1
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Spiegelhalder RP, Berg LS, Nunes TDG, Dörr M, Jesenofsky B, Lindner H, Raissig MT. Dual role of BdMUTE during stomatal development in the model grass Brachypodium distachyon. Development 2024; 151:dev203011. [PMID: 39166983 PMCID: PMC11449446 DOI: 10.1242/dev.203011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Grasses form morphologically derived, four-celled stomata, where two dumbbell-shaped guard cells (GCs) are flanked by two lateral subsidiary cells (SCs). This innovative form enables rapid opening and closing kinetics and efficient plant-atmosphere gas exchange. The mobile bHLH transcription factor MUTE is required for SC formation in grasses. Yet whether and how MUTE also regulates GC development and whether MUTE mobility is required for SC recruitment is unclear. Here, we transgenically impaired BdMUTE mobility from GC to SC precursors in the emerging model grass Brachypodium distachyon. Our data indicate that reduced BdMUTE mobility severely affected the spatiotemporal coordination of GC and SC development. Furthermore, although BdMUTE has a cell-autonomous role in GC division orientation, complete dumbbell morphogenesis of GCs required SC recruitment. Finally, leaf-level gas exchange measurements showed that dosage-dependent complementation of the four-celled grass morphology was mirrored in a gradual physiological complementation of stomatal kinetics. Together, our work revealed a dual role of grass MUTE in regulating GC division orientation and SC recruitment, which in turn is required for GC morphogenesis and the rapid kinetics of grass stomata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxane P Spiegelhalder
- Institute of Plant Sciences (IPS), University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lea S Berg
- Institute of Plant Sciences (IPS), University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tiago D G Nunes
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melanie Dörr
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Jesenofsky
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heike Lindner
- Institute of Plant Sciences (IPS), University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), University of Bern, Hochschulstrasse 4, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael T Raissig
- Institute of Plant Sciences (IPS), University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), University of Bern, Hochschulstrasse 4, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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2
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Wu M, Wang S, Ma P, Li B, Hu H, Wang Z, Qiu Q, Qiao Y, Niu D, Lukowitz W, Zhang S, Zhang M. Dual roles of the MPK3 and MPK6 mitogen-activated protein kinases in regulating Arabidopsis stomatal development. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:4576-4593. [PMID: 39102898 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
An Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade composed of YODA (YDA)-MKK4/MKK5-MPK3/MPK6 plays an essential role downstream of the ERECTA (ER)/ER-LIKE (ERL) receptor complex in regulating stomatal development in the leaf epidermis. STOMAGEN (STO), a peptide ligand produced in mesophyll cells, competes with EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR2 (EPF2) for binding ER/ERL receptors to promote stomatal formation. In this study, we found that activation of MPK3/MPK6 suppresses STO expression. Using MUTE and STO promoters that confer epidermis- and mesophyll-specific expression, respectively, we generated lines with cell-specific activation and suppression of MPK3/MPK6. The activation or suppression of MPK3/MPK6 in either epidermis or mesophyll cells is sufficient to alter stomatal differentiation. Epistatic analyses demonstrated that STO overexpression can rescue the suppression of stomatal formation conferred by the mesophyll-specific expression of the constitutively active MKK4DD or MKK5DD, but not by the epidermis-specific expression of these constitutively active MKKs. These data suggest that STO is downstream of MPK3/MPK6 in mesophyll cells, but upstream of MPK3/MPK6 in epidermal cells in stomatal development signaling. This function of the MPK3/MPK6 cascade allows it to coordinate plant epidermis development based on its activity in mesophyll cells during leaf development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyun Wu
- College of Plant Protection, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Shiyuan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Panpan Ma
- College of Plant Protection, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Bixin Li
- College of Plant Protection, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Huiqing Hu
- College of Plant Protection, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Ziling Wang
- College of Plant Protection, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Qin Qiu
- College of Plant Protection, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yujie Qiao
- College of Plant Protection, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Dongdong Niu
- College of Plant Protection, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Wolfgang Lukowitz
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Shuqun Zhang
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
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3
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Lang PLM, Erberich JM, Lopez L, Weiß CL, Amador G, Fung HF, Latorre SM, Lasky JR, Burbano HA, Expósito-Alonso M, Bergmann DC. Century-long timelines of herbarium genomes predict plant stomatal response to climate change. Nat Ecol Evol 2024; 8:1641-1653. [PMID: 39117952 PMCID: PMC11383800 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-024-02481-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Dissecting plant responses to the environment is key to understanding whether and how plants adapt to anthropogenic climate change. Stomata, plants' pores for gas exchange, are expected to decrease in density following increased CO2 concentrations, a trend already observed in multiple plant species. However, it is unclear whether such responses are based on genetic changes and evolutionary adaptation. Here we make use of extensive knowledge of 43 genes in the stomatal development pathway and newly generated genome information of 191 Arabidopsis thaliana historical herbarium specimens collected over 193 years to directly link genetic variation with climate change. While we find that the essential transcription factors SPCH, MUTE and FAMA, central to stomatal development, are under strong evolutionary constraints, several regulators of stomatal development show signs of local adaptation in contemporary samples from different geographic regions. We then develop a functional score based on known effects of gene knock-out on stomatal development that recovers a classic pattern of stomatal density decrease over the past centuries, suggesting a genetic component contributing to this change. This approach combining historical genomics with functional experimental knowledge could allow further investigations of how different, even in historical samples unmeasurable, cellular plant phenotypes may have already responded to climate change through adaptive evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L M Lang
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Joel M Erberich
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lua Lopez
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Clemens L Weiß
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gabriel Amador
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hannah F Fung
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sergio M Latorre
- Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
- Research Group for Ancient Genomics and Evolution, Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jesse R Lasky
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Hernán A Burbano
- Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
- Research Group for Ancient Genomics and Evolution, Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Moisés Expósito-Alonso
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Dominique C Bergmann
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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4
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Tulva I, Koolmeister K, Hõrak H. Low relative air humidity and increased stomatal density independently hamper growth in young Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39072887 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Stomatal pores in plant leaves mediate CO2 uptake for photosynthesis and water loss via transpiration. Altered stomatal density can affect plant photosynthetic capacity, water use efficiency, and growth, potentially providing either benefits or drawbacks depending on the environment. Here we explore, at different air humidity regimes, gas exchange, stomatal anatomy, and growth of Arabidopsis lines designed to combine increased stomatal density (epf1, epf2) with high stomatal sensitivity (ht1-2, cyp707a1/a3). We show that the stomatal density and sensitivity traits combine as expected: higher stomatal density increases stomatal conductance, whereas the effect is smaller in the high stomatal sensitivity mutant backgrounds than in the epf1epf2 double mutant. Growth under low air humidity increases plant stomatal ratio with relatively more stomata allocated to the adaxial epidermis. Low relative air humidity and high stomatal density both independently impair plant growth. Higher evaporative demand did not punish increased stomatal density, nor did inherently low stomatal conductance provide any protection against low relative humidity. We propose that the detrimental effects of high stomatal density on plant growth at a young age are related to the cost of producing stomata; future experiments need to test if high stomatal densities might pay off in later life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingmar Tulva
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kaspar Koolmeister
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Bioengineering, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hanna Hõrak
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
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5
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Lee LR, Guillotin B, Rahni R, Hutchison C, Desvoyes B, Gutierrez C, Birnbaum KD. Glutathione accelerates the cell cycle and cellular reprogramming in plant regeneration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.28.569014. [PMID: 38168452 PMCID: PMC10760015 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.28.569014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The plasticity of plant cells underlies their wide capacity to regenerate, with increasing evidence in plants and animals implicating cell cycle dynamics in cellular reprogramming. To investigate the cell cycle during cellular reprogramming, we developed a comprehensive set of cell cycle phase markers in the Arabidopsis root. Using single-cell RNA-seq profiles and live imaging during regeneration, we found that a subset of cells near an ablation injury dramatically increases division rate by truncating G1. Cells in G1 undergo a transient nuclear peak of glutathione (GSH) prior to coordinated entry into S phase followed by rapid divisions and cellular reprogramming. A symplastic block of the ground tissue impairs regeneration, which is rescued by exogenous GSH. We propose a model in which GSH from the outer tissues is released upon injury licensing an exit from G1 near the wound to induce rapid cell division and reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Lee
- New York University, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, NY, New York, 10003, USA
| | - Bruno Guillotin
- New York University, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, NY, New York, 10003, USA
| | - Ramin Rahni
- New York University, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, NY, New York, 10003, USA
| | - Chanel Hutchison
- New York University, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, NY, New York, 10003, USA
| | | | | | - Kenneth D Birnbaum
- New York University, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, NY, New York, 10003, USA
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6
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Gray J, Dunn J. Optimizing Crop Plant Stomatal Density to Mitigate and Adapt to Climate Change. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2024; 16:a041672. [PMID: 37923396 PMCID: PMC11146307 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants take up carbon dioxide, and lose water, through pores on their leaf surfaces called stomata. We have a good understanding of the biochemical signals that control the production of stomata, and over the past decade, these have been manipulated to produce crops with fewer stomata. Crops with abnormally low stomatal densities require less water to produce the same yield and have enhanced drought tolerance. These "water-saver" crops also have improved salinity tolerance and are expected to have increased resistance to some diseases. We calculate that the widespread adoption of water-saver crops could lead to reductions in greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to a maximum of 0.5 GtCO2/yr and thus could help to mitigate the impacts of climate change on agriculture and food security through protecting yields in stressful environments and requiring fewer inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Gray
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
- Institute for Sustainable Food, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Dunn
