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Trentini M, Zanolla I, Tiengo E, Zanotti F, Sommella E, Merciai F, Campiglia P, Licastro D, Degasperi M, Lovatti L, Bonora M, Danese A, Pinton P, Zavan B. Link between organic nanovescicles from vegetable kingdom and human cell physiology: intracellular calcium signalling. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:68. [PMID: 38369472 PMCID: PMC10875884 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02340-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant-derived nanovesicles (PDNVs) are a novelty in medical and agrifood environments, with several studies exploring their functions and potential applications. Among fruits, apples (sp. Malus domestica) have great potential as PDNVs source, given their widespread consumption, substantial waste production, and recognized health benefits. Notably, apple-derived nanovesicles (ADNVs) can interact with human cell lines, triggering anti-inflammatory and antioxidant responses. This work is dedicated to the comprehensive biochemical characterization of apple-derived nanovesicles (ADNVs) through proteomic and lipidomic analysis, and small RNAs sequencing. This research also aims to shed light on the underlying mechanism of action (MOA) when ADNVs interface with human cells, through observation of intracellular calcium signalling in human fibroblasts, and to tackles differences in ADNVs content when isolated from fruits derived from integrated and organic production methods cultivars. RESULTS The ADNVs fraction is mainly composed of exocyst-positive organelles (EXPOs) and MVB-derived exosomes, identified through size and molecular markers (Exo70 and TET-3-like proteins). ADNVs' protein cargo is heterogeneous and exhibits a diverse array of functions, especially in plant's protection (favouring ABA stress-induced signalling, pathogen resistance and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) metabolism). Noteworthy plant miRNAs also contribute to phytoprotection. In relation with human cells lines, ADNVs elicit spikes of intracellular Ca2+ levels, utilizing the cation as second messenger, and produce an antioxidant effect. Lastly, organic samples yield a substantial increase in ADNV production and are particularly enriched in bioactive lysophospholipids. CONCLUSIONS We have conclusively demonstrated that ADNVs confer an antioxidant effect upon human cells, through the initiation of a molecular pathway triggered by Ca2+ signalling. Within ADNVs, a plethora of bioactive proteins, small RNAs, and lipids have been identified, each possessing well-established functions within the realm of plant biology. While ADNVs predominantly function in plants, to safeguard against pathogenic agents and abiotic stressors, it is noteworthy that proteins with antioxidant power might act as antioxidants within human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Trentini
- Department Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ilaria Zanolla
- Departiment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elena Tiengo
- Department Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Federica Zanotti
- Department Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Eduardo Sommella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Merciai
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Pietro Campiglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | | | | | - Luca Lovatti
- Department Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Massimo Bonora
- Departiment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto Danese
- Departiment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Departiment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Barbara Zavan
- Department Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
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Kim JH, Lee RM, Oh HB, Kim TY, Rhim H, Choi YK, Kim JH, Oh S, Kim DG, Cho IH, Nah SY. Atypical formations of gintonin lysophosphatidic acids as new materials and their beneficial effects on degenerative diseases. J Ginseng Res 2024; 48:1-11. [PMID: 38223830 PMCID: PMC10785247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Fresh ginseng is prone to spoilage due to its high moisture content. For long-term storage, most fresh ginsengs are dried to white ginseng (WG) or steamed for hours at high temperature/pressure and dried to form Korean Red ginseng (KRG). They are further processed for ginseng products when subjected to hot water extraction/concentration under pressure. These WG or KRG preparation processes affect ginsenoside compositions and also other ginseng components, probably during treatments like steaming and drying, to form diverse bioactive phospholipids. It is known that ginseng contains high amounts of gintonin lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs). LPAs are simple lipid-derived growth factors in animals and humans and act as exogenous ligands of six GTP-binding-protein coupled LPA receptor subtypes. LPAs play diverse roles ranging from brain development to hair growth in animals and humans. LPA-mediated signaling pathways involve various GTP-binding proteins to regulate downstream pathways like [Ca2+]i transient induction. Recent studies have shown that gintonin exhibits anti-Alzheimer's disease and anti-arthritis effects in vitro and in vivo mediated by gintonin LPAs, the active ingredients of gintonin, a ginseng-derived neurotrophin. However, little is known about how gintonin LPAs are formed in high amounts in ginseng compared to other herbs. This review introduces atypical or non-enzymatic pathways under the conversion of ginseng phospholipids into gintonin LPAs during steaming and extraction/concentration processes, which exert beneficial effects against degenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and arthritis in animals and humans via LPA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hun Kim
