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Keçecioğlu C, Sarıkaya C, Aydın A, Charehsaz M, Efendi H. Investigation of the Relationship Between Heavy Metals (Cadmium, Arsenic, and Lead) and Metallothionein in Multiple Sclerosis. Cureus 2024; 16:e66754. [PMID: 39268276 PMCID: PMC11392509 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.66754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common neurological disorders. Metals are important for the maintenance and preservation of homeostasis and dysregulated metal homeostasis has an impact on neurodegeneration. Environmental factors are considered to contribute to MS risk and progression. Heavy metals such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) are widely found in the environment and because of their toxic nature, they pose a great danger to human health. Metallothioneins (MTs) play important roles in metal homeostasis and detoxification of heavy metals. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between levels of heavy metals (As, Cd, and Pb) and MT levels in MS patients and also to assess the oxidative stress status of patients. METHOD Fifty subjects (20 healthy subjects and 30 MS patients) were included. Demographic characteristics of the patients, plasma MT levels, blood Cd, As, and Pb levels, as well as iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) levels, were determined. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were investigated as a marker of oxidative stress. RESULTS MT levels were slightly higher in the MS group (p > 0.05). As Cd and Pb levels were significantly higher in the control subjects. MDA levels were significantly higher in MS patients. CONCLUSION Our results support the relevance of MT and MDA levels in MS. Further clinical studies with larger cohorts will provide more insights into these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Keçecioğlu
- Pharmacy Services Program, Istanbul Galata University, Istanbul, TUR
| | - Cansu Sarıkaya
- Neurology, Maltepe University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, TUR
| | - Ahmet Aydın
- Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, TUR
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Abstract
Amyloids are organized suprastructural polypeptide arrangements. The prevalence of amyloid-related processes of pathophysiological relevance has been linked to aging-related degenerative diseases. Besides the role of genetic polymorphisms on the relative risk of amyloid diseases, the contributions of nongenetic ontogenic cluster of factors remain elusive. In recent decades, mounting evidences have been suggesting the role of essential micronutrients, in particular transition metals, in the regulation of amyloidogenic processes, both directly (such as binding to amyloid proteins) or indirectly (such as regulating regulatory partners, processing enzymes, and membrane transporters). The features of transition metals as regulatory cofactors of amyloid proteins and the consequences of metal dyshomeostasis in triggering amyloidogenic processes, as well as the evidences showing amelioration of symptoms by dietary supplementation, suggest an exaptative role of metals in regulating amyloid pathways. The self- and cross-talk replicative nature of these amyloid processes along with their systemic distribution support the concept of their metastatic nature. The role of amyloidosis as nutrient sensors would act as intra- and transgenerational epigenetic metabolic programming factors determining health span and life span, viability, which could participate as an evolutive selective pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Maurício T R Lima
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology - pbiotech, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory for Macromolecules (LAMAC-DIMAV), National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology - INMETRO, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tháyna Sisnande
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology - pbiotech, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Smit T, Ormel PR, Sluijs JA, Hulshof LA, Middeldorp J, de Witte LD, Hol EM, Donega V. Transcriptomic and functional analysis of Aβ 1-42 oligomer-stimulated human monocyte-derived microglia-like cells. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 100:219-230. [PMID: 34896594 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of microglial function contributes to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Several genetic and transcriptome studies have revealed microglia specific genetic risk factors, and changes in microglia expression profiles in AD pathogenesis, viz. the human-Alzheimer's microglia/myeloid (HAM) profile in AD patients and the disease-associated microglia profile (DAM) in AD mouse models. The transcriptional changes involve genes in immune and inflammatory pathways, and in pathways associated with Aβ clearance. Aβ oligomers have been suggested to be the initial trigger of microglia activation in AD. To study the direct response to Aβ oligomers exposure, we assessed changes in gene expression in an in vitro model for microglia, the human monocyte-derived microglial-like (MDMi) cells. We confirmed the initiation of an inflammatory profile following LPS stimulation, based on increased expression of IL1B, IL6, and TNFα. In contrast, the Aβ1-42 oligomers did not induce an inflammatory profile or a classical HAM profile. Interestingly, we observed a specific increase in the expression of metallothioneins in the Aβ1-42 oligomer treated MDMi cells. Metallothioneins are involved in metal ion regulation, protection against reactive oxygen species, and have anti-inflammatory properties. In conclusion, our data suggests that exposure to Aβ1-42 oligomers may initially trigger a protective response in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Smit
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul R Ormel
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline A Sluijs
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lianne A Hulshof
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jinte Middeldorp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Lot D de Witte
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elly M Hol
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Vanessa Donega
