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Bagheripour F, Jeddi S, Kashfi K, Ghasemi A. Anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of L-citrulline are sex-dependent. Life Sci 2024; 339:122432. [PMID: 38237764 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Anti-diabetic and anti-obesity effects of L-citrulline (Cit) have been reported in male rats. This study determined sex differences in response to Cit in Wistar rats. MAIN METHODS Type 2 diabetes (T2D) was induced using a high-fat diet followed by low-dose of streptozotocin (30 mg/kg) injection. Male and female Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups (n = 6/group): Control, control+Cit, T2D, and T2D + Cit. Cit (4 g/L in drinking water) was administered for 8 weeks. Obesity indices were recorded, serum fasting glucose and lipid profile were measured, and glucose and pyruvate tolerance tests were performed during the Cit intervention. White (WAT) and brown (BAT) adipose tissues were weighted, and the adiposity index was calculated at the end of the study. KEY FINDINGS Cit was more effective in decreasing fasting glucose (18 % vs. 11 %, P = 0.0100), triglyceride (20 % vs. 14 %, P = 0.0173), and total cholesterol (16 % vs. 11 %, P = 0.0200) as well as decreasing gluconeogenesis and improving glucose tolerance, in females compared to male rats with T2D. Following Cit administration, decreases in WAT weight (16 % vs. 14 % for gonadal, 21 % vs. 16 % for inguinal, and 18 % vs. 13 % for retroperitoneal weight, all P < 0.0001) and increases in BAT weight (58 % vs. 19 %, for interscapular and 10 % vs. 7 % for axillary, all P < 0.0001) were higher in females than male rats with T2D. The decrease in adiposity index was also higher (11 % vs. 9 %, P = 0.0007) in females. SIGNIFICANCE The anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of Cit in rats are sex-dependent, with Cit being more effective in female than male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Bagheripour
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Jeddi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, NY, USA.
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Kudo M, Gao M, Hayashi M, Kobayashi Y, Yang J, Liu T. Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil. improves lipid metabolism in high-fat diet-fed obese rats and suppresses intracellular lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via the AMPK-dependent and insulin signaling pathways. Food Nutr Res 2024; 68:10307. [PMID: 38327997 PMCID: PMC10845893 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v68.10307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is closely associated with several chronic diseases, and adipose tissue plays a major role in modulating energy metabolism. Objective This study aimed to determine whether Mate, derived from I. paraguariensis A.St.-Hil., ameliorates lipid metabolism in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and high-fat diet (HFD)-fed obese Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Design 3T3-L1 adipocytes were cultured for 7 days, following which intracellular lipid accumulation and expression levels of lipid metabolism-related factors were examined. Dorsomorphin was used to investigate the potential pathways involved, particularly the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)- dependent pathway. Mate was administered to rat HFD-fed obese SD models for 8 consecutive weeks. The expression of lipid metabolism-related factors in the organs and tissues collected from dissected SD rats was evaluated. Results Mate suppressed intracellular lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, increased the protein and gene expression levels of AMPK, hormone sensitive lipase (HSL), calmodulin kinase kinase (CaMKK), liver kinase B1 (LKB1), protein kinase A (PKA), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ), insulin receptor b (IRβ), and insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) (Tyr465), and decreased those of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1C (Srebp1c), fatty acid synthase (FAS), peroxisome-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), and IRS1 (Ser1101). Furthermore, an AMPK inhibitor abolished the effects exerted by Mate on intracellular lipid accumulation and HSL and FAS expression levels. Mate treatment suppressed body weight gain and improved serum cholesterol levels in HFD-fed obese SD rats. Treatment with Mate increased the protein and gene expression levels of AMPK, PKA, Erk1/Erk2 (p44/p42), and uncoupling protein 1 and reduced those of mammalian target of rapamycin, S6 kinase, Srebp1c, ap2, FAS, Il6, Adiponectin, Leptin, and Fabp4 in rat HFD-fed obese SD models. Discussion and conclusions Mate suppressed intracellular lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and improved lipid metabolism in the epididymal adipose tissue of HFD-fed obese SD rats via the activation of AMPK-dependent and insulin signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Kudo
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Mukogawa Women’s University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Ming Gao
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Mukogawa Women’s University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
- Institute for Bioscience, Mukogawa Women’s University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Misa Hayashi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Mukogawa Women’s University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | | | - Jinwei Yang
- Tokiwa Phytochemical Co., Ltd., Sakura, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Health Cultivation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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3
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Omidkhoda N, Mahdiani S, Hayes AW, Karimi G. Natural compounds against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A review on the involvement of the LKB1/AMPK signaling pathway. Phytother Res 2023; 37:5769-5786. [PMID: 37748097 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Although various therapeutic approaches are used to manage nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the best approach to NAFLD management is unclear. NAFLD is a liver disorder associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes mellitus. NAFLD progression can lead to cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease. Hepatic kinase B1 (LKB1) is an upstream kinase of 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a crucial regulator in hepatic lipid metabolism. Activation of LKB1/AMPK inhibits fatty acid synthesis, increases mitochondrial β-oxidation, decreases the expression of genes encoding lipogenic enzymes, improves nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and suppresses NAFLD progression. One potential opening for new and safe chemicals that can tackle the NAFLD pathogenesis through the LKB1-AMPK pathway includes natural bioactive compounds. Accordingly, we summarized in vitro and in vivo studies regarding the effect of natural bioactive compounds such as a few members of the polyphenols, terpenoids, alkaloids, and some natural extracts on NAFLD through the LKB1/AMPK signaling pathway. This manuscript may shed light on the way to finding a new therapeutic agent for NAFLD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Omidkhoda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sina Mahdiani
