1
|
Cheng L, Pei J, Chen X, Shi F, Bao Z, Hou Q, Zhi L, Zong S, Tao J. Cold tolerance and metabolism of red-haired pine bark beetle Hylurgus ligniperda (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) during the overwintering period. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2024:toae137. [PMID: 38956822 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toae137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Hylurgus ligniperda invaded Shandong, China, through imported forest timber, posing a threat to China's forest health. Exotic insects with broad environmental tolerance, including low temperatures, may have a better chance of surviving the winters and becoming invasive. Understanding the cold-tolerance strategies of H. ligniperda may help to design sustainable pest management approaches. In this study, we aim to investigate the cold-tolerance ability and relevant physiological indicators in overwintering H. ligniperda adults to determine any possible overwintering strategies. Supercooling points (SCPs) for adults H. ligniperda differed significantly across months and reached the lowest level in the mid- and post-overwintering period, the minimum SCPs -6.45 ± 0.18 °C. As the cold exposure temperature decreased, the survival rate of adults gradually decreased, and no adult survived more than 1 day at -15 °C, and the LLT50 for 1 day was -7.1 °C. Since H. ligniperda adults can survive internal ice formation, they are freeze-tolerant insects. Throughout the overwintering period, the SCPs and the water, protein, sorbitol, and glycerol content in adults decreased initially and then increased. We reported significant correlations between total protein, sorbitol, trehalose, and glycerol content in the beetles and SCPs. Glycogen, lipid, protein, trehalose, and sorbitol content in adult beetles may directly affect their cold-tolerance capacity and survival during winter. This study provides a physiological and biochemical basis for further study of metabolism and cold-tolerance strategies in H. ligniperda adults, which may help predict population dynamics and distribution potential of pests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahe Pei
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuesong Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Fengming Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhashenjiacan Bao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Qidi Hou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingxu Zhi
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Shixiang Zong
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Tao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Morales-Quintana L, Rabert C, Mendez-Yañez A, Ramos P. Transcriptional and structural analysis of non-specific lipid transfer proteins modulated by fungal endophytes in Antarctic plants under drought. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14359. [PMID: 38797943 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) play crucial roles in various biological processes in plants, such as pollen tube adhesion, phospholipid transfer, cuticle synthesis, and response to abiotic stress. While a few members of the non-specific LTPs (nsLTPs) have been identified, their structural characteristics remain largely unexplored. Given the observed improvement in the performance of Antarctic plants facing water deficit when associated with fungal endophytes, this study aimed to assess the role of these symbiotic organisms in the transcriptional modulation of putative nsLTPs. The study focused on identifying and characterizing two nsLTP in the Antarctic plant Colobanthus quitensis that exhibit responsiveness to drought stress. Furthermore, we investigated the influence of Antarctic endophytic fungi on the expression profiles of these nsLTPs, as these fungi have been known to enhance plant physiological and biochemical performance under water deficit conditions. Through 3D modeling, docking, and molecular dynamics simulations with different substrates, the conducted structural and ligand-protein interaction analyses showed that differentially expressed nsLTPs displayed the ability to interact with various ligands, with a higher affinity towards palmitoyl-CoA. Overall, our findings suggest a regulatory mechanism for the expression of these two nsLTPs in Colobanthus quitensis under drought stress, further modulated by the presence of endophytic fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Morales-Quintana
- Multidisciplinary Agroindustry Research Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Claudia Rabert
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco, Chile
| | - Angela Mendez-Yañez
- Multidisciplinary Agroindustry Research Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Patricio Ramos
- Plant-microorganisms Interaction Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mbande A, Mutamiswa R, Chidawanyika F. Ontogenetic responses of physiological fitness in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in response to repeated cold exposure. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2023; 113:449-455. [PMID: 37587795 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485323000111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
In this era of global climate change, intrinsic rapid and evolutionary responses of invasive agricultural pests to thermal variability are of concern given the potential implications on their biogeography and dire consequences on human food security. For insects, chill coma recovery time (CCRT) and critical thermal minima (CTmin), the point at which neuromuscular coordination is lost following cold exposure, remain good indices for cold tolerance. Using laboratory-reared Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), we explored cold tolerance repeated exposure across life stages of this invasive insect pest. Specifically, we measured their CTmin and CCRT across four consecutive assays, each 24 h apart. In addition, we assessed body water content (BWC) and body lipid content (BLC) of the life stages. Our results showed that CTmin improved with repeated exposure in 5th instar larvae, virgin males and females while CCRT improved in 4th, 5th and 6th instar larvae following repeated cold exposure. In addition, the results revealed evidence of cold hardening in this invasive insect pest. However, there was no correlation between cold tolerance and BWC as well as BLC. Our results show capacity for cold hardening and population persistence of S. frugiperda in cooler environments. This suggests potential of fall armyworm (FAW) to withstand considerable harsh winter environments typical of its recently invaded geographic range in sub-Saharan Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abongile Mbande
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Reyard Mutamiswa
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- Tugwi-Mukosi Multidisciplinary Research Institute, Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Frank Chidawanyika
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Benoit JB, McCluney KE, DeGennaro MJ, Dow JAT. Dehydration Dynamics in Terrestrial Arthropods: From Water Sensing to Trophic Interactions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 68:129-149. [PMID: 36270273 PMCID: PMC9936378 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120120-091609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Since the transition from water to land, maintaining water balance has been a key challenge for terrestrial arthropods. We explore factors that allow terrestrial arthropods to survive within a variably dry world and how they shape ecological interactions. Detection of water and hydration is critical for maintaining water content. Efficient regulation of internal water content is accomplished by excretory and osmoregulatory systems that balance water intake and loss. Biochemical and physiological responses are necessary as water content declines to prevent and repair the damage that occurs during dehydration. Desiccation avoidance can occur seasonally or daily via a move to more favorable areas. Dehydration and its avoidance have ecological impacts that extend beyond a single species to alter trophic interactions. As climate changes, evolutionary and ecological processes will be critical to species survival during drought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA;
| | - Kevin E McCluney
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA;
| | - Matthew J DeGennaro
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University and Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Miami, Florida, USA;
| | - Julian A T Dow
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sieger J, Brümmer F, Ahn H, Lee G, Kim S, Schill RO. Reduced ageing in the frozen state in the tardigrade
Milnesium inceptum
(Eutardigrada: Apochela). J Zool (1987) 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Sieger
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart Stuttgart Germany
| | - F. Brümmer
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart Stuttgart Germany
| | - H. Ahn
- Department of Life Sciences Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang South Korea
| | - G. Lee
- Department of Life Sciences Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang South Korea
| | - S. Kim
- Department of Life Sciences Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang South Korea
| | - R. O. Schill
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart Stuttgart Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Devlin JJ, Unfried L, Lecheta MC, McCabe EA, Gantz J, Kawarasaki Y, Elnitsky MA, Hotaling S, Michel AP, Convey P, Hayward SAL, Teets NM. Simulated winter warming negatively impacts survival of Antarctica's only endemic insect. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jack J. Devlin
- Department of Entomology University of Kentucky Lexington KY USA
| | - Laura Unfried
- Department of Entomology University of Kentucky Lexington KY USA
| | | | | | - Josiah D. Gantz
- Department of Biology and Health Sciences Hendrix College Conway AR USA
| | - Yuta Kawarasaki
- Department of Biology Gustavus Adolphus College Saint Peter MN USA
| | | | - Scott Hotaling
- School of Biological Sciences Washington State University Pullman WA USA
| | - Andrew P. Michel
- Department of Entomology The Ohio State University Wooster OH USA
| | - Peter Convey
- British Antarctic Survey Natural Environment Research Council Cambridge UK
- Department of Zoology University of Johannesburg Auckland Park South Africa
