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Chauvineau M, Pasquier F, Duforez F, Guilhem G, Nedelec M. Increased training load promotes sleep propensity and slow-wave sleep in endurance runners: Can a high-heat-capacity mattress topper modulate this effect? J Sleep Res 2024; 33:e14132. [PMID: 38148606 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.14132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to: (1) investigate sleep architecture in response to an overload training and taper periods among endurance runners; and (2) assess the sleep benefits of a high-heat-capacity mattress topper. Twenty-one trained male endurance runners performed a 2-week usual training regimen (baseline) followed by 2-week overload and taper periods. From overload to the end of the taper period, they were assigned into two groups based on the mattress topper used: high-heat-capacity mattress topper (n = 11) or low-heat-capacity mattress topper (n = 10). Training load was assessed daily using the session rating of perceived exertion. Following each period, sleep was monitored by polysomnography, and nocturnal core body temperature was recorded throughout the night. Irrespective of the group, awakening episodes > 5 min decreased following overload compared with baseline (-0.48, p = 0.05). Independently of mattress topper, each 100 A.U. increase in 7-day training load prior to polysomnographic recording was associated with higher slow-wave sleep proportion (β = +0.13%; p = 0.05), lower sleep-onset latency (β = -0.49 min; p = 0.05), and a reduction in the probability of transition from N1 sleep stage to wakefulness (β = -0.12%; p = 0.05). Sleeping on a high-heat-capacity mattress topper did not affect any sleep variable compared with a low-heat-capacity mattress topper. Increased training loads promote slow-wave sleep and sleep propensity, highlighting the adaptative nature of sleep to diurnal activity and the role of sleep in physiological recovery. Further studies are required on the potential benefits of high-heat-capacity mattress toppers on sleep architecture among athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Chauvineau
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
| | - Florane Pasquier
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
| | | | - Gaël Guilhem
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Nedelec
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
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Murphy C, Svansdottir SA, Dupuy O, Louis J. Does overreaching from endurance-based training impair sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303748. [PMID: 38809828 PMCID: PMC11135706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overreaching is often linked to a deterioration in sleep quality, yet a comprehensive review is lacking. The aim of this systemic review and meta-analysis was to synthesise the literature and quantify the effect of overreaching from endurance-based training on sleep quality. METHOD The review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. The final search was conducted in May 2023 using four electronic databases (Web of Science Core Collection, MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Database, SPORTDiscus). Studies were included for a qualitative review, while random-effects meta-analyses were conducted for objective and subjective sleep. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The search returned 805 articles. Fourteen studies were included in the systematic review; Three and eight articles were eligible for the meta-analyses (objective and subjective, respectively). On average, the overreaching protocols were sixteen days in length (6 to 28 days) and included exercise modalities such as cycling (number of studies [k] = 5), rowing (k = 4), triathlon (k = 3), running (k = 2), and swimming (k = 1). Actigraphy was the only form of objective sleep measurement used across all studies (k = 3), while various instruments were used to capture subjective sleep quality (k = 13). When comparing objective sleep quality following the overreaching intervention to baseline (or a control), there was a significant reduction in sleep efficiency (mean difference = -2.0%; 95% CI -3.2, -0.8%; Glass' Δ = -0.83; p < 0.01). In contrast, when comparing subjective sleep quality following the overreaching intervention to baseline (or a control), there was no effect on subjective sleep quality (Glass' Δ = -0.27; 95% CI -0.79, 0.25; p = 0.08). Importantly, none of the included studies were judged to have a low risk of bias. While acknowledging the need for more high-quality studies, it appears that overreaching from endurance-based training can deteriorate objective sleep without influencing the perception of sleep quality. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION This protocol was registered in The International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) on 21st November 2022, with the registration number CRD42022373204.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor Murphy
- Physical Activity, Physical Education, Sport and Health Research Centre (PAPESH), Sports Science Department, School of Social Sciences, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Steinunn Anna Svansdottir
- Physical Activity, Physical Education, Sport and Health Research Centre (PAPESH), Sports Science Department, School of Social Sciences, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Olivier Dupuy
- Laboratory MOVE (UR 20296), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Julien Louis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Chauvineau M, Pasquier F, Poirier C, Le Garrec S, Duforez F, Guilhem G, Nedelec M. Higher training loads affect sleep in endurance runners: Can a high-heat-capacity mattress topper mitigate negative effects? J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1605-1616. [PMID: 37987739 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2285574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of a training program on sleep among endurance runners and the benefits of chronically using a high-heat-capacity mattress topper (HMT). Twenty-one trained male athletes performed a 2-week usual training regimen, sleeping on a Low-heat-capacity Mattress Topper (LMT), followed by 2-week overload and taper periods. From overload, participants were assigned into two groups based on the mattress topper used: HMT (n = 11) or LMT (n = 10). Irrespective of the group, overload increased general stress and stress-reaction symptoms evaluated by questionnaires, with no decline in performance on a graded-exercise treadmill test, the majority of participant being "non-overreached" (n = 14). From a daily perspective, each additional 100 A.U. in training load, assessed using the session rating of perceived exertion, was associated with an impairment in subsequent sleep efficiency (β = -0.2%; p < 0.01), wake after sleep onset (β = +0.4 min; p < 0.05) and sleep onset latency (β = +0.5 min; p < 0.05), which was unaffected by HMT use. Practitioners should be aware of sleep needs, especially during excessive training loads, whereas implementing individualised sleep strategies. Further studies should be conducted on potential benefits of HMT among athletes in various sleep conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Chauvineau
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
| | - Florane Pasquier
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
| | - Canelle Poirier
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
| | | | | | - Gaël Guilhem
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Nedelec
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
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Poignard M, Guilhem G, Jubeau M, Martin E, Giol T, Montalvan B, Bieuzen F. Cold-water immersion and whole-body cryotherapy attenuate muscle soreness during 3 days of match-like tennis protocol. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1895-1909. [PMID: 37088821 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05190-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the effect of whole-body cryotherapy (WBC), cold-water immersion (CWI) and passive recovery (PAS) on tennis recovery. METHODS Thirteen competitive male tennis players completed three consecutive match-like tennis protocols, followed by recovery (WBC, CWI, PAS) in a crossover design. Five tennis drills and serves were performed using a ball machine to standardize the fatiguing protocol. Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) peak torque, creatine kinase activity (CK), muscle soreness, ball accuracy and velocity together with voluntary activation, low- and high-frequency torque and EMG activity were recorded before each protocol and 24 h following the third protocol. RESULTS MVC peak torque (- 7.7 ± 11.3%; p = 0.001) and the high- to low-frequency torque ratio (- 10.0 ± 25.8%; p < 0.05) decreased on Day 1 but returned to baseline on Day 2, Day 3 and Day 4 (p = 0.052, all p > 0.06). The CK activity slightly increased from 161.0 ± 100.2 to 226.0 ± 106.7 UA L-1 on Day 1 (p = 0.001) and stayed at this level (p = 0.016) across days with no differences between recovery interventions. Muscle soreness increased across days with PAS recovery (p = 0.005), while no main effect of time was neither observed with WBC nor CWI (all p > 0.292). The technical performance was maintained across protocols with WBC and PAS, while it increased for CWI on Day 3 vs Day 1 (p = 0.017). CONCLUSION Our 1.5-h tennis protocol led to mild muscle damage, though neither the neuromuscular function nor the tennis performance was altered due to accumulated workload induced by consecutive tennis protocols. The muscle soreness resulting from tennis protocols was similarly alleviated by both CWI and WBC. TRIAL REGISTRATION IRB No. 2017-A02255-48, 12/05/2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Poignard
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), 11 Avenue du Tremblay, 75012, Paris, France.