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - A Wallace Hayes
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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4
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Nguyen NPK, Tran KN, Nguyen LTH, Shin HM, Yang IJ. Effects of Essential Oils and Fragrant Compounds on Appetite: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097962. [PMID: 37175666 PMCID: PMC10178777 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Appetite dysregulation is one of the factors contributing to anorexia, bulimia nervosa, obesity, and diabetes. Essential oils or fragrant compounds have been proven to regulate food intake and energy expenditure; hence, this study aimed to summarize their effects on appetite and the underlying mechanisms. The PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched until July 2022. Only two of the 41 studies were performed clinically, and the remaining 39 used animal models. Oral administration was the most common route, and a dosage range of 100-2000 mg/kg for mice or 2-32 mg/kg for rats was applied, with a duration of 12 days to 4 weeks, followed by inhalation (10-6-10-3 mg/cage or 10-9-10-2 mg/cm3 within 1 h). Approximately 11 essential oil samples and 22 fragrant compounds were found to increase appetite, while 12 essential oils and seven compounds decreased appetite. These fragrant components can exert appetite-regulating effects via leptin resistance, the activity of sympathetic/parasympathetic nerves, or the mRNA expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY)/agouti-related protein (AgRP), cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART)/proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in the hypothalamus. Fragrance memory and cognitive processes may also play roles in appetite regulation. The findings of this study accentuate the potential of essential oils and fragrant compounds to regulate appetite and eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhi Phuc Khanh Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Khoa Nguyen Tran
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Ly Thi Huong Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Mook Shin
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Jun Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
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Bagheripour F, Jeddi S, Kashfi K, Ghasemi A. Metabolic effects of L-citrulline in type 2 diabetes. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 237:e13937. [PMID: 36645144 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing worldwide. Decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability is involved in the pathophysiology of T2D and its complications. L-citrulline (Cit), a precursor of NO production, has been suggested as a novel therapeutic agent for T2D. Available data from human and animal studies indicate that Cit supplementation in T2D increases circulating levels of Cit and L-arginine while decreasing circulating glucose and free fatty acids and improving dyslipidemia. The underlying mechanisms for these beneficial effects of Cit include increased insulin secretion from the pancreatic β cells, increased glucose uptake by the skeletal muscle, as well as increased lipolysis and β-oxidation, and decreased glyceroneogenesis in the adipose tissue. Thus, Cit has antihyperglycemic, antidyslipidemic, and antioxidant effects and has the potential to be used as a new therapeutic agent in the management of T2D. This review summarizes available literature from human and animal studies to explore the effects of Cit on metabolic parameters in T2D. It also discusses the possible mechanisms underlying Cit-induced improved metabolic parameters in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Bagheripour
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Jeddi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Amycenone reduces excess body weight and attenuates hyperlipidaemia by inhibiting lipogenesis and promoting lipolysis and fatty acid β-oxidation in KK- Ay obese diabetic mice. J Nutr Sci 2022; 11:e55. [PMID: 35836693 PMCID: PMC9274390 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2022.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess body weight and hyperlipidaemia cause severe health problems and have social implications. Amycenone is an active substance extracted from Yamabushitake mushrooms with no reports of its activity against excess body weight and hyperlipidaemia. This research clarifies the effects and mechanisms of action of amycenone on the inhibition of body weight excess and hyperlipidaemia attenuation using KK-Ay mice. Amycenone or water was administered to 8-week-old male KK-Ay mice by gavage for 8 weeks. Their body weight and food intake were recorded during the experiment. At the end of the experimental period, the mice were dissected, and blood samples, lipid metabolism-related organs and tissues were collected and stored for further analysis. Amycenone treatment suppressed body weight gain and improved serum levels of fasting blood glucose and non-esterified fatty acids. Additionally, serum and hepatic cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels were reduced after this treatment, whereas the phosphorylation levels of AMPK, PKA and HSL increased and the expression level of FAS decreased. The protein level of C/EBPβ and gene expression level of Cpt1 were higher in the perirenal adipose tissue of amycenone-treated KK-Ay mice. Furthermore, amycenone phosphorylated AMPK, PKA and ACC, and PPARγ expression was lower in the mesenteric adipose tissue. The phosphorylation levels of AMPK, LKB1, PKA and ACC were also induced, and FAS expression level was reduced in the liver of the amycenone-treated group. Amycenone could reduce excess body weight and attenuate hyperlipidaemia in KK-Ay mice by inhibiting lipogenesis and promoting lipolysis through lipid metabolism pathway stimulation and fatty acid β-oxidation acceleration.