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hůla P, Moos M, Des Marteaux L, Šimek P, Koštál V. Insect cross-tolerance to freezing and drought stress: role of metabolic rearrangement. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220308. [PMID: 35673862 PMCID: PMC9174702 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of trehalose has been suggested as a mechanism underlying insect cross-tolerance to cold/freezing and drought. Here we show that exposing diapausing larvae of the drosophilid fly, Chymomyza costata to dry conditions significantly stimulates their freeze tolerance. It does not, however, improve their tolerance to desiccation, nor does it significantly affect trehalose concentrations. Next, we use metabolomics to compare the complex alterations to intermediary metabolism pathways in response to three environmental factors with different ecological meanings: environmental drought (an environmental stressor causing mortality), decreasing ambient temperatures (an acclimation stimulus for improvement of cold hardiness), and short days (an environmental signal inducing diapause). We show that all three factors trigger qualitatively similar metabolic rearrangement and a similar phenotypic outcome-improved larval freeze tolerance. The similarities in metabolic response include (but are not restricted to) the accumulation of typical compatible solutes and the accumulation of energy-rich molecules (phosphagens). Based on these results, we suggest that transition to metabolic suppression (a state in which chemical energy demand is relatively low but need for stabilization of macromolecules is high) represents a common axis of metabolic pathway reorganization towards accumulation of non-toxic cytoprotective compounds, which in turn stimulates larval freeze tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Hůla
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Moos
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lauren Des Marteaux
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šimek
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Koštál
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Agwunobi DO, Pei T, Bai R, Wang Z, Shi X, Zhang M, Yu Z, Liu J. miR-2a and miR-279 are functionally associated with cold tolerance in Dermacentor silvarum (Acari: Ixodidae). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2022; 41:100946. [PMID: 34872025 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ticks are obligate blood-sucking ectoparasites that can attack mammals, birds, reptiles as well as amphibians. Dermacentor silvarum, an important vector of various pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and protozoans, is widely distributed in China. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are ~22 nucleotide non-coding small RNA molecules, involved in the regulation of various physiological and cellular processes. Previous studies demonstrated the vital roles of miRNAs during the reproduction and development of ticks, whereas, the regulatory/functional roles of microRNAs during the cold response of ticks remain unexplored. Here, we identified and functionally explored D. silvarum miRNAs involved in cold response to gain further understanding of the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying cold stress in ticks. The microRNA libraries of D. silvarum were established via high-throughput sequencing after exposure to different cold treatments. A total of 147 miRNAs, including 44 known miRNAs and 103 new miRNAs, were identified. The verification of six highly differentially expressed miRNAs (miR-2a, miR-5305, miR-7, miR-279, miR-993, and novel-3) via RT-qPCR were consistent with the high-throughput sequence results. miR-2a peaked by day 6 and miR-279 expression was lowest by day 3 after cold treatment. The potential target genes of miR-2a and miR-279 were the glycogen phosphorylase (GPase) gene and serine gene, respectively. After injecting D. silvarum ticks with miR-2a and miR-279 antagonists, their respective target genes were up-regulated and vice-versa after injection with the agonists. These results indicated that these two miRNAs and their target genes may be involved in the cold response of D. silvarum ticks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Desmond O Agwunobi
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Tingwei Pei
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Ruwei Bai
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Zihao Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Xinyue Shi
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Zhijun Yu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China.
| | - Jingze Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kozeretska I, Serga S, Kovalenko P, Gorobchyshyn V, Convey P. Belgica antarctica (Diptera: Chironomidae): A natural model organism for extreme environments. INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:2-20. [PMID: 33913258 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Belgica antarctica (Diptera: Chironomidae), a brachypterous midge endemic to the maritime Antarctic, was first described in 1900. Over more than a century of study, a vast amount of information has been compiled on the species (3 750 000 Google search results as of January 10, 2021), encompassing its ecology and biology, life cycle and reproduction, polytene chromosomes, physiology, biochemistry and, increasingly, omics. In 2014, B. antarctica's genome was sequenced, further boosting research. Certain developmental stages can be cultured successfully in the laboratory. Taken together, this wealth of information allows the species to be viewed as a natural model organism for studies of adaptation and function in extreme environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Kozeretska
- National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ukraine, 01601, Taras Shevchenko blv., 16, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Svitlana Serga
- National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ukraine, 01601, Taras Shevchenko blv., 16, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Department General and Medical Genetics, 01601, Volodymyrska str., 64/13, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Pavlo Kovalenko
- State Institution «Institute for Evolutionary Ecology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine», Department of Population Dynamics, 03143, Lebedeva str., 37, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr Gorobchyshyn
- State Institution «Institute for Evolutionary Ecology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine», Department of Population Dynamics, 03143, Lebedeva str., 37, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Peter Convey
- British Antarctic Survey, NERC, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Morales-Quintana L, Barrera A, Hereme R, Jara K, Rivera-Mora C, Valenzuela-Riffo F, Gundel PE, Pollmann S, Ramos P. Molecular and structural characterization of expansins modulated by fungal endophytes in the Antarctic Colobanthus quitensis (Kunth) Bartl. Exposed to drought stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 168:465-476. [PMID: 34717178 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Expansins are proteins involved in cell wall metabolism that play an important role in plant growth, development, fruit ripening and abiotic stress tolerance. In the present study, we analyzed putative expansins that respond to drought stress. Five expansin genes were identified in cDNA libraries isolated from Colobanthus quitensis gown either with or without endophytic fungi under hydric stress. A differential transcript abundance was observed by qPCR analysis upon drought stress. To compare these expansin genes, and to suggest a possible mechanism of action at the molecular level, the structural model of the deduced proteins was obtained by comparative modeling methodology. The structures showed two domains and an open groove on the surface of the proteins was observed in the five structural models. The proteins were evaluated in terms of their protein-ligand interactions using four different ligands. The results suggested differences in their mode of protein-ligand interaction, in particular concerning the residues involved in the protein-ligand interaction. The presented evidence supports the participation of some members of the expansin multiprotein family in the response to drought stress in C. quitensis and suggest that the response is modulated by endophytic fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Morales-Quintana
- Multidisciplinary Agroindustry Research Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédica, Facultad Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, 3467987, Chile
| | - Andrea Barrera
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Rasme Hereme
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Karla Jara
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | | | | | - Pedro E Gundel
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile; IFEVA (Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET), Argentina
| | - Stephan Pollmann
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Patricio Ramos
- Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule (CIEAM), Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile; Centro de Biotecnología de los Recursos Naturales (CenBio), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Agwunobi DO, Zhang M, Shi X, Zhang S, Zhang M, Wang T, Masoudi A, Yu Z, Liu J. DNA Methyltransferases Contribute to Cold Tolerance in Ticks Dermacentor silvarum and Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae). Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:726731. [PMID: 34513977 PMCID: PMC8426640 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.726731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation, mediated by DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts), is a typical epigenetic process that plays an important role in affecting organism acclimatization and adaptation to environmental changes. However, information about Dnmts and their associations with the cold tolerance of ticks remains meager. Hence, in the present study, the Dnmts in important vector ticks Dermacentor silvarum and Haemaphysalis longicornis were cloned and identified, and their functions in cold response were further explored. Results showed that the length of DsDnmt and DsDnmt1 in D. silvarum, and HlDnmt1 and HlDnmt in H. longicornis were 1,284, 549, 1,500, and 1,613 bp, respectively. Bioinformatics in protein analysis revealed that they were all unstable hydrophilic proteins and were mainly characterized with Dcm (DNA cytosine methyltransferase domain), Dnmt1-RFD (DNA methyltransferase replication foci domain), zf-CXXC (zinc finger-CXXC domain), and BAH (Bromo adjacent homology domain). The relative expression of these Dnmts was reduced after cold treatment for 3 days (P < 0.05), and increased with the extension of treatment. Western blot revealed that Dnmt1 decreased first and then increased significantly (P < 0.05) in both tick species, whereas other Dnmts fluctuated at varying degrees. RNA interference significantly silenced the genes Dnmts (P < 0.01), and mortality increased significantly (P < 0.05), when exposed to sub-lethal temperature, underscoring the important roles of Dnmts during the cold response of D. silvarum and H. longicornis. The above results lay the foundation for further understanding of the epigenetic regulation of DNA methylation in cold acclimatization and adaptation of ticks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhijun Yu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jingze Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bong LJ, Wang CY, Shiodera S, Haraguchi TF, Itoh M, Neoh KB. Effect of body lipid content is linked to nutritional adaptation in the acclimation responses of mesic-adapted Paederus to seasonal variations in desiccation stress. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 131:104226. [PMID: 33736982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Desiccation stress causes mesic-adapted arthropods to lose their body water content. However, mesic-adapted Paederus beetles can survive over prolonged periods under dry field conditions, suggesting that these beetles adopt an array of water conservation mechanisms. We investigated the water balance mechanisms of field-collected Paederus adults over a 14-month sampling period. We also assessed their nutritional adaptations by performing a stable isotope analysis to examine their diet. The water loss rate (WLR) of the beetles was significantly associated with the rice crop cycle and saturation deficit. The cuticular permeability (CP) of adult beetles was maintained at < 30 µg cm-2h-1 mmHg-1; however, CP increased significantly with the WLR. This result indicates that CP might play a minor role in reducing excessive water loss in beetles. The beetles' body water content and percentage total body water content increased when the WLR was high. Trehalose, glucose, and glycogen did not appear to play a central role in enhancing the water reserves in the insects. The body lipid content ranged from 0.22 ± 0.06 to 0.87 ± 0.07 mg and was negatively associated with the WLR. This association indicates that the increase in internal metabolic water was mediated by lipid catabolism. Stable isotope analysis results revealed that the Paederus beetles shifted their diet to carbohydrate-rich plants when the saturation deficit increased and the associated WLR reached its peak; otherwise, they consumed a high amount of staple carbohydrate-poor herbivore prey. The accumulation of energy reserves in the form of lipids through seasonal dietary shifts may exert major effects on the survival and population success of mesic-adapted Paederus beetles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Jin Bong
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, 145, Xingda Rd. South District, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yu Wang
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, 145, Xingda Rd. South District, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Satomi Shiodera
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, 457-4, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kyoto 603-8047, Japan; Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, 46 Shimoadachi-cho, Yoshida Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi F Haraguchi
- Biodiversity Research Center, Research Institute of Environment, Agriculture and Fisheries, Osaka Prefecture, 10-4 Koyamotomachi, Neyagawa, Osaka 572-0088, Japan
| | - Masayuki Itoh
- School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, 1-1-12 Shin-zaike, Himeji, Hyogo, 670-0092, Japan
| | - Kok-Boon Neoh
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, 145, Xingda Rd. South District, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yoshida M, Lee RE, Denlinger DL, Goto SG. Expression of aquaporins in response to distinct dehydration stresses that confer stress tolerance in the Antarctic midge Belgica antarctica. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 256:110928. [PMID: 33647463 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.110928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Larvae of the Antarctic midge Belgica antarctica Jacobs (Diptera: Chironomidae) are highly tolerant of diverse environmental stresses, including freezing, severe desiccation, and osmotic extremes. Furthermore, dehydration confers subsequent desiccation and freeze tolerance. While a role for aquaporins-channels for water and other solutes-has been proposed in these dehydration processes, the types of aquaporins involved in dehydration-driven stress tolerance remain unknown. In the present study, we investigated expression of six aquaporins (Drip, Prip, Eglp1, Eglp2, Aqp12L, and Bib) in larvae of B. antarctica subjected to three different dehydration conditions: desiccation, cryoprotective dehydration, and osmotic dehydration. The expression of Drip and Prip was up-regulated under desiccation and cryoprotective dehydration, suggesting a role for these aquaporins in efficient water loss under these dehydration conditions. Conversely, expression of Drip and Prip was down-regulated under osmotic dehydration, suggesting that their expression is suppressed in larvae to combat dehydration. Larval water content was similarly decreased under all three dehydration conditions. Differences in responses of the aquaporins to the three forms of dehydration suggests distinct water management strategies associated with different forms of dehydration stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Yoshida
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Richard E Lee
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - David L Denlinger
- Departments of Entomology and Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Shin G Goto
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tarusikirwa VL, Mutamiswa R, Chidawanyika F, Nyamukondiwa C. Cold hardiness of the South American tomato pinworm Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): both larvae and adults are chill-susceptible. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:184-193. [PMID: 32652749 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For many insects, including invasive species, overwintering survival is achieved behaviourally (e.g. through migration) or physiologically by entering diapause, a state of arrested physiological development that may be accompanied with depressed supercooling points (SCPs). Diapause allows in situ adaptation to adverse environmental conditions, providing sufficient parent propagules for insect pest proliferation when optimal conditions resurface. This phenomenon has however not been observed in the invasive South American tomato pinworm Tuta absoluta in its Mediterranean invaded areas. Moreover, no studies have looked at its overwintering survival in sub-Saharan Africa. Here, we thus investigated the cold hardiness of Tuta absoluta larvae and adults to better explain its local overwintering adaptation strategy. RESULTS Larval lower lethal temperatures ranged from -1 to -17 °C for 0.5 to 4 h durations. Adults showed lower temperature activity limits than larvae albeit freeze strategy experiments showed neither survived internal freezing. Fasting and dehydration pre-treatment generally depressed SCPs, although asymmetrically, conferring more negative SCPs for larvae. Ramping rates, synonymic to diurnal temperature changes also significantly affected SCPs while, inoculative freezing significantly compromised freezing temperatures in both larvae and adults. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that (i) Tuta absoluta larvae and adults are chill-susceptible and may successfully overwinter, (ii) larvae appear more cold hardy than adults and (iii) ecological factors e.g. inoculative freezing, cooling rates, feeding- and hydration-status may affect cold hardiness. These results are important in determining species range limits, population phenology, modelling pest risk status and allows temporal life-stage specific targeting of management strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vimbai L Tarusikirwa
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Reyard Mutamiswa
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Frank Chidawanyika
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Casper Nyamukondiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hasanvand H, Izadi H, Mohammadzadeh M. Overwintering Physiology and Cold Tolerance of the Sunn Pest, Eurygaster integriceps, an Emphasis on the Role of Cryoprotectants. Front Physiol 2020; 11:321. [PMID: 32425803 PMCID: PMC7204558 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As a serious pest of wheat, the Sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Puton (Hem.: Scutelleridae), is prevalent in Iran. This pest belongs to univoltine species and tends to estivate and overwinter in high altitudes of nearby mountains as diapausing adults. The economic importance of the crop was attacked by this pest, i.e., wheat led the authors to study the physiological adaptations of these diapausing adults, that is, changes in the supercooling point (SCP), in the accumulation of cryoprotectants, and in the activities of the related enzymes in relation to diapause development. The mean SCP of the diapausing adults was found to be −8°C. The lowest SCP, i.e., approximately −11°C, was observed in the middle of diapause, October, when the highest cold hardiness was also interestingly recorded. This finding proposed that SCP depression could be a feasible cold-tolerance strategy for diapausing adults. The sugar content was high in the initiation and at the termination of diapause and was low during diapause maintenance. These sugar reserves were most likely utilized to be converted to glycogen and lipid during diapause maintenance as a survival strategy. The changes in the glycogen and lipid contents were inversely proportional to the changes in the total sugar content. The authors also found that the changes in the glycogen content were directly proportional to those in the low-molecular-weight carbohydrates (e.g., glycerol and trehalose) and in the diapause development. This finding underlined the role of the low-molecular-weight carbohydrates, such as the cryoprotectants, in enhancing the cold tolerance of the given insect. In this study, the diapause-associated changes in the activities of α-amylases and proteases were also investigated. The results showed that the enzyme activities were related to diapause development and cold-tolerance enhancement. The highest enzyme activity was observed in September. Since the overwintering adults of the Sunn pest could not tolerate temperatures below their SCPs, they were grouped in the freeze-intolerant species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamzeh Hasanvand