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ra Mi Lee
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bin Oh
- Department of Efficacy Study, Institute of Jinan Red Ginseng, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Young Kim
- Department of Efficacy Study, Institute of Jinan Red Ginseng, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewhon Rhim
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Kyung Choi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seikwan Oh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Geun Kim
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Cerulli A, Napolitano A, Olas B, Masullo M, Piacente S. Corylus avellana "Nocciola Piemonte": metabolomics focused on polar lipids and phenolic compounds in fresh and roasted hazelnuts. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1252196. [PMID: 37885660 PMCID: PMC10598857 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1252196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The common hazel plant (Corylus avellana L., Betulaceae) is one of the most popular tree nuts widespread in Europe and Asia. In Italy, there are different cultivars among which the cultivar affording the valuable hazelnut "Tonda Gentile Trilobata," also known as "Tonda Gentile delle Langhe," covered by the Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) label "Nocciola Piemonte" (NP), known for its sweetness, cooked-bread aroma, and the low intensity of the burnt aroma. In order to obtain a detailed and in-depth characterization of the polar fraction of fresh (NPF) and roasted (NPR) kernels of NP the analysis of the n-butanol extracts by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization and high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/HRMS) was carried out. Moreover, to evaluate the quantitative distribution of the most representative polar lipids in NPF and NPR, the analysis by liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was performed. To unambiguously identify the phenolic compounds highlighted by the LC-ESI/HRMS profiles, they were isolated from the n-butanol extract and characterized by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) experiments. Finally, the ability of the isolated compounds to exert radical scavenging activity and to inhibit the lipid peroxidation induced by H2O2 or H2O2/Fe2+ was tested by Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assays, respectively. The LC-ESI/HRMS allowed to ascertain the presence of phenolic compounds and multiple classes of polar lipids including phospholipids, glycolipids, sphingolipids, and oxylipins. The quantitative analysis highlighted in NPR fraction a lipid content three times higher than in NPF, evidencing lyso-phospholipids and phospholipids as the most represented lipid classes in both NPF and NPR, together accounting for 94 and 97% of the considered lipids, respectively. Furthermore, phytochemical analysis permitted to identify flavonoid and diarylheptanoid derivatives. In particular, quercetin 3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside and myricetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside showed the highest antioxidant activity, exhibiting TEAC values similar to that of quercetin, used as reference compound (2.00 ± 0.03 and 2.06 ± 0.03 mM vs 2.03 ± 0.03 mM, respectively). Moreover, most of the tested compounds were found to reduce lipid peroxidation induced by H2O2 and H2O2/Fe2+ more than curcumin used as positive control, with myricetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside determining 44.4 % and 34.1 % inhibition percentage, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Beata Olas
- Department of General Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Milena Masullo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Sonia Piacente
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, SA, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
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van der Spek A, Stewart ID, Kühnel B, Pietzner M, Alshehri T, Gauß F, Hysi PG, MahmoudianDehkordi S, Heinken A, Luik AI, Ladwig KH, Kastenmüller G, Menni C, Hertel J, Ikram MA, de Mutsert R, Suhre K, Gieger C, Strauch K, Völzke H, Meitinger T, Mangino M, Flaquer A, Waldenberger M, Peters A, Thiele I, Kaddurah-Daouk R, Dunlop BW, Rosendaal FR, Wareham NJ, Spector TD, Kunze S, Grabe HJ, Mook-Kanamori DO, Langenberg C, van Duijn CM, Amin N. Circulating metabolites modulated by diet are associated with depression. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:3874-3887. [PMID: 37495887 PMCID: PMC10730409 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Metabolome reflects the interplay of genome and exposome at molecular level and thus can provide deep insights into the pathogenesis of a complex disease like major depression. To identify metabolites associated with depression we performed a metabolome-wide association analysis in 13,596 participants from five European population-based cohorts characterized for depression, and circulating metabolites using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem accurate mass spectrometry (UHPLC/MS/MS) based Metabolon platform. We tested 806 metabolites covering a wide range of biochemical processes including those involved in lipid, amino-acid, energy, carbohydrate, xenobiotic and vitamin metabolism for their association with depression. In a conservative model adjusting for life style factors and cardiovascular and antidepressant medication use we identified 8 metabolites, including 6 novel, significantly associated with depression. In individuals with depression, increased levels of retinol (vitamin A), 1-palmitoyl-2-palmitoleoyl-GPC (16:0/16:1) (lecithin) and mannitol/sorbitol and lower levels of hippurate, 4-hydroxycoumarin, 2-aminooctanoate (alpha-aminocaprylic acid), 10-undecenoate (11:1n1) (undecylenic acid), 1-linoleoyl-GPA (18:2) (lysophosphatidic acid; LPA 18:2) are observed. These metabolites are either directly food derived or are products of host and gut microbial metabolism of food-derived products. Our Mendelian randomization analysis suggests that low hippurate levels may be in the causal pathway leading towards depression. Our findings highlight putative actionable targets for depression prevention that are easily modifiable through diet interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley van der Spek
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- SkylineDx B.V., Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Brigitte Kühnel
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maik Pietzner
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Precision Healthcare University Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Computational Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tahani Alshehri
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Friederike Gauß
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Pirro G Hysi
- Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, London, UK
| | | | - Almut Heinken
- School of Medicine, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
- Inserm UMRS 1256 NGERE - Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Annemarie I Luik
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karl-Heinz Ladwig
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Gabi Kastenmüller
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Johannes Hertel
- School of Medicine, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Ellernholzstrasse 1-2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Renée de Mutsert
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karsten Suhre
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, PO, 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, IBE, Faculty of Medicine, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute of Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Walter-Rathenau Str. 48, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Antonia Flaquer
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, IBE, Faculty of Medicine, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, IBE-Chair of Epidemiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Ines Thiele
- School of Medicine, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
- Division of Microbiology, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- APC Microbiome, Ireland, Ireland
| | - Rima Kaddurah-Daouk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Institute of Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Boadie W Dunlop
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, US
| | - Frits R Rosendaal
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Sonja Kunze
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hans Jörgen Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Ellernholzstrasse 1-2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dennis O Mook-Kanamori
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Precision Healthcare University Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, OX3 7LF, Oxford, UK
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, OX3 7LF, Oxford, UK.
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Shen Y, Shen Y, Liu Y, Bai Y, Liang M, Zhang X, Chen Z. Characterization and functional analysis of AhGPAT9 gene involved in lipid synthesis in peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1144306. [PMID: 36844041 PMCID: PMC9950565 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1144306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
GPAT enzymes (glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase, EC 2.3.1.15) catalyze the initial and rate-limiting step of plant glycerolipid biosynthesis for membrane homeostasis and lipid accumulation, yet little research has been done on peanuts. By reverse genetics and bioinformatics analyses, we have characterized an AhGPAT9 isozyme, of which the homologous product is isolated from cultivated peanut. QRT-PCR assay revealed a spatio-temporal expression pattern that the transcripts of AhGPAT9 accumulating in various peanut tissues are highly expressed during seed development, followed by leaves. Green fluorescent protein tagging of AhGPAT9 confirmed its subcellular accumulation in the endoplasmic reticulum. Compared with the wild type control, overexpressed AhGPAT9 delayed the bolting stage of transgenic Arabidopsis, reduced the number of siliques, and increased the seed weight as well as seed area, suggesting the possibility of participating in plant growth and development. Meanwhile, the mean seed oil content from five overexpression lines increased by about 18.73%. The two lines with the largest increases in seed oil content showed a decrease in palmitic acid (C16:0) and eicosenic acid (C20:1) by 17.35% and 8.33%, respectively, and an increase in linolenic acid (C18:3) and eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3) by 14.91% and 15.94%, respectively. In addition, overexpressed AhGPAT9 had no significant effect on leaf lipid content of transgenic plants. Taken together, these results suggest that AhGPAT9 is critical for the biosynthesis of storage lipids, which contributes to the goal of modifying peanut seeds for improved oil content and fatty acid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Shen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yonghui Liu