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Calvo JS, Mulpuri NV, Dao A, Qazi NK, Meloni G. Membrane insertion exacerbates the α-Synuclein-Cu(II) dopamine oxidase activity: Metallothionein-3 targets and silences all α-synuclein-Cu(II) complexes. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 158:149-161. [PMID: 32712192 PMCID: PMC7484060 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Copper binding to α-synuclein (α-Syn), the major component of intracellular Lewy body inclusions in substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons, potentiate its toxic redox-reactivity and plays a detrimental role in the etiology of Parkinson disease (PD). Soluble α-synuclein-Cu(II) complexes possess dopamine oxidase activity and catalyze ROS production in the presence of biological reducing agents via Cu(II)/Cu(I) redox cycling. These metal-centered redox reactivities harmfully promote the oxidation and oligomerization of α-Syn. While this chemistry has been investigated on recombinantly expressed soluble α-Syn, in vivo, α-Syn is acetylated at its N-terminus and is present in equilibrium between soluble and membrane-bound forms. This post-translational modification and membrane-binding alter the Cu(II) coordination environment and binding modes and are expected to affect the α-Syn-Cu(II) reactivity. In this work, we first investigated the reactivity of acetylated and membrane-bound complexes, and subsequently addressed whether the brain metalloprotein Zn7-metallothionein-3 (Zn7MT-3) possesses a multifaceted-role in targeting these aberrant copper interactions and consequent reactivity. Through biochemical characterization of the reactivity of the non-acetylated/N-terminally acetylated soluble or membrane-bound α-Syn-Cu(II) complexes towards dopamine, oxygen, and ascorbate, we reveal that membrane insertion dramatically exacerbates the catechol oxidase-like reactivity of α-Syn-Cu(II) as a result of a change in the Cu(II) coordination environment, thereby potentiating its toxicity. Moreover, we show that Zn7MT-3 can efficiently target all α-Syn-Cu(II) complexes through Cu(II) removal, preventing their deleterious redox activities. We demonstrate that the Cu(II) reduction by the thiolate ligands of Zn7MT-3 and the formation of Cu(I)4Zn4MT-3 featuring an unusual redox-inert Cu(I)4-thiolate cluster is the molecular mechanism responsible for the protective effect exerted by MT-3 towards α-Syn-Cu(II). This work provides the molecular basis for new therapeutic interventions to control the deleterious bioinorganic chemistry of α-Syn-Cu(II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer S Calvo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Neha V Mulpuri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Alex Dao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Nabeeha K Qazi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Gabriele Meloni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA.
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Koh JY, Lee SJ. Metallothionein-3 as a multifunctional player in the control of cellular processes and diseases. Mol Brain 2020; 13:116. [PMID: 32843100 PMCID: PMC7448430 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00654-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transition metals, such as iron, copper, and zinc, play a very important role in life as the regulators of various physiochemical reactions in cells. Abnormal distribution and concentration of these metals in the body are closely associated with various diseases including ischemic seizure, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, and cancer. Iron and copper are known to be mainly involved in in vivo redox reaction. Zinc controls a variety of intracellular metabolism via binding to lots of proteins in cells and altering their structure and function. Metallothionein-3 (MT3) is a representative zinc binding protein predominant in the brain. Although the role of MT3 in other organs still needs to be elucidated, many reports have suggested critical roles for the protein in the control of a variety of cellular homeostasis. Here, we review various biological functions of MT3, focusing on different cellular molecules and diseases involving MT3 in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Young Koh
- Neural Injury Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Sook-Jeong Lee
- Department of Bioactive Material Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea.
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Pretsch D, Rollinger JM, Schmid A, Genov M, Wöhrer T, Krenn L, Moloney M, Kasture A, Hummel T, Pretsch A. Prolongation of metallothionein induction combats Aß and α-synuclein toxicity in aged transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11707. [PMID: 32678125 PMCID: PMC7366685 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68561-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders (ND) like Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's (PD), Huntington's or Prion diseases share similar pathological features. They are all age dependent and are often associated with disruptions in analogous metabolic processes such as protein aggregation and oxidative stress, both of which involve metal ions like copper, manganese and iron. Bush and Tanzi proposed 2008 in the 'metal hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease' that a breakdown in metal homeostasis is the main cause of NDs, and drugs restoring metal homeostasis are promising novel therapeutic strategies. We report here that metallothionein (MT), an endogenous metal detoxifying protein, is increased in young amyloid ß (Aß) expressing Caenorhabditis elegans, whereas it is not in wild type strains. Further MT induction collapsed in 8 days old transgenic worms, indicating the age dependency of disease outbreak, and sharing intriguing parallels to diminished MT levels in human brains of AD. A medium throughput screening assay method was established to search for compounds increasing the MT level. Compounds known to induce MT release like progesterone, ZnSO4, quercetin, dexamethasone and apomorphine were active in models of AD and PD. Thioflavin T, clioquinol and emodin are promising leads in AD and PD research, whose mode of action has not been fully established yet. In this study, we could show that the reduction of Aß and α-synuclein toxicity in transgenic C. elegans models correlated with the prolongation of MT induction time and that knockdown of MT with RNA interference resulted in a loss of bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Pretsch
- Oxford Antibiotic Group GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria.