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hamzeh Izadi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mozhgan Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hereme R, Morales-Navarro S, Ballesteros G, Barrera A, Ramos P, Gundel PE, Molina-Montenegro MA. Fungal Endophytes Exert Positive Effects on Colobanthus quitensis Under Water Stress but Neutral Under a Projected Climate Change Scenario in Antarctica. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:264. [PMID: 32184767 PMCID: PMC7058981 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional symbiosis is considered one of the successful mechanisms by which plants that inhabit extreme environment improve their ability to tolerate different types of stress. One of the most conspicuous type of symbiosis is the endophyticism. This interaction has been noted to play a role in the adaptation of the native vascular plant Colobanthus quitensis to the stressful environments of Antarctica, characterized by low temperatures and extreme aridity. Projections of climate change for this ecosystem indicate that abiotic conditions will be less limiting due to an increase in temperature and water availability in the soil. Due to this decrease in stress induced by the climate change, it has been suggested that the positive role of fungal endophytes on performance of C. quitensis plants would decrease. In this study, we evaluated the role of endophytic fungi on osmoprotective molecules (sugar production, proline, oxidative stress) and gene expression (CqNCED1, CqABCG25, and CqRD22) as well as physiological traits (stomatal opening, net photosynthesis, and stomatal conductance) in individuals of C. quitensis. Individual plants of C. quitensis with (E+) and without (E-) endophytic fungi were exposed to simulated conditions of increased water availability (W+), having the current limiting water condition (W-) in Antarctica as control. The results reveal an endophyte-mediated lower oxidative stress, higher production of sugars and proline in plants. In addition, E+ plants showed differential expressions in genes related with drought stress response, which was more evident in W- than in W+. These parameters corresponded with increased physiological mechanisms such as higher net photosynthesis, stomatal opening and conductance under presence of endophytes (E+) as well as the projected water condition (W+) for Antarctica. These results suggest that the presence of fungal endophytes plays a positive role in favoring tolerance to drought in C. quitensis. However, this positive role would be diminished if the stress factor is relaxed, suggesting that the role of endophytes could be less important under a future scenario of climate change in Antarctica with higher soil water availability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rasme Hereme
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | | | | | - Andrea Barrera
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Patricio Ramos
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
- Núcleo Científico Multidisciplinario-DI, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Pedro E. Gundel
- IFEVA, CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marco A. Molina-Montenegro
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Surviving the Antarctic winter-Life Stage Cold Tolerance and Ice Entrapment Survival in The Invasive Chironomid Midge Eretmoptera murphyi. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11030147. [PMID: 32111052 PMCID: PMC7143863 DOI: 10.3390/insects11030147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
An insect’s ability to tolerate winter conditions is a critical determinant of its success. This is true for both native and invasive species, and especially so in harsh polar environments. The midge Eretmoptera murphyi (Diptera, Chironomidae) is invasive to maritime Antarctic Signy Island, and the ability of fourth instar larvae to tolerate freezing is hypothesized to allow the species to extend its range further south. However, no detailed assessment of stress tolerance in any other life stage has yet been conducted. Here, we report that, although larvae, pupae and adults all have supercooling points (SCPs) of around −5 °C, only the larvae are freeze-tolerant, and that cold-hardiness increases with larval maturity. Eggs are freeze-avoiding and have an SCP of around −17 °C. At −3.34 °C, the CTmin activity thresholds of adults are close to their SCP of −5 °C, and they are likely chill-susceptible. Larvae could not withstand the anoxic conditions of ice entrapment or submergence in water beyond 28 d. The data obtained here indicate that the cold-tolerance characteristics of this invasive midge would permit it to colonize areas further south, including much of the western coast of the Antarctic Peninsula.
Collapse
|
18
|
Graham LA, Boddington ME, Holmstrup M, Davies PL. Antifreeze protein complements cryoprotective dehydration in the freeze-avoiding springtail Megaphorura arctica. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3047. [PMID: 32080305 PMCID: PMC7033094 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60060-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The springtail, Megaphorura arctica, is freeze-avoiding and survives sub-zero temperatures by cryoprotective dehydration. At the onset of dehydration there is some supercooling of body fluids, and the danger of inoculative freezing, which would be lethal. To see if the springtails are protected by antifreeze proteins in this pre-equilibrium phase, we examined extracts from cold-acclimated M. arctica and recorded over 3 °C of freezing point depression. Proteins responsible for this antifreeze activity were isolated by ice affinity. They comprise isoforms ranging from 6.5 to 16.9 kDa, with an amino acid composition dominated by glycine (>35 mol%). Tryptic peptide sequences were used to identify the mRNA sequence coding for the smallest isoform. This antifreeze protein sequence has high similarity to one characterized in Hypogastrura harveyi, from a different springtail order. If these two antifreeze proteins are true homologs, we suggest their origin dates back to the Permian glaciations some 300 million years ago.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurie A Graham
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Marie E Boddington
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Martin Holmstrup
- Section of Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600, Silkeborg, Denmark
- Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Peter L Davies
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Thompson KM, Huber DPW, Murray BW. Autumn shifts in cold tolerance metabolites in overwintering adult mountain pine beetles. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227203. [PMID: 31914144 PMCID: PMC6948739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a major forest pest of pines in western North America. Beetles typically undergo a one-year life cycle with larval cold hardening in preparation for overwintering. Two-year life cycle beetles have been observed but not closely studied. This study tracks cold-hardening and preparation for overwintering by adult mountain pine beetles in their natal galleries. Adults were collected in situ between September and December 2016 for a total of nine time points during 91 days. Concentrations of 41 metabolites in these pooled samples were assessed using quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Levels of glycerol and proline increased significantly with lowering temperature during the autumn. Newly eclosed mountain pine beetles appear to prepare for winter by generating the same cold-tolerance compounds found in other insect larvae including mountain pine beetle, but high on-site mortality suggested that two-year life cycle adults have a less efficacious acclimation process. This is the first documentation of cold acclimation metabolite production in overwintering new adult beetles and is evidence of physiological plasticity that would allow evolution by natural selection of alternate life cycles (shortened or lengthened) under a changing climate or during expansion into new geoclimatic areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten M. Thompson
- Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Dezene P. W. Huber
- Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brent W. Murray
- Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Teets NM, Dalrymple EG, Hillis MH, Gantz JD, Spacht DE, Lee RE, Denlinger DL. Changes in Energy Reserves and Gene Expression Elicited by Freezing and Supercooling in the Antarctic Midge, Belgica antarctica. INSECTS 2019; 11:insects11010018. [PMID: 31878219 PMCID: PMC7022800 DOI: 10.3390/insects11010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Freeze-tolerance, or the ability to survive internal ice formation, is relatively rare among insects. Larvae of the Antarctic midge Belgica antarctica are freeze-tolerant year-round, but in dry environments, the larvae can remain supercooled (i.e., unfrozen) at subzero temperatures. In previous work with summer-acclimatized larvae, we showed that freezing is considerably more stressful than remaining supercooled. Here, these findings are extended by comparing survival, tissue damage, energetic costs, and stress gene expression in larvae that have undergone an artificial winter acclimation regime and are either frozen or supercooled at −5 °C. In contrast to summer larvae, winter larvae survive at −5 °C equally well for up to 14 days, whether frozen or supercooled, and there is no tissue damage at these conditions. In subsequent experiments, we measured energy stores and stress gene expression following cold exposure at −5 °C for either 24 h or 14 days, with and without a 12 h recovery period. We observed slight energetic costs to freezing, as frozen larvae tended to have lower glycogen stores across all groups. In addition, the abundance of two heat shock protein transcripts, hsp60 and hsp90, tended to be higher in frozen larvae, indicating higher levels of protein damage following freezing. Together, these results indicate a slight cost to being frozen relative to remaining supercooled, which may have implications for the selection of hibernacula and responses to climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M. Teets
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (E.G.D.); (M.H.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-859-257-7459
| | - Emma G. Dalrymple
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (E.G.D.); (M.H.H.)
| | - Maya H. Hillis
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (E.G.D.); (M.H.H.)
| | - J. D. Gantz
- Biology Department, Hendrix College, Conway, AK 72032, USA;
| | - Drew E. Spacht
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (D.E.S.); (D.L.D.)
| | - Richard E. Lee
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA;
| | - David L. Denlinger
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (D.E.S.); (D.L.D.)