- French Tennis Federation, Paris, France.
| | - Gaël Guilhem
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), 11 Avenue du Tremblay, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Marc Jubeau
- Nantes University, Movement-Interactions-Performance, MIP, UR 4334, 44000, Nantes, France
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The Influence of Single Whole-Body Cryostimulation on Cytokine Status and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers during Exhaustive Physical Effort: A Crossover Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065559. [PMID: 36982633 PMCID: PMC10058332 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of single whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) preceding submaximal exercise on oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in professional, male athletes. The subjects (n = 32, age 25.2 ± 37) were exposed to low temperatures (−130 °C) in a cryochamber and then participated in 40 min of exercise (85% HRmax). Two weeks afterwards, the control exercise (without WBC) was performed. Blood samples were taken before the start of the study, immediately after the WBC procedure, after exercise preceded by WBC (WBC exercise) and after exercise without WBC. It has been shown that catalase activity after WBC exercise is lower in comparison with activity after control exercise. The interleukin 1β (IL-1-1β) level was higher after control exercise than after WBC exercise, after the WBC procedure and before the start of the study (p < 0.01). The WBC procedure interleukin 6 (IL-6) level was compared with the baseline level (p < 0.01). The level of Il-6 was higher both after WBC exercise and after control exercise compared with the level recorded after the WBC procedure (p < 0.05). Several significant correlations between the studied parameters were shown. In conclusion, the changes in the cytokine concentration in the athletes’ blood confirm that body exposition to extremely low temperatures before exercise could regulate the inflammatory reaction course and secretion of cytokines during exercise. A single session of WBC in the case of well-trained, male athletes does not significantly affect the level of oxidative stress indicators.
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Ferreira ABDM, Ribeiro BLL, Batista EDS, Dantas MP, Mortatti AL. The Influence of Different Training Load Magnitudes on Sleep Pattern, Perceived Recovery, and Stress Tolerance in Young Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:351-357. [PMID: 36354748 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ferreira, ABdM, Ribeiro, BLL, Batista, EdS, Dantas, MP, and Mortatti, AL. The influence of different training load magnitudes on sleep pattern, perceived recovery, and stress tolerance in young soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 37(2): 351-357, 2023-The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of 3 weeks on sleep parameters, perceived recovery, and stress tolerance in young soccer players using different training load magnitudes. A total of 13 young male soccer athletes (15.9 ± 0.5 years; 68.7 ± 6.1 kg; 170 ± 7 cm) who performed 3 typical training weeks with different workloads were analyzed. The external training load (ETL) was verified by the PlayerLoad method, and the internal training load (ITL) was determined using the session rating of perceived exertion method. Sleep was monitored using a wrist-actigraphy monitor. Sleep variables, including total time in bed (TTB), total sleep time (TST), sleep latency (SL), wake after sleep onset (WASO), and sleep efficiency (SE), were evaluated across all nights of sleep. The recovery status was assessed with the perceived recovery status (PRS) scale, and the stress tolerance was monitored using the "daily analysis of life demands of athletes" questionnaire. There was an increase in sleep time during the week with the highest training load (week 2) (TTB: +35 minutes, TST: +46 minutes, SL: -5 minutes, SE: +3%). There was no difference in the PRS or in the stress tolerance during the evaluation weeks. A very large within-individual correlation was observed between ITL and ETL ( r = 0.78) and moderate within-individual correlation between ETL and TST ( r = 0.34), between ITL and TST ( r = 0.45), and between ITL and SE ( r = 0.359). These results showed that there was an increase in TST during a microcycle with intensified loads, without impairing bedtime and resulting in maintenance of the perceived recovery or stress tolerance values.
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Conlan G, McLean B, Kemp J, Duffield R. Effect of Training/Competition Load and Scheduling on Sleep Characteristics in Professional Rugby League Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:3390-3397. [PMID: 34334772 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Conlan, G, McLean, B, Kemp, J, and Duffield, R. Effect of training/competition load and scheduling on sleep characteristics in professional rugby league athletes. J Strength Cond Res 36(12): 3390-3397, 2022-This study examined the effect of training/competition load, scheduling, and associated factors on sleep behavior in professional rugby league athletes. Sleep characteristics were assessed in 26 professional rugby league athletes using wrist-mounted actigraphy and nightly sleep diaries. Sleep actigraphy assessed the time into and out of bed, the duration in bed, sleep duration, efficiency, latency, wake after sleep onset, number of awakenings, and the awakening length. Sleep was measured during 3 different weeks: (a) preseason low training load (TL) (2,356 ± 322 AU), (b) preseason high TL (3,542 ± 445 AU), and (c) in-season match week (1,526 ± 409 AU). The influences of internal TL (session rating of perceived exertion load), training schedule, age, and training location on sleep behavior were analyzed. Repeated-measures 2-way analysis of variance and effect size analyses (d) compared sleep variables between training weeks. The mean weekly sleep duration was significantly lower during high TL week (5 hours 53minutes ± 14 min/night; p = 0.015, d = 0.59) compared with the low TL (6 hours 25minutes ± 8 min·night -1 ) or match weeks (6 hours 26minutes ± 10 min·night -1 ; p = 0.02, d = 2.04). Reduced sleep duration in the high TL week occurred alongside earlier out-of-bed times compared with the low TL ( p = 0.003, d = 1.46) and match weeks ( p = 0.001, d = 5.99). Regardless, the lowest sleep duration was on match night ( p = 0.0001, d = 1.22). Earlier training start times resulted in earlier wake times ( p = 0.003, d = 4.84), shorter in-bed durations ( p = 0.0001, d = 0.62), and shorter sleep durations ( p = 0.002, d = 0.32). Younger athletes slept for longer durations ( p = 0.029, d = 1.70) and perceived their sleep quality to be superior ( p = 0.006, d = 14.94) compared with older athletes. Sleep attained by rugby league athletes is influenced by training and competition schedules, with early training start times and late-night matches being primary drivers of sleep behavior. Coaching staff should have awareness surrounding the implications of training and playing schedules on athlete sleeping patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Conlan
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,Physical Performance Department, Wests Tigers Rugby League Football Club, Sydney, Australia; and
| | - Blake McLean
- School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Justin Kemp
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rob Duffield
- School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Sirohi P, Khan MH, Sharma S, Nuhmani S, Al Muslem WH, Abualait T. A systematic review of effects of daytime napping strategies on sports performance in physically active individuals with and without partial-sleep deprivation. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14460. [PMID: 36518294 PMCID: PMC9744144 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sleep is the body's natural recovery process, restoring routine metabolic and regulatory functions. Various sleep interventions have been developed to facilitate recovery, and athletic performance, and daytime napping are among them. However, due to inconsistencies in studies, it remains unclear whether daytime napping affects sports performance. This article aims to review the effects of daytime napping on various variables of sports performance in physically active individuals with and without partial-sleep deprivation. Methods A systematic search in three clinical databases, namely Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), PubMed, and Web of Science, was conducted. To be included in the current review, the study should be a randomized controlled trial that evaluated the influence of daytime napping on one or more components of sports performance in healthy adults, 18 years old or older. Results In the accessible data available until December 2021, 1,094 records were found, of which 12 relevant randomized controlled trials were selected for qualitative synthesis. The majority of studies reported favourable effects of daytime napping on sports performance. However, only one study reported no significant impact, possibly due to a different methodological approach and a shorter nap duration. Conclusion Napping strategies optimize sports performance in physically active, athletic populations, benefitting partially sleep-deprived and well-slept individuals, with longer nap durations (~90 min) having more significant advantages. Daytime naps can be considered as cost-efficient, self-administered methods promoting recovery of body functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Sirohi
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Moazzam Hussain Khan
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Saurabh Sharma
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Shibili Nuhmani
- Department of Physical Therapy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafa Hashem Al Muslem
- Department of Physical Therapy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turki Abualait
- Department of Physical Therapy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
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Qu C, Wu Z, Xu M, Lorenzo S, Dong Y, Wang Z, Qin F, Zhao J. Cryotherapy on Subjective Sleep Quality, Muscle, and Inflammatory Response in Chinese Middle- and Long-Distance Runners After Muscle Damage. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:2883-2890. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Is Whole-Body Cryostimulation an Effective Add-On Treatment in Individuals with Fibromyalgia and Obesity? A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11154324. [PMID: 35893415 PMCID: PMC9332222 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11154324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain severity, depression, and sleep disturbances are key targets for FM rehabilitation. Recent evidence suggests that whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) might be an effective add-on treatment in the management of FM. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of an add-on WBC intervention to a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program on pain intensity, depressive symptoms, disease impact, sleep quality, and performance-based physical functioning in a sample of FM patients with obesity. We performed a randomized controlled trial with 43 patients with FM and obesity undergoing a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program with and without the addition of ten 2-min WBC sessions at −110 °C over two weeks. According to our results, the implementation of ten sessions of WBC over two weeks produced additional benefits. Indeed, both groups reported positive changes after the rehabilitation; however, the group that underwent WBC intervention had greater improvements in the severity of pain, depressive symptoms, disease impact, and quality of sleep. On the contrary, with respect to performance-based physical functioning, we found no significant between-group differences. Our findings suggest that WBC could be a promising add-on treatment to improve key aspects of FM, such as pain, depressive symptoms, disease impact and poor sleep quality.