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Man Liang
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuyao Zhang
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhide Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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Lee R, Lee BH, Choi SH, Cho YJ, Cho HS, Kim HC, Rhim H, Cho IH, Rhee MH, Nah SY. Effects of Gintonin-enriched fraction on the gene expression of six lysophosphatidic receptor subtypes. J Ginseng Res 2021; 45:583-590. [PMID: 34803428 PMCID: PMC8587509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gintonin, isolated from ginseng, acts as a ginseng-derived lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor ligand and elicits the [Ca2+]i transient through six LPA receptor subtypes (LPARSs). However, the long-term effects of gintonin-enriched fraction (GEF) on the gene expression of six LPARSs remain unknown. We examined changes in the gene expression of six LPA receptors in the mouse whole brain, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen, small intestine, colon, and testis after long-term oral GEF administration. Methods C57BL/6 mice were divided into two groups: control vehicle and GEF (100 mg/kg, p.o.). After 21-day saline or GEF treatment, total RNA was extracted from nine mouse organs. Quantitative-real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot were performed to quantify changes in the gene and protein expression of the six LPARSs, respectively. Results qRT-PCR analysis before GEF treatment revealed that the LPA6 RS was predominant in all organs except the small intestine. The LPA2 RS was most abundant in the small intestine. Long-term GEF administration differentially regulated the six LPARSs. Upon GEF treatment, the LPA6 RS significantly increased in the liver, small intestine, colon, and testis but decreased in the whole brain, heart, lungs, and kidneys. Western blot analysis of the LPA6 RS confirmed the differential effects of GEF on LPA6 receptor protein levels in the whole brain, liver, small intestine, and testis. Conclusion The LPA6 receptor was predominantly expressed in all nine organs examined; long-term oral GEF administration differentially regulated LPA3, LPA4, and LPA6 receptors in the whole brain, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, small intestine, and testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Lee
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hwan Lee
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hye Choi
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Jin Cho
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Sung Cho
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewhon Rhim
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Hee Rhee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology and Cell Signaling, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kim M, Sur B, Villa T, Yun J, Nah SY, Oh S. Gintonin regulates inflammation in human IL-1β-stimulated fibroblast-like synoviocytes and carrageenan/kaolin-induced arthritis in rats through LPAR2. J Ginseng Res 2021; 45:575-582. [PMID: 34803427 PMCID: PMC8587511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In ginseng, there exists a glycolipoprotein complex with a special form of lipid LPAs called Gintonin. The purpose of this study is to show that Gintonin has a therapeutic effect on rheumatoid arthritis through LPA2 receptors. METHODS Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) were treated with Gintonin and stimulated with interleukin (IL)-1β. The antioxidant effect of Gintonin was measured using MitoSOX and H2DCFDA experiments. The anti-arthritic efficacy of Gintonin was examined by analyzing the expression levels of inflammatory mediators, phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, and translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)/p65 into the nucleus through western blot. Next, after treatment with LPAR2 antagonist, western blot analysis was performed to measure inflammatory mediator expression levels, and NF-κB signaling pathway. Carrageenan/kaolin-induced arthritis rat model was used. Rats were orally administered with Gintonin (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) every day for 6 days. The knee joint thickness, squeaking score, and weight distribution ratio (WDR) were measured as the behavioral parameters. After sacrifice, H&E staining was performed for histological analysis. RESULTS Gintonin significantly inhibited the expression of iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6 and COX-2. Gintonin prevented NF-κB/p65 from moving into the nucleus through the JNK and ERK MAPK phosphorylation in FLS cells. However, pretreatment with an LPA2 antagonist significantly reversed these effects of Gintonin. In the arthritis rat model, Gintonin suppressed all parameters that were measured. CONCLUSION This study suggests that LPA2 receptor plays a key role in mediating the anti-arthritic effects of Gintonin by modulating inflammatory mediators, the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijin Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongjun Sur