| | - Judith Maria Rollinger
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Axel Schmid
- Department of Neuroscience and Developmental Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Miroslav Genov
- Oxford Antibiotic Group GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Teresa Wöhrer
- Oxford Antibiotic Group GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Liselotte Krenn
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mark Moloney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Ameya Kasture
- Department of Neuroscience and Developmental Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Department of Neuroscience and Developmental Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Pretsch
- Oxford Antibiotic Group GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
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Switching on Endogenous Metal Binding Proteins in Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020179. [PMID: 30791479 PMCID: PMC6406413 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of cytotoxic intracellular protein aggregates is a pathological signature of multiple neurodegenerative diseases. The principle aggregating protein in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and atypical Parkinson’s diseases is α-synuclein (α-syn), which occurs in neural cytoplasmic inclusions. Several factors have been found to trigger α-syn aggregation, including raised calcium, iron, and copper. Transcriptional inducers have been explored to upregulate expression of endogenous metal-binding proteins as a potential neuroprotective strategy. The vitamin-D analogue, calcipotriol, induced increased expression of the neuronal vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein, calbindin-D28k, and this significantly decreased the occurrence of α-syn aggregates in cells with transiently raised intracellular free Ca, thereby increasing viability. More recently, the induction of endogenous expression of the Zn and Cu binding protein, metallothionein, by the glucocorticoid analogue, dexamethasone, gave a specific reduction in Cu-dependent α-syn aggregates. Fe accumulation has long been associated with PD. Intracellularly, Fe is regulated by interactions between the Fe storage protein ferritin and Fe transporters, such as poly(C)-binding protein 1. Analysis of the transcriptional regulation of Fe binding proteins may reveal potential inducers that could modulate Fe homoeostasis in disease. The current review highlights recent studies that suggest that transcriptional inducers may have potential as novel mechanism-based drugs against metal overload in PD.
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Metallothionein in Brain Disorders. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:5828056. [PMID: 29085556 PMCID: PMC5632493 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5828056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metallothioneins are a family of proteins which are able to bind metals intracellularly, so their main function is to regulate the cellular metabolism of essential metals. There are 4 major isoforms of MTs (I-IV), three of which have been localized in the central nervous system. MT-I and MT-II have been localized in the spinal cord and brain, mainly in astrocytes, whereas MT-III has been found mainly in neurons. MT-I and MT-II have been considered polyvalent proteins whose main function is to maintain cellular homeostasis of essential metals such as zinc and copper, but other functions have also been considered: detoxification of heavy metals, regulation of gene expression, processes of inflammation, and protection against free radicals generated by oxidative stress. On the other hand, the MT-III has been related in events of pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson and Alzheimer. Likewise, the participation of MTs in other neurological disorders has also been reported. This review shows recent evidence about the role of MT in the central nervous system and its possible role in neurodegenerative diseases as well as in brain disorders.