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Haq A, Ribbans WJ, Hohenauer E, Baross AW. The Comparative Effect of Different Timings of Whole Body Cryotherapy Treatment With Cold Water Immersion for Post-Exercise Recovery. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:940516. [PMID: 35873209 PMCID: PMC9299249 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.940516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite several established benefits of Whole Body Cryotherapy (WBC) for post-exercise recovery, there is a scarcity of research which has identified the optimum WBC protocol for this purpose. This study investigated the influence of WBC treatment timing on physiological and functional responses following a downhill running bout. An additional purpose was to compare such responses with those following cold water immersion (CWI), since there is no clear consensus as to which cold modality is more effective for supporting athletic recovery. Thirty-three male participants (mean ± SD age 37.0 ± 13.3 years, height 1.76 ± 0.07 m, body mass 79.5 ± 13.7 kg) completed a 30 min downhill run (15% gradient) at 60% VO2 max and were then allocated into one of four recovery groups: WBC1 (n = 9) and WBC4 (n = 8) underwent cryotherapy (3 min, −120°C) 1 and 4 h post-run, respectively; CWI (n = 8) participants were immersed in cold water (10 min, 15°C) up to the waist 1 h post-run and control (CON, n = 8) participants passively recovered in a controlled environment (20°C). Maximal isometric leg muscle torque was assessed pre and 24 h post-run. Blood creatine kinase (CK), muscle soreness, femoral artery blood flow, plasma IL-6 and sleep were also assessed pre and post-treatment. There were significant decreases in muscle torque for WBC4 (10.9%, p = 0.04) and CON (11.3% p = 0.00) and no significant decreases for WBC1 (5.6%, p = 0.06) and CWI (5.1%, p = 0.15). There were no significant differences between groups in muscle soreness, CK, IL-6 or sleep. Femoral artery blood flow significantly decreased in CWI (p = 0.02), but did not differ in other groups. WBC treatments within an hour may be preferable for muscle strength recovery compared to delayed treatments; however WBC appears to be no more effective than CWI. Neither cold intervention had an impact on inflammation or sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Haq
- Sports Studies, Moulton College, Moulton, United Kingdom
- Sport and Exercise Science, University of Northampton, Northampton, United Kingdom
- School of Health, Sport and Professional Practice, University of South Wales Sport Park, Pontypridd, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Adnan Haq
| | - William J. Ribbans
- Sport and Exercise Science, University of Northampton, Northampton, United Kingdom
- The County Clinic, Northampton, United Kingdom
| | - Erich Hohenauer
- Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Landquart, Switzerland
| | - Anthony W. Baross
- Sport and Exercise Science, University of Northampton, Northampton, United Kingdom
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12
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Kujawski S, Słomko J, Godlewska BR, Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska A, Murovska M, Newton JL, Sokołowski Ł, Zalewski P. Combination of whole body cryotherapy with static stretching exercises reduces fatigue and improves functioning of the autonomic nervous system in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. J Transl Med 2022; 20:273. [PMID: 35715857 PMCID: PMC9204866 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03460-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to explore the tolerability and effect of static stretching (SS) and whole body cryotherapy (WBC) upon fatigue, daytime sleepiness, cognitive functioning and objective and subjective autonomic nervous system functioning in those with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) compared to a control population. METHODS Thirty-two CFS and eighteen healthy controls (HC) participated in 2 weeks of a SS + WBC programme. This programme was composed of five sessions per week, 10 sessions in total. RESULTS A significant decrease in fatigue was noted in the CFS group in response to SS + WBC. Some domains of cognitive functioning (speed of processing visual information and set-shifting) also improved in response to SS + WBC in both CFS and HC groups. Our study has confirmed that WBC is well tolerated by those with CFS and leads to symptomatic improvements associated with changes in cardiovascular and autonomic function. CONCLUSIONS Given the preliminary data showing the beneficial effect of cryotherapy, its relative ease of application, good tolerability, and proven safety, therapy with cold exposure appears to be an approach worth attention. Further studies of cryotherapy as a potential treatment in CFS is important in the light of the lack of effective therapeutic options for these common and often disabling symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Kujawski
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Świętojańska 20, 85-077, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Joanna Słomko
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Świętojańska 20, 85-077, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Warsaw Medical University, 1b Banacha Street, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Modra Murovska
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Riga Stradinš University, Riga, 1067, Latvia
| | - Julia L Newton
- Population Health Sciences Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Łukasz Sokołowski
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Świętojańska 20, 85-077, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Paweł Zalewski
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Świętojańska 20, 85-077, Bydgoszcz, Poland.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Warsaw Medical University, 1b Banacha Street, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
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13
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Hausswirth C, Nesi X, Dubois A, Duforez F, Rougier Y, Slattery K. Four Weeks of a Neuro-Meditation Program Improves Sleep Quality and Reduces Hypertension in Nursing Staff During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Parallel Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Psychol 2022; 13:854474. [PMID: 35645851 PMCID: PMC9130829 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.854474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a neuro-meditation program to support nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Forty-five (10 men and 35 women) nurses were classified into three groups based on their systolic blood pressure: normotensive (G-nor; n = 16, 43.8 ± 11.0 year), hypertensive (G-hyp; n = 13, 45.2 ± 10.7 year) and control (G-con; n = 16, 44.9 ± 10.6 year). Using a parallel, randomly controlled design across a 4-week period, 10 × 30-min sessions using the Rebalance© Impulse were completed. Sleep was assessed by wrist actigraphy and subjective sleep questionnaires; perceived sleep quality, Ford Insomnia Response to Stress Test questionnaire and the Spiegel Sleep Quality questionnaire (SSQ). Blood pressure, resting heart rate, mean heart rate (HRmean), heart rate variability index (RMSSD), cortisol, and alpha-amylase were also measured. Statistical analysis was completed using factorial ANOVA. Sleep improved in the G-hyp group; SSQ (p < 0.01); perceived sleep quality (p < 0.01); sleep efficiency and fragmentation index (p < 0.05). In the G-nor group, sleep was improved to a lesser extent; perceived sleep quality (p < 0.01). A significant time-group interaction was reported in resting heart rate (p < 0.01), systolic blood pressure (p < 0.01), and diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.05) with these measures being significantly reduced in the G-hyp group. RMSSD increased in the G-nor group (p < 0.01). This initial evidence suggests that neuro-meditation reduces excessive sympathetic activity, promoting enhanced sleep quality and autonomic control during periods of increased work-related stress. Clinical Trial Registration The study was conducted at Bioesterel, Sophia-Antipolis, France as a clinical trial: Neuro-meditation improves sleep quality, https://www.drks.de/ui_data_web/DrksUI.html?locale=en, DRKS00025731.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Hausswirth
- LAMHESS, University of Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,BeScored Institute, Sophia Antipolis, France.,School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Xavier Nesi
- BeScored Institute, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Alexandre Dubois
- Hotel-Dieu de Paris, Centre du Sommeil et de la Vigilance, Paris, France
| | - François Duforez
- Hotel-Dieu de Paris, Centre du Sommeil et de la Vigilance, Paris, France
| | | | - Katie Slattery
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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14
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Gerber M, Kellmann M, Lang C, Brand S, Gygax B, Ludyga S, Müller C, Ramseyer S, Jakowski S. Potential Prevalence, Pattern, and Risk Factors of Insomnia Symptoms in Adolescent Elite Athletes. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SPORTPSYCHOLOGIE 2022. [DOI: 10.1026/1612-5010/a000366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Sleep disorders are an important issue among elite athletes. In this study, we used data from two studies to examine the prevalence, pattern, and risk factors of insomnia symptoms among adolescent elite athletes. We assessed insomnia symptoms using the Insomnia Severity Index. The prevalence of moderate-to-severe insomnia varied between 5 – 11 %, with 36 – 54 % of the athletes reporting subthreshold insomnia and 61 – 73 % perceiving at least one insomnia symptom. Female participants were more prone to report insomnia symptoms. Dysfunctional sleep-related cognitions were the most critical risk factor. We identified three groups with distinct insomnia symptom patterns via latent class analyses: 43 % of the participants were characterized as healthy sleepers, 45 % reported medium sleep without heightened concerned about sleep problems, and 12 % reported poor sleep and were substantially worried/distressed about their impaired sleep. More information is needed on how dysfunctional sleep-related cognitions can be influenced to improve athletes’ sleep and to foster their well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Gerber
- Department of Sport, Exercise, and Health, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kellmann
- Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Christin Lang
- Department of Sport, Exercise, and Health, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Serge Brand
- Department of Sport, Exercise, and Health, University of Basel, Switzerland
- Center of Affective, Stress, and Sleep Disorders, Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), University of Basel, Switzerland
- Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Health Institute, and Sleep Disorders Research Center,Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Basil Gygax
- Department of Sport, Exercise, and Health, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Ludyga
- Department of Sport, Exercise, and Health, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Caspar Müller
- Department of Sport, Exercise, and Health, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sven Ramseyer
- Department of Sport, Exercise, and Health, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Jakowski
- Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
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15
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Timing of Preexercise Partial-Body Cryotherapy Exposure to Promote Jump Performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:893-900. [PMID: 35235905 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study evaluated the effect of partial-body cryotherapy (PBC) exposure 1, 2, or 3 hours before maximal-effort jump performance, salivary enzyme concentration, perceived readiness, and well-being. METHODS Male team-sport players (N = 27; 24.2 [3.6] y; 91.5 [13.2] kg) were exposed to a blinded bout of PBC (-135°C [6°C]) and control (-59°C [17°C]) either 1, 2, or 3 hours prior to countermovement jumps. Passive saliva samples were collected to determine α-amylase concentration. Self-reported performance readiness and well-being questionnaires were completed using a 1-5 Likert scale. RESULTS Differences in the change in mean countermovement jump velocity and absolute power between PBC and control were unclear at 1 hour (+1.9% [5.3%], P = .149; +0.7% [10.6%], P = .919; mean difference [90% confidence limits]), 2 hours (+3.3% [2.7%], P = .196; +7.8% [7.4%], P = .169), and 3 hours postexposure (+3.1% [3.3%], P = .467; +0.7% [4.8%], P = .327). Salivary α-amylase concentration was elevated 15 minutes postexposure in the 1-hour (+61% [14%], P = .008) and 2-hour groups (+55% [12%], P = .013). The increase in self-reported performance readiness was higher after PBC (+2.4 [1.2] units, P = .046) in the 2-hour group and by 1.4 (1.1) units (P = .023) after 3 hours. Mental fatigue was favorably decreased 2 hours after PBC exposure (+0.5 [0.1], P = .041). CONCLUSIONS An acute exposure of PBC elicits potentially favorable but unclear changes in countermovement jump performance. The PBC enhances salivary α-amylase concentration and perceived performance readiness, reduces mental fatigue, and could be useful in sport-specific training or competitions.