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Thea Villa
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesuk Yun
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seikwan Oh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Choi SH, Lee R, Nam SM, Kim DG, Cho IH, Kim HC, Cho Y, Rhim H, Nah SY. Ginseng gintonin, aging societies, and geriatric brain diseases. Integr Med Res 2021; 10:100450. [PMID: 32817818 PMCID: PMC7426447 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2020.100450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A dramatic increase in aging populations and low birth rates rapidly drive aging societies and increase aging-associated neurodegenerative diseases. However, functional food or medicinal formulations to prevent geriatric brain disorders are not readily available. Panax ginseng is a candidate, since ginseng has long-been consumed as a rejuvenating agent. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms and the components of ginseng that are responsible for brain rejuvenation and human longevity are unknown. Accumulating evidence shows that gintonin is a candidate for the anti-aging ingredient of ginseng, especially in brain senescence. METHODS Gintonin, a glycolipoprotein complex, contains three lipid-derived G protein-coupled receptor ligands: lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs), lysophosphatidylinositols (LPIs), and linoleic acid (LA). LPA, LPI, and LA act on six LPA receptor subtypes, GPR55, and GPR40, respectively. These G protein-coupled receptors are distributed within the nervous and non-nervous systems of the human body. RESULTS Gintonin-enriched fraction (GEF) exhibits anti-brain senescence and effects against disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), and Parkinson's disease (PD). Oral administration of gintonin in animal models of d-galactose-induced brain aging, AD, HD, and PD restored cognitive and motor functions. The underlying molecular mechanisms of gintonin-mediated anti-brain aging and anti-neurodegenerative diseases include neurogenesis, autophagy stimulation, anti-apoptosis, anti-oxidative stress, and anti-inflammatory activities. This review describes the characteristics of gintonin and GEF, and how gintonin exerts its effects on brain aging and brain associated-neurodegenerative diseases. CONCLUSION Finally, we describe how GEF can be applied to improve the quality of life of senior citizens in aging societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hye Choi
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Rami Lee
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Min Nam
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Geun Kim
- Neurovascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Structure and Function of Neural Network, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonjeong Cho
- Center for Neuroscience Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewhon Rhim
- Center for Neuroscience Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kaji I, Roland JT, Watanabe M, Engevik AC, Goldstein AE, Hodges CA, Goldenring JR. Lysophosphatidic Acid Increases Maturation of Brush Borders and SGLT1 Activity in MYO5B-deficient Mice, a Model of Microvillus Inclusion Disease. Gastroenterology 2020; 159:1390-1405.e20. [PMID: 32534933 PMCID: PMC8240502 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM Myosin VB (MYO5B) is an essential trafficking protein for membrane recycling in gastrointestinal epithelial cells. The inactivating mutations of MYO5B cause the congenital diarrheal disease, microvillus inclusion disease (MVID). MYO5B deficiency in mice causes mislocalization of SGLT1 and NHE3, but retained apical function of CFTR, resulting in malabsorption and secretory diarrhea. Activation of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptors can improve diarrhea, but the effect of LPA on MVID symptoms is unclear. We investigated whether LPA administration can reduce the epithelial deficits in MYO5B-knockout mice. METHODS Studies were conducted with tamoxifen-induced, intestine-specific knockout of MYO5B (VilCreERT2;Myo5bflox/flox) and littermate controls. Mice were given LPA, an LPAR2 agonist (GRI977143), or vehicle for 4 days after a single injection of tamoxifen. Apical SGLT1 and CFTR activities were measured in Üssing chambers. Intestinal tissues were collected, and localization of membrane transporters was evaluated by immunofluorescence analysis in tissue sections and enteroids. RNA sequencing and enrichment analysis were performed with isolated jejunal epithelial cells. RESULTS Daily administration of LPA reduced villus blunting, frequency of multivesicular bodies, and levels of cathepsins in intestinal tissues of MYO5B-knockout mice compared with vehicle administration. LPA partially restored the brush border height and the localization of SGLT1 and NHE3 in small intestine of MYO5B-knockout mice and enteroids. The SGLT1-dependent short-circuit current was increased and abnormal CFTR activities were decreased in jejunum from MYO5B-knockout mice given LPA compared with vehicle. CONCLUSIONS LPA may regulate a MYO5B-independent trafficking mechanism and brush border maturation, and therefore be developed for treatment of MVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Kaji
- Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.