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Electrochemical and optical study of metallothionein interactions with prion proteins. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 140:355-361. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Okita Y, Rcom-H'cheo-Gauthier AN, Goulding M, Chung RS, Faller P, Pountney DL. Metallothionein, Copper and Alpha-Synuclein in Alpha-Synucleinopathies. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:114. [PMID: 28420950 PMCID: PMC5380005 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are proteins that function by metal exchange to regulate the bioavailability of metals, such as zinc and copper. Copper functions in the brain to regulate mitochondria, neurotransmitter production, and cell signaling. Inappropriate copper binding can result in loss of protein function and Cu(I)/(II) redox cycling can generate reactive oxygen species. Copper accumulates in the brain with aging and has been shown to bind alpha-synuclein and initiate its aggregation, the primary aetiological factor in Parkinson's disease (PD), and other alpha-synucleinopathies. In PD, total tissue copper is decreased, including neuromelanin-bound copper and there is a reduction in copper transporter CTR-1. Conversely cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) copper is increased. MT-1/2 expression is increased in activated astrocytes in alpha-synucleinopathies, yet expression of the neuronal MT-3 isoform may be reduced. MTs have been implicated in inflammatory states to perform one-way exchange of copper, releasing free zinc and recent studies have found copper bound to alpha-synuclein is transferred to the MT-3 isoform in vitro and MT-3 is found bound to pathological alpha-synuclein aggregates in the alpha-synucleinopathy, multiple systems atrophy. Moreover, both MT and alpha-synuclein can be released and taken up by neural cells via specific receptors and so may interact both intra- and extra-cellularly. Here, we critically review the role of MTs in copper dyshomeostasis and alpha-synuclein aggregation, and their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuho Okita
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith UniversityGold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Michael Goulding
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith UniversityGold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Roger S Chung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie UniversitySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Faller
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Chimie UMR 7177, Université de StrasbourgStrasbourg, France.,University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced StudyStrasbourg, France
| | - Dean L Pountney
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith UniversityGold Coast, QLD, Australia
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Sullivan B, Robison G, Osborn J, Kay M, Thompson P, Davis K, Zakharova T, Antipova O, Pushkar Y. On the nature of the Cu-rich aggregates in brain astrocytes. Redox Biol 2017; 11:231-239. [PMID: 28012438 PMCID: PMC5198742 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fulfilling a bevy of biological roles, copper is an essential metal for healthy brain function. Cu dyshomeostasis has been demonstrated to be involved in some neurological conditions including Menkes and Alzheimer's diseases. We have previously reported localized Cu-rich aggregates in astrocytes of the subventricular zone (SVZ) in rodent brains with Cu concentrations in the hundreds of millimolar. Metallothionein, a cysteine-rich protein critical to metal homeostasis and known to participate in a variety of neuroprotective and neuroregenerative processes, was proposed as a binding protein. Here, we present an analysis of metallothionein(1,2) knockout (MTKO) mice and age-matched controls using X-ray fluorescence microscopy. In large structures such as the corpus callosum, cortex, and striatum, there is no significant difference in Cu, Fe, or Zn concentrations in MTKO mice compared to age-matched controls. In the astrocyte-rich subventricular zone where Cu-rich aggregates reside, approximately 1/3 as many Cu-rich aggregates persist in MTKO mice resulting in a decrease in periventricular Cu concentration. Aggregates in both wild-type and MTKO mice show XANES spectra characteristic of CuxSy multimetallic clusters and have similar [S]/[Cu] ratios. Consistent with assignment as a CuxSy multimetallic cluster, the astrocyte-rich SVZ of both MTKO and wild-type mice exhibit autofluorescent bodies, though MTKO mice exhibit fewer. Furthermore, XRF imaging of Au-labeled lysosomes and ubiquitin demonstrates a lack of co-localization with Cu-rich aggregates suggesting they are not involved in a degradation pathway. Overall, these data suggest that Cu in aggregates is bound by either metallothionein-3 or a yet unknown protein similar to metallothionein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Sullivan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern Ave., West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Gregory Robison
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern Ave., West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Jenna Osborn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern Ave., West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Martin Kay
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern Ave., West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Peter Thompson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern Ave., West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Katherine Davis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern Ave., West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Taisiya Zakharova
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern Ave., West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Olga Antipova
- BioCAT, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Argonne, IL 60439, United States; XSD, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Argonne, IL 60439, United States
| | - Yulia Pushkar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern Ave., West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