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16
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Miles KH, Clark B, Fowler PM, Gratwicke MJ, Martin K, Welvaert M, Miller J, Pumpa KL. ɑ-Lactalbumin Improves Sleep and Recovery after Simulated Evening Competition in Female Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:2618-2627. [PMID: 34649262 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the efficacy of α-lactalbumin (A-LAC) supplementation for improving sleep and performance recovery after simulated evening competition in female athletes. METHODS Sixteen trained women (mean ± SD: age, 27 ± 7 yr; mass, 62 ± 10 kg; stature, 167 ± 8 cm) participated in this randomized double-blind three-arm crossover study. Participants completed a simulated evening competition before consuming either an A-LAC whey protein, whey protein placebo (PLA), or water control (CON) beverage. Sleep was monitored via polysomnography, and participants completed a series of physical, cognitive, and perceptual assessments before, and 14 and 24 h after simulated competition. RESULTS Non-rapid eye movement stage 2 sleep increased after competition in A-LAC (pre, 199 ± 44 min; post, 212 ± 37 min) but decreased in CON (pre, 228 ± 43 min; post, 195 ± 40 min) and PLA (pre, 224 ± 25 min; post, 211 ± 35 min; P = 0.012). In addition, Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 distance improved over time in A-LAC (baseline, 664 ± 332 m; 14 h post, 667 ± 326 m; 24 h post, 781 ± 427 m) compared with CON (baseline, 741 ± 366 m; 14 h post, 648 ± 351 m; 24 h post, 720 ± 407 m) and PLA (baseline, 763 ± 394 m; 14 h post, 636 ± 366 m; 24 h post, 720 ± 396 m; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that A-LAC supplementation may be useful for retaining some sleep characteristics after evening competition, leading to improved physical performance in female athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brad Clark
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, AUSTRALIA
| | - Peter M Fowler
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA
| | - Madeleine J Gratwicke
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, AUSTRALIA
| | | | - Marijke Welvaert
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, AUSTRALIA
| | - Joanna Miller
- AIS Operations, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, Canberra, AUSTRALIA
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17
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Bouzigon R, Dupuy O, Tiemessen I, De Nardi M, Bernard JP, Mihailovic T, Theurot D, Miller ED, Lombardi G, Dugué BM. Cryostimulation for Post-exercise Recovery in Athletes: A Consensus and Position Paper. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:688828. [PMID: 34901847 PMCID: PMC8652002 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.688828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recovery after exercise is a crucial key in preventing muscle injuries and in speeding up the processes to return to homeostasis level. There are several ways of developing a recovery strategy with the use of different kinds of traditional and up-to-date techniques. The use of cold has traditionally been used after physical exercise for recovery purposes. In recent years, the use of whole-body cryotherapy/cryostimulation (WBC; an extreme cold stimulation lasting 1-4 min and given in a cold room at a temperature comprised from -60 to -195°C) has been tremendously increased for such purposes. However, there are controversies about the benefits that the use of this technique may provide. Therefore, the main objectives of this paper are to describe what is whole body cryotherapy/cryostimulation, review and debate the benefits that its use may provide, present practical considerations and applications, and emphasize the need of customization depending on the context, the purpose, and the subject's characteristics. This review is written by international experts from the working group on WBC from the International Institute of Refrigeration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Bouzigon
- Université de Franche-Comté, UFR STAPS Besançon, Laboratoire C3S (EA4660), Axe Sport Performance, Besançon, France
- Society Inside the Athletes 3.0, Sport Performance Optimization Complex (COPS25), Besançon, France
- Society Aurore Concept, Noisiel, France
| | - Olivier Dupuy
- Université de Poitiers, Laboratoire MOVE (EA 6314), Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Poitiers, France
- Ecole de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l'Actvivité Physique (EKSAP), Faculté de Medecine, Université de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ivo Tiemessen
- ProCcare BVBA, Antwerp, Belgium
- Mobilito Sport, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Massimo De Nardi
- Krioplanet Ltd, Treviglio, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Jean-Pierre Bernard
- Air Liquide Group International Expert in Cryogenic Applications Cryolor, Ennery, France
| | - Thibaud Mihailovic
- Université de Franche-Comté, UFR STAPS Besançon, Laboratoire C3S (EA4660), Axe Sport Performance, Besançon, France
- Society Inside the Athletes 3.0, Sport Performance Optimization Complex (COPS25), Besançon, France
| | - Dimitri Theurot
- Université de Poitiers, Laboratoire MOVE (EA 6314), Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Benoit Michel Dugué
- Université de Poitiers, Laboratoire MOVE (EA 6314), Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Poitiers, France
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18
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Doets JJR, Topper M, Nugter AM. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of whole body cryotherapy on mental health problems. Complement Ther Med 2021; 63:102783. [PMID: 34655758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2021.102783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To give an overview of the nature and methodological quality of studies on whole body cryotherapy (WBC) as add-on intervention for mental health problems. METHODS A meta-analysis according to PRISMA guidelines was conducted (Prospero registration: CRD42020167443). Databases MEDLINE, PsycINFO and the Cochrane Library were searched. Risk of bias was scored according to the Cochrane ROBINS-I-tool to which an extra bias-dimension of allegiance bias was added. Within and between Hedges' g pooled effect sizes were calculated for the main aspect of mental health measured. Treatment efficacy was examined using a random effects model. Heterogeneity was examined through identification of visual outliers and by I2 statistics. RESULTS Out of 196 articles coming up from the search, ten studies met all inclusion criteria, six of which were (randomized) controlled trials. Together these studies report on a total of 294 participants receiving WBC. The within-group pooled effect size for mental health problems is large (Hedges' g = 1.63, CI: 1.05-2.21), with high heterogeneity (I2 = 93%). Subgroup analyses on depressive symptoms and quality of life (QOL) showed a diminution of heterogeneity to moderate. Effect sizes for depressive symptoms are very large (Hedges' g = 2.95, CI: 2.44-3.45) and for QOL medium (Hedges' g = 0.70, CI: 0.15-1.24). The between-group pooled effect size is medium (Hedges' g = 0.76, CI: 0.17-1.36). CONCLUSIONS Results indicate preliminary evidence for WBC as efficacious add-on intervention for mental health problems, especially depressive symptoms. Further research in the form of RCTs with larger numbers of participants is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia J R Doets
- Department of Anxiety Disorders, Mental Health Service Organization 'GGZ Noord-Holland-Noord', Alkmaar, The Netherlands.