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
- Institute for Sustainable Food, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
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7
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Li S, Yan J, Chen LG, Meng G, Zhou Y, Wang CM, Jiang L, Luo J, Jiang Y, Li QF, Tang W, He JX. Brassinosteroid regulates stomatal development in etiolated Arabidopsis cotyledons via transcription factors BZR1 and BES1. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:1382-1400. [PMID: 38345866 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are phytohormones that regulate stomatal development. In this study, we report that BR represses stomatal development in etiolated Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cotyledons via transcription factors BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT 1 (BZR1) and bri1-EMS SUPPRESSOR1 (BES1), which directly target MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASE 9 (MKK9) and FAMA, 2 important genes for stomatal development. BZR1/BES1 bind MKK9 and FAMA promoters in vitro and in vivo, and mutation of the BZR1/BES1 binding motif in MKK9/FAMA promoters abolishes their transcription regulation by BZR1/BES1 in plants. Expression of a constitutively active MKK9 (MKK9DD) suppressed overproduction of stomata induced by BR deficiency, while expression of a constitutively inactive MKK9 (MKK9KR) induced high-density stomata in bzr1-1D. In addition, bzr-h, a sextuple mutant of the BZR1 family of proteins, produced overabundant stomata, and the dominant bzr1-1D and bes1-D mutants effectively suppressed the stomata-overproducing phenotype of brassinosteroid insensitive 1-116 (bri1-116) and brassinosteroid insensitive 2-1 (bin2-1). In conclusion, our results revealed important roles of BZR1/BES1 in stomatal development, and their transcriptional regulation of MKK9 and FAMA expression may contribute to BR-regulated stomatal development in etiolated Arabidopsis cotyledons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 00000, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Jin Yan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei, China
| | - Lian-Ge Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei, China
| | - Guanghua Meng
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 00000, China
| | - Yuling Zhou
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 00000, China
| | - Chun-Ming Wang
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 00000, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 00000, China
| | - Juan Luo
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 00000, China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian-Feng Li
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 00000, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenqiang Tang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei, China
| | - Jun-Xian He
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 00000, China
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8
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Zhang M, Zhang S. Stomatal development: NRPM proteins in dynamic localization of ERECTA receptor. Curr Biol 2024; 34:R143-R146. [PMID: 38412823 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Dynamic cellular localization of receptors is key to the perception of their peptide ligands and the activation of downstream signaling pathways. A new study identifies NRPMs as novel regulators of ERECTA receptor localization and stomatal formation downstream of the EPF1/EPF2 peptide ligands and upstream of the YDA MAPK cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
| | - Shuqun Zhang
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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9
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Li XM, Jenke H, Strauss S, Bazakos C, Mosca G, Lymbouridou R, Kierzkowski D, Neumann U, Naik P, Huijser P, Laurent S, Smith RS, Runions A, Tsiantis M. Cell-cycle-linked growth reprogramming encodes developmental time into leaf morphogenesis. Curr Biol 2024; 34:541-556.e15. [PMID: 38244542 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
How is time encoded into organ growth and morphogenesis? We address this question by investigating heteroblasty, where leaf development and form are modified with progressing plant age. By combining morphometric analyses, fate-mapping through live-imaging, computational analyses, and genetics, we identify age-dependent changes in cell-cycle-associated growth and histogenesis that underpin leaf heteroblasty. We show that in juvenile leaves, cell proliferation competence is rapidly released in a "proliferation burst" coupled with fast growth, whereas in adult leaves, proliferative growth is sustained for longer and at a slower rate. These effects are mediated by the SPL9 transcription factor in response to inputs from both shoot age and individual leaf maturation along the proximodistal axis. SPL9 acts by activating CyclinD3 family genes, which are sufficient to bypass the requirement for SPL9 in the control of leaf shape and in heteroblastic reprogramming of cellular growth. In conclusion, we have identified a mechanism that bridges across cell, tissue, and whole-organism scales by linking cell-cycle-associated growth control to age-dependent changes in organ geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Min Li
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hannah Jenke
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sören Strauss
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christos Bazakos
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Gabriella Mosca
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Rena Lymbouridou
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel Kierzkowski
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulla Neumann
- Central Microscopy (CeMic), Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Purva Naik
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Huijser
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Laurent
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Richard S Smith
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Adam Runions
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Miltos Tsiantis
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
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10
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Falquetto-Gomes P, Silva WJ, Siqueira JA, Araújo WL, Nunes-Nesi A. From epidermal cells to functional pores: Understanding stomatal development. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 292:154163. [PMID: 38118303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Stomata, small hydromechanical valves in the leaf epidermis, are fundamental in regulating gas exchange and water loss between plants and the environment. Stomatal development involves a series of coordinated events ranging from the initial cell division that determines the meristemoid mother cells to forming specialized structures such as guard cells. These events are orchestrated by the transcription factors SPEECHLESS, FAMA, and MUTE through signaling networks. The role of plant hormones (e.g., abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and brassinosteroids) in regulating stomatal development has been elucidated through these signaling cascades. In addition, environmental factors, such as light availability and CO2 concentration, also regulate the density and distribution of stomata in leaves, ultimately affecting overall water use efficiency. In this review, we highlight the mechanisms underlying stomatal development, connecting key signaling processes that activate or inhibit cell differentiation responsible for forming guard cells in the leaf epidermis. The factors responsible for integrating transcription factors, hormonal responses, and the influence of climatic factors on the signaling network that leads to stomatal development in plants are further discussed. Understanding the intricate connections between these factors, including the metabolic regulation of plant development, may enable us to maximize plant productivity under specific environmental conditions in changing climate scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Falquetto-Gomes
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Plant Physiology Under Stress Conditions, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Welson Júnior Silva
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Plant Physiology Under Stress Conditions, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João Antonio Siqueira
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Plant Physiology Under Stress Conditions, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Plant Physiology Under Stress Conditions, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Plant Physiology Under Stress Conditions, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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11
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Mohamed D, Vonapartis E, Corcega DY, Gazzarrini S. ABA guides stomatal proliferation and patterning through the EPF-SPCH signaling pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. Development 2023; 150:dev201258. [PMID: 37997741 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation to dehydration stress requires plants to coordinate environmental and endogenous signals to inhibit stomatal proliferation and modulate their patterning. The stress hormone abscisic acid (ABA) induces stomatal closure and restricts stomatal lineage to promote stress tolerance. Here, we report that mutants with reduced ABA levels, xer-1, xer-2 and aba2-2, developed stomatal clusters. Similarly, the ABA signaling mutant snrk2.2/2.3/2.6, which lacks core ABA signaling kinases, also displayed stomatal clusters. Exposure to ABA or inhibition of ABA catabolism rescued the increased stomatal density and spacing defects observed in xer and aba2-2, suggesting that basal ABA is required for correct stomatal density and spacing. xer-1 and aba2-2 displayed reduced expression of EPF1 and EPF2, and enhanced expression of SPCH and MUTE. Furthermore, ABA suppressed elevated SPCH and MUTE expression in epf2-1 and epf1-1, and partially rescued epf2-1 stomatal index and epf1-1 clustering defects. Genetic analysis demonstrated that XER acts upstream of the EPF2-SPCH pathway to suppress stomatal proliferation, and in parallel with EPF1 to ensure correct stomatal spacing. These results show that basal ABA and functional ABA signaling are required to fine-tune stomatal density and patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deka Mohamed
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Eliana Vonapartis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Dennedy Yrvin Corcega
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Sonia Gazzarrini
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
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12
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Liu Y, Ben Y, Che R, Peng C, Li J, Wang F. Uptake, transport and accumulation of micro- and nano-plastics in terrestrial plants and health risk associated with their transfer to food chain - A mini review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 902:166045. [PMID: 37544454 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Waste plastics enter the environment (water, soil, and atmosphere) and degrade into micro- and nano-plastics (MNPs) through physical, chemical, or biological processes. MNPs are ubiquitous in the environment and inevitably interact with terrestrial plants. Terrestrial plants have become important potential sinks, and subsequently, the sources of MNPs. At present, many studies have reported the effects of MNPs on plant physiology, biochemistry, and their phototoxicity. However, the source, detection method, and the absorption process of MNPs in terrestrial plants have not been systematically studied. In order to better understand the continuous process of MNPs entering terrestrial plants, this review introduces the sources and analysis methods of MNPs in terrestrial plants. The uptake pathways of MNPs in terrestrial plants and their influencing factors were systematically summarized. Meanwhile, the transport pathways and the accumulation of MNPs in different plant organs (roots, stems, leaves, calyxes, and fruits) were explored. Finally, the transfer of MNPs through food chains to humans and their health risks were discussed. The aim of this work is to provide significant theoretical knowledge to understand the uptake, transport, and accumulation of MNPs in terrestrial plants and the potential health risks associated with their transfer to humans through food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Liu
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210094, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Response Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Yue Ben
- Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Weifang, 261325, China
| | - Ruijie Che
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210094, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Response Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Chunqing Peng
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210094, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Response Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Jining Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210094, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Response Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Fenghe Wang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210094, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Response Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China.