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Jibril MM, Haji-Hamid A, Abas F, Karrupan J, Mohammed AS, Jaafar AH, Pak Dek MS, Ramli NS. Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) leaf extract attenuates biochemical and histological parameters in high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14058. [PMID: 34981526 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The present research aimed to investigate the attenuative effects of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) leaf extract on biochemical and histological parameters in a high-fat diet combined with a low-dose streptozotocin (HFD/STZ)-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus. Forty male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into five groups, including three supplemented groups: 10 mg metformin/kg BW (HFD/STZ +M), 200 mg watermelon leaf extract /kg BW (HFD/STZ + LD), and 400 mg watermelon leaf extract /kg BW (HFD/STZ + HD). The efficacy of the 6-week intervention was evaluated by measuring body weight, fasting blood sugar, serum insulin, lipid profile, superoxide dismutase, catalase, malondialdehyde, and serum liver markers. Kidneys and liver structure were defined by histopathological examination. Results revealed that intervention with watermelon leaf extract attenuated the biochemical parameters and the structural changes in kidneys and liver. In brief, the watermelon leaf extract treatment could effectively decrease complications associated with diabetes better than metformin, and that the treatment with 400 mg/kg BW is the most potent. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This was the first study to investigate the antidiabetic potential of watermelon leaf extract in obese diabetic rats. Data revealed that the watermelon leaf extract significantly attenuated the HFD/STZ-induced diabetes changes, as evidenced by the biochemical and histological data. Hence, watermelon leaf could be an excellent candidate to be developed as a functional food ingredients or nutraceuticals for holistic management of diabetes mellitus and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Mustapha Jibril
- Department of Food Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Biochemistry, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Azizah Haji-Hamid
- Department of Food Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Faridah Abas
- Department of Food Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jeeven Karrupan
- Food Technology Research Center, Malaysia Agricultural Research and Development Institute, MARDI Headquarter, Persiaran MARDI-UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Ahmad Haniff Jaafar
- Department of Food Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Sabri Pak Dek
- Department of Food Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Shazini Ramli
- Department of Food Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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8
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Burton-Freeman B, Freeman M, Zhang X, Sandhu A, Edirisinghe I. Watermelon and L-Citrulline in Cardio-Metabolic Health: Review of the Evidence 2000-2020. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2021; 23:81. [PMID: 34894302 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-021-00978-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) distinctively contains L-citrulline and L-arginine, precursors of nitric oxide (NO), along with polyphenols and carotenoids suggesting a role in cardio-metabolic health. The goal of this paper is to review the preclinical and clinical trial evidence published from 2000 to 2020 to assess watermelon intake and L-citrulline, as a signature compound of watermelon, on cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes, and to identify future directions important for establishing dietary guidance and therapeutic recommendations actionable by health care professionals, patients, and the general public. RECENT FINDINGS Watermelon and L-citrulline supplementation reduced blood pressure in human trials. Evidence for benefits in lipids/lipoprotein metabolism is emerging based on human literature and consistently reported in animal models. A role for watermelon intake in body weight control, possibly through satiety mechanisms, warrants further research. Likewise, improved glucose homeostasis in chemically and diet-induced animal models of diabetes is apparent, though limited data are available in humans. Emerging areas include brain and gut health indicated by NO bioavailability in all tissues, and evidence suggesting improvements in gut barrier function and altered microbial composition after watermelon intake that may influence metabolite pools and physiological function. Watermelon fruit contains unique vaso- and metabolically-active compounds. Accumulating evidence supports regular intake for cardio-metabolic health. Future research to determine the amount and frequency of watermelon/citrulline intake for desired outcomes in different populations requires attention to advance preventative and therapeutic strategies for optimal health and disease risk reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Burton-Freeman
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Center for Nutrition Research, Illinois Institute of Technology, 10 W 35 Street, Suite 3D6-1, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA.