| | - Maurice Topper
- Department of Research, Mental Health Service Organization 'GGZ Noord-Holland-Noord', Heerhugowaard, The Netherlands
| | - Annet M Nugter
- Department of Research, Mental Health Service Organization 'GGZ Noord-Holland-Noord', Heerhugowaard, The Netherlands
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19
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Partridge EM, Cooke J, McKune AJ, Pyne DB. Pre-Exercise Whole- or Partial-Body Cryotherapy Exposure to Improve Physical Performance: A Systematic Review. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:135. [PMID: 34678916 PMCID: PMC8537366 DOI: 10.3390/sports9100135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole- (WBC) and partial-body cryotherapy (PBC) are commonly used sports medicine modalities for the treatment of injury and exercise recovery. Physiological and perceptual effects have the potential to be utilised in a novel application that involves pre-exercise WBC and PBC exposure to improve physical performance. A systematic literature search of multiple databases was conducted in July 2021 to identify and evaluate the effects of pre-exercise exposure of WBC or PBC on physical performance measures, and any potential translational effects. The following inclusion criteria were applied: (1) use of WBC or PBC exposure pre-exercise, (2) use of WBC or PBC in healthy and/or athletic populations, (3) control group was used in the data collection, and (4) investigated physiological, psychosocial or direct physical performance impacts of pre-exercise cryotherapy exposure. A total of 759 titles were identified, with twelve relevant studies satisfying the inclusion criteria after full-text screening. The twelve studies were categorised into three key areas: performance testing (n = 6), oxidative stress response (n = 4) and lysosomal enzyme activity (n = 2). The potential for eliciting favourable physical and physiological responses from pre-exercise WBC or PBC is currently unclear with a paucity of good quality research available. Furthermore, a lack of standardisation of cryotherapy protocols is a current challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Partridge
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia; (J.C.); (A.J.M.); (D.B.P.)
| | - Julie Cooke
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia; (J.C.); (A.J.M.); (D.B.P.)
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
| | - Andrew J. McKune
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia; (J.C.); (A.J.M.); (D.B.P.)
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
- Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - David B. Pyne
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia; (J.C.); (A.J.M.); (D.B.P.)
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20
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Hamlin MJ, Deuchrass RW, Olsen PD, Choukri MA, Marshall HC, Lizamore CA, Leong C, Elliot CA. The Effect of Sleep Quality and Quantity on Athlete's Health and Perceived Training Quality. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:705650. [PMID: 34568820 PMCID: PMC8461238 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.705650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
University athletes are unique because they not only have to cope with the normal psycho-physiological stress of training and playing sport, but they also need to accommodate the stress associated with their academic studies along with considerable stress from their social environment. The ability to manage and adapt to stress ultimately helps improve athletic performance, but when stress becomes too much for the athlete, it can result in maladaptation's including sleep disruption which is associated with performance loss, negative mood changes, and even injury or illness. This research aimed to determine if sleep quantity and quality were associated with maladaptation in university athletes. We examined subjective measures of sleep duration and sleep quality along with measures of mood state, energy levels, academic stress, training quality and quantity, and frequency of illness and injury in 82 young (18–23 years) elite athletes over a 1 year period in 2020. Results indicate sleep duration and quality decreased in the first few weeks of the academic year which coincided with increased training, academic and social stress. Regression analysis indicated increased levels of perceived mood (1.3, 1.1–1.5, Odds Ratio and 95% confidence limits), sleep quality (2.9, 2.5–3.3), energy levels (1.2, 1.0–1.4), training quality (1.3, 1.1–1.5), and improved academic stress (1.1, 1.0–1.3) were associated with ≥8 h sleep. Athletes that slept ≥8 h or had higher sleep quality levels were less likely to suffer injury/illness (0.8, 0.7–0.9, and 0.6, 0.5–0.7 for sleep duration and quality, respectively). In conclusion, university athletes who maintain good sleep habits (sleep duration ≥8 h/night and high sleep quality scores) are less likely to suffer problems associated with elevated stress levels. Educating athletes, coaches, and trainers of the signs and symptoms of excessive stress (including sleep deprivation) may help reduce maladaptation and improve athlete's outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hamlin
- Department of Tourism, Sport and Society, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Faculty of Health and Environmental Science, Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Peter D Olsen
- Department of Applied Sciences and Social Practice, Ara Institute of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Maria A Choukri
- Department of Applied Sciences and Social Practice, Ara Institute of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Helen C Marshall
- Department of Applied Sciences and Social Practice, Ara Institute of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Catherine A Lizamore
- Department of Applied Sciences and Social Practice, Ara Institute of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Claudia Leong
- Department of Applied Sciences and Social Practice, Ara Institute of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Catherine A Elliot
- Department of Tourism, Sport and Society, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
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21
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Vlahoyiannis A, Aphamis G, Bogdanis GC, Sakkas GK, Andreou E, Giannaki CD. Deconstructing athletes' sleep: A systematic review of the influence of age, sex, athletic expertise, sport type, and season on sleep characteristics. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2021; 10:387-402. [PMID: 32325024 PMCID: PMC8343120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This systematic review aimed to describe objective sleep parameters for athletes under different conditions and address potential sleep issues in this specific population. METHODS PubMed and Scopus were searched from inception to April 2019. Included studies measured sleep only via objective evaluation tools such as polysomnography or actigraphy. The modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used for the quality assessment of the studies. RESULTS Eighty-one studies were included, of which 56 were classified as medium quality, 5 studies as low quality, and 20 studies as high quality. A total of 1830 athletes were monitored over 18,958 nights. Average values for sleep-related parameters were calculated for all athletes according to sex, age, athletic expertise level, training season, and type of sport. Athletes slept on average 7.2 ± 1.1 h/night (mean ± SD), with 86.3% ± 6.8% sleep efficiency (SE). In all datasets, the athletes' mean total sleep time was <8 h. SE was low for young athletes (80.3% ± 8.8%). Reduced SE was attributed to high wake after sleep onset rather than sleep onset latency. During heavy training periods, sleep duration and SE were on average 36 min and 0.8% less compared to pre-season and 42 min and 3.0% less compared to in-season training periods, respectively. CONCLUSION Athletes' sleep duration was found to be short with low SE, in comparison to the general consensus for non-athlete healthy adults. Notable sleep issues were revealed in young athletes. Sleep quality and architecture tend to change across different training periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelos Vlahoyiannis
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 1700, Cyprus
| | - George Aphamis
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 1700, Cyprus
| | - Gregory C Bogdanis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 17237, Greece
| | - Giorgos K Sakkas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala 42100, Greece; School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK
| | - Eleni Andreou
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 1700, Cyprus
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22
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Jaworska J, Laskowski R, Ziemann E, Zuczek K, Lombardi G, Antosiewicz J, Zurek P. The Specific Judo Training Program Combined With the Whole Body Cryostimulation Induced an Increase of Serum Concentrations of Growth Factors and Changes in Amino Acid Profile in Professional Judokas. Front Physiol 2021; 12:627657. [PMID: 33633589 PMCID: PMC7900507 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.627657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a specific training program, supported by 10 sessions of whole body cryostimulation, on growth factors concentrations, amino acids profile and motor abilities in professional judokas. Ultimately, twelve athletes took part in the study. They were randomly assigned to the cryostimulation group (CRY, n = 6) or the control group (CON, n = 6). During 2 weeks of the judo training program, the CRY group performed 10 cryo-sessions (3-min, at a temperature of -110°C) and the CON group rested passively. Anthropometric measurements, a strength test, the Special Judo Efficiency Test (SJET) were assessed 2 days before and after the judo training program. Blood samples were collected at rest, 1 h after the first and the second SJET and 1 h after the first and the last cryo-session to establish growth factors and amino acid concentrations. Lactate level was measured before, immediately after and 1 h after the first and the second SJET. The applied intervention resulted in a significant increase of resting concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (from 10.23 ± 1.61 to 15.13 ± 2.93 ng⋅ml-1; p = 0.01) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1; from 174.29 ± 49.34 to 300.50 ± 43.80 pg⋅ml-1; p = 0.00) in the CRY group. A different response was registered 1 h directly post SJET in the CRY group (a significant increase of IGF-1, interleukin 15 and irisin: p = 0.01; p = 0.00; p = 0.03). Additionally, the significant drop of proline and leucine concentrations in the CRY group was obtained. Athletes' performance remained unchanged in both groups. However, subjects perceived positive changes induced by the intervention - not directly after cryostimulation but in response to the specific training workload. The increase of growth factors concentrations and the improvement of amino acid profile (proline and leucine) contributed to maintaining a high level of muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Jaworska