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13
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Smit ME, Bergmann DC. The stomatal fates: Understanding initiation and enforcement of stomatal cell fate transitions. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 76:102449. [PMID: 37709566 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
In the stomatal lineage, repeated arcs of initiation, stem-cell proliferation, and terminal cell fate commitment are displayed on the surface of aerial organs. Over the past two decades, the core transcription and signaling elements that guide cell divisions, patterning, and fate transitions were defined. Here we highlight recent work that extends the core using a variety of cutting-edge techniques in different plant species. New work has discovered transcriptional circuits that initiate and reinforce stomatal fate transitions, while also enabling the lineage to interpret and respond to environmental inputs. Recent developments show that some key stomatal factors are more flexible or potentially even interchangeable, opening up avenues to explore stomatal fates and regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot E Smit
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA
| | - Dominique C Bergmann
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA.
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14
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Nir I, Budrys A, Smoot NK, Erberich J, Bergmann DC. Targeting editing of tomato SPEECHLESS cis-regulatory regions generates plants with altered stomatal density in response to changing climate conditions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.02.564550. [PMID: 37961313 PMCID: PMC10635072 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.02.564550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Flexible developmental programs enable plants to customize their organ size and cellular composition. In leaves of eudicots, the stomatal lineage produces two essential cell types, stomata and pavement cells, but the total numbers and ratio of these cell types can vary. Central to this flexibility is the stomatal lineage initiating transcription factor, SPEECHLESS (SPCH). Here we show, by multiplex CRISPR/Cas9 editing of SlSPCH cis-regulatory sequences in tomato, that we can identify variants with altered stomatal development responses to light and temperature cues. Analysis of tomato leaf development across different conditions, aided by newly-created tools for live-cell imaging and translational reporters of SlSPCH and its paralogues SlMUTE and SlFAMA, revealed the series of cellular events that lead to the environmental change-driven responses in leaf form. Plants bearing the novel SlSPCH variants generated in this study are powerful resources for fundamental and applied studies of tomato resilience in response to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ido Nir
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Current Address, Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, Volcani Center, HaMaccabbim Road 68, POB 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Alanta Budrys
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Current Address, Department of Biology, New York University, 24 Waverly Pl, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - N. Katherine Smoot
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Current Address, Plant and Microbial Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Joel Erberich
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dominique C. Bergmann
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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15
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Doll Y, Koga H, Tsukaya H. Experimental validation of the mechanism of stomatal development diversification. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:5667-5681. [PMID: 37555400 PMCID: PMC10540739 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are the structures responsible for gas exchange in plants. The established framework for stomatal development is based on the model plant Arabidopsis, but diverse patterns of stomatal development have been observed in other plant lineages and species. The molecular mechanisms behind these diversified patterns are still poorly understood. We recently proposed a model for the molecular mechanisms of the diversification of stomatal development based on the genus Callitriche (Plantaginaceae), according to which a temporal shift in the expression of key stomatal transcription factors SPEECHLESS and MUTE leads to changes in the behavior of meristemoids (stomatal precursor cells). In the present study, we genetically manipulated Arabidopsis to test this model. By altering the timing of MUTE expression, we successfully generated Arabidopsis plants with early differentiation or prolonged divisions of meristemoids, as predicted by the model. The epidermal morphology of the generated lines resembled that of species with prolonged or no meristemoid divisions. Thus, the evolutionary process can be reproduced by varying the SPEECHLESS to MUTE transition. We also observed unexpected phenotypes, which indicated the participation of additional factors in the evolution of the patterns observed in nature. This study provides novel experimental insights into the diversification of meristemoid behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Doll
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koga
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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16
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Gong Y, Dale R, Fung HF, Amador GO, Smit ME, Bergmann DC. A cell size threshold triggers commitment to stomatal fate in Arabidopsis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf3497. [PMID: 37729402 PMCID: PMC10881030 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf3497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
How flexible developmental programs integrate information from internal and external factors to modulate stem cell behavior is a fundamental question in developmental biology. Cells of the Arabidopsis stomatal lineage modify the balance of stem cell proliferation and differentiation to adjust the size and cell type composition of mature leaves. Here, we report that meristemoids, one type of stomatal lineage stem cell, trigger the transition from asymmetric self-renewing divisions to commitment and terminal differentiation by crossing a critical cell size threshold. Through computational simulation, we demonstrate that this cell size-mediated transition allows robust, yet flexible termination of stem cell proliferation, and we observe adjustments in the number of divisions before the differentiation threshold under several genetic manipulations. We experimentally evaluate several mechanisms for cell size sensing, and our data suggest that this stomatal lineage transition is dependent on a nuclear factor that is sensitive to DNA content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gong
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Renee Dale
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132 USA
| | - Hannah F. Fung
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gabriel O. Amador
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Margot E. Smit
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dominique C. Bergmann
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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17
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Lucas JR, Dupree B. Stomatal pore width and area measurements in Zea mays. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2023; 2023:10.17912/micropub.biology.000893. [PMID: 37602279 PMCID: PMC10439461 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal pores are adjustable microscopic holes on the surface of photosynthetic tissues that help regulate multiple aspects of plant physiology. Stomatal pores facilitate gas exchange necessary for photosynthesis, water transport, and temperature regulation. Pore size is influenced by many intertwined environmental, molecular, cellular, and physiological cues. Accurate and precise measurements of pore size is important for understanding the mechanisms that adjust pores and plant physiology. Here we investigate whether conventional pore measurements of width are appropriate for the economically important crop plant Zea mays . Our studies demonstrate that pore area is a more sensitive measurement than width in this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Lucas
- Biology, University of Wisconsin - Oshkosh, Oshkosh, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Brittany Dupree
- Biology, University of Wisconsin - Oshkosh, Oshkosh, Wisconsin, United States of America
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18
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Goldy C, Caillaud MC. Maintaining asymmetry in cell division. Science 2023; 381:27-28. [PMID: 37410827 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi6664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Promoting asymmetric division through microtubule dynamics establishes cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Goldy
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAe, Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Cécile Caillaud
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAe, Lyon, France
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19
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Smit ME, Vatén A, Mair A, Northover CAM, Bergmann DC. Extensive embryonic patterning without cellular differentiation primes the plant epidermis for efficient post-embryonic stomatal activities. Dev Cell 2023; 58:506-521.e5. [PMID: 36931268 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant leaves feature epidermal stomata that are organized in stereotyped patterns. How does the pattern originate? We provide transcriptomic, imaging, and genetic evidence that Arabidopsis embryos engage known stomatal fate and patterning factors to create regularly spaced stomatal precursor cells. Analysis of embryos from 36 plant species indicates that this trait is widespread among angiosperms. Embryonic stomatal patterning in Arabidopsis is established in three stages: first, broad SPEECHLESS (SPCH) expression; second, coalescence of SPCH and its targets into discrete domains; and third, one round of asymmetric division to create stomatal precursors. Lineage progression is then halted until after germination. We show that the embryonic stomatal pattern enables fast stomatal differentiation and photosynthetic activity upon germination, but it also guides the formation of additional stomata as the leaf expands. In addition, key stomatal regulators are prevented from driving the fate transitions they can induce after germination, identifying stage-specific layers of regulation that control lineage progression during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot E Smit
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anne Vatén
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA
| | - Andrea Mair
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Dominique C Bergmann
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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20
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Kuan C, Strader LC, Morffy N. ARF19 Condensation in the Arabidopsis Stomatal Lineage. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2023; 2023:10.17912/micropub.biology.000708. [PMID: 36814574 PMCID: PMC9939949 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin regulates nearly every aspect of plant development. Transcriptional responses to auxin are driven by the activities of the AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR family of transcription factors. ARF19 (AT1G19220) is critical in the auxin signaling pathway and has previously been shown to undergo protein condensation to tune auxin responses in the root. However, ARF19 condensation dynamics in other organs has not yet been described. In the Arabidopsis stomatal lineage, we found that ARF19 cytoplasmic condensates are enriched in guard cells and pavement cells, terminally differentiated cells in the leaf epidermis. This result is consistent with previous studies showing ARF19 condensation in mature root tissues. Our data reveal that the sequestration of ARF19 into cytoplasmic condensation in differentiated leaf epidermal cells is similar to root-specific condensation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Kuan