| | - Morganne Freeman
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Center for Nutrition Research, Illinois Institute of Technology, 10 W 35 Street, Suite 3D6-1, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Xuhuiqun Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Center for Nutrition Research, Illinois Institute of Technology, 10 W 35 Street, Suite 3D6-1, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Amandeep Sandhu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Center for Nutrition Research, Illinois Institute of Technology, 10 W 35 Street, Suite 3D6-1, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Indika Edirisinghe
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Center for Nutrition Research, Illinois Institute of Technology, 10 W 35 Street, Suite 3D6-1, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
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Miyatake S, Hino K, Ebisu G, Fujita S. Oral administration of l-citrulline alters the vascular delivery of substances to rat skeletal muscles. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 28:101149. [PMID: 34693038 PMCID: PMC8515244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial function deteriorates with age and disease, and the production of vasodilator factors like nitric oxide (NO) decreases. The free amino acid l-citrulline increases vasodilation and blood flow through increased NO production. We examined the effects of oral l-citrulline administration on vascular delivery of substances to skeletal muscles. In Experiment 1, following oral l-citrulline administration and subsequent intravenous Evans blue dye (EBD) administration to rats, EBD levels delivered to skeletal muscles were measured after 60 min. In Experiment 2, plasma concentrations of amino acids and NOx, an indicator of vasodilation, were measured over time after oral l-citrulline administration. In Experiment 3, we measured EBD levels in skeletal muscles of streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic rats following l-citrulline administration. In these experiments, EBD levels in the soleus muscle were higher in the l-citrulline group than in the control group (19.9 ± 0.7 vs. 22.5 ± 1.9 μg/g tissue, p < 0.05). Plasma l-arginine, l-citrulline, and NOx levels were increased within 30 min after l-citrulline administration. EBD levels in the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles were higher in diabetic rats with l-citrulline administration (18.7 ± 2.2 vs. 25.0 ± 4.3 μg/g tissue, p < 0.05 and 8.0 ± 0.5 vs. 9.2 ± 0.8 μg/g tissue, p = 0.05, respectively). These data suggest that oral l-citrulline administration may increase the level of substances delivered to skeletal muscles by increasing the NO production in both normal and vascular endothelial dysfunction models. l-Citrulline (CIT) increases blood flow and induces vasorelaxation. CIT increased dye delivery to soleus but not gastrocnemius muscles in normal rats. CIT administration increased the blood levels of l-arginine and NOx. CIT led to higher dye delivery to soleus and gastrocnemius muscles in diabetic rats. CIT increase vascular delivery in skeletal muscles through increasing NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Miyatake
- OS-1 Division, Medical Foods Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., 115 Kuguhara, Tateiwa, Muya-cho, Naruto, Tokushima, 772-8601, Japan.,Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Kazuo Hino
- OS-1 Division, Medical Foods Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., 115 Kuguhara, Tateiwa, Muya-cho, Naruto, Tokushima, 772-8601, Japan
| | - Goro Ebisu
- OS-1 Division, Medical Foods Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., 115 Kuguhara, Tateiwa, Muya-cho, Naruto, Tokushima, 772-8601, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
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Kudo M, Yamagishi Y, Suguro S, Nishihara M, Yoshitomi H, Hayashi M, Gao M. L-citrulline inhibits body weight gain and hepatic fat accumulation by improving lipid metabolism in a rat nonalcoholic fatty liver disease model. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:4893-4904. [PMID: 34532001 PMCID: PMC8441368 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body weight gain is a social issue all over the world. When body weight increased, hepatic fat accumulation also increased and it causes fatty liver disease. Therefore, developing a new treatment method and elucidating its mechanism is necessary. L-citrulline (L-Cit) is a free amino acid found mainly in watermelon. No reports regarding its effects on the improvement of hepatic steatosis and fibrogenesis are currently available. The aim of this study was to clarify the effect and the mechanism of L-Cit on inhibition of body weight gain and hepatic fat accumulation in high-fat and high-cholesterol fed SHRSP5/Dmcr rats. METHODS L-Cit or water (controls) was administered to six-week-old male SHRSP5/Dmcr rats by gavage for nine weeks. We recorded the level of body weight and food intake while performing the administration and sacrificed rats. After that, the blood and lipid metabolism-related organs and tissues were collected and analyzed. RESULTS L-Cit treatment reduced body weight gain and hepatic TC and TG levels, and serum levels of AST and ALT. L-Cit enhanced AMPK, LKB1, PKA, and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) protein phosphorylation levels in the epididymal fat. L-Cit treatment improved steatosis as revealed by HE staining of liver tissues and enhanced AMPK and LKB1 phosphorylation levels. Moreover, activation of Sirt1 was higher, while the liver fatty acid synthase (FAS) level was lower. Azan staining of liver sections revealed a reduction in fibrogenesis following L-Cit treatment. Further, the liver levels of TGF-β, Smad2/3, and α-SMA, fibrogenesis-related proteins and genes, were lower in the L-Cit-treated group. CONCLUSIONS From the results of analysis of the epididymal fat and the liver, L-Cit inhibits body weight gain and hepatic fat accumulation by activating lipid metabolism and promoting fatty acid β-oxidation in SHRSP5/Dmcr rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Kudo
- School of Pharmaceutical ScienceMukogawa Women’s UniversityNishinomiyaJapan
| | | | | | | | - Hisae Yoshitomi
- School of Pharmaceutical ScienceMukogawa Women’s UniversityNishinomiyaJapan
| | - Misa Hayashi
- School of Pharmaceutical ScienceMukogawa Women’s UniversityNishinomiyaJapan
| | - Ming Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical ScienceMukogawa Women’s UniversityNishinomiyaJapan
- Institute for BiosciencesMukogawa Women’s UniversityNishinomiyaJapan
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11
