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Maenhout L, Melville CA. Unravelling the link between physical activity and peer social connectedness in young people with intellectual disabilities: a systematic review of quantitative studies. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2024; 68:95-112. [PMID: 37821423 DOI: 10.1111/jir.13095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited understanding of the context surrounding physical activity (PA) of young people with intellectual disabilities (ID), which has an impact on the development of PA promotion programmes. Peer social connectedness seems to be a vital correlate to focus on, but has not been included in current studies examining the correlates and determinants of PA levels of young people with ID. This study aims to synthesise the evidence on (1) the social constructs researchers have used to conceptualise peer social connectedness in a PA context among young people with ID, (2) the measurement tools that have been used and (3) the relationship between PA and peer social connectedness in young people with ID. METHODS The review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, Web of Science, ERIC, CINAHL and PsycINFO were searched from 1 January 1996 up to, and including, July 2023 to identify English-language studies, which examined associations between PA and peer social connectedness in adolescents and young adults (13-24 years) with ID. Study quality was assessed using the Standard Quality Assessment Criteria for Evaluating Primary Research Papers from a Variety of Fields. RESULTS Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Ten peer social connectedness constructs and 18 measurement instruments were identified. Studies were predominantly focused on Special Olympics participants and unified activity formats. Participation in PA can increase social connectedness, but there is a lack of studies examining whether PA can also be increased by focusing on peer social connectedness in young people with ID. CONCLUSIONS Results show that peer social connectedness is recognised as relevant to researchers developing and testing PA programmes for young people with ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Maenhout
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - C A Melville
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Maenhout L, Latomme J, Cardon G, Crombez G, Van Hove G, Compernolle S. Synergizing the Behavior Change Wheel and a Cocreative Approach to Design a Physical Activity Intervention for Adolescents and Young Adults With Intellectual Disabilities: Development Study. JMIR Form Res 2024; 8:e51693. [PMID: 38206648 PMCID: PMC10811596 DOI: 10.2196/51693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a need for physical activity promotion interventions in adolescents and young adults with intellectual disabilities. Current interventions have shown limited effectiveness, which may be attributed to the absence of theory and a population-specific development. Combining a planning model (including theory) and cocreation with the target audience during intervention development could potentially address this gap. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to report the systematic development of the Move it, Move ID! intervention by describing how the 8 different steps of the Behavior Change Wheel (BCW) were applied and present the results that emerged from those steps. In doing so, the (theoretical) content of the intervention is described in detail. METHODS A total of 23 adolescents and young adults (aged 14-22 years) with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities were designated as cocreators of the intervention. Across 2 groups, 6 similar cocreation sessions were organized in each. The content and sequence of the sessions were structured to align with the 8 steps of the BCW. All sessions were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Both a deductive (ie, steps of the BCW) and inductive (ie, resonating the voice of the participants) analysis approach were applied specifically focusing on identifying and describing the findings within each of the BCW steps. RESULTS After behavioral analysis (steps 1-4), 10 intervention goals were chosen and linked to Capability, Opportunity, and Motivation-Behavior components (theory within the BCW) that needed to be addressed. Psychological capability, social opportunity, and reflective motivation were emphasized as the first targets to focus on. A key finding was the urge for real-life social connectedness and social integration, which makes the social component as part of physical activity a central theme to focus on within intervention development. Judgments on the most suitable intervention functions (step 5) and behavior change techniques (step 7) were explained. When discussing the mode of delivery of the intervention (step 8), it was underscored that solely relying on a mobile health app would not fulfill participants' social needs. Hence, the chosen intervention adopts a dyadic approach in which young individuals with intellectual disabilities are matched with peers without intellectual disabilities to engage in physical activities together, with a mobile app playing a supportive role in this partnership. CONCLUSIONS The transparent description of the development process highlights why certain intervention components and behavior change techniques were chosen and how they are intertwined by means of the selected intervention design. This paper provides a detailed blueprint for practitioners wanting to integrate the BCW and its associated behavior change techniques, in combination with actively involving the target group, into their intervention development for people with intellectual disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Maenhout
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Julie Latomme
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Greet Cardon
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Crombez
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Van Hove
- Department of Special Needs Education, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Compernolle