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Lucia C. Strader
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Nicholas Morffy
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
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21
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Song Z, Wang L, Lee M, Yue GH. The evolution and expression of stomatal regulators in C3 and C4 crops: Implications on the divergent drought tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1100838. [PMID: 36818875 PMCID: PMC9929459 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1100838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress is a major environmental hazard. Stomatal development is highly responsive to abiotic stress and has been used as a cellular marker for drought-tolerant crop selection. C3 and C4 crops have evolved into different photosynthetic systems and physiological responses to water deficits. The genome sequences of maize, sorghum, and sugarcane make it possible to explore the association of the stomatal response to drought stress with the evolution of the key stomatal regulators. In this study, phylogenic analysis, gene expression analysis and stomatal assay under drought stress were used to investigate the drought tolerance of C3 and C4 plants. Our data shows that C3 and C4 plants exhibit different drought responses at the cellular level. Drought represses the growth and stomatal development of C3 crops but has little effect on that of C4 plants. In addition, stomatal development is unresponsive to drought in drought-tolerant C3 crops but is repressed in drought-tolerant C4 plants. The different developmental responses to drought in C3 and C4 plants might be associated with the divergent expression of their SPEECHLESS genes. In particular, C4 crops have evolved to generate multiple SPEECHLESS homologs with different genetic structure and expression levels. Our research provides not only molecular evidence that supports the evolutionary history of C4 from C3 plants but also a possible molecular model that controls the cellular response to abiotic stress in C3 and C4 crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuojun Song
- Molecular Population Genetics and Breeding Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Le Wang
- Molecular Population Genetics and Breeding Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - May Lee
- Molecular Population Genetics and Breeding Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gen Hua Yue
- Molecular Population Genetics and Breeding Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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22
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Zhang Y, Xu T, Dong J. Asymmetric cell division in plant development. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:343-370. [PMID: 36610013 PMCID: PMC9975081 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric cell division (ACD) is a fundamental process that generates new cell types during development in eukaryotic species. In plant development, post-embryonic organogenesis driven by ACD is universal and more important than in animals, in which organ pattern is preset during embryogenesis. Thus, plant development provides a powerful system to study molecular mechanisms underlying ACD. During the past decade, tremendous progress has been made in our understanding of the key components and mechanisms involved in this important process in plants. Here, we present an overview of how ACD is determined and regulated in multiple biological processes in plant development and compare their conservation and specificity among different model cell systems. We also summarize the molecular roles and mechanisms of the phytohormones in the regulation of plant ACD. Finally, we conclude with the overarching paradigms and principles that govern plant ACD and consider how new technologies can be exploited to fill the knowledge gaps and make new advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Plant Synthetic Biology Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Tongda Xu
- Plant Synthetic Biology Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Juan Dong
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08891, USA
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23
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Bogaert KA, Zakka EE, Coelho SM, De Clerck O. Polarization of brown algal zygotes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 134:90-102. [PMID: 35317961 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Brown algae are a group of multicellular, heterokont algae that have convergently evolved developmental complexity that rivals that of embryophytes, animals or fungi. Early in development, brown algal zygotes establish a basal and an apical pole, which will become respectively the basal system (holdfast) and the apical system (thallus) of the adult alga. Brown algae are interesting models for understanding the establishment of cell polarity in a broad evolutionary context, because they exhibit a large diversity of life cycles, reproductive strategies and, importantly, their zygotes are produced in large quantities free of parental tissue, with symmetry breaking and asymmetric division taking place in a highly synchronous manner. This review describes the current knowledge about the establishment of the apical-basal axis in the model brown seaweeds Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Fucus and Saccharina, highlighting the advantages and specific interests of each system. Ectocarpus is a genetic model system that allows access to the molecular basis of early development and life-cycle control over apical-basal polarity. The oogamous brown alga Fucus, together with emerging comparative models Dictyota and Saccharina, emphasize the diversity of strategies of symmetry breaking in determining a cell polarity vector in brown algae. A comparison with symmetry-breaking mechanisms in land plants, animals and fungi, reveals that the one-step zygote polarisation of Fucus compares well to Saccharomyces budding and Arabidopsis stomata development, while the two-phased symmetry breaking in the Dictyota zygote compares to Schizosaccharomyces fission, the Caenorhabditis anterior-posterior zygote polarisation and Arabidopsis prolate pollen polarisation. The apical-basal patterning in Saccharina zygotes on the other hand, may be seen as analogous to that of land plants. Overall, brown algae have the potential to bring exciting new information on how a single cell gives rise to an entire complex body plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny A Bogaert
- Phycology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Eliane E Zakka
- Phycology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Susana M Coelho
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olivier De Clerck
- Phycology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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24
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Jiang H, Chen Y, Liu Y, Shang J, Sun X, Du J. Multifaceted roles of the ERECTA family in plant organ morphogenesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:7208-7218. [PMID: 36056777 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) can participate in multiple signalling pathways and are considered one of the most critical components of the early events of intercellular signalling. As an RLK, the ERECTA family (ERf), which comprises ERECTA (ER), ERECTA-Like1 (ERL1), and ERECTA-Like2 (ERL2) in Arabidopsis, regulates multiple signalling pathways in plant growth and development. Despite its indispensability, detailed information on ERf-manipulated signalling pathways remains elusive. In this review, we attempt to summarize the essential roles of the ERf in plant organ morphogenesis, including shoot apical meristem, stem, and reproductive organ development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengke Jiang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Research Center for Modern Agriculture of the Middle East, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuhui Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Research Center for Modern Agriculture of the Middle East, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuhan Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Research Center for Modern Agriculture of the Middle East, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jing Shang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Research Center for Modern Agriculture of the Middle East, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xin Sun
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Research Center for Modern Agriculture of the Middle East, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Junbo Du
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Research Center for Modern Agriculture of the Middle East, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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25
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Ge S, Zhang RX, Wang YF, Sun P, Chu J, Li J, Sun P, Wang J, Hetherington AM, Liang YK. The Arabidopsis Rab protein RABC1 affects stomatal development by regulating lipid droplet dynamics. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:4274-4292. [PMID: 35929087 PMCID: PMC9614440 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are evolutionarily conserved organelles that serve as hubs of cellular lipid and energy metabolism in virtually all organisms. Mobilization of LDs is important in light-induced stomatal opening. However, whether and how LDs are involved in stomatal development remains unknown. We show here that Arabidopsis thaliana LIPID DROPLETS AND STOMATA 1 (LDS1)/RABC1 (At1g43890) encodes a member of the Rab GTPase family that is involved in regulating LD dynamics and stomatal morphogenesis. The expression of RABC1 is coordinated with the different phases of stomatal development. RABC1 targets to the surface of LDs in response to oleic acid application in a RABC1GEF1-dependent manner. RABC1 physically interacts with SEIPIN2/3, two orthologues of mammalian seipin, which function in the formation of LDs. Disruption of RABC1, RABC1GEF1, or SEIPIN2/3 resulted in aberrantly large LDs, severe defects in guard cell vacuole morphology, and stomatal function. In conclusion, these findings reveal an aspect of LD function and uncover a role for lipid metabolism in stomatal development in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yi-Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Pengyue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiaheng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Alistair M Hetherington
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
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26