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Liang C, Zhou XH, Jiao YH, Guo MJ, Meng L, Gong PM, Lyu LZ, Niu HY, Wu YF, Chen SW, Han X, Zhang LW. Ligilactobacillus Salivarius LCK11 Prevents Obesity by Promoting PYY Secretion to Inhibit Appetite and Regulating Gut Microbiota in C57BL/6J Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2100136. [PMID: 34272917 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Obesity is a common disease worldwide and there is an urgent need for strategies to preventing obesity. METHODS AND RESULTS The anti-obesity effect and mechanism of Ligilactobacillus salivarius LCK11 (LCK11) is studied using a C57BL/6J male mouse model in which obesity is induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). Results show that LCK11 can prevent HFD-induced obesity, reflected as inhibited body weight gain, abdominal and liver fat accumulation and dyslipidemia. Analysis of its mechanism shows that on the one hand, LCK11 can inhibit food intake through significantly improving the transcriptional and translational levels of peptide YY (PYY) in the rectum, in addition to the eventual serum PYY level; this is attributed to the activation of the toll-like receptor 2/nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway in enteroendocrine L cells by the peptidoglycan of LCK11. On the other hand, LCK11 supplementation effectively reduces the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and shifts the overall structure of the HFD-disrupted gut microbiota toward that of mice fed on a low-fat diet; this also contributes to preventing obesity. CONCLUSION LCK11 shows the potential to be used as a novel probiotic for preventing obesity by both promoting PYY secretion to inhibit food intake and regulating gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150010, China
| | | | - Yue-Hua Jiao
- Drug safety evaluation center, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
| | - Mei-Jie Guo
- Department of Adolescent Medical Clinic, Harbin Children's Hospital, Harbin, 150010, China
| | - Li Meng
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150500, China
| | - Pi-Min Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Lin-Zheng Lyu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150010, China
| | - Hai-Yue Niu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150010, China
| | - Yi-Fan Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150010, China
| | - Shi-Wei Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150010, China
| | - Xue Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150010, China
| | - Lan-Wei Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
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12
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Flores-Ramírez AG, Tovar-Villegas VI, Maharaj A, Garay-Sevilla ME, Figueroa A. Effects of L-Citrulline Supplementation and Aerobic Training on Vascular Function in Individuals with Obesity across the Lifespan. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13092991. [PMID: 34578869 PMCID: PMC8466140 DOI: 10.3390/nu13092991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with obesity are at higher risk for developing cardiometabolic diseases that once were considered health conditions of adults. Obesity is commonly associated with cardiometabolic risk factors such as dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and hypertension that contribute to the development of endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial dysfunction, characterized by reduced nitric oxide (NO) production, precedes vascular abnormalities including atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness. Thus, early detection and treatment of cardiometabolic risk factors are necessary to prevent deleterious vascular consequences of obesity at an early age. Non-pharmacological interventions including L-Citrulline (L-Cit) supplementation and aerobic training stimulate endothelial NO mediated vasodilation, leading to improvements in organ perfusion, blood pressure, arterial stiffness, atherosclerosis and metabolic health (glucose control and lipid profile). Few studies suggest that the combination of L-Cit supplementation and exercise training can be an effective strategy to counteract the adverse effects of obesity on vascular function in older adults. Therefore, this review examined the efficacy of L-Cit supplementation and aerobic training interventions on vascular and metabolic parameters in obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaisa Genoveva Flores-Ramírez
- Department of Medical Science, Division of Health Science, University of Guanajuato, Campus León, León 37320, Mexico; (A.G.F.-R.); (V.I.T.-V.)
| | - Verónica Ivette Tovar-Villegas
- Department of Medical Science, Division of Health Science, University of Guanajuato, Campus León, León 37320, Mexico; (A.G.F.-R.); (V.I.T.-V.)
| | - Arun Maharaj
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
| | - Ma Eugenia Garay-Sevilla
- Department of Medical Science, Division of Health Science, University of Guanajuato, Campus León, León 37320, Mexico; (A.G.F.-R.); (V.I.T.-V.)
- Correspondence: (M.E.G.-S.); (A.F.)
| | - Arturo Figueroa
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
- Correspondence: (M.E.G.-S.); (A.F.)
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Zia S, Khan MR, Shabbir MA, Aadil RM. An update on functional, nutraceutical and industrial applications of watermelon by-products: A comprehensive review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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14
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Park S, Chang HC, Lee JJ. Rice Bran Fermented with Kimchi-Derived Lactic Acid Bacteria Prevents Metabolic Complications in Mice on a High-Fat and -Cholesterol Diet. Foods 2021; 10:foods10071501. [PMID: 34203398 PMCID: PMC8303271 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This aim of this study was to investigate the potential beneficial effects of rice bran powder, fermented by Weissella koreensis DB1 isolated from kimchi, to protect against obesity and dyslipidemia induced by a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet, in a mouse model. Male mice were fed a modified AIN-93M diet containing high fat/high-cholesterol (HFCD), or same diet supplemented with non-fermented rice bran powder (HFCD-RB) or fermented rice bran powder (HFCD-FRB) for 10 weeks. In the HFCD-FRB group, body weight, liver and white fat pads weights, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), non-high-density lipopreotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), insulin, glucose and leptine levels in serum, TG levels and the ratio of fat droplets in the liver, TG levels and fat cell size in adipose tissue were decreased, and (high-density lipopreotein cholesterol) HDL-C and adiponectin levels in serum were increased, compared with the HFCD group. The HFCD-FRB group had significantly lower CCAAT-enhancer-binding potein α (C/EBPα), sterol regulatory element-binding transcription protein-1c (SREBP-1c), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) gene expression when compared to the HFCD group. The anti-obesity and hypolipidemic effects were marginally greater in the HFCD-FRB group than in the HFCD-RB group. These results suggest that fermented rice bran powder by Weissella koreensis DB1 may have potential beneficial effects on the obesity-related abnormalities and the dysfunction of lipid metabolism.