- Department of Physical Education and Lifelong Sports, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Radoslaw Laskowski
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ewa Ziemann
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Klaudia Zuczek
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland.,IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Lab Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Milan, Italy
| | - Jedrzej Antosiewicz
- Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Zurek
- Department of Physical Culture Gorzow Wielkopolski, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
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Poignard M, Guilhem G, de Larochelambert Q, Montalvan B, Bieuzen F. The Impact of Recovery Practices Adopted by Professional Tennis Players on Fatigue Markers According to Training Type Clusters. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:109. [PMID: 33345098 PMCID: PMC7739815 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Modern tennis players face congested schedules that force the adoption of various recovery strategies. Thus, recovery must be fine-tuned with an accurate quantification of its impacts, especially with regards to training-induced fatigue. The present study aimed to examine the training type clusters and recovery practices adopted by elite tennis players under ecological training conditions. The respective impacts of training type clusters and recovery techniques on subjective variables, which reflect the players' recovery perceptions, were subsequently determined. Methods: During 15 consecutive months, a total of 35 elite tennis players filled out questionnaires to report their daily training load, training session content, adopted recovery modalities after training, and perceived recovery. Results: The hierarchical analysis identified three clusters: “combined tennis and S&C training,” “predominant tennis training” and “predominant S&C training.” Muscle soreness and perceived fatigue were not significantly different among these three clusters (p = 0.07–0.65). Across the 146 recorded training and recovery sessions, players primarily employed a combination of 2 or 3 modalities, with cooling strategies being the most widely used technique (87.6%). Mixed linear models revealed that independent of training clusters, cooling strategies significantly reduced muscle soreness (Δmuscle soreness: β = −1.00, p = 0.02). Among the cooling techniques used, whole-body cryotherapy induced a greater perceived recovery than cold-water immersion (p = 0.02). Conclusion: These results showed that perceived recovery was not sensitive to training clusters or the associated acute training load. However, cooling strategies were relevant for the alleviation of tennis training-induced soreness. This study represents an initial step toward a periodized approach of recovery interventions, based on the interactions between training load, training contents, and perceived recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Poignard
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France.,French Tennis Federation, Paris, France
| | - Gaël Guilhem
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
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Walsh NP, Halson SL, Sargent C, Roach GD, Nédélec M, Gupta L, Leeder J, Fullagar HH, Coutts AJ, Edwards BJ, Pullinger SA, Robertson CM, Burniston JG, Lastella M, Le Meur Y, Hausswirth C, Bender AM, Grandner MA, Samuels CH. Sleep and the athlete: narrative review and 2021 expert consensus recommendations. Br J Sports Med 2020; 55:bjsports-2020-102025. [PMID: 33144349 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Elite athletes are particularly susceptible to sleep inadequacies, characterised by habitual short sleep (<7 hours/night) and poor sleep quality (eg, sleep fragmentation). Athletic performance is reduced by a night or more without sleep, but the influence on performance of partial sleep restriction over 1-3 nights, a more real-world scenario, remains unclear. Studies investigating sleep in athletes often suffer from inadequate experimental control, a lack of females and questions concerning the validity of the chosen sleep assessment tools. Research only scratches the surface on how sleep influences athlete health. Studies in the wider population show that habitually sleeping <7 hours/night increases susceptibility to respiratory infection. Fortunately, much is known about the salient risk factors for sleep inadequacy in athletes, enabling targeted interventions. For example, athlete sleep is influenced by sport-specific factors (relating to training, travel and competition) and non-sport factors (eg, female gender, stress and anxiety). This expert consensus culminates with a sleep toolbox for practitioners (eg, covering sleep education and screening) to mitigate these risk factors and optimise athlete sleep. A one-size-fits-all approach to athlete sleep recommendations (eg, 7-9 hours/night) is unlikely ideal for health and performance. We recommend an individualised approach that should consider the athlete's perceived sleep needs. Research is needed into the benefits of napping and sleep extension (eg, banking sleep).
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil P Walsh
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Shona L Halson
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Charli Sargent
- Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gregory D Roach
- Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mathieu Nédélec
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French National Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Luke Gupta
- English Institute of Sport, Bisham Abbey National High Performance Centre, Marlow, UK
| | | | - Hugh H Fullagar
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Aaron J Coutts
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ben J Edwards
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Samuel A Pullinger
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- Sports Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
| | - Colin M Robertson
- School for Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Bolton, Bolton, UK
| | - Jatin G Burniston
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michele Lastella
- Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yann Le Meur
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French National Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | | | - Amy M Bender
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael A Grandner
- Sleep and Health Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Charles H Samuels
- Cummings School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Kwiecien SY, McHugh MP, Howatson G. Don't Lose Your Cool With Cryotherapy: The Application of Phase Change Material for Prolonged Cooling in Athletic Recovery and Beyond. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:118. [PMID: 33345107 PMCID: PMC7739598 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Strenuous exercise can result in muscle damage in both recreational and elite athletes, and is accompanied by strength loss, and increases in soreness, oxidative stress, and inflammation. If the aforementioned signs and symptoms associated with exercise-induced muscle damage are excessive or unabated, the recovery process becomes prolonged and can result in performance decrements; consequently, there has been a great deal of research focussing on accelerating recovery following exercise. A popular recovery modality is cryotherapy which results in a reduction of tissue temperature by the withdrawal of heat from the body. Cryotherapy is advantageous because of its ability to reduce tissue temperature at the site of muscle damage. However, there are logistical limitations to traditional cryotherapy modalities, such as cold-water immersion or whole-body cryotherapy, because they are limited by the duration for which they can be administered in a single dose. Phase change material (PCM) at a temperature of 15°C can deliver a single dose of cooling for a prolonged duration in a practical, efficacious, and safe way; hence overcoming the limitations of traditional cryotherapy modalities. Recently, 15°C PCM has been locally administered following isolated eccentric exercise, a soccer match, and baseball pitching, for durations of 3-6 h with no adverse effects. These data showed that using 15°C PCM to prolong the duration of cooling successfully reduced strength loss and soreness following exercise. Extending the positive effects associated with cryotherapy by prolonging the duration of cooling can enhance recovery following exercise and give athletes a competitive advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Y. Kwiecien
- Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Malachy P. McHugh
- Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Water Research Group, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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26
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Vlahoyiannis A, Sakkas GK, Manconi M, Aphamis G, Giannaki CD. A critical review on sleep assessment methodologies in athletic populations: factors to be considered. Sleep Med 2020; 74:211-223. [PMID: 32861013 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2020.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of research focus on athletes' sleep in order to investigate the effects of sleep in sports performance and recovery or the prevalence of sleep disorders in athletes. At the same time, several sleep monitoring tools have been developed and used in athletic populations for fulfilling these purposes. This review aimed to provide critical assessment to the most used by athletes' methodological approaches and compared them with the gold standard approach. Advantages and disadvantages of the various sleep monitoring tools were critically discussed. Literature related to aspects of athletes' sleep was reviewed. From the shortlisted studies, several factors that seem to affect sleep in athletes were identified using objective methods such as polysomnography/electroencephalography and actigraphy. These factors were associated to sleep (eg such as sleep environment, familiarization procedures and napping) and daily habits (eg nutrition, fluid consumption, alcohol and caffeine intake, tobacco use). The selected studies that evaluated sleep objectively were screened according the reporting rates of these variables. The majority of the screened studies were found to underreport these variables. Practical issues were addressed and recommendations about reporting sleep-related factors were made in order to improve studies' quality assessment and allow for more robust comparisons between studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giorgos K Sakkas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece; School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Mauro Manconi