| | - Joseph T. Roland
- Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Sapporo, Japan,Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Amy C. Engevik
- Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Sapporo, Japan,Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Anna E. Goldstein
- Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Sapporo, Japan,Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Craig A. Hodges
- Cystic Fibrosis Mouse Models Resource Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - James R. Goldenring
- Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Sapporo, Japan,Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan,Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan,Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville TN
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Yanagida K, Valentine WJ. Druggable Lysophospholipid Signaling Pathways. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1274:137-176. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-50621-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Lysophosphatidic Acid and Autotaxin-associated Effects on the Initiation and Progression of Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11070958. [PMID: 31323936 PMCID: PMC6678549 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11070958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium interacts dynamically with the immune system to maintain its barrier function to protect the host, while performing the physiological roles in absorption of nutrients, electrolytes, water and minerals. The importance of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and its receptors in the gut has been progressively appreciated. LPA signaling modulates cell proliferation, invasion, adhesion, angiogenesis, and survival that can promote cancer growth and metastasis. These effects are equally important for the maintenance of the epithelial barrier in the gut, which forms the first line of defense against the milieu of potentially pathogenic stimuli. This review focuses on the LPA-mediated signaling that potentially contributes to inflammation and tumor formation in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Li X, Kokawa M, Afroz S, Tanaka T, Kitamura Y. Effects of micro wet milling on bioaccessibility of phosphatidic acid and lysophosphatidic acid in komatsuna during in vitro digestion. Food Res Int 2019; 121:926-932. [PMID: 31108827 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Foods rich in phosphatidic acid (PA) can ameliorate stomach ulcers in mice by hydrolysis of PA to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). In this study, PA-rich komatsuna was produced using the micro wet milling (MWM) system, which can mill food products into micrometer-scale without causing detrimental factors such as frictional heat. To evaluate the efficiency of the MWM system in increasing PA and forming LPA, the availability of PA in the MWM komatsuna to hydrolyze into LPA under in vitro simulated gastrointestinal (GI) digestion conditions were investigated. The results showed that through effective MWM milling, komatsuna was sufficiently milled into smaller particles, and PA was abundantly produced in the milled komatsuna; the increased PA promoted LPA formation during digestion, resultant a dominant molecular species of 16:0 LPA which could effectively reduce ulcer lesions. These indicated that MWM can elevate the bioaccessibility of komatsuna PA and LPA in the GI tract, which will benefit the dietary treatment of stomach ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Li
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Mito Kokawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Sheuli Afroz
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Tanaka
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kitamura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
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Wu X, Ma Y, Su N, Shen J, Zhang H, Wang H. Lysophosphatidic acid: Its role in bone cell biology and potential for use in bone regeneration. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2019; 143:106335. [PMID: 31054330 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2019.106335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a simple phospholipid that exerts pleiotropic effects on numerous cell types by activating its family of cognate G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and participates in many biological processes, including organismal development, wound healing, and carcinogenesis. Bone cells, such as bone marrow mesenchymal stromal (stem) cells (BMSCs), osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts play essential roles in bone homeostasis and repair. Previous studies have identified the presence of specific LPA receptors in these bone cells. In recent years, an increasing number of cellular effects of LPA, such as the induction of cell proliferation, survival, migration, differentiation and cytokine secretion, have been found in different bone cells. Moreover, some biomaterials containing LPA have shown the ability to enhance osteogenesis. This review will focus on findings associated with LPA functions in these bone cells and present current studies related to the application of LPA in bone regenerative medicine. Further understanding this information will help us develop better strategies for bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangnan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Naichuan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiefei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hai Zhang
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Hang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Maraschin FDS, Kulcheski FR, Segatto ALA, Trenz TS, Barrientos-Diaz O, Margis-Pinheiro M, Margis R, Turchetto-Zolet AC. Enzymes of glycerol-3-phosphate pathway in triacylglycerol synthesis in plants: Function, biotechnological application and evolution. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 73:46-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Kim HJ, Jung SW, Kim SY, Cho IH, Kim HC, Rhim H, Kim M, Nah SY. Panax ginseng as an adjuvant treatment for Alzheimer's disease. J Ginseng Res 2018; 42:401-411. [PMID: 30337800 PMCID: PMC6190533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Longevity in medicine can be defined as a long life without mental or physical deficits. This can be prevented by Alzheimer's disease (AD). Current conventional AD treatments only alleviate the symptoms without reversing AD progression. Recent studies demonstrated that Panax ginseng extract improves AD symptoms in patients with AD, and the two main components of ginseng might contribute to AD amelioration. Ginsenosides show various AD-related neuroprotective effects. Gintonin is a newly identified ginseng constituent that contains lysophosphatidic acids and attenuates AD-related brain neuropathies. Ginsenosides decrease amyloid β-protein (Aβ) formation by inhibiting β- and γ-secretase activity or by activating the nonamyloidogenic pathway, inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity and Aβ-induced neurotoxicity, and decrease Aβ-induced production of reactive oxygen species and neuroinflammatory reactions. Oral administration of ginsenosides increases the expression levels of enzymes involved in acetylcholine synthesis in the brain and alleviates Aβ-induced cholinergic deficits in AD models. Similarly, gintonin inhibits Aβ-induced neurotoxicity and activates the nonamyloidogenic pathway to reduce Aβ formation and to increase acetylcholine and choline acetyltransferase expression in the brain through lysophosphatidic acid receptors. Oral administration of gintonin attenuates brain amyloid plaque deposits, boosting hippocampal cholinergic systems and neurogenesis, thereby ameliorating learning and memory impairments. It also improves cognitive functions in patients with AD. Ginsenosides and gintonin attenuate AD-related neuropathology through multiple routes. This review focuses research demonstrating that ginseng constituents could be a candidate as an adjuvant for AD treatment. However, clinical investigations including efficacy and tolerability analyses may be necessary for the clinical acceptance of ginseng components in combination with conventional AD drugs.