- Department of Entomology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
García-Roger EM, Lubzens E, Fontaneto D, Serra M. Facing Adversity: Dormant Embryos in Rotifers. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2019; 237:119-144. [PMID: 31714860 DOI: 10.1086/705701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An in-depth look at the basic aspects of dormancy in cyclic parthenogenetic organisms is now possible thanks to research efforts conducted over the past two decades with rotifer dormant embryos. In this review, we assemble and compose the current knowledge on four central themes: (1) distribution of dormancy in animals, with an overview on the phylogenetic distribution of embryo dormancy in metazoans, and (2) physiological and cellular processes involved in dormancy, with a strong emphasis on the dormant embryos of cyclically parthenogenetic monogonont rotifers; and discussions of (3) the selective pressures and (4) the evolutionary and population implications of dormancy in these animals. Dormancy in metazoans is a widespread phenomenon with taxon-specific features, and rotifers are among the animals in which dormancy is an intrinsic feature of their life cycle. Our review shows that embryo dormancy in rotifers shares common functional pathways with other taxa at the molecular and cellular level, despite the independent evolution of dormancy across phyla. These pathways include the arrest of similar metabolic routes and the usage of common metabolites for the stabilization of cellular structures and to confer stress resistance. We conclude that specific features of recurrent harsh environmental conditions are a powerful selective pressure for the fine-tuning of dormancy patterns in rotifers. We hypothesize that similar mechanisms at the organism level will lead to similar adaptive consequences at the population level across taxa, among which the formation of egg banks, the coexistence of species, and the possibility of differentiation among populations and local adaptation stand out. Our review shows how studies of rotifers have contributed to improved knowledge of all of these aspects.
Collapse
|
22
|
Ice Nucleation Properties of Ice-binding Proteins from Snow Fleas. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9100532. [PMID: 31557956 PMCID: PMC6843771 DOI: 10.3390/biom9100532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ice-binding proteins (IBPs) are found in many organisms, such as fish and hexapods, plants, and bacteria that need to cope with low temperatures. Ice nucleation and thermal hysteresis are two attributes of IBPs. While ice nucleation is promoted by large proteins, known as ice nucleating proteins, the smaller IBPs, referred to as antifreeze proteins (AFPs), inhibit the growth of ice crystals by up to several degrees below the melting point, resulting in a thermal hysteresis (TH) gap between melting and ice growth. Recently, we showed that the nucleation capacity of two types of IBPs corresponds to their size, in agreement with classical nucleation theory. Here, we expand this finding to additional IBPs that we isolated from snow fleas (the arthropod Collembola), collected in northern Israel. Chemical analyses using circular dichroism and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy data suggest that these IBPs have a similar structure to a previously reported snow flea antifreeze protein. Further experiments reveal that the ice-shell purified proteins have hyperactive antifreeze properties, as determined by nanoliter osmometry, and also exhibit low ice-nucleation activity in accordance with their size.
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang CY, Bong LJ, Neoh KB. Adult Paederus fuscipes (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) Beetles Overcome Water Loss With Increased Total Body Water Content, Energy Metabolite Storage, and Reduced Cuticular Permeability: Age, Sex-Specific, and Mating Status Effects on Desiccation. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 48:911-922. [PMID: 31177281 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvz065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ability of Paederus beetles to resist desiccation stress is vital to their adaptability in various ecological niches. How water relations and their response to desiccation vary among adult beetles of different age, sex, and mating status is unclear. We examined the water relations of adult Paederus fuscipes Curtis and the mechanisms used to reduce desiccation stress. One-day-old beetles had an exceptionally high percent total body water (%TBW) content and tolerated a high level of %TBW loss. Newly emerged beetles contained a high level of trehalose and 40 to 60% lipid content of their total dry mass, which allowed them to endure desiccation. Beetles that were 10 wk old and older exhibited reduced cuticular permeability. Glucose, glycogen, and lipid contents were crucial throughout most of the adult life span, as they helped compensate for water loss via increased water vapor absorption and metabolic water. In particular, the accumulation of lipid after mating was significant and may further confer tolerance to water loss. The effect of melanization on the desiccation tolerance of beetles was not significant. Females had better tolerance in response to desiccation stress compared with males. We suggest that the observed differences between sexes likely were a function of water relations and an effect of energy metabolite reserves. However, the mortality of females at 24-h postdesiccating stage was marginally significant compared with males. These results demonstrate that P. fuscipes adults prevent dehydration using multiple mechanisms that collectively reduce desiccation stress and increase dehydration tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Wang
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Jin Bong
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kok-Boon Neoh
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Metabolomics reveals novel insight on dormancy of aquatic invertebrate encysted embryos. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8878. [PMID: 31222034 PMCID: PMC6586685 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous aquatic invertebrates survive harsh environments by displaying dormancy as encysted embryos. This study aimed at determining whether metabolomics could provide molecular insight to explain the "dormancy syndrome" by highlighting functional pathways and metabolites, hence offering a novel comprehensive molecular view of dormancy. We compared the metabolome of morphologically distinct dormant encysted embryos (resting eggs) and non-dormant embryos (amictic eggs) of a rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis). Metabolome profiling revealed ~5,000 features, 1,079 of which were annotated. Most of the features were represented at significantly higher levels in non-dormant than dormant embryos. A large number of features was assigned to putative functional pathways indicating novel differences between dormant and non-dormant states. These include features associated with glycolysis, the TCA and urea cycles, amino acid, purine and pyrimidine metabolism. Interestingly, ATP, nucleobases, cyclic nucleotides, thymidine and uracil, were not detected in dormant resting eggs, suggesting an impairment of response to environmental and internal cues, cessation of DNA synthesis, transcription and plausibly translation in the dormant embryos. The levels of trehalose or its analogues, with a role in survival under desiccation conditions, were higher in resting eggs. In conclusion, the current study highlights metabolomics as a major analytical tool to functionally compare dormancy across species.