- Sleep and Epilepsy Center, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Civic Hospital (EOC) of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - George Aphamis
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Solana-Tramunt M, Buscà B, Morales J, Miró A, Aguilera-Castells J, Arboix-Alió J. Effects of Wearing a Jaw-repositioning Intra-oral Device in Synchronized Swimming Athletes. Int J Sports Med 2020; 41:839-845. [PMID: 32590846 DOI: 10.1055/a-1179-5806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The effects of wearing an intra-oral device on several ventilatory and fatigue markers have been reported for a variety of sports. The quality of the figures performed in synchronized swimming is directly affected by fatigue, and can be monitored during training sessions (TS). The aim of the study was to investigate the acute effects of wearing customized intra-oral devices on heart rate variability, rating of perceived exertion, blood lactate accumulation, and salivary cortisol production during a competitive training session. Twelve highly trained elite female athletes (age: 21.0±3.6 years) participated in the study. Fatigue markers were assessed at the beginning and at the end of the 3rd and 5th afternoon TS for that week, once with and once without an intra-oral device, in random order. Salivary cortisol levels were higher in relation to the baseline in the intra-oral device condition (P<0.05) but not in athletes without an intra-oral device. No differences between conditions were found in rating of perceived exertion (P=0.465) and blood lactate (P=0.711). No time or condition interactions or main effects were shown for heart rate variability. Thus, there is no evidence that wearing a low-arch intra-oral device is a good recommendation for high-standard athletes performing long and stressful routines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Solana-Tramunt
- Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i de l'Esport Blanquerna, Fundacio Blanquerna Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernat Buscà
- Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i de l'Esport Blanquerna, Fundacio Blanquerna Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Morales
- Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i de l'Esport Blanquerna, Fundacio Blanquerna Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrià Miró
- Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i de l'Esport Blanquerna, Fundacio Blanquerna Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Aguilera-Castells
- Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i de l'Esport Blanquerna, Fundacio Blanquerna Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Arboix-Alió
- Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i de l'Esport Blanquerna, Fundacio Blanquerna Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
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Rymaszewska J, Lion KM, Pawlik-Sobecka L, Pawłowski T, Szcześniak D, Trypka E, Rymaszewska JE, Zabłocka A, Stanczykiewicz B. Efficacy of the Whole-Body Cryotherapy as Add-on Therapy to Pharmacological Treatment of Depression-A Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:522. [PMID: 32581890 PMCID: PMC7296110 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accumulating evidence indicates the effectiveness of cryogenic temperature interventions in rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, fibromyalgia, multiple sclerosis, and chronic low back pain. The application of whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) in psychiatric aspects of medicine was also noted. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms explaining the beneficial effect of WBC on mood disorders remain unclear. The study aimed to assess the efficacy of repetitive short exposure to extremely low temperatures (WBC) on mood, quality of life as well as on biochemical measures among people diagnosed with depressive episode undergoing pharmacological treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prospective randomized, double-blind sham-controlled protocol was used. The study enrolled 92 medically stable adults (aged 20-73 years) with a diagnosis of a depressive episode. The participants were randomly allocated and exposed to 10 whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) sessions (-110°C till -160°C [the experimental group (EG)] or to low, but not cryogenic temperatures -50°C [the control group (CG)]. Thirty participants in the EG and 26 in CG completed the whole study. The primary outcome measures were depressive symptoms evaluated with the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) as well as the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D 17). The quality of life, quality of sexual life, acceptance of the disease and self-reported mood, vitality, and sleep quality were assessed as secondary outcome measures. The study was registered at Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12619001600134). RESULTS The results show evidence for a statistically significant difference in the clinical assessment of depressive symptoms according to HAM-D 17 scale (T4 by group interaction p=0.02), BDI-II (T2 time by group interaction p=0.01), cognitive-affective BDI dimension (T4 by group interaction p=0.00), and somatic BDI dimension (T4 by group interaction p=0.028). Significant improvement was also noticed in life quality (p < 0.05), self-assessed mood (p=0.035), and disease acceptance (p=0.007). There were no statistically significant changes related to sexual satisfaction, self-assessed vitality, and sleep (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Whole-body cryotherapy is a useful method to improve standard pharmacological treatment. The WBC intervention reduces mental health deterioration, especially in mood disorders, such as depression, and can be beneficial for well-being and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katarzyna M Lion
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Lilla Pawlik-Sobecka
- Department of Nervous System Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Pawłowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Szcześniak
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Trypka
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Julia E Rymaszewska
- Student Scientific Association at Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zabłocka
- Laboratory of Microbiome Immunobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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Grainger A, Comfort P, Heffernan S. No Effect of Partial-Body Cryotherapy on Restoration of Countermovement Jump or Well-Being Performance in Elite Rugby Union Players During the Competitive Phase of the Season. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:98-104. [PMID: 31034293 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Partial body cryotherapy (PBC) has been shown to be beneficial for postexercise recovery; however, no study has demonstrated the effectiveness of PBC for recovery following elite rugby union training. Rugby union is a unique sport that involves high-velocity collisions and may induce greater performance decrements than other sports; thus, PBC could be beneficial. The application of PBC in "real world" has rarely been investigated during the competitive phase of a playing season and warranted investigation. METHODS In a counterbalanced sequential research design, professional rugby athletes (n = 18; age 25.4 [4.0] y; training age 7.2 [4.0] y; mass 99.8 [10.6] kg; height 188.3 [6.0] cm) were assigned to a 12-week PBC intervention, washout period (4 wk), and reassessed as their own controls. Self-reported well-being, muscle soreness, sleep quality, and countermovement jump height were assessed before and 40 hours after "real-world" training. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and Cohen d were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS No differences were observed between PBC and control conditions (P > .05; d = 0.00-0.14) for well-being (-0.02% [0.08%] vs 0.01% [0.06%]), muscle soreness (-0.01% [0.11%] vs 0.01% [0.16%]), sleep quality (-0.03% [0.14%] vs 0.10% [0.29%]), or countermovement jump height (36.48-36.59 vs 38.13-37.52 cm; P = .54). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest PBC is ineffective for the restoration of selected performance parameters during the performance maintenance phase of the competitive season. To ascertain the appropriation of its use, future investigations should seek to assess the use of cryotherapies at various phases of the elite rugby union competitive season.
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Bonnar D, Lee S, Gradisar M, Suh S. Risk Factors and Sleep Intervention Considerations in Esports: A Review and Practical Guide. SLEEP MEDICINE RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.17241/smr.2019.00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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High-intensity exercise in the evening does not disrupt sleep in endurance runners. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 120:359-368. [PMID: 31813044 PMCID: PMC6989626 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04280-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of early evening exercise training at different intensities on nocturnal sleep and cardiac autonomic activity in endurance-trained runners. METHODS Eight runners completed three experimental trials in a randomised, counterbalanced order. In the early evening (end of exercise 3.5 h before bedtime), participants performed either: (i) a 1 h high-intensity interval running session (HIGH, 6 × 5 min at 90% VO2peak interspersed with 5 min recovery); (ii) a 1 h low-intensity running session (LOW, 60 min at 45% VO2peak) or (iii) no exercise (CON). Subsequent nocturnal sleep was assessed using polysomnography, wristwatch actigraphy, and subjective sleep quality. A two-lead electrocardiogram recorded nocturnal cardiac autonomic activity. RESULTS Total sleep time increased after HIGH (477.4 ± 17.7 min, p = 0.022) and LOW (479.6 ± 15.6 min, p = 0.006) compared with CON (462.9 ± 19.0 min). Time awake was lower after HIGH (31.8 ± 18.5 min, p = 0.047) and LOW (30.4 ± 15.7 min, p = 0.008) compared with CON (46.6 ± 20.0 min). There were no differences between conditions for actigraphy and subjective sleep quality (p > 0.05). Nocturnal heart rate variability was not different between conditions, but average nocturnal heart rate increased after HIGH (50 ± 5 beats min-1) compared with LOW (47 ± 5 beats min-1, p = 0.02) and CON (47 ± 5 beats min-1, p = 0.028). CONCLUSION When performed in the early evening, high-intensity exercise does not disrupt and may even improve subsequent nocturnal sleep in endurance-trained runners, despite increased cardiac autonomic activity. Additionally, low-intensity exercise induced positive changes in sleep behaviour that are comparable to those obtained following high-intensity exercise.