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Key Words
- AChE, acetylcholinesterase
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- APP, amyloid precursor protein
- Adjuvant
- Alzheimer's disease
- Aβ, amyloid β-protein
- BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- EGF, Epidermal growth factor
- GLP151, ginseng major latex-like protein 151
- Ginsenoside
- Gintonin
- LPA, Lysophosphatidic acid
- NGF, nerve growth factor
- NMDA, n-methyl-d-aspartic acid
- PI3K, phosphoinositide-3 kinase
- PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ
- Panax ginseng
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- sAPPα, soluble amyloid precursor protein α
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Joong Kim
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Won Jung
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seog-Young Kim
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Institute of Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and toxicology program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewhon Rhim
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Manho Kim
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Research Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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D'Souza K, Paramel GV, Kienesberger PC. Lysophosphatidic Acid Signaling in Obesity and Insulin Resistance. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10040399. [PMID: 29570618 PMCID: PMC5946184 DOI: 10.3390/nu10040399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although simple in structure, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a potent bioactive lipid that profoundly influences cellular signaling and function upon binding to G protein-coupled receptors (LPA1-6). The majority of circulating LPA is produced by the secreted enzyme autotaxin (ATX). Alterations in LPA signaling, in conjunction with changes in autotaxin (ATX) expression and activity, have been implicated in metabolic and inflammatory disorders including obesity, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease. This review summarizes our current understanding of the sources and metabolism of LPA with focus on the influence of diet on circulating LPA. Furthermore, we explore how the ATX-LPA pathway impacts obesity and obesity-associated disorders, including impaired glucose homeostasis, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D'Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, E2L 4L5 Canada.
| | - Geena V Paramel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, E2L 4L5 Canada.
| | - Petra C Kienesberger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, E2L 4L5 Canada.
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Cho HJ, Choi SH, Kim HJ, Lee BH, Rhim H, Kim HC, Hwang SH, Nah SY. Bioactive lipids in gintonin-enriched fraction from ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2017; 43:209-217. [PMID: 30962735 PMCID: PMC6437394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ginseng is a traditional herbal medicine for human health. Ginseng contains a bioactive ligand named gintonin. The active ingredient of gintonin is lysophosphatidic acid C18:2 (LPA C18:2). We previously developed a method for gintonin-enriched fraction (GEF) preparation to mass-produce gintonin from ginseng. However, previous studies did not show the presence of other bioactive lipids besides LPAs. The aim of this study was to quantify the fatty acids, lysophospholipids (LPLs), and phospholipids (PLs) besides LPAs in GEF. Methods We prepared GEF from white ginseng. We used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for fatty acid analysis and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for PL analysis, and quantified the fatty acids, LPLs, and PLs in GEF using respective standards. We examined the effect of GEF on insulin secretion in INS-1 cells. Results GEF contains about 7.5% linoleic (C18:2), 2.8% palmitic (C16:0), and 1.5% oleic acids (C18:1). GEF contains about 0.2% LPA C18:2, 0.06% LPA C16:0, and 0.02% LPA C18:1. GEF contains 0.08% lysophosphatidylcholine, 0.03% lysophosphatidylethanolamine, and 0.13% lysophosphatidylinositols. GEF also contains about 1% phosphatidic acid (PA) 16:0-18:2, 0.5% PA 18:2-18:2, and 0.2% PA 16:0-18:1. GEF-mediated insulin secretion was not blocked by LPA receptor antagonist. Conclusion We determined four characteristics of GEF through lipid analysis and insulin secretion. First, GEF contains a large amount of linoleic acid (C18:2), PA 16:0-18:2, and LPA C18:2 compared with other lipids. Second, the main fatty acid component of LPLs and PLs is linoleic acid (C18:2). Third, GEF stimulates insulin secretion not through LPA receptors. Finally, GEF contains bioactive lipids besides LPAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jung Cho
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hye Choi
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Joong Kim