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Metals in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease: Relevance to Dementia with Lewy Bodies. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 60:279-288. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0809-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Szrok S, Stelmanska E, Turyn J, Bielicka-Gieldon A, Sledzinski T, Swierczynski J. Metallothioneins 1 and 2, but not 3, are regulated by nutritional status in rat white adipose tissue. GENES AND NUTRITION 2016; 11:18. [PMID: 27551319 PMCID: PMC4968437 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-016-0533-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Cumulating evidence underlines the role of adipose tissue metallothionein (MT) in the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Fasting/refeeding was shown to affect MT gene expression in the rodent liver. The influence of nutritional status on MT gene expression in white adipose tissue (WAT) is inconclusive. The aim of this study was to verify if fasting and fasting/refeeding may influence expression of MT genes in WAT of rats. Results Fasting resulted in a significant increase in MT1 and MT2 gene expressions in retroperitoneal, epididymal, and inguinal WAT of rats, and this effect was reversed by refeeding. Altered expressions of MT1 and MT2 genes in all main fat depots were reflected by changes in serum MT1 and MT2 levels. MT1 and MT2 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in WAT correlated inversely with serum insulin concentration. Changes in MT1 and MT2 mRNA levels were apparently not related to total zinc concentrations and MTF1 and Zn transporter mRNA levels in WAT. Fasting or fasting/refeeding exerted no effect on the expression of MT3 gene in WAT. Addition of insulin to isolated adipocytes resulted in a significant decrease in MT1 and MT2 gene expressions. In contrast, forskolin or dibutyryl-cAMP (dB-cAMP) enhanced the expressions of MT1 and MT2 genes in isolated adipocytes. Insulin partially reversed the effect of dB-cAMP on MT1 and MT2 gene expressions. Conclusions This study showed that the expressions of MT1 and MT2 genes in WAT are regulated by nutritional status, and the regulation may be independent of total zinc concentration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12263-016-0533-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Szrok
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ewa Stelmanska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jacek Turyn
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Tomasz Sledzinski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Julian Swierczynski
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
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Adam P, Křížková S, Heger Z, Babula P, Pekařík V, Vaculovičoá M, Gomes CM, Kizek R, Adam V. Metallothioneins in Prion- and Amyloid-Related Diseases. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 51:637-56. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-150984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavlína Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Soňa Křížková
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbyněk Heger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Babula
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Pekařík
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Vaculovičoá
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Cláudio M. Gomes
- Faculdade de Ciências Universidade de Lisboa, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - René Kizek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka, Brno, Czech Republic
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15
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ABIKO T, KOBAYASHI K, MATSUKAWA T, SHINOHARA A, FURUTA N. Effects of Selenium Deficiency on Proteins Containing Essential Trace Elements (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Se) in Mouse Brain. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2016. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.65.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuto ABIKO
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Applied Chemistry, Chuo University
| | - Keito KOBAYASHI
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Applied Chemistry, Chuo University
| | - Takehisa MATSUKAWA
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Juntendo University
| | - Atsuko SHINOHARA
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Juntendo University
| | - Naoki FURUTA
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Applied Chemistry, Chuo University
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper P Kepp
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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17
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Hashimoto K, Hayashi Y, Watabe K, Inuzuka T, Hozumi I. Metallothionein-III prevents neuronal death and prolongs life span in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis model mice. Neuroscience 2011; 189:293-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 04/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Vašák M, Meloni G. Chemistry and biology of mammalian metallothioneins. J Biol Inorg Chem 2011; 16:1067-78. [PMID: 21647776 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-011-0799-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are a class of ubiquitously occurring low molecular mass, cysteine- and metal-rich proteins containing sulfur-based metal clusters formed with Zn(II), Cd(II), and Cu(I) ions. In mammals, four distinct MT isoforms designated MT-1 through MT-4 exist. The first discovered MT-1/MT-2 are widely expressed isoforms, whose biosynthesis is inducible by a wide range of stimuli, including metals, drugs, and inflammatory mediators. In contrast, MT-3 and MT-4 are noninducible proteins, with their expression primarily confined to the central nervous system and certain squamous epithelia, respectively. MT-1 through MT-3 have been reported to be secreted, suggesting that they may play different biological roles in the intracellular and extracellular space. Recent reports established that these isoforms play an important protective role in brain injury and metal-linked neurodegenerative diseases. In the postgenomic era, it is becoming increasingly clear that MTs fulfill multiple functions, including the involvement in zinc and copper homeostasis, protection against heavy metal toxicity, and oxidative damage. All mammalian MTs are monomeric proteins, containing two metal-thiolate clusters. In this review, after a brief summary of the historical milestones of the MT-1/MT-2 research, the recent advances in the structure, chemistry, and biological function of MT-3 and MT-4 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Vašák
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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19