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Pérez-Bueno ML, Illescas-Miranda J, Martín-Forero AF, de Marcos A, Barón M, Fenoll C, Mena M. An extremely low stomatal density mutant overcomes cooling limitations at supra-optimal temperature by adjusting stomatal size and leaf thickness. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:919299. [PMID: 35937324 PMCID: PMC9355609 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.919299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The impact of global warming on transpiration and photosynthesis would compromise plant fitness, impacting on crop yields and ecosystem functioning. In this frame, we explored the performance of a set of Arabidopsis mutants carrying partial or total loss-of-function alleles of stomatal development genes and displaying distinct stomatal abundances. Using microscopy and non-invasive imaging techniques on this genotype collection, we examined anatomical leaf and stomatal traits, plant growth and development, and physiological performance at optimal (22°C) and supra-optimal (30°C) temperatures. All genotypes showed thermomorphogenetic responses but no signs of heat stress. Data analysis singled out an extremely low stomatal abundance mutant, spch-5. At 22°C, spch-5 had lower transpiration and warmer leaves than the wild type. However, at 30°C, this mutant developed larger stomata and thinner leaves, paralleled by a notable cooling capacity, similar to that of the wild type. Despite their low stomatal density (SD), spch-5 plants grown at 30°C showed no photosynthesis or growth penalties. The behavior of spch-5 at supra-optimal temperature exemplifies how the effect of very low stomatal numbers can be counteracted by a combination of larger stomata and thinner leaves. Furthermore, it provides a novel strategy for coping with high growth temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Luisa Pérez-Bueno
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Amanda F. Martín-Forero
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Alberto de Marcos
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Matilde Barón
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Carmen Fenoll
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Montaña Mena
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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27
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Le Gloanec C, Collet L, Silveira SR, Wang B, Routier-Kierzkowska AL, Kierzkowski D. Cell type-specific dynamics underlie cellular growth variability in plants. Development 2022; 149:276118. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.200783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Coordination of growth, patterning and differentiation is required for shaping organs in multicellular organisms. In plants, cell growth is controlled by positional information, yet the behavior of individual cells is often highly heterogeneous. The origin of this variability is still unclear. Using time-lapse imaging, we determined the source and relevance of cellular growth variability in developing organs of Arabidopsis thaliana. We show that growth is more heterogeneous in the leaf blade than in the midrib and petiole, correlating with higher local differences in growth rates between neighboring cells in the blade. This local growth variability coincides with developing stomata. Stomatal lineages follow a specific, time-dependent growth program that is different from that of their surroundings. Quantification of cellular dynamics in the leaves of a mutant lacking stomata, as well as analysis of floral organs, supports the idea that growth variability is mainly driven by stomata differentiation. Thus, the cell-autonomous behavior of specialized cells is the main source of local growth variability in otherwise homogeneously growing tissue. Those growth differences are buffered by the immediate neighbors of stomata and trichomes to achieve robust organ shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Le Gloanec
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
- Université de Montréal , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
| | - Loann Collet
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
- Université de Montréal , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
| | - Sylvia R. Silveira
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
- Université de Montréal , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
| | - Binghan Wang
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
- Université de Montréal , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
| | - Anne-Lise Routier-Kierzkowska
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
- Université de Montréal , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
| | - Daniel Kierzkowski
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
- Université de Montréal , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
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Clark JW, Harris BJ, Hetherington AJ, Hurtado-Castano N, Brench RA, Casson S, Williams TA, Gray JE, Hetherington AM. The origin and evolution of stomata. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R539-R553. [PMID: 35671732 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The acquisition of stomata is one of the key innovations that led to the colonisation of the terrestrial environment by the earliest land plants. However, our understanding of the origin, evolution and the ancestral function of stomata is incomplete. Phylogenomic analyses indicate that, firstly, stomata are ancient structures, present in the common ancestor of land plants, prior to the divergence of bryophytes and tracheophytes and, secondly, there has been reductive stomatal evolution, especially in the bryophytes (with complete loss in the liverworts). From a review of the evidence, we conclude that the capacity of stomata to open and close in response to signals such as ABA, CO2 and light (hydroactive movement) is an ancestral state, is present in all lineages and likely predates the divergence of the bryophytes and tracheophytes. We reject the hypothesis that hydroactive movement was acquired with the emergence of the gymnosperms. We also conclude that the role of stomata in the earliest land plants was to optimise carbon gain per unit water loss. There remain many other unanswered questions concerning the evolution and especially the origin of stomata. To address these questions, it will be necessary to: find more fossils representing the earliest land plants, revisit the existing early land plant fossil record in the light of novel phylogenomic hypotheses and carry out more functional studies that include both tracheophytes and bryophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Clark
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK.
| | - Brogan J Harris
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Alexander J Hetherington
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Natalia Hurtado-Castano
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soils, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Robert A Brench
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soils, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Stuart Casson
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soils, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Tom A Williams
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Julie E Gray
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soils, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Alistair M Hetherington
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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29
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Yi P, Goshima G. Division site determination during asymmetric cell division in plants. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:2120-2139. [PMID: 35201345 PMCID: PMC9134084 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
During development, both animals and plants exploit asymmetric cell division (ACD) to increase tissue complexity, a process that usually generates cells dissimilar in size, morphology, and fate. Plants lack the key regulators that control ACD in animals. Instead, plants have evolved two unique cytoskeletal structures to tackle this problem: the preprophase band (PPB) and phragmoplast. The assembly of the PPB and phragmoplast and their contributions to division plane orientation have been extensively studied. However, how the division plane is positioned off the cell center during asymmetric division is poorly understood. Over the past 20 years, emerging evidence points to a critical role for polarly localized membrane proteins in this process. Although many of these proteins are species- or cell type specific, and the molecular mechanism underlying division asymmetry is not fully understood, common features such as morphological changes in cells, cytoskeletal dynamics, and nuclear positioning have been observed. In this review, we provide updates on polarity establishment and nuclear positioning during ACD in plants. Together with previous findings about symmetrically dividing cells and the emerging roles of developmental cues, we aim to offer evolutionary insight into a common framework for asymmetric division-site determination and highlight directions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peishan Yi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Gohta Goshima
- Sugashima Marine Biological Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Toba 517-0004, Japan
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya Aichi 464-8602, Japan
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30
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Sathee L, Jain V. Interaction of elevated CO 2 and form of nitrogen nutrition alters leaf abaxial and adaxial epidermal and stomatal anatomy of wheat seedlings. PROTOPLASMA 2022; 259:703-716. [PMID: 34374877 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01692-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant's stomatal physiology and anatomical features are highly plastic and are influenced by diverse environmental signals including the concentration of atmospheric CO2 and nutrient availability. Recent reports suggest that the form of nitrogen (N) is a determinant of plant growth and nutrient nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) under elevated CO2 (EC). Previously, we found that high nitrate availability resulted in early senescence, enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) production and also that mixed nutrition of nitrate and ammonium ions were beneficial than sole nitrate nutrition in wheat. In this study, the interactive effects of different N forms (nitrate, ammonium, mixed nutrition of nitrate, and ammonium) and EC on epidermal and stomatal morphology were analyzed. Wheat seedlings were grown at two different CO2 levels and supplied with media devoid of N (N0) or with nitrate-N (NN), mixed nutrition of ammonium and nitrate (MN), or only ammonium-N (AN). The stoma length increased significantly in nitrate nutrition with a consistent reduction in stoma width. Guard cell length was higher in EC treatment as compared to AC. The guard cell width was maximum in AN-grown plants at EC. Epidermal cell density and stomatal density were lower at EC. Nitrate nutrition increased the stomatal area at EC while the reverse was true for MN and AN. Wheat plants fertilized with AN showed a higher accumulation of superoxide radical (SOR) at EC, while in NN treatment, the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was higher at EC. Reactive oxygen species, particularly H2O2, can trigger mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) mediated signaling and its crosstalk with abscisic acid (ABA) signaling to regulate stomatal anatomy in nitrate-fed plants. The SOR accumulation in ammonium- and ammonium nitrate-fed plants and H2O2 in NN-fed plants might finely regulate the sensitivity of stomata to alter water/nutrient use efficiency and productivity under EC. The data reveals that the variation in anatomical attributes viz. cell length, number of cells, etc. affected the leaf growth responses to EC and forms of N nutrition. These attributes are fine targets for effective manipulation of growth responses to EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekshmy Sathee
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
| | - Vanita Jain
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
- Agricultural Education Division, ICAR, KAB-II, New Delhi, India.