Collapse
|
25
|
Characterization of drought-induced rapid cold-hardening in the Antarctic midge, Belgica antarctica. Polar Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-019-02503-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
26
|
Wang Z, Chen Y, Diaz R, Laine RA. Physiology of crapemyrtle bark scale, Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae (Kuwana), associated with seasonally altered cold tolerance. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 112:1-8. [PMID: 30445022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is one of the most important abiotic factors influencing the adaptation and diversification of insects. Diverse and complex physiological mechanisms have evolved to help insects adapt to seasonal changes in temperature and prevent cold injury. Although the mechanisms of seasonal adaptation to low temperatures have been studied for insects in different taxa, none of these mechanisms have been investigated in scale insects in the superfamily Coccoidea. The crapemyrtle bark scale, Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae (Kuwana) (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae), is a newly introduced scale pest of crapemyrtles, Lagerstroemia spp. (Myrtales: Lythraceae). Our previous study concerning the cold tolerance of this pest suggested that, from summer to winter, A. lagerstroemiae seasonally adapted to lower temperature with a 5 °C reduction of supercooling points. In addition, time required to achieve the same levels of mortality at lower temperatures also increased. In this study, we used A. lagerstroemiae as a model system to investigate the physiological mechanisms correlated with changes in cold tolerance in scale insects, by measuring water content, lipid content and fatty acid composition, and cryoprotective polyols and sugars every other month. Results suggested that water content was lower in winter and early spring than in summer and early fall (40.8% vs. 63.3%). The proportions of the fatty acids in PL were similar over seasons, but in TAG, shorter chain fatty acids (from C6:0 to C10:0) increased in winter as longer chain fatty acids (from C14:0 to C18:0) decreased. Among all measured polyols and sugars, including glycerol, d-mannitol, myo-inositol, and d-trehalose, the levels of d-mannitol were the highest in January 2016, which were 19-times of those in March 2016 and 4.5-times of those in September 2016. Results from this study provide a better understanding on how A. lagerstroemiae overwinters, which may give insights into the overwintering strategies of other scale insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zinan Wang
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Yan Chen
- Hammond Research Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Hammond, LA 70403, USA
| | - Rodrigo Diaz
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Roger A Laine
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Teets NM, Kawarasaki Y, Potts LJ, Philip BN, Gantz JD, Denlinger DL, Lee RE. Rapid cold hardening protects against sublethal freezing injury in an Antarctic insect. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.206011. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.206011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Rapid cold hardening (RCH) is a type of beneficial phenotypic plasticity that occurs on extremely short time scales (minutes to hours) to enhance insects’ ability to cope with cold snaps and diurnal temperature fluctuations. RCH has a well-established role in extending lower lethal limits, but its ability to prevent sublethal cold injury has received less attention. The Antarctic midge, Belgica antarctica is Antarctica's only endemic insect and has a well-studied RCH response that extends freeze tolerance in laboratory conditions. However, the discriminating temperatures used in previous studies of RCH are far below those ever experienced in the field. Here, we tested the hypothesis that RCH protects against nonlethal freezing injury. Larvae of B. antarctica were exposed to either control (2°C), direct freezing (-9°C for 24 h), or RCH (-5°C for 2 h followed by -9°C for 24 h). All larvae survived both freezing treatments, but RCH larvae recovered more quickly from freezing stress and had significantly higher metabolic rates during recovery. RCH larvae also sustained less damage to fat body and midgut tissue and had lower expression of two heat shock protein transcripts (hsp60 and hsp90), which is consistent with RCH protecting against protein denaturation. The protection afforded by RCH resulted in energy savings; directly frozen larvae experienced a significant depletion in glycogen energy stores that was not observed in RCH larvae. Together, these results provide strong evidence that RCH protects against a variety of sublethal freezing injuries and allows insects to rapidly fine-tune their performance in thermally variable environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuta Kawarasaki
- Department of Biology, Gustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, MN USA
| | - Leslie J. Potts
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY USA
| | | | - J. D. Gantz
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH USA
- Current address: Biology Department, Hendrix College, Conway, AR, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Spacht DE, Teets NM, Denlinger DL. Two isoforms of Pepck in Sarcophaga bullata and their distinct expression profiles through development, diapause, and in response to stresses of cold and starvation. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 111:41-46. [PMID: 30392850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pepck is a metabolic enzyme that participates in gluconeogenesis through the conversion of oxaloacetate into phosphoenol pyruvate. Numerous transcriptomic studies have identified Pepck as a potential key player during diapause and various stresses responses. Here, we describe expression patterns of both cytosolic and mitochondrial isoforms of Pepck throughout development, during diapause, and in response to starvation and cold shock in the flesh fly, Sarcophaga bullata. We cloned full-length transcripts for both Pepck isoforms and observed that expression of both genes varied throughout development. Diapausing pupae have the highest relative expression of both isoforms, suggesting participation in the anticipatory production of sugars and sugar alcohols that occurs during this overwintering stage. In response to acute stress, the cytosolic isoform was upregulated whereas the mitochondrial variant remained unchanged. Cytosolic Pepck was strongly upregulated after 2 h recovery from cold shock and returned to baseline levels within 8 h. In response to 24 h of starvation, the cytosolic isoform was similarly upregulated and returned to control levels after 24 h of recovery. Acute stress is known to incur a metabolic cost, and Pepck could be a key player in this response. Although it remains unclear why there is such a dramatic divergence in the expression of the two isoforms, the distinction suggests specific roles for the two isoforms that depend on the developmental status of the fly and the stress conditions to which it is exposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Drew E Spacht
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
| | - Nicholas M Teets
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA; Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546 USA
| | - David L Denlinger
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA; Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bartlett J, Convey P, Hayward SAL. Not so free range? Oviposition microhabitat and egg clustering affects Eretmoptera murphyi (Diptera: Chironomidae) reproductive success. Polar Biol 2018; 42:271-284. [PMID: 30872891 PMCID: PMC6383618 DOI: 10.1007/s00300-018-2420-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the physiology of non-native species in Antarctica is key to elucidating their ability to colonise an area, and how they may respond to changes in climate. Eretmoptera murphyi is a chironomid midge introduced to Signy Island (Maritime Antarctic) from South Georgia (Sub-Antarctic) where it is endemic. Here, we explore the tolerance of this species' egg masses to heat and desiccation stress encountered within two different oviposition microhabitats (ground surface vegetation and underlying soil layer). Our data show that, whilst oviposition takes place in both substrates, egg sacs laid individually in soil are at the greatest risk of failing to hatch, whilst those aggregated in the surface vegetation have the lowest risk. The two microhabitats are characterised by significantly different environmental conditions, with greater temperature fluctuations in the surface vegetation, but lower humidity (%RH) and available water content in the soil. Egg sacs were not desiccation resistant and lost water rapidly, with prolonged exposure to 75% RH affecting survival for eggs in singly oviposited egg sacs. In contrast, aggregated egg sacs (n = 10) experienced much lower desiccation rates and survival of eggs remained above 50% in all treatments. Eggs had high heat tolerance in the context of the current microhabitat conditions on Signy. We suggest that the atypical (for this family) use of egg sac aggregation in E. murphyi has developed as a response to environmental stress. Current temperature patterns and extremes on Signy Island are unlikely to affect egg survival, but changes in the frequency and duration of extreme events could be a greater challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pete Convey
- British Antarctic Survey, NERC, High Cross, Madingley Rd, Cambridge, CB3 0ET UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Toxopeus J, Sinclair BJ. Mechanisms underlying insect freeze tolerance. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 93:1891-1914. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jantina Toxopeus
- Department of Biology; University of Western Ontario; 1151 Richmond Street N, London ON, N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Brent J. Sinclair
- Department of Biology; University of Western Ontario; 1151 Richmond Street N, London ON, N6A 5B7 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kalra B, Tamang AM, Parkash R. Cross-tolerance effects due to adult heat hardening, desiccation and starvation acclimation of tropical drosophilid-Zaprionus indianus. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 209:65-73. [PMID: 28454925 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Some insect taxa from polar or temperate habitats have shown cross-tolerance for multiple stressors but tropical insect taxa have received less attention. Accordingly, we considered adult flies of a tropical drosophilid-Zaprionus indianus for testing direct as well as cross-tolerance effects of rapid heat hardening (HH), desiccation acclimation (DA) and starvation acclimation (SA) after rearing under warmer and drier season specific simulated conditions. We observed significant direct acclimation effects of HH, DA and SA; and four cases of cross-tolerance effects but no cross-tolerance between desiccation and starvation. Cross-tolerance due to heat hardening on desiccation showed 20% higher effect than its reciprocal effect. There is greater reduction of water loss in heat hardened flies (due to increase in amount of cuticular lipids) as compared with desiccation acclimated flies. However, cross-tolerance effect of SA on heat knockdown was two times higher than its reciprocal. Heat hardened and desiccation acclimated adult flies showed substantial increase in the level of trehalose and proline while body lipids increased due to heat hardening or starvation acclimation. However, maximum increase in energy metabolites was stressor specific i.e. trehalose due to DA; proline due to HH and total body lipids due to SA. Rapid changes in energy metabolites due to heat hardening seem compensatory for possible depletion of trehalose and proline due to desiccation stress; and body lipids due to starvation stress. Thus, observed cross-tolerance effects in Z. indianus represent physiological changes to cope with multiple stressors related to warmer and drier subtropical habitats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Kalra