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Meloni G, Vašák M. Redox activity of α-synuclein-Cu is silenced by Zn₇-metallothionein-3. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:1471-9. [PMID: 21320589 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation of α-synuclein (α-Syn), the major component of intracellular Lewy body inclusions in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra, plays a critical role in the etiology of Parkinson disease (PD). Long-term effects of redox-active transition metals (Cu, Fe) and oxidative chemical imbalance underlie the disease progression and neuronal death. In this work, we provide evidence that a brain metalloprotein, Zn₇-metallothionein-3 (Zn₇MT-3), possesses a dynamic role in controlling aberrant protein-copper interactions in PD. We examined the properties of the α-Syn-Cu(II) complex with regard to molecular oxygen, the biological reducing agent ascorbate, and the neurotransmitter dopamine. The results revealed that under aerobic conditions α-Syn-Cu(II) possesses catalytic oxidase activity. The observed metal-centered redox chemistry significantly promotes the production of hydroxyl radicals and α-Syn oxidation and oligomerization, processes considered critical for cellular toxicity. Moreover, we show that Zn₇MT-3, through Cu(II) removal from the α-Syn-Cu(II) complex, efficiently prevents its deleterious redox activity. We demonstrate that the Cu(II) reduction by thiolate ligands of Zn₇MT-3 and the formation of Cu(I)₄Zn₄MT-3, in which an unusual oxygen-stable Cu(I)₄-thiolate cluster is present, comprise the underlying molecular mechanism by which α-Syn and dopamine oxidation, α-Syn oligomerization, and ROS production are abolished. These studies provide new insights into the bioinorganic chemistry of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Meloni
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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20
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Hozumi I, Hasegawa T, Honda A, Ozawa K, Hayashi Y, Hashimoto K, Yamada M, Koumura A, Sakurai T, Kimura A, Tanaka Y, Satoh M, Inuzuka T. Patterns of levels of biological metals in CSF differ among neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurol Sci 2011; 303:95-9. [PMID: 21292280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We measured the levels of some biological metals: copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in patients with neurodegenerative diseases (52 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)), 21 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and 20 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The diagnoses were additionally supported by neuroimaging techniques for AD and PD. In ALS, the levels of Mg (p<0.01 significant difference), Fe, Cu (p<0.05), and Zn (p<0.10) in CSF were higher than those in controls. Some patients showed very high levels of Cu and Zn before the critical deterioration of the disease. In AD, the levels of Cu and Zn in CSF were significantly higher in patients with late-onset AD (p<0.01). In PD, we found significantly increased levels of especially Cu and Zn in particular (p<0.01) and Mn (p<0.05) in CSF. A multiple comparison test suggested that the increased level of Mg in ALS and that of Mn in PD were the pathognomonic features. These findings suggest that Cu and Zn in particular play important roles in the onset and/or progression of ALS, AD, and PD. Therefore, Cu-chelating agents and modulators of Cu and Zn such as metallothionein (MT) can be new candidates for the treatment of ALS, AD, and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Hozumi
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Gifu University, Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan.
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21
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Uchida Y. Molecular mechanisms of regeneration in Alzheimer's disease brain. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2010; 10 Suppl 1:S158-68. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0594.2010.00607.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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22
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Hashimoto K, Hayashi Y, Inuzuka T, Hozumi I. Exercise induces metallothioneins in mouse spinal cord. Neuroscience 2009; 163:244-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Revised: 05/24/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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23
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Hozumi I, Yamada M, Uchida Y, Ozawa K, Takahashi H, Inuzuka T. The expression of metallothioneins is diminished in the spinal cords of patients with sporadic ALS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 9:294-8. [DOI: 10.1080/17482960801934312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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Hayashi Y, Hashizume T, Wakida K, Satoh M, Uchida Y, Watabe K, Matsuyama Z, Kimura A, Inuzuka T, Hozumi I. Association between metallothionein genes polymorphisms and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a Japanese population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 7:22-6. [PMID: 16546755 DOI: 10.1080/14660820600618766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, lethal neurodegenerative disease that selectively affects motor neurons. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are assumed to be involved in the pathogenesis of ALS. Metallothioneins (MTs) are self-protective, multifunctional proteins that scavenge ROS. In particular, metallothionein-III (MT-III) has a strong scavenging effect on hydroxyl radicals. MTs have been suggested to have important roles in the pathophysiology of ALS. Therefore we investigated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the MT-III and the metallothionein-IIA (MT-IIA) promoter region in 37 Japanese SALS cases and 206 sex-matched healthy controls using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-direct sequencing or PCR-temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TTGE). We detected no SNPs of the MT-III gene in SALS cases and controls, and no detectable association between SALS phenotypes and a SNP of the MT-IIA promoter region. We conclude that gene polymorphisms of MT-IIA promoter region and MT-III gene are not associated with SALS phenotypes in a Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Hayashi
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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25