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31
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Roman AO, Jimenez-Sandoval P, Augustin S, Broyart C, Hothorn LA, Santiago J. HSL1 and BAM1/2 impact epidermal cell development by sensing distinct signaling peptides. Nat Commun 2022; 13:876. [PMID: 35169143 PMCID: PMC8847575 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28558-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane receptor kinases HAESA and HSL2 recognize a family of IDA/IDL signaling peptides to control cell separation processes in different plant organs. The homologous HSL1 has been reported to regulate epidermal cell patterning by interacting with a different class of signaling peptides from the CLE family. Here we demonstrate that HSL1 binds IDA/IDL peptides with high, and CLE peptides with lower affinity, respectively. Ligand sensing capability and receptor activation of HSL1 require a SERK co-receptor kinase. Crystal structures with IDA/IDLs or with CLE9 reveal that HSL1-SERK1 complex recognizes the entire IDA/IDL signaling peptide, while only parts of CLE9 are bound to the receptor. In contrast, the receptor kinase BAM1 interacts with the entire CLE9 peptide with high affinity and specificity. Furthermore, the receptor tandem BAM1/BAM2 regulates epidermal cell division homeostasis. Consequently, HSL1-IDLs and BAM1/BAM2-CLEs independently regulate cell patterning in the leaf epidermal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andra-Octavia Roman
- The Plant Signaling Mechanisms Laboratory, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Jimenez-Sandoval
- The Plant Signaling Mechanisms Laboratory, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Augustin
- The Plant Signaling Mechanisms Laboratory, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Broyart
- The Plant Signaling Mechanisms Laboratory, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ludwig A Hothorn
- Institute of Biostatistics, Leibniz University, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Santiago
- The Plant Signaling Mechanisms Laboratory, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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32
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Zuch DT, Doyle SM, Majda M, Smith RS, Robert S, Torii KU. Cell biology of the leaf epidermis: Fate specification, morphogenesis, and coordination. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:209-227. [PMID: 34623438 PMCID: PMC8774078 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
As the outermost layer of plants, the epidermis serves as a critical interface between plants and the environment. During leaf development, the differentiation of specialized epidermal cell types, including stomatal guard cells, pavement cells, and trichomes, occurs simultaneously, each providing unique and pivotal functions for plant growth and survival. Decades of molecular-genetic and physiological studies have unraveled key players and hormone signaling specifying epidermal differentiation. However, most studies focus on only one cell type at a time, and how these distinct cell types coordinate as a unit is far from well-comprehended. Here we provide a review on the current knowledge of regulatory mechanisms underpinning the fate specification, differentiation, morphogenesis, and positioning of these specialized cell types. Emphasis is given to their shared developmental origins, fate flexibility, as well as cell cycle and hormonal controls. Furthermore, we discuss computational modeling approaches to integrate how mechanical properties of individual epidermal cell types and entire tissue/organ properties mutually influence each other. We hope to illuminate the underlying mechanisms coordinating the cell differentiation that ultimately generate a functional leaf epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Zuch
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Siamsa M Doyle
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå 90183, Sweden
| | - Mateusz Majda
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Richard S Smith
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Stéphanie Robert
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå 90183, Sweden
| | - Keiko U Torii
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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33
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Hõrak H. MYB16 expression in the stomatal lineage: Wrong place at the wrong time leads to stomata side-by-side. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:8-9. [PMID: 35226743 PMCID: PMC8774097 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
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34
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Feitosa-Araujo E, da Fonseca-Pereira P, Knorr LS, Schwarzländer M, Nunes-Nesi A. NAD meets ABA: connecting cellular metabolism and hormone signaling. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:16-28. [PMID: 34426070 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
NAD is a ubiquitous metabolic coenzyme. Although the role of NAD as a central redox shuttle remains of critical interest in plant metabolism, recent evidence indicates that NAD serves additional functions in signaling and regulation. A link with the plant stress hormone abscisic acid (ABA) has emerged on the basis of similar plant phenotypes following interference with NAD or ABA, especially in stomatal development, stomatal movements, responses to pathogens and abiotic stress insults, and seed germination. The association between NAD and ABA regulation appears specific and cannot be accounted for by pleiotropic interference. Here, we review the current picture of the NAD - ABA relationship, discuss emerging candidate mechanisms, and assess avenues to dissect interaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Feitosa-Araujo
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany.
| | - Paula da Fonseca-Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lena S Knorr
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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35
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Brookbank BP, Patel J, Gazzarrini S, Nambara E. Role of Basal ABA in Plant Growth and Development. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12121936. [PMID: 34946886 PMCID: PMC8700873 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) regulates various aspects of plant physiology, including promoting seed dormancy and adaptive responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. In addition, ABA plays an im-portant role in growth and development under non-stressed conditions. This review summarizes phenotypes of ABA biosynthesis and signaling mutants to clarify the roles of basal ABA in growth and development. The promotive and inhibitive actions of ABA in growth are characterized by stunted and enhanced growth of ABA-deficient and insensitive mutants, respectively. Growth regulation by ABA is both promotive and inhibitive, depending on the context, such as concentrations, tissues, and environmental conditions. Basal ABA regulates local growth including hyponastic growth, skotomorphogenesis and lateral root growth. At the cellular level, basal ABA is essential for proper chloroplast biogenesis, central metabolism, and expression of cell-cycle genes. Basal ABA also regulates epidermis development in the shoot, by inhibiting stomatal development, and deposition of hydrophobic polymers like a cuticular wax layer covering the leaf surface. In the root, basal ABA is involved in xylem differentiation and suberization of the endodermis. Hormone crosstalk plays key roles in growth and developmental processes regulated by ABA. Phenotypes of ABA-deficient and insensitive mutants indicate prominent functions of basal ABA in plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P. Brookbank
- Department of Cells and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M3S 3G5, Canada; (B.P.B.); (J.P.)
| | - Jasmin Patel
- Department of Cells and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M3S 3G5, Canada; (B.P.B.); (J.P.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Sonia Gazzarrini
- Department of Cells and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M3S 3G5, Canada; (B.P.B.); (J.P.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
- Correspondence: (S.G.); (E.N.)
| | - Eiji Nambara
- Department of Cells and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M3S 3G5, Canada; (B.P.B.); (J.P.)
- Correspondence: (S.G.); (E.N.)
