is required for the apical accumulation of the recycling endosome marker Rab11. We also show that Rab11 and the associated motor protein Myosin V play essential roles in both endogenous and ectopic apical constriction, and might be involved in Vangl2 trafficking to the cell surface. Overexpression of Rab11 RNA was sufficient to partly restore normal blastopore formation in Vangl2-deficient embryos. These observations suggest that Vangl2 affects Rab11 to regulate apical constriction during blastopore formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ossipova
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ilya Chuykin
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Chih-Wen Chu
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sergei Y Sokol
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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