- Department of Genetics, M. D. University, Rohtak 124001, India
| | | | - Ravi Parkash
- Department of Genetics, M. D. University, Rohtak 124001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tamang AM, Kalra B, Parkash R. Cold and desiccation stress induced changes in the accumulation and utilization of proline and trehalose in seasonal populations of Drosophila immigrans. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 203:304-313. [PMID: 27793614 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the levels of energy metabolites can limit survival ability of Drosophila species under stressful conditions but this aspect has received less attention in wild populations collected in different seasons. We tested cold or desiccation triggered changes in the accumulation or utilization of two energy metabolites (trehalose and proline) in Drosophila immigrans flies reared under season specific environmental conditions. Such D.immigrans populations were subjected to different durations of cold (0°C) or desiccation stress (5% RH) or dual stress. We found stress induced effects of cold vs desiccation on the levels of trehalose as well as for proline. Different durations of cold stress led to accumulation of trehalose while desiccation stress durations revealed utilization of trehalose. In contrast, there was accumulation of proline under desiccation and utilization of proline with cold stress. Since accumulation levels were higher than utilization of each energy metabolite, the effects of dual stress showed additive effect. However, there was no utilization of total body lipids under cold or desiccation stress. We observed significant season specific differences in the amount of energy metabolites but the rate of metabolism did not vary across seasons. Stress triggered changes in trehalose and proline suggest possible link between desiccation and cold tolerance. Finally, stress specific (cold or desiccation) compensatory changes in the levels of trehalose and proline suggest possible energetic homeostasis in D.immigrans living under harsh climatic conditions of montane localities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bhawna Kalra
- Department of Genetics, M. D. University, Rohtak 124001, India
| | - Ravi Parkash
- Department of Genetics, M. D. University, Rohtak 124001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Purać J, Kojić D, Petri E, Popović ŽD, Grubor-Lajšić G, Blagojević DP. Cold Adaptation Responses in Insects and Other Arthropods: An “Omics” Approach. SHORT VIEWS ON INSECT GENOMICS AND PROTEOMICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-24244-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
34
|
Abstract
The Antarctic region comprises the continent, the Maritime Antarctic, the sub-Antarctic islands, and the southern cold temperate islands. Continental Antarctica is devoid of insects, but elsewhere diversity varies from 2 to more than 200 species, of which flies and beetles constitute the majority. Much is known about the drivers of this diversity at local and regional scales; current climate and glacial history play important roles. Investigations of responses to low temperatures, dry conditions, and varying salinity have spanned the ecological to the genomic, revealing new insights into how insects respond to stressful conditions. Biological invasions are common across much of the region and are expected to increase as climates become warmer. The drivers of invasion are reasonably well understood, although less is known about the impacts of invasion. Antarctic entomology has advanced considerably over the past 50 years, but key areas, such as interspecific interactions, remain underexplored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Chown
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia;
| | - Peter Convey
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge CB3 0ET, United Kingdom;
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Holmstrup M. Reprint of: The ins and outs of water dynamics in cold tolerant soil invertebrates. J Therm Biol 2015; 54:30-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
36
|
Sinclair BJ, Coello Alvarado LE, Ferguson LV. An invitation to measure insect cold tolerance: Methods, approaches, and workflow. J Therm Biol 2015; 53:180-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
37
|
Abstract
Since biotic interactions within the simple terrestrial communities on the Antarctic Peninsula are limited compared with tropical and temperate regions, survival is largely dictated by the numerous abiotic challenges. Our research focuses on adaptations to environmental stresses experienced by the Antarctic midge (Belgica antarctica Jacobs, 1900), the southernmost free-living insect. Midge larvae can survive freezing and anoxia year-round. Not only can frozen larvae undergo rapid cold-hardening (RCH) at temperatures as low as –12 °C, but RCH develops more rapidly in frozen compared with supercooled larvae. Whether larvae overwinter in a frozen state or cryoprotectively dehydrated may depend on hydration levels within their hibernacula. Larvae constitutively up-regulate genes encoding heat shock proteins, as well as the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase. Larvae accumulate osmoprotectants in response to freezing, desiccation, and exposure to seawater; exposure to one of these osmotic stressors confers cross-tolerance to the others. Molecular responses to dehydration stress include extensive genome-wide changes that include differential expression of aquaporins among tissues, upregulation of pathways associated with autophagy, inhibition of apoptosis, and downregulation of metabolism and ATP production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R.E. Lee
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - D.L. Denlinger
- Department of Entomology and Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Goto SG, Lee RE, Denlinger DL. Aquaporins in the antarctic midge, an extremophile that relies on dehydration for cold survival. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2015; 229:47-57. [PMID: 26338869 DOI: 10.1086/bblv229n1p47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The terrestrial midge Belgica antarctica relies extensively on dehydration to survive the low temperatures and desiccation stress that prevail in its Antarctic habitat. The loss of body water is thus a critical adaptive mechanism employed at the onset of winter to prevent injury from internal ice formation; a rapid mechanism for rehydration is equally essential when summer returns and the larva resumes the brief active phase of its life. This important role for water movement suggests a critical role for aquaporins (AQPs). Recent completion of the genome project on this species revealed the presence of AQPs in B. antarctica representing the DRIP, PRIP, BIB, RPIP, and LHIP families. Treatment with mercuric chloride to block AQPs also blocks water loss, thereby decreasing cell survival at low temperatures. Antibodies directed against mammalian or Drosophila AQPs suggest a wide tissue distribution of AQPs in the midge and changes in protein abundance in response to dehydration, rehydration, and freezing. Thus far, functional studies have been completed only for PRIP1. It appears to be a water-specific AQP, but expression levels are not altered by dehydration or rehydration. Functional assays remain to be completed for the additional AQPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin G Goto
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan;
| | - Richard E Lee
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio; and
| | - David L Denlinger
- Departments of Entomology and Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kletetschka G, Hruba J. Dissolved Gases and Ice Fracturing During the Freezing of a Multicellular Organism: Lessons from Tardigrades. Biores Open Access 2015; 4:209-17. [PMID: 26309797 PMCID: PMC4497649 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2015.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Three issues are critical for successful cryopreservation of multicellular material: gases dissolved in liquid, thermal conductivity of the tissue, and localization of microstructures. Here we show that heat distribution is controlled by the gas amount dissolved in liquids and that when changing the liquid into solid, the dissolved gases either form bubbles due to the absence of space in the lattice of solids and/or are migrated toward the concentrated salt and sugar solution at the cost of amount of heat required to be removed to complete a solid-state transition. These factors affect the heat distribution in the organs to be cryopreserved. We show that the gas concentration issue controls fracturing of ice when freezing. There are volumetric changes not only when changing the liquid into solid (volume increases) but also reduction of the volume when reaching lower temperatures (volume decreases). We discuss these issues parallel with observations of the cryosurvivability of multicellular organisms, tardigrades, and discuss their analogy for cryopreservation of large organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gunther Kletetschka
- Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague , Prague, Czech Republic . ; Institute of Geology, Czech Academy of Sciences , v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic . ; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California
| | - Jolana Hruba
- Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague , Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hidalgo K, Mouline K, Mamai W, Foucreau N, Dabiré KR, Bouchereau A, Simard F, Renault D. Novel insights into the metabolic and biochemical underpinnings assisting dry-season survival in female malaria mosquitoes of the Anopheles gambiae complex. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 70:102-116. [PMID: 25083809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes survive the desiccating conditions of the dry season in Africa and are able to readily transmit malaria soon after the rains start remain largely unknown. The desiccation tolerance and resistance of female An. gambiae M and S reared in contrasting environmental conditions reflecting the onset of dry season ("ods") and the rainy season ("rs") was determined by monitoring their survival and body water loss in response to low relative humidity. Furthermore, we investigated the degree to which the physiology of 1-h and 24-h-old females is altered at "ods" by examining and comparing their quantitative metabotypes and proteotypes with conspecifics exposed to "rs" conditions. Results showed that distinct biochemical rearrangements occurred soon after emergence in female mosquitoes that enhance survival and limit water loss under dry conditions. In particular, three amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, and valine) playing a pivotal role in cuticle permeability decreased significantly from the 1-h to 24-h-old females, regardless of the experimental conditions. However, these amino acids were present in higher amounts in 1-h-old female An. gambiae M reared under "ods" whereas no such seasonal difference was reported in S ones. Together with the 1.28- to 2.84-fold increased expression of cuticular proteins 70 and 117, our data suggests that cuticle composition, rigidity and permeability were adjusted at "ods". Increased expression of enzymes involved in glycogenolytic and proteolytic processes were found in both forms at "ods". Moreover, 1-h-old S forms were characterised by elevated amounts of glycogen phosphorylase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and citrate synthase, suggesting an increase of energetic demand in these females at "ods".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Hidalgo
- Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, Campus de Beaulieu, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, CS 74205, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier 1, Université de Montpellier 2 MIVEGEC, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
| | - K Mouline
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier 1, Université de Montpellier 2 MIVEGEC, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France; Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Direction Régionale de l'Ouest (DRO), 399 Avenue de la Liberté, 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - W Mamai
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier 1, Université de Montpellier 2 MIVEGEC, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France; Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Direction Régionale de l'Ouest (DRO), 399 Avenue de la Liberté, 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - N Foucreau
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5023 LEHNA, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - K R Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Direction Régionale de l'Ouest (DRO), 399 Avenue de la Liberté, 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - A Bouchereau
- Université de Rennes 1, UMR INRA IGEPP, Campus de Beaulieu, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, CS 74205, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - F Simard
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier 1, Université de Montpellier 2 MIVEGEC, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - D Renault
- Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, Campus de Beaulieu, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, CS 74205, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Holmstrup M. The ins and outs of water dynamics in cold tolerant soil invertebrates. J Therm Biol 2014; 45:117-23. [PMID: 25436960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Many soil invertebrates have physiological characteristics in common with freshwater animals and represent an evolutionary transition from aquatic to terrestrial life forms. Their high cuticular permeability and ability to tolerate large modifications of internal osmolality are of particular importance for their cold tolerance. A number of cold region species that spend some or most of their life-time in soil are in more or less intimate contact with soil ice during overwintering. Unless such species have effective barriers against cuticular water-transport, they have only two options for survival: tolerate internal freezing or dehydrate. The risk of internal ice formation may be substantial due to inoculative freezing and many species rely on freeze-tolerance for overwintering. If freezing does not occur, the desiccating power of external ice will cause the animal to dehydrate until vapor pressure equilibrium between body fluids and external ice has been reached. This cold tolerance mechanism is termed cryoprotective dehydration (CPD) and requires that the animal must be able to tolerate substantial dehydration. Even though CPD is essentially a freeze-avoidance strategy the associated physiological traits are more or less the same as those found in freeze tolerant species. The most well-known are accumulation of compatible osmolytes and molecular chaperones reducing or protecting against the stress caused by cellular dehydration. Environmental moisture levels of the habitat are important for which type of cold tolerance is employed, not only in an evolutionary context, but also within a single population. Some species use CPD under relatively dry conditions, but freeze tolerance when soil moisture is high.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Holmstrup
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
The overwintering biology of the acorn weevil, Curculio glandium in southwestern Ontario. J Therm Biol 2014; 44:103-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
43
|
Everatt MJ, Convey P, Bale JS, Worland MR, Hayward SAL. Responses of invertebrates to temperature and water stress: A polar perspective. J Therm Biol 2014; 54:118-32. [PMID: 26615734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
As small bodied poikilothermic ectotherms, invertebrates, more so than any other animal group, are susceptible to extremes of temperature and low water availability. In few places is this more apparent than in the Arctic and Antarctic, where low temperatures predominate and water is unusable during winter and unavailable for parts of summer. Polar terrestrial invertebrates express a suite of physiological, biochemical and genomic features in response to these stressors. However, the situation is not as simple as responding to each stressor in isolation, as they are often faced in combination. We consider how polar terrestrial invertebrates manage this scenario in light of their physiology and ecology. Climate change is also leading to warmer summers in parts of the polar regions, concomitantly increasing the potential for drought. The interaction between high temperature and low water availability, and the invertebrates' response to them, are therefore also explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Everatt
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Pete Convey
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK; National Antarctic Research Center, IPS Building, University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Gateway Antarctica, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Jeffrey S Bale
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - M Roger Worland
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Scott A L Hayward
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kawarasaki Y, Teets NM, Denlinger DL, Lee RE. Wet hibernacula promote inoculative freezing and limit the potential for cryoprotective dehydration in the Antarctic midge, Belgica antarctica. Polar Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-014-1475-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
45
|
Kawarasaki Y, Teets NM, Denlinger DL, Lee RE. Alternative overwintering strategies in an Antarctic midge: freezing vs. cryoprotective dehydration. Funct Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kawarasaki
- Department of Zoology; Miami University; Oxford OH 45056 USA
| | - Nicholas M. Teets
- Department of Entomology; The Ohio State University; Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - David L. Denlinger
- Department of Entomology; The Ohio State University; Columbus OH 43210 USA
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology; The Ohio State University; Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Richard E. Lee
- Department of Zoology; Miami University; Oxford OH 45056 USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Teets NM, Denlinger DL. Surviving in a frozen desert: environmental stress physiology of terrestrial Antarctic arthropods. J Exp Biol 2014; 217:84-93. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.089490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abiotic stress is one of the primary constraints limiting the range and success of arthropods, and nowhere is this more apparent than Antarctica. Antarctic arthropods have evolved a suite of adaptations to cope with extremes in temperature and water availability. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding the environmental physiology of terrestrial arthropods in Antarctica. To survive low temperatures, mites and Collembola are freeze-intolerant and rely on deep supercooling, in some cases supercooling below −30°C. Also, some of these microarthropods are capable of cryoprotective dehydration to extend their supercooling capacity and reduce the risk of freezing. In contrast, the two best-studied Antarctic insects, the midges Belgica antarctica and Eretmoptera murphyi, are freeze-tolerant year-round and rely on both seasonal and rapid cold-hardening to cope with decreases in temperature. A common theme among Antarctic arthropods is extreme tolerance of dehydration; some accomplish this by cuticular mechanisms to minimize water loss across their cuticle, while a majority have highly permeable cuticles but tolerate upwards of 50–70% loss of body water. Molecular studies of Antarctic arthropod stress physiology are still in their infancy, but several recent studies are beginning to shed light on the underlying mechanisms that govern extreme stress tolerance. Some common themes that are emerging include the importance of cuticular and cytoskeletal rearrangements, heat shock proteins, metabolic restructuring and cell recycling pathways as key mediators of cold and water stress in the Antarctic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M. Teets
- Department of Entomology and Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - David L. Denlinger
- Department of Entomology and Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Parkash R, Ranga P. Divergence for tolerance to thermal-stress related traits in two Drosophila species of immigrans group. J Therm Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
48
|
Sørensen JG, Holmstrup M. Candidate gene expression associated with geographical variation in cryoprotective dehydration of Megaphorura arctica. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 59:804-811. [PMID: 23707356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A number of small and permeable invertebrates survive subzero temperatures by cryoprotective dehydration (CPD) in which animals readily lose water to equilibrate body fluid melting points with surrounding temperature thereby avoiding the risk of freezing. Population studies are useful for detecting evolutionary climatic adaptation by comparing populations from locations differing in climatic characteristics. To identify the existence of adaptive variation for important physiological mechanisms underlying the CPD capacity we investigated the gene expression profile of five candidate genes as well as water content and cryoprotectant concentrations in five natural populations from diverse climatic origins. Our results show that Arctic populations, originating from an area with severe winter conditions (Svalbard), respond differently than the populations coming from more benign conditions (Mainland Norway). The Svalbard populations lost water and accumulated trehalose faster in response to cold exposure at -6 °C. The gene expression results suggests that the Svalbard populations experience less cellular perturbation and has a lesser need for molecular chaperones (hsp70) during CPD, but handles the stress by early and rapid induction of cryoprotectant producing enzymes (tps) and oxidative stress scavengers (sod) and possibly also membrane modifications (fad). Thus, these traits relate to the severity of the climate adapted to and are likely markers of their adaptive history.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Givskov Sørensen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, P.O. Box 314, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark.
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Berman DI, Leirikh AN, Bessolitzina EP. Three strategies of cold tolerance in click beetles (Coleoptera, Elateridae). DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2013; 450:168-172. [PMID: 23821059 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496613030186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D I Berman
- Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Russian Academy of Sciences, Magadan, Russia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Sinclair BJ, Ferguson LV, Salehipour-shirazi G, MacMillan HA. Cross-tolerance and Cross-talk in the Cold: Relating Low Temperatures to Desiccation and Immune Stress in Insects. Integr Comp Biol 2013; 53:545-56. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/ict004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
|