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Vašák M, Meloni G. Metallothionein-3, Zinc, and Copper in the Central Nervous System. METALLOTHIONEINS AND RELATED CHELATORS 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/9781847559531-00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Metallothionein-3 (MT-3), also known as the neuronal growth inhibitory factor, has been discovered by Uchida and coworkers in 1991 in their search for a cellular component responsible for antagonizing aberrant neuritic sprouting and increased survival of cultured neurons stimulated by Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain extract. Since this initial discovery further studies showed that MT-3 possesses peculiar structural and functional properties not shared by other members of the mammalian MT family. Several lines of evidence suggest that the metal-binding protein MT-3 plays a vital role in zinc and copper homeostasis in the brain. Although far from being understood, the unusual structural properties of MT-3 are responsible for its neuronal growth inhibitory activity, involvement in trafficking of zinc vesicles in the central nervous system, protection against copper-mediated toxicity in AD and in controlling abnormal metal-protein interactions in other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Vašák
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Zürich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Meloni
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Zürich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zürich Switzerland
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26
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Hozumi I, Suzuki JS, Kanazawa H, Hara A, Saio M, Inuzuka T, Miyairi S, Naganuma A, Tohyama C. Metallothionein-3 is expressed in the brain and various peripheral organs of the rat. Neurosci Lett 2008; 438:54-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2007] [Revised: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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27
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Gellein K, Roos PM, Evje L, Vesterberg O, Flaten TP, Nordberg M, Syversen T. Separation of proteins including metallothionein in cerebrospinal fluid by size exclusion HPLC and determination of trace elements by HR-ICP-MS. Brain Res 2007; 1174:136-42. [PMID: 17868660 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2007] [Revised: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A method to study the protein binding patterns of trace elements in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is described. Proteins in CSF samples were separated by size exclusion chromatography combined with high performance liquid chromatography (SEC-HPLC). The column was calibrated to separate proteins in the molecular weight range 6-70 kDa. Fractions were then analyzed off-line for trace elements using high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS). We were able to accurately determine more than 10 elements of clinical interest in the CSF fractions. Results are presented for Cd, Mn, Fe, Pb, Cu and Zn. The total concentrations of 16 trace elements in human plasma and CSF are also presented. The method was able to differentiate the relative contribution of metallothionein and other proteins towards metal binding in human CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Gellein
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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28
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Suzuki S, Masui Y, Ohnuki M, Miyakoda G, Mori T, Nakajima K, Sato M. Induction of Metallothionein Synthesis by Cilostazol in Mice and in Human Cultured Neuronal Cell Lines. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:791-4. [PMID: 17409522 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the effect of Cilostazol to induce metallothionein (MT) in vivo and in vitro. Intraperitoneal injection of Cilostazol increased the expression of both MT-1 and MT-2 mRNA and total MT protein in the mouse liver. Cilostazol also augmented MT-1 mRNA levels in the murine brain. In vitro exposure to Cilostazol significantly augmented intracellular MT protein levels in cultured human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) and in the neuroblastoma cell line IMR32. Taken together, these findings suggest that Cilostazol is an inducer of MT in the murine liver and brain, and that it has the potential to directly induce MT in cells. The contribution of the anti-oxidative effect of MT to the anti-stroke effect of Cilostazol was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Japan.
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29
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Znidaric MT, Pucer A, Fatur T, Filipic M, Scancar J, Falnoga I. Metal binding of metallothioneins in human astrocytomas (U87 MG, IPDDC-2A). Biometals 2006; 20:781-92. [PMID: 17115260 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-006-9041-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2006] [Accepted: 10/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Astroglia cells structurally and nutritionally support neurons in the central nervous system. They play an important role in guiding the construction of the nervous system and controlling the chemical and ionic environment of neurons. They also represent the major sites for accumulation and immobilisation of toxic metal ions most probably connected with metallothioneins. For this reason astroglia cells possess high cytosolic levels of metallothioneins I, II and III (MT-I,II,III). Our aim was to establish the inducibility and metal binding of MTs in two human astrocytoma cell lines, U87 MG (astrocytoma-glioblastoma, grade IV) and IPDDC-2A (astrocytoma, grade II), on exposure to cadmium chloride (1 microM). MTs were identified by molecular weight (size exclusion chromatography) and their metal content (Cd, Zn and Cu) to follow the interactions between metals. We showed that MTs are constitutively expressed in both human astrocytoma cell lines. In accordance with the higher malignancy grade of U87 MG, the amount of MTs was higher in U87 MG than in IPDDC-2A cells. After 24 hours of exposure to Cd their expression greatly increased in both cell lines and they were capable of immobilising almost all water soluble Cd. Induction of MTs in U87 MG cells was additionally followed up to 48 hours with exposure to different concentrations of CdCl(2) (1, 10 microM). Induction was a time dependent process throughout the period. Isoform III (identified by chromatographic separation of isoform III from I/II) was present at all exposure times, but only in traces with respect to the prevailing amounts of MT-I/II isoforms. So induction can be attributed to isoform I/II only.