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Azizi S, Mahdavi R, Mobasseri M, Aliasgharzadeh S, Abbaszadeh F, Ebrahimi-Mameghani M. The impact of L-citrulline supplementation on glucose homeostasis, lipid profile, and some inflammatory factors in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes: A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Phytother Res 2021; 35:3157-3166. [PMID: 33876875 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of L-citrulline on glucose homeostasis, lipid profile, and inflammatory factors in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). In total, 54 participants with T2D were assigned to L-citrulline (3 g/day L-citrulline) or placebo groups and tested for 8 weeks. Serum levels of insulin, fasting glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), lipid profile, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and L-citrulline were measured pre- and post-intervention. Totally, 45 patients were enrolled in the research. L-citrulline supplementation decreased serum levels of insulin (p = .025), glucose (p = .032), HbA1c (p = .001), HOMA-IR (p = .037), TNF-α (p = .036), and hs-CRP (p = .027) significantly. At the end of the study, despite the significant decrease in serum levels of triglyceride (p = .027) and the increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (p < .001) in the L-citrulline group, no significant differences were found for these parameters between the groups. Moreover, no significant inter- and intra-group changes were observed for dietary intakes, anthropometric indices, total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (p > .05). In conclusion, L-citrulline supplementation might improve glucose homeostasis, some lipid factors and inflammatory markers in overweight and obese patients with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Azizi
- Student Research Committee, School of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Mahdavi
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, School of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Mobasseri
- Endocrine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soghra Aliasgharzadeh
- Student Research Committee, School of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Abbaszadeh
- Student Research Committee, School of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehrangiz Ebrahimi-Mameghani
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, School of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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16
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Abbaszadeh F, Azizi S, Mobasseri M, Ebrahimi-Mameghani M. The effects of citrulline supplementation on meta-inflammation and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2021; 13:52. [PMID: 33952324 PMCID: PMC8097832 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-021-00669-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to examine the effects of L-citrulline (l-CIT) on low-grade inflammation (meta-inflammation) and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients since it has exhibited hypoglycemic and anti-inflammatory effects in most animal studies. METHODS In this double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial, 54 patients with T2D referred to specialized clinics of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences were assigned to L-CIT group (receiving orally one 3 g sachet of L-CIT daily before breakfast) or placebo group (receiving orally one 3 g sachet of microcrystalline cellulose daily before breakfast) for eight weeks. Serum levels of fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), CIT, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) were determined. The quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) and homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-B) index were estimated at the baseline and post-intervention. RESULTS No significant difference was observed between the studied parameters at the baseline. L-CIT supplementation significantly reduced not only serum concentrations of fasting blood glucose but also HbA1c, serum IL-6 and TLR-4 levels in the L-CIT group (p < 0.05). Additionally, at the end of the study serum levels of CIT increased significantly in L-CIT group compared to the baseline and placebo group. Fasting blood glucose concentrations and HbA1c significantly decreased after the intervention compared to the placebo. There was no significant difference in serum IL-6, TLR-4, MCP-1 levels, as well as QUICKI and HOMA-B index between the two groups, even after adjusting for baseline variables and confounders. CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed that, although L-CIT supplementation significantly reduced fasting blood glucose concentrations, HbA1c and increased serum levels of CIT. It seems it could not significantly improve insulin sensitivity and meta-inflammation biomarkers. Additional studies with longer duration and different doses of L-CIT are required. Trial registration The protocol of this clinical trial is registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (registration no: IRCT20100209003320N16 at www.irct.ir ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Abbaszadeh
- Student Research Committee, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samaneh Azizi
- Student Research Committee, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Mobasseri
- Endocrine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehrangiz Ebrahimi-Mameghani
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Peplinska-Miaskowska J, Wichowicz H, Smolenski RT, Jablonska P, Kaska L. Comparison of plasma nucleotide metabolites and amino acids pattern in patients with binge eating disorder and obesity. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 40:32-42. [PMID: 33021434 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2020.1825733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Binge eating disorder (BED) increasingly affects population, but the mechanisms of the disease and its biomarkers are not well characterized. Recently, plasma purines, pyrimidines, amino acid and nicotinamide metabolites profiling attracted attention in studies on pathology and biomarkers of mental disorders but has not been adequately studied in BED. Blood and plasma samples were taken from patients with adult obese with BED (n = 20) and control adult obese without BED (n = 17). Plasma samples were analyzed for nucleotides and amino acid concentrations with high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. BED had a significantly (p < 0.05) lower uridine and hypoxanthine to creatinine ratio compared to the control group. Among the amino acids BED patients had significantly (p < 0.05) lower concentrations of glutamic acid, leucine, isoleucine and the whole branched-chain amino acids group, while the concentration of citrulline was increased. Among nicotinamide metabolites, 1-methylnicotinamide levels were significantly (p < 0.05) lower. This study highlights potential use of profiling nucleotide metabolite and amino acid pattern in BED patients that may provide information on mechanisms and potential biomarkers. However, further investigation in larger population is necessary to identify clinical correlates of the observed changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hubert Wichowicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.,Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Institute of Health Sciences Słupsk ul