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Nir I, Amador G, Gong Y, Smoot NK, Cai L, Shohat H, Bergmann DC. Evolution of polarity protein BASL and the capacity for stomatal lineage asymmetric divisions. Curr Biol 2021; 32:329-337.e5. [PMID: 34847354 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric and oriented stem cell divisions enable the continued production of patterned tissues. The molecules that guide these divisions include several "polarity proteins" that are localized to discrete plasma membrane domains, are differentially inherited during asymmetric divisions, and whose scaffolding activities can guide division plane orientation and subsequent cell fates. In the stomatal lineages on the surfaces of plant leaves, asymmetric and oriented divisions create distinct cell types in physiologically optimized patterns. The polarity protein BREAKING OF ASYMMETRY IN THE STOMATAL LINEAGE (BASL) is a major regulator of stomatal lineage division and cell fate asymmetries in Arabidopsis, but its role in the stomatal lineages of other plants is unclear. Here, using phylogenetic and functional assays, we demonstrate that BASL is a eudicot-specific polarity protein. Dicot BASL orthologs can polarize in heterologous systems and rescue the Arabidopsis BASL mutant. The more widely distributed BASL-like proteins, although they share BASL's conserved C-terminal domain, are neither polarized nor do they function in asymmetric divisions of the stomatal lineage. Comparison of BASL protein localization and loss of function BASL phenotypes in Arabidopsis and tomato revealed previously unappreciated differences in how asymmetric cell divisions are employed for pattern formation in different species. This multi-species analysis therefore provides insight into the evolution of a unique polarity regulator and into the developmental choices available to cells as they build and pattern tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ido Nir
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gabriel Amador
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yan Gong
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nicole K Smoot
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Le Cai
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hagai Shohat
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Dominique C Bergmann
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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37
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Doll Y, Koga H, Tsukaya H. Callitriche as a potential model system for evolutionary studies on the dorsiventral distribution of stomata. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1978201. [PMID: 34538209 PMCID: PMC8525970 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1978201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the distribution of stomata is crucial for the adaptation of plants to new, or changing environments. While many plant species produce stomata predominantly on the abaxial leaf surface (hypostomy), some produce stomata on both surfaces (amphistomy), and the remaining few produce them only on the adaxial surface (hyperstomy). Various selective pressures have driven the evolution of these three modes of stomatal distribution. Despite recent advances in our understanding of stomatal development and dorsiventral leaf polarity, the genetic basis for the evolution of different stomatal distributions is still unclear. Here, we propose the genus Callitriche as a new model system to investigate patterns in the evolution of stomatal distribution. Callitriche comprises species with diverse lifestyles, including terrestrial, amphibious, and obligately aquatic plants. We found that species in this genus cover all three modes of dorsiventral stomatal distribution, making it a desirable model for comparative and evolutionary analyses on distribution modes. We further characterized the genetic basis of the different distribution modes, focusing on the stomatal key transcription factor SPEECHLESS. Future research using the promising model system Callitriche would open a new direction for evolutionary developmental biology studies on stomata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Doll
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koga
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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38
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Lucas JR. Appearance of microtubules at the cytokinesis to interphase transition in Arabidopsis thaliana. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2021; 78:361-371. [PMID: 34569724 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule arrays drastically reorganize during the cell cycle to facilitate specific events. Many cells contain a centrosome that dictates the assembly and organization of microtubule arrays. However, plant cells and many others do not contain centrosomes or discrete microtubule organizing centers. In plants, microtubules nucleate and polymerize from gamma-tubulin-containing complexes in the interphase cell cortex. During plant cell division, microtubules nucleate near nuclei to form the mitotic spindle and plant-specific phragmoplast required for cytokinesis. Therefore, during the plant cell cycle, microtubule nucleation shifts from cell cortex to the perinuclear region. While it is unclear how this shift occurs, previous studies observed microtubules that appeared to extend from nuclei into the cortex as cells transitioned into interphase in small cells. These data led to the hypothesis that microtubule nucleation complexes move from the nuclear surface to the cortex at the transition from cytokinesis into interphase. Here we document GFP labeled microtubules in living plant cells during the transition from cytokinesis to interphase. We observed apparent groups of microtubules spanning between the nucleus and cell cortex in large, vacuolated epidermal leaf cells. We also observed microtubules in the cell cortex that appeared separate from perinuclear-associated microtubules. While these cortical microtubules were not always seen, when present they were apparent before cytokinesis was complete and/or before nuclear-associated microtubules were obvious. These data add to and deepen the knowledge of microtubule reorganization at this cell cycle transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Lucas
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh, Oshkosh, Wisconsin, USA
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39
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Lopez-Anido CB, Vatén A, Smoot NK, Sharma N, Guo V, Gong Y, Anleu Gil MX, Weimer AK, Bergmann DC. Single-cell resolution of lineage trajectories in the Arabidopsis stomatal lineage and developing leaf. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1043-1055.e4. [PMID: 33823130 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic cell identities underlie flexible developmental programs. The stomatal lineage in the Arabidopsis leaf epidermis features asynchronous and indeterminate divisions that can be modulated by environmental cues. The products of the lineage, stomatal guard cells and pavement cells, regulate plant-atmosphere exchanges, and the epidermis as a whole influences overall leaf growth. How flexibility is encoded in development of the stomatal lineage and how cell fates are coordinated in the leaf are open questions. Here, by leveraging single-cell transcriptomics and molecular genetics, we uncovered models of cell differentiation within Arabidopsis leaf tissue. Profiles across leaf tissues identified points of regulatory congruence. In the stomatal lineage, single-cell resolution resolved underlying cell heterogeneity within early stages and provided a fine-grained profile of guard cell differentiation. Through integration of genome-scale datasets and spatiotemporally precise functional manipulations, we also identified an extended role for the transcriptional regulator SPEECHLESS in reinforcing cell fate commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila B Lopez-Anido
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA
| | - Anne Vatén
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA
| | - Nicole K Smoot
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA
| | - Nidhi Sharma
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA
| | - Victoria Guo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA
| | - Yan Gong
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA
| | - M Ximena Anleu Gil
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA
| | - Annika K Weimer
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA
| | - Dominique C Bergmann
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA.
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40
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Menon G, Schulten A, Dean C, Howard M. Digital paradigm for Polycomb epigenetic switching and memory. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 61:102012. [PMID: 33662809 PMCID: PMC8250048 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
How epigenetic memory states are established and maintained is a central question in gene regulation. A major epigenetic process important for developmental biology involves Polycomb-mediated chromatin silencing. Significant progress has recently been made on elucidating Polycomb silencing in plant systems through analysis of Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). Quantitative silencing of FLC by prolonged cold exposure was shown to represent an ON to OFF switch in an increasing proportion of cells. Here, we review the underlying all-or-nothing, digital paradigm for Polycomb epigenetic silencing. We then examine other Arabidopsis Polycomb-regulated targets where digital regulation may also be relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govind Menon
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Anna Schulten
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Caroline Dean
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Martin Howard
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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41
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Lopez-Anido CB, Vatén A, Smoot NK, Sharma N, Guo V, Gong Y, Anleu Gil MX, Weimer AK, Bergmann DC. Single-cell resolution of lineage trajectories in the Arabidopsis stomatal lineage and developing leaf. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1043-1055.e4. [PMID: 33823130 DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.08.288498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic cell identities underlie flexible developmental programs. The stomatal lineage in the Arabidopsis leaf epidermis features asynchronous and indeterminate divisions that can be modulated by environmental cues. The products of the lineage, stomatal guard cells and pavement cells, regulate plant-atmosphere exchanges, and the epidermis as a whole influences overall leaf growth. How flexibility is encoded in development of the stomatal lineage and how cell fates are coordinated in the leaf are open questions. Here, by leveraging single-cell transcriptomics and molecular genetics, we uncovered models of cell differentiation within Arabidopsis leaf tissue. Profiles across leaf tissues identified points of regulatory congruence. In the stomatal lineage, single-cell resolution resolved underlying cell heterogeneity within early stages and provided a fine-grained profile of guard cell differentiation. Through integration of genome-scale datasets and spatiotemporally precise functional manipulations, we also identified an extended role for the transcriptional regulator SPEECHLESS in reinforcing cell fate commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila B Lopez-Anido
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA
| | - Anne Vatén
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA
| | - Nicole K Smoot
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA
| | - Nidhi Sharma
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA
| | - Victoria Guo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA
| | - Yan Gong
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA
| | - M Ximena Anleu Gil
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA
| | - Annika K Weimer
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA
| | - Dominique C Bergmann
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA.
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42
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Wei H, Jing Y, Zhang L, Kong D. Phytohormones and their crosstalk in regulating stomatal development and patterning. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2356-2370. [PMID: 33512461 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones play important roles in regulating various aspects of plant growth and development as well as in biotic and abiotic stress responses. Stomata are openings on the surface of land plants that control gas exchange with the environment. Accumulating evidence shows that various phytohormones, including abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, brassinosteroids, auxin, cytokinin, ethylene, and gibberellic acid, play many roles in the regulation of stomatal development and patterning, and that the cotyledons/leaves and hypocotyls/stems of Arabidopsis exhibit differential responsiveness to phytohormones. In this review, we first discuss the shared regulatory mechanisms controlling stomatal development and patterning in Arabidopsis cotyledons and hypocotyls and those that are distinct. We then summarize current knowledge of how distinct hormonal signaling circuits are integrated into the core stomatal development pathways and how different phytohormones crosstalk to tailor stomatal density and spacing patterns. Knowledge obtained from Arabidopsis may pave the way for future research to elucidate the effects of phytohormones in regulating stomatal development and patterning in cereal grasses for the purpose of increasing crop adaptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yifeng Jing
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Dexin Kong
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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43
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A single-cell analysis of the Arabidopsis vegetative shoot apex. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1056-1074.e8. [PMID: 33725481 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The shoot apical meristem allows for reiterative formation of new aerial structures throughout the life cycle of a plant. We use single-cell RNA sequencing to define the cellular taxonomy of the Arabidopsis vegetative shoot apex at the transcriptome level. We find that the shoot apex is composed of highly heterogeneous cells, which can be partitioned into 7 broad populations with 23 transcriptionally distinct cell clusters. We delineate cell-cycle continuums and developmental trajectories of epidermal cells, vascular tissue, and leaf mesophyll cells and infer transcription factors and gene expression signatures associated with cell fate decisions. Integrative analysis of shoot and root apical cell populations further reveals common and distinct features of epidermal and vascular tissues. Our results, thus, offer a valuable resource for investigating the basic principles underlying cell division and differentiation in plants at single-cell resolution.