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hwan Lee
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewon Rhim
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Hwang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Health Sciences, Sangji University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kim HJ, Park SD, Lee RM, Lee BH, Choi SH, Hwang SH, Rhim H, Kim HC, Nah SY. Gintonin attenuates depressive-like behaviors associated with alcohol withdrawal in mice. J Affect Disord 2017; 215:23-29. [PMID: 28314177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Panax ginseng Meyer extracts have been used to improve mood and alleviate symptoms of depression. However, little is known about the extracts' active ingredients and the molecular mechanisms underlying their reported anti-depressive effects. METHODS Gintonin is an exogenous lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor ligand isolated from P. ginseng. BON cells, an enterochromaffin cell line, and C57BL/6 mice were used to investigate whether gintonin stimulates serotonin release. Furthermore, the effects of gintonin on depressive-like behaviors following alcohol withdrawal were evaluated using the forced swim and tail suspension tests. RESULTS Treatment of BON cells with gintonin induced a transient increase in the intracellular calcium concentration and serotonin release in a concentration- and time-dependent manner via the LPA receptor signaling pathway. Oral administration of the gintonin-enriched fraction (GEF) induced an increase in the plasma serotonin concentration in the mice. Oral administration of the GEF in mice with alcohol withdrawal decreased the immobility time in two depression-like behavioral tests and restored the alcohol withdrawal-induced serotonin decrease in plasma levels. LIMITATIONS We cannot exclude the possibility that the gintonin-mediated regulation of adrenal catecholamine release in the peripheral system, and acetylcholine and glutamate release in the central nervous system, could also contribute to the alleviation of depressive-like behaviors. CONCLUSION The GEF-mediated attenuation of depressive-like behavior induced by alcohol withdrawal may be mediated by serotonin release from intestinal enterochromaffin cells. Therefore, the GEF might be responsible for the ginseng extract-induced alleviation of depression-related symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Joong Kim
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Deuk Park
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ra Mi Lee
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hwan Lee
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hye Choi
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Hwang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Health Sciences, Sangji University, Wonju 26339, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewhon Rhim
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Cho MK, Shin HS. Mechanotransduction-Induced Lipid Production System with High Robustness and Controllability for Microalgae. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32860. [PMID: 27609701 PMCID: PMC5016897 DOI: 10.1038/srep32860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae lipids are a promising energy source, but current biochemical methods of lipid-inductions such as nitrogen deprivation have low process robustness and controllability. Recently, use of mechanotransduction based membrane distortion by applying compression stress in a 2D-microsystem was suggested as a way to overcome these limitations of biochemical induction. However, reproduction in large numbers of cells without cell death has been difficult to overcome because compression for direct membrane distortion reduces culture volume and leads to cell death due to nutrient deprivation. In this study, a mechanotransduction-induced lipid production (MDLP) system that redirects elastic microbeads to induce membrane distortion of microalgae with alleviating cell death was developed. This system resulted in accumulation of lipid in as little as 4 hr. Once compressed, porous microbeads absorb media and swell simultaneously while homogeneously inducing compression stress of microalgae. The absorbed media within beads could be supplied to adjacent cells and could minimize cell death from nutrient deficiency. All mechanotransduction was confirmed by measuring upregulation of calcium influx and Mat3 genes. The microbeads ensured robustness and controllability in repeated compression/de-compression processes. Overall, the MDLP system has potential for use as a fundamental biodiesel process that requires robustness and controllability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Kwon Cho
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 402-751, Korea
| | - Hwa Sung Shin
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 402-751, Korea
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