| | | | - Patrycja Jablonska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Lukasz Kaska
- Department of General, Endocrine and Transplant Surgery, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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18
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Azizi S, Ebrahimi‐Mameghani M, Mobasseri M, Karamzad N, Mahdavi R. Oxidative stress and nitrate/nitrite (NOx) status following citrulline supplementation in type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. J Hum Nutr Diet 2020; 34:64-72. [DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Azizi
- Student Research Committee School of Nutrition and Food Sciences Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - M. Ebrahimi‐Mameghani
- Nutrition Research Center Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy School of Nutrition and Food Sciences Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - M. Mobasseri
- Endocrine Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - N. Karamzad
- Student Research Committee School of Nutrition and Food Sciences Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - R. Mahdavi
- Nutrition Research Center Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy School of Nutrition and Food Sciences Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
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Becraft AR, Sturm ML, Mendez RL, Park SH, Lee SI, Shay NF. Intake of Watermelon or Its Byproducts Alters Glucose Metabolism, the Microbiome, and Hepatic Proinflammatory Metabolites in High-Fat-Fed Male C57BL/6 J Mice. J Nutr 2020; 150:434-442. [PMID: 31711172 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Watermelon intake has demonstrated effects on blood pressure regulation along with other health benefits. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that intake of whole watermelon and products made from watermelon rind (WR) and watermelon skin (WS) would remediate metabolic complications in C57BL/6 J male mice fed a diet modeling a Western-style diet. METHODS Ten-week-old male C57BL/6 J mice were provided either a low-fat (LF) diet [10% fat (by energy), 8% sucrose (by energy) and no added cholesterol], a high-fat (HF) diet [45% fat (by energy), 20% kcal sucrose (by energy), and 1% (w/w) cholesterol], or an HF diet plus WS, WR, or watermelon flesh (WF) for 10 wk. Dried WF was provided at 8% of total energy (equivalent to 2 servings/d) and watermelon skin and rind were added at 2.25% (w/w, dry weight of additives) of diet. Animals were provided experimental diets ad libitum. Body weights, food intake, and glucose tolerance were determined. Serum insulin, inflammatory markers, microbiome, and the relative hepatic concentrations of 709 biochemicals were measured postmortem. RESULTS The final body weight of the LF control group was significantly lower than that of the HF-fed control group (32.8 ± 0.9 g compared with 43.0 ± 1.7 g, P ≤ 0.05). Mice in treatment groups fed HF supplemented with watermelon products had final body weights similar to those of the HF-fed control mice. Serum insulin concentrations were reduced by ∼40% in mice fed an HF diet with WR supplementation compared with mice fed an HF diet alone (P ≤ 0.05). Depending on the individual species or group, microbiome populations changed significantly. Supplementation with WF resulted in a return to the basal hepatic concentrations of monohydroxy fatty acids and eicosanoids observed in LF-fed mice (P ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In obese male mice, supplementation with each of the watermelon products to an HF diet improved fasting blood glucose, circulating serum insulin concentrations, and changes in hepatic metabolite accumulation. At a modest level of supplementation to an HF diet, fiber-rich additives made from WR and WS further improved glucose metabolism and energy efficiency and shifted the microbiome composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra R Becraft
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Marlena L Sturm
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Rufa L Mendez
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Si Hong Park
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Sang In Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Neil F Shay
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Azizi S, Mahdavi R, Vaghef-Mehrabany E, Maleki V, Karamzad N, Ebrahimi-Mameghani M. Potential roles of Citrulline and watermelon extract on metabolic and inflammatory variables in diabetes mellitus, current evidence and future directions: A systematic review. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 47:187-198. [PMID: 31612510 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diabetes mellitus is a prevalent endocrine disorder worldwide. Citrulline is an α-amino acid, which is abundant in watermelon, and a precursor of arginine and nitric oxide. Decreased bioavailability of nitric oxide is associated with insulin resistance. The present systematic review focused on the existing evidence of citrulline and watermelon extract effects on metabolic and inflammatory parameters in diabetes mellitus. METHODS A systematic search of the databases PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, ProQuest and Google Scholar was conducted for relevant papers published from inception until October 2018. All clinical trials, animal and in vitro studies published in the English language that assessed the role of citrulline and watermelon extract on diabetes mellitus, were eligible. Studies providing inadequate information were excluded. RESULTS Out of 1262 articles we found, only eight articles met the inclusion criteria for analysis. In three studies an increase in the synthesis of nitric oxide was reported with citrulline and watermelon extract supplementation. Four studies showed a significant reduction in blood glucose after supplementation with watermelon extract, and two studies reported a decrease in a number of inflammatory biomarkers following citrulline supplementation. Although citrulline intake caused a significant reduction in HOMA-IR in one study, inconsistent results were revealed on the effects of citrulline and watermelon extract on insulin levels and lipid profile. CONCLUSION Citrulline and watermelon extract could improve nitric oxide synthesis, glycaemic status and inflammation in diabetes mellitus. However, further studies are required to shed light on the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Azizi