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30
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Penkowa M, Cáceres M, Borup R, Nielsen FC, Poulsen CB, Quintana A, Molinero A, Carrasco J, Florit S, Giralt M, Hidalgo J. Novel roles for metallothionein-I + II (MT-I + II) in defense responses, neurogenesis, and tissue restoration after traumatic brain injury: Insights from global gene expression profiling in wild-type and MT-I + II knockout mice. J Neurosci Res 2006; 84:1452-74. [PMID: 16941634 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic injury to the brain is one of the leading causes of injury-related death or disability, especially among young people. Inflammatory processes and oxidative stress likely underlie much of the damage elicited by injury, but the full repertoire of responses involved is not well known. A genomic approach, such as the use of microarrays, provides much insight in this regard, especially if combined with the use of gene-targeted animals. We report here the results of one of these studies comparing wild-type and metallothionein-I + II knockout mice subjected to a cryolesion of the somatosensorial cortex and killed at 0, 1, 4, 8, and 16 days postlesion (dpl) using Affymetrix genechips/oligonucleotide arrays interrogating approximately 10,000 different murine genes (MG_U74Av2). Hierarchical clustering analysis of these genes readily shows an orderly pattern of gene responses at specific times consistent with the processes involved in the initial tissue injury and later regeneration of the parenchyma, as well as a prominent effect of MT-I + II deficiency. The results thoroughly confirmed the importance of the antioxidant proteins MT-I + II in the response of the brain to injury and opened new avenues that were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Data in KO, MT-I-overexpressing, and MT-II-injected mice strongly suggest a role of these proteins in postlesional activation of neural stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Penkowa
- Section of Neuroprotection, Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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31
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Hozumi I, Uchida Y, Watabe K, Sakamoto T, Inuzuka T. Growth inhibitory factor (GIF) can protect from brain damage due to stab wounds in rat brain. Neurosci Lett 2006; 395:220-3. [PMID: 16314047 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.10.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2005] [Revised: 10/26/2005] [Accepted: 10/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effect of growth inhibitory factor (GIF), also called metallothionein-III (MT-III), in brain damage using a stab wound model. The administration of 3 microM purified rat GIF (prGIF) provided significantly improved brain repair compared with controls, whereas the administration of 15 microM prGIF reduced brain repair compared with controls. To maintain the continuous effect of GIF, we generated an adenoviral vector encoding rat GIF and the myc epitope (AxCArGIFM) and administered an appropriate amount (1 x 10(8) pfu) of AxCArGIFM on the basis of the optimal dosage determined in a previous study on avulsion of the facial nerve. The administration of AxCArGIFM provided significantly improved histological and biochemical parameters of brain repair compared with controls administered AxCALacZ (adenovirus encoding bacterial beta-galactosidase gene as a reporter; 1 x 10(8) pfu). These results show that GIF can protect from brain damage in certain appropriate conditions in vivo and in vitro. The optimal dosage is very important for the treatment in vivo, particularly that for GIF. Our findings show the double-edged effects of GIF. MTs including MT-III are promising as therapeutic agents not only for tissue repair following acute brain injury, but also for some neurodegenerative diseases because they have multifunctional potential including anti-oxidation effects and may have some effect on neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Hozumi
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Gifu University, Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu City 501-1194, Japan.
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32
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Penkowa M, Tio L, Giralt M, Quintana A, Molinero A, Atrian S, Vasák M, Hidalgo J. Specificity and divergence in the neurobiologic effects of different metallothioneins after brain injury. J Neurosci Res 2006; 83:974-84. [PMID: 16493670 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Brain injury and neuroinflammation are pathophysiologic contributors to acute and chronic neurologic disorders, which are progressive diseases not fully understood. Mammalian metallothioneins I and II (MT-I&II) have significant neuroprotective functions, but the precise mechanisms underlying these effects are still unknown. To gain insight in this regard, we have evaluated whether a distant, most likely single-domain MT (Drosophila MTN) functions similarly to mammalian MT-I&II (recombinant mouse MT-I and human MT-IIa and native rabbit MT-II) after cryogenic injury to the cortex in Mt1&2 KO mice. All the recombinant proteins showed similar neuroprotective properties to native MT-II, significantly reducing brain inflammation (macrophages, T cells, and pro-inflammatory cytokines), oxidative stress, neurodegeneration, and apoptosis. These results in principle do not support specific protein-protein interactions as the mechanism underlying the neuroprotective effects of these proteins because a non-homologous and structurally unrelated MT such as Drosophila MTN functions similarly to mammalian MTs. We have also evaluated for the first time the neurobiologic effects of exogenous MT-III, a major CNS MT isoform. Human rMT-III, in contrast to human nMT-IIa, did not affect inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, and showed opposite effects on several growth factors, neurotrophins, and markers of synaptic growth and plasticity. Our data thus highlight specific and divergent roles of exogenous MT-III vs. the MT-I&II isoforms that are consistent with those attributed to the endogenous proteins, and confirm the suitability of recombinant synthesis for future therapeutic use that may become relevant to clinical neurology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Penkowa
- Section of Neuroprotection, Department of Medical Anatomy, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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