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Ghattas YS, Cassinat J, Foley Davelaar CM. The effect of increasing exercise in the intellectually disabled community. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES : JOID 2023:17446295231199805. [PMID: 37644911 DOI: 10.1177/17446295231199805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intellectually disabled individuals have been observed to lead sedentary lifestyles resulting in poor health. Physical fitness has been positively correlated to better health outcomes with small changes in fitness translating to major health changes among unfit older adults with intellectual disability. However, there is currently no literature on safe exercise regimens for the intellectually disabled population. METHODS In this article, a retrospective review was conducted using the Special Olympics Athlete database and analyzed the mean differences of various performance metrics based on self-reported exercise frequency. RESULTS These results demonstrated that those who exercised daily performed significantly better in flexibility, static balance and functional strength as compared to those who did not exercise. No statistically significant differences were found among athletes and self-reported exercise frequency for aerobic fitness. CONCLUSION Overall, these findings suggest that 3-6 days-a-week of moderate exercise would be a recommended exercise dose to see significant improvement in performance and physiological adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua Cassinat
- University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Cassidy M Foley Davelaar
- University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA; Nemours Children's Hospital Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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de Leeuw MJ, Oppewal A, Elbers RG, Hilgenkamp TIM, Bindels PJE, Maes-Festen DAM. Associations between physical fitness and cardiovascular disease in older adults with intellectual disabilities: Results of the Healthy Ageing and Intellectual Disability study. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2023; 67:547-559. [PMID: 36918714 DOI: 10.1111/jir.13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced physical fitness is a cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor in the general population. However, generalising these results to older adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) may be inappropriate given their pre-existing low physical fitness levels and high prevalence of co-morbidities. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the difference in physical fitness between older adults with ID with and without CVD. METHOD Baseline data of a cohort of older adults with borderline to profound ID (HA-ID study) were used (n = 684; 61.6 ± 8.2 years; 51.3% male). CVD status (coronary artery disease, heart failure, stroke) was obtained from medical files. Cardiorespiratory fitness (10-m incremental shuttle walking test), comfortable and fast gait speed (over 5 m distance) and grip strength (hand dynamometer) were measured. Multivariable linear regression models were used to investigate the association between these physical fitness components and the presence of CVD, adjusted for participant characteristics. RESULTS Of the 684 participants 78 (11.4%) had CVD. Participants with CVD scored lower on cardiorespiratory fitness (-81.4 m, P = 0.002), comfortable gait speed (-0.3 km/h, P = 0.04) and fast gait speed (-1.1 km/h, P = 0.04). No significant differences were found for grip strength (-0.2 kg, P = 0.89). CONCLUSIONS Older adults with CVD had significantly lower physical fitness levels than those without CVD, except for grip strength. Longitudinal research is needed to investigate causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J de Leeuw
- Department of General Practice, Intellectual Disability Medicine - Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Oppewal
- Department of General Practice, Intellectual Disability Medicine - Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R G Elbers
- Department of General Practice, Intellectual Disability Medicine - Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T I M Hilgenkamp
- Department of General Practice, Intellectual Disability Medicine - Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - P J E Bindels
- Department of General Practice, Intellectual Disability Medicine - Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D A M Maes-Festen
- Department of General Practice, Intellectual Disability Medicine - Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Oviedo GR, Carbó-Carreté M, Guerra-Balic M, Tamulevicius N, Esquius L, Guàrdia-Olmos J, Javierre C. Hemodynamic and cardiorespiratory responses to submaximal and maximal exercise in adults with Down syndrome. Front Physiol 2022; 13:905795. [PMID: 36060693 PMCID: PMC9437284 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.905795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The genetic disorder causing Down syndrome (DS) affects the cardiorespiratory and hemodynamic parameters. When exercising, sufficient blood flow is necessary for active muscles. Cardiac output (Q) must be proportional to the peripheral requirements. In case the stroke volume (SV) is lower, the heart rate (HR) will increase further in order to maintain an adequate blood flow in the active territories (HR compensatory response). People with DS have a lower HR response to maximal exercise. Nevertheless, the response of the hemodynamic and cardiorespiratory parameters during the submaximal phases of maximal exercise was not well studied.Objective: to evaluate cardiorespiratory and hemodynamic parameters 1) during submaximal and 2) maximal metabolic treadmill test in individuals with and without DS.Methods: fifteen adults with DS (age = 27.33 ± 4.98 years old; n = 12 males/3 females) and 15 adults without disabilities, matched by age and sex, participated in this cross-sectional study. Peak and submaximal cardiorespiratory and hemodynamic parameters were measured during a treadmill test. Linear mixed-effects models were used to analyse interactions between the variables. Post-hoc analyses were employed to assess within and between-group differences.Results: The DS group showed lower peak values for ventilation (VE), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), tidal volume (VT), ventilatory equivalent for O2 (VEqO2), end-tidal partial pressure for O2 (PETO2), O2 uptake (VO2) and CO2 production (all p < 0 .050), Q, SV, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), and HR (all p < 0 .050). There were group-by-time interactions (all p < 0 .050) for all ventilatory submaximal values. Significant group and time differences were observed for VE; RER; respiratory rate (RR); VEqO2; PETO2; VO2, and VT (all p < 0 .050). There were also group-by-time interactions (all p < 0 .050) and group and time differences for SBP, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and HR (all p < 0.010).Conclusion: During submaximal exercise, we verified a compensatory response of HR, and greater VE and VO2 in the individuals with DS. In addition, we were able to observe that the DS group had a reduced SBP and MAP response to submaximal exercise. On the other hand, we found that adults with DS have lower peak hemodynamic and cardiorespiratory values, and a lower cardiac reserve. Further research is warranted to investigate the effects of these results on the general health of adults with DS and the impact of long-term exercise programs on these parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo R. Oviedo
- Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sport Science Blanquerna, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Health Science Blanquerna, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Guillermo R. Oviedo,
| | - María Carbó-Carreté
- Serra Hunter Fellow, Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Myriam Guerra-Balic
- Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sport Science Blanquerna, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nauris Tamulevicius
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, College of Natural and Health Sciences, The University of Tampa, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Laura Esquius
- Foodlab Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Guàrdia-Olmos
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Casimiro Javierre
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Sanchez‐Lastra M, Moldes JM, Diz J, Martínez‐Lemos R, Ayán C. Feasibility and reliability of the Functional Movement Screen battery in adults with intellectual disability. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2022; 66:568-575. [PMID: 35128743 PMCID: PMC9305187 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The feasibility and reliability of the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) battery for predicting injury risk have been widely studied in athletic, military, public service and healthy populations. However, scant research has been carried out in people with disabilities. This study aimed at identifying the feasibility and reliability of the FMS battery when administered to adults with intellectual disability (ID). METHODS Adults from a residential and day care centre over 18 years of age, diagnosed with ID and able to follow simple instructions, were included in the study. All participants with behavioural or health problems that prevented the completion of the FMS battery were excluded. All exercises were video recorded to assure proper scoring. Three assessors (one trained and two novices) scored each of the FMS subtests performed separately from the videos. Feasibility was based on completion rates. Reliability of the composite test scores was analysed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). RESULTS A total of 30 people with ID (mean age: 35.5 ± 7.12 years; 33.3% women) completed all assessments. The battery showed to be feasible, although difficulties when performing two of the subtests were observed among those with moderate and severe ID. Mean total scores from the three assessors ranged from 7.83 to 8.90. An inverse trend was observed indicating that the higher the ID level, the lower the total FMS score. Test-retest reliability was good for the trained assessor (ICC = 0.89) and mostly moderate for both novice assessors (ICC range: 0.60 to 0.76). Moderate to good inter-rater reliability was observed (ICC range: 0.65 to 0.80). CONCLUSION The FMS battery is a reliable tool that can be performed by people with ID, albeit with certain difficulties, especially in those with moderate to severe impairment. The battery does not seem to be useful for identifying people with ID at risk of suffering a sport injury. Adequately powered, well-designed studies are required to determine if the FMS battery is appropriate for identifying changes in functional performance in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.A. Sanchez‐Lastra
- Departamento de Didácticas EspeciaisUniversidade de VigoVigo36310Spain
- Well‐Move Research GroupGalicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS‐UVIGOVigoSpain
| | - J. Marín Moldes
- Departamento de Didácticas EspeciaisUniversidade de VigoVigo36310Spain
| | - J.C. Diz
- Well‐Move Research GroupGalicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS‐UVIGOVigoSpain
- Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da SaúdeUniversidade de VigoVigo36310Spain
| | - R.I. Martínez‐Lemos
- Departamento de Didácticas EspeciaisUniversidade de VigoVigo36310Spain
- Well‐Move Research GroupGalicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS‐UVIGOVigoSpain
| | - C. Ayán
- Departamento de Didácticas EspeciaisUniversidade de VigoVigo36310Spain
- Well‐Move Research GroupGalicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS‐UVIGOVigoSpain
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Cabeza-Ruiz R. Considerations for the Design of a Physical Fitness Battery to Assess Adults with Intellectual Disabilities: Preliminary Reference Values for the SAMU DIS-FIT Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249280. [PMID: 33322511 PMCID: PMC7763473 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
For the assessment of the health-related physical fitness (PF) of individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID), tools designed for people without disabilities have generally been used. Also, the results of these assessments have routinely been compared with the scores obtained by people without ID. The objectives of the present study are to present the rationale for the design of an assessment battery for PF, the so-called SAMU DIS-FIT battery, and to present the results obtained by the participants classified according to age, sex, and level of PF (physical fitness). The selection criteria for the tests that would make up the battery were: (i) utility, (ii) psychometric properties, (iii) easiness and diversity, (iv) simplicity of execution, (v) familiarity and motivation, and (vi) economy of resources. A cross-sectional study was designed to assess the PF of 261 individuals with ID. To interpret the results obtained by the participants, each of the quantitative variables of PF was categorized into three levels: lower-fit, mid-fit, and higher-fit. The findings of this study serve as a first step in establishing PF baseline values for individuals with ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Cabeza-Ruiz
- Department of Human Movement and Sport Performance, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
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