- Department of Biochemistry and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Mahdavi
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, School of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elnaz Vaghef-Mehrabany
- Department of Biochemistry and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahid Maleki
- Department of Biochemistry and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nahid Karamzad
- Department of Biochemistry and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehrangiz Ebrahimi-Mameghani
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, School of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Ridwan R, Razak HRA, Adenan MI, Saad WMM. Supplementation of 100% Flesh Watermelon [ Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai] Juice Improves Swimming Performance in Rats. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2019; 24:41-48. [PMID: 31008095 PMCID: PMC6456243 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2019.24.1.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional intervention of fruit juice supplementation is able to maximize exercise performance. Watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai] contains high L-citrulline content and consumption of watermelon juice may promote ergogenic effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of 100% flesh watermelon juice and 100% rind watermelon juice supplementation for 14 days on swimming performance in rats. Twenty four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: Cx group of rats supplemented with filtered tap water (negative control), L-cit group of rats supplemented with L-citrulline (positive control), FR group of rats supplemented with 100% flesh watermelon juice, and RR group of rats supplemented with 100% rind watermelon juice. Each group was supplemented for 14 days ad libitum prior to swimming exercise protocol. The rats were performed swimming exercise for 3 days and swimming time until exhaustion was measured. Plasma samples were collected to measure lactate concentration, ammonia concentration, and nitric oxide production. Rats supplemented with 100% flesh watermelon juice demonstrated significantly prolonged of swimming time until exhaustion, reduction of lactate and ammonia concentrations, and increased of nitric oxide production compared to Cx and L-cit groups (P<0.05). These findings postulate that supplementation with 100% flesh watermelon juice improves endurance in swimming performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasdin Ridwan
- Centre of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor 42300, Malaysia
| | | | - Mohd Ilham Adenan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor 42300, Malaysia.,Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Product Discovery, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor 42300, Malaysia
| | - Wan Mazlina Md Saad
- Centre of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor 42300, Malaysia
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Villareal MO, Matsukawa T, Isoda H. l-Citrulline Supplementation-Increased Skeletal Muscle PGC-1α Expression Is Associated with Exercise Performance and Increased Skeletal Muscle Weight. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1701043. [PMID: 29797700 PMCID: PMC6099278 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201701043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE l-citrulline has recently been reported as a more effective supplement for promoting intracellular nitric oxide (NO) production compared to l-arginine. Here, the effect of l-citrulline on skeletal muscle and its influence on exercise performance were investigated. The underlying mechanism of its effect, specifically on the expression of skeletal muscle peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), was also elucidated. METHODS AND RESULTS Six-week-old ICR mice were orally supplemented with l-citrulline (250 mg kg-1 ) daily, and their performance in weight-loaded swimming exercise every other day for 15 days, was evaluated. In addition, mice muscles were weighed and evaluated for the expression of PGC-1α and PGC-1α-regulated genes. Mice orally supplemented with l-citrulline had significantly higher gastrocnemius and biceps femoris muscle mass. Although not statistically significant, l-citrulline prolonged the swimming time to exhaustion. PGC-1α upregulation was associated with vascular endothelial growth factor α (VEGFα) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) upregulation. VEGFα and IGF-1 are important for angiogenesis and muscle growth, respectively, and are regulated by PGC-1α. Treatment with NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (l-NAME), a nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor, suppressed the l-citrulline-induced PGC-1α upregulation in vitro. CONCLUSION Supplementation with l-citrulline upregulates skeletal muscle PGC-1α levels resulting in higher skeletal muscle weight that improves time to exhaustion during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myra O. Villareal
- Faculty of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTsukuba City305‐8572Japan
- Alliance for Research on Mediterranean and North AfricaUniversity of TsukubaTsukuba City305‐8572Japan
| | - Toshiya Matsukawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTsukuba City305‐8572Japan
| | - Hiroko Isoda
- Faculty of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTsukuba City305‐8572Japan
- Alliance for Research on Mediterranean and North AfricaUniversity of TsukubaTsukuba City305‐8572Japan
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Phytol isolated from watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) sprouts induces cell death in human T-lymphoid cell line Jurkat cells via S-phase cell cycle arrest. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 115:425-435. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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