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44
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Frangedakis E, Shimamura M, Villarreal JC, Li FW, Tomaselli M, Waller M, Sakakibara K, Renzaglia KS, Szövényi P. The hornworts: morphology, evolution and development. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:735-754. [PMID: 32790880 PMCID: PMC7881058 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Extant land plants consist of two deeply divergent groups, tracheophytes and bryophytes, which shared a common ancestor some 500 million years ago. While information about vascular plants and the two of the three lineages of bryophytes, the mosses and liverworts, is steadily accumulating, the biology of hornworts remains poorly explored. Yet, as the sister group to liverworts and mosses, hornworts are critical in understanding the evolution of key land plant traits. Until recently, there was no hornwort model species amenable to systematic experimental investigation, which hampered detailed insight into the molecular biology and genetics of this unique group of land plants. The emerging hornwort model species, Anthoceros agrestis, is instrumental in our efforts to better understand not only hornwort biology but also fundamental questions of land plant evolution. To this end, here we provide an overview of hornwort biology and current research on the model plant A. agrestis to highlight its potential in answering key questions of land plant biology and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masaki Shimamura
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Juan Carlos Villarreal
- Department of Biology, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Panamá
| | - Fay-Wei Li
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York, 14853-1801, USA
- Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853-1801, USA
| | - Marta Tomaselli
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 EA, UK
| | - Manuel Waller
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Keiko Sakakibara
- Department of Life Science, Rikkyo University, Tokyo, 171-8501, Japan
| | - Karen S. Renzaglia
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Illinois, 62901, USA
| | - Péter Szövényi
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
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45
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Han SK, Kwak JM, Qi X. Stomatal Lineage Control by Developmental Program and Environmental Cues. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:751852. [PMID: 34707632 PMCID: PMC8542704 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.751852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are micropores that allow plants to breathe and play a critical role in photosynthesis and nutrient uptake by regulating gas exchange and transpiration. Stomatal development, therefore, is optimized for survival and growth of the plant despite variable environmental conditions. Signaling cascades and transcriptional networks that determine the birth, proliferation, and differentiation of a stomate have been identified. These networks ensure proper stomatal patterning, density, and polarity. Environmental cues also influence stomatal development. In this review, we highlight recent findings regarding the developmental program governing cell fate and dynamics of stomatal lineage cells at the cell state- or single-cell level. We also overview the control of stomatal development by environmental cues as well as developmental plasticity associated with stomatal function and physiology. Recent advances in our understanding of stomatal development will provide a route to improving photosynthesis and water-stress resilience of crop plants in the climate change we currently face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Ki Han
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Soon-Ki Han,
| | - June M. Kwak
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Xingyun Qi
- Department of Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, United States
- Xingyun Qi,
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46
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Roeder AHK. Arabidopsis sepals: A model system for the emergent process of morphogenesis. QUANTITATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 2:e14. [PMID: 36798428 PMCID: PMC9931181 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2021.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
During development, Arabidopsis thaliana sepal primordium cells grow, divide and interact with their neighbours, giving rise to a sepal with the correct size, shape and form. Arabidopsis sepals have proven to be a good system for elucidating the emergent processes driving morphogenesis due to their simplicity, their accessibility for imaging and manipulation, and their reproducible development. Sepals undergo a basipetal gradient of growth, with cessation of cell division, slow growth and maturation starting at the tip of the sepal and progressing to the base. In this review, I discuss five recent examples of processes during sepal morphogenesis that yield emergent properties: robust size, tapered tip shape, laminar shape, scattered giant cells and complex gene expression patterns. In each case, experiments examining the dynamics of sepal development led to the hypotheses of local rules. In each example, a computational model was used to demonstrate that these local rules are sufficient to give rise to the emergent properties of morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne H. K. Roeder
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science and Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Author for correspondence: Adrienne H. K. Roeder, E-mail:
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47
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Chan J, Mansfield C, Clouet F, Dorussen D, Coen E. Intrinsic Cell Polarity Coupled to Growth Axis Formation in Tobacco BY-2 Cells. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4999-5006.e3. [PMID: 33035485 PMCID: PMC7758729 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Several plant proteins are preferentially localized to one end of a cell, allowing a polarity to be assigned to the cell. These cell polarity proteins often exhibit coordinated patterns between neighboring cells, termed tissue cell polarity. Tissue cell polarity is widespread in plants and can influence how cells grow, divide, and differentiate [1-5]. However, it is unclear whether cell polarity is established through cell-intrinsic or -extrinsic mechanisms and how polarity is coupled to growth. To address these issues, we analyzed the behavior of a tissue cell polarity protein BASL (BREAKING OF ASYMMETRY IN THE STOMATAL LINEAGE) in the simplifying context of cultured cell filaments and in protoplasts before and during regeneration. We show that BASL is polarly localized when ectopically expressed in tobacco BY-2 cell cultures. Ectopic BASL is found preferentially at the developing tips of cell filaments, likely marking a polarized molecular address. Polarity can shift during the cell cycle and is resistant to treatment with microtubule, actin or auxin transport inhibitors. BASL also exhibits polar localization in spherical protoplasts, in contrast to other polarity proteins so far tested. BASL polarity within protoplasts is dynamic and resistant to auxin transport inhibitors. As protoplasts regenerate, polarity remains dynamic in isotropically growing cells but becomes fixed in anisotropic cells and aligns with the axis of cell growth. Our findings suggest that plant cells have an intrinsic ability to polarize and that environmental or developmental cues may act by biasing the direction of this polarity and thus the orientation of anisotropic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Chan
- John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
| | | | | | | | - Enrico Coen
- John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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48
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Samakovli D, Komis G, Šamaj J. Uncovering the Genetic Networks Driving Stomatal Lineage Development. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1355-1357. [PMID: 32866672 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Despina Samakovli
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - George Komis
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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49
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Desvoyes B, Gutierrez C. Roles of plant retinoblastoma protein: cell cycle and beyond. EMBO J 2020; 39:e105802. [PMID: 32865261 PMCID: PMC7527812 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human retinoblastoma (RB1) protein is a tumor suppressor that negatively regulates cell cycle progression through its interaction with members of the E2F/DP family of transcription factors. However, RB-related (RBR) proteins are an early acquisition during eukaryote evolution present in plant lineages, including unicellular algae, ancient plants (ferns, lycophytes, liverworts, mosses), gymnosperms, and angiosperms. The main RBR protein domains and interactions with E2Fs are conserved in all eukaryotes and not only regulate the G1/S transition but also the G2/M transition, as part of DREAM complexes. RBR proteins are also important for asymmetric cell division, stem cell maintenance, and the DNA damage response (DDR). RBR proteins play crucial roles at every developmental phase transition, in association with chromatin factors, as well as during the reproductive phase during female and male gametes production and embryo development. Here, we review the processes where plant RBR proteins play a role and discuss possible avenues of research to obtain a full picture of the multifunctional roles of RBR for plant life.
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50
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Gaberščik A, Grašič M, Vogel-Mikuš K, Germ M, Golob A. Water Shortage Strongly Alters Formation of Calcium Oxalate Druse Crystals and Leaf Traits in Fagopyrum esculentum. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E917. [PMID: 32698521 PMCID: PMC7411882 DOI: 10.3390/plants9070917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) is a robust plant with high resistance to different environmental constraints. It contains high levels of calcium oxalate (CaOx) druse crystals, although their role remains obscure. The objective was to examine the effects of water shortage on plant biomass partition and leaf traits and formation of CaOx druse crystals in common buckwheat. Buckwheat plants were exposed to favorable and reduced water availability for 28 days. The element composition and morphological, biochemical, physiological and optical traits of the leaves, and the plant biomass were investigated under these conditions. Measurements of photochemical efficiency of photosystem II showed undisturbed functioning for buckwheat exposed to water shortage, apparently due to partially closed stomata and more efficient water regulation. Strong relationships were seen between water-related parameters and Ca, Mn and S content, and size and density of CaOx druse crystals. Redundancy analysis revealed the importance of the size of CaOx druse crystals to explain reflection in the UV range. Water shortage resulted in shorter plants with the same leaf mass (i.e., increased mass:height ratio), which, together with denser leaf tissue and higher content of photosynthetic pigments and protective substances, provides an advantage under extreme weather conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alenka Gaberščik
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.G.); (M.G.); (K.V.-M.); (A.G.)
| | - Mateja Grašič
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.G.); (M.G.); (K.V.-M.); (A.G.)
| | - Katarina Vogel-Mikuš
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.G.); (M.G.); (K.V.-M.); (A.G.)
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mateja Germ
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.G.); (M.G.); (K.V.-M.); (A.G.)
| | - Aleksandra Golob
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.G.); (M.G.); (K.V.-M.); (A.G.)
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