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O'Connor M, Wang JV, Saedi N. Whole- and partial-body cryotherapy in aesthetic dermatology: Evaluating a trendy treatment. J Cosmet Dermatol 2019; 18:1435-1437. [PMID: 30456782 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript addresses the use of whole- and partial-body cryotherapy in aesthetic dermatology. Over the past several years, these have become trendy treatments that have been marketed for many purported benefits in overall skin appearance and skin health. With increased access through cryotherapy facilities and medical spas, whole- and partial-body cryotherapy have grown in popularity. Unfortunately, many of the advertised claims have little, if any, scientific evidence behind them. Here, we summarize the data available in the literature. As trends evolve, clinicians should continue to be knowledgeable about them and their evidence in order to properly counsel patients appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie O'Connor
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jordan V Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nazanin Saedi
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Kasmi S, Filliard JR, Polidori G, Bouchet B, Blancheteau Y, Legrand FD. Effects of Whole-Body Cryostimulation (-90°C) on Somnolence and Psychological Well-Being in an Older Patient with Restless Legs Syndrome. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2019; 12:259-267. [PMID: 31515948 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed at evaluating the feasibility and effects of intense (i.e. -90°C) whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) on somnolence and psychological well-being in an older-adult patient diagnosed with restless legs syndrome (RLS). METHODS An interrupted time series approach was used in which the efficacy of cryostimulation was evaluated by measuring self-reported fatigue, wake time sleepiness, and well-being several times prior to, during, and after exposure to treatment (i.e. daily 3-min sessions of intense WBC). RESULTS No adverse event occurred. Reported levels of sleepiness decreased immediately following the beginning of the treatment phase. In the same time, self-reported well-being significantly increased. Effects sizes were of large magnitude. CONCLUSION In summary, the present study demonstrated that daily exposure to extremely cold air in an enclosed space for 2 weeks was feasible and effective in promoting physical and psychological states in an older patient with sleep disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kasmi
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - J-R Filliard
- National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance, INSEP, Paris, France
| | - G Polidori
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | | | | | - F D Legrand
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
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Whole-body cryotherapy does not augment adaptations to high-intensity interval training. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12013. [PMID: 31427654 PMCID: PMC6700067 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48518-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of regular post-exercise whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) on physiological and performance adaptations to high-intensity interval training (HIT). In a two-group parallel design, twenty-two well-trained males performed four weeks of cycling HIT, with each session immediately followed by 3 min of WBC (−110 °C) or a passive control (CON). To assess the effects of WBC on the adaptive response to HIT, participants performed the following cycling tests before and after the training period; a graded exercise test (GXT), a time-to-exhaustion test (Tmax), a 20-km time trial (20TT), and a 120-min submaximal test (SM120). Blood samples were taken before and after training to measure changes in basal adrenal hormones (adrenaline, noradrenaline, and cortisol). Sleep patterns were also assessed during training via wrist actigraphy. As compared with CON, the administration of WBC after each training session during four weeks of HIT had no effect on peak oxygen uptake (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{{\rm{V}}}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak) and peak aerobic power (Ppeak) achieved during the GXT, Tmax duration and work performed (WTmax), 20TT performance, substrate oxidation during the SM120, basal adrenaline/noradrenaline/cortisol concentrations, or sleep patterns (P > 0.05). These findings suggest that regular post-exercise WBC is not an effective strategy to augment training-induced aerobic adaptations to four weeks of HIT.
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Partridge EM, Cooke J, McKune A, Pyne DB. Whole-Body Cryotherapy: Potential to Enhance Athlete Preparation for Competition? Front Physiol 2019; 10:1007. [PMID: 31447697 PMCID: PMC6691163 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The final hours of preparation before competition are important for performance. Recovery, preparation and warm up protocols are evolving continuously and include passive and active modalities often developed by "trial and error" approaches. Passive modalities, such as whole-body cryotherapy (WBC), have the potential to enhance both recovery and preparation. Whole-body cryotherapy has generally been used within a recovery setting after competition or strenuous training for athletes, and in clinical settings for the general population. However, the acute hormonal, anti-inflammatory, perceptual and psychological responses yielded by a single, or repeated, bouts of WBC indicate that this practice could enhance an athlete's competition readiness when used alongside traditional elements of active warm-ups in the hours before competition in addition to aiding recovery in the hours after. Here we summarize and evaluate the acute effects of WBC exposures on physiological, performance and perceptual responses, and examine the likelihood these responses could theoretically translate into enhanced athletic performance. The potential to enhance an athlete's performance using acute passive WBC exposure is a novel intervention that requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Partridge
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
| | - Julie Cooke
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
| | - Andrew McKune
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
- Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers (CRIBB) Group, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
- Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - David B. Pyne
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
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Acute effect of an intensified exercise program on subsequent sleep, dietary intake, and performance in junior rugby players. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:2075-2082. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04196-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Partial-body cryostimulation after training improves sleep quality in professional soccer players. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:141. [PMID: 30876470 PMCID: PMC6419922 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4172-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of the present investigation was to determine whether using cryostimulation (partial-body cryostimulation) impacts sleep quality in professional soccer players. Different exposure durations at − 180 °C were tested randomly after standardized training sessions in nine professional soccer players (no cryostimulation, 180-s exposure, two 90-s exposures separated by a 5-min rest at room temperature, and 90-s exposure), and the effects on sleep quality using 3-dimensional accelerometers worn during sleep were assessed. Results The number of movements during the night after partial-body cryostimulation was significantly reduced only in the 180-s exposure condition (p < 0.05, very large effect size) compared with the control condition. Partial-body cryostimulation seems to induce a positive impact on sleep quality that may be dose-dependent. Trial registration Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR), ACTRN12619000330145, date of registration: 4/03/2019. Retrospectively registered
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Hoshikawa M, Dohi M, Nakamura M. Effects of evening partial body cryostimulation on the skin and core temperatures. J Therm Biol 2019; 79:144-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Douzi W, Dupuy O, Tanneau M, Boucard G, Bouzigon R, Dugué B. 3-min whole body cryotherapy/cryostimulation after training in the evening improves sleep quality in physically active men. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 19:860-867. [PMID: 30551730 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1551937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training during evening may disturb sleep patterns and hinder recovery process. The present study aimed to examine the effect of whole body cryotherapy (WBC) exposure after training in the evening on sleep quality and night heart rate variability (HRV). A total of 22 physically active men were randomized to undergo either WBC (3-min at -40°C, wind speed of 2.3 m s-1) or passive recovery (control) following an evening training consisting of 25 min of continuous running at 65% of the maximal aerobic speed (MAS) followed by intermittent running at 85% of the MAS. Each night following the training, the number of movements and HRV during sleeping time were recorded. The next morning, subjective sleep quality and perceived pain were assessed using Spiegel questionnaire and a visual analogue scale, respectively. The number of movements during the night following WBC was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) compared with the control condition. Subjective sleep quality following WBC was significantly better than the control group (p < 0.05). During the estimated slow-wave sleep (SWS), the high frequency power (HF) was higher in the WBC group than the control group (p < 0.05), and the low frequency power (LF) and the LF/HF ratio were lower than the control group (p < 0.05). Pain was significantly reduced following WBC compared to the control (p < 0.01). In conclusion, the use of 3-min WBC after training in the evening improves subjective and objective sleep quality in physically active subjects, which may be due to greater pain relief and improved parasympathetic nervous activity during the SWS period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Douzi
- a Laboratoire Mobilité Vieillissement Exercice (MOVE)-EA6314, Faculty of Sport Sciences , University of Poitiers , Poitiers , France
| | - Olivier Dupuy
- a Laboratoire Mobilité Vieillissement Exercice (MOVE)-EA6314, Faculty of Sport Sciences , University of Poitiers , Poitiers , France
| | - Maxence Tanneau
- a Laboratoire Mobilité Vieillissement Exercice (MOVE)-EA6314, Faculty of Sport Sciences , University of Poitiers , Poitiers , France
| | - Geoffroy Boucard
- b Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage (UMR7295) , Université de Poitiers and Université François-Rabelais de Tours , Poitiers , France
| | - Romain Bouzigon
- c Laboratoire C3S (EA 4660), Unité de Promotion, de Formation et de Recherche (UPFR) des Sports , Université de Franche Comté , Besançon , France
| | - Benoit Dugué
- a Laboratoire Mobilité Vieillissement Exercice (MOVE)-EA6314, Faculty of Sport Sciences , University of Poitiers , Poitiers , France
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Jaworska J, Micielska K, Kozłowska M, Wnorowski K, Skrobecki J, Radzimiński L, Babińska A, Rodziewicz E, Lombardi G, Ziemann E. A 2-Week Specific Volleyball Training Supported by the Whole Body Cryostimulation Protocol Induced an Increase of Growth Factors and Counteracted Deterioration of Physical Performance. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1711. [PMID: 30555349 PMCID: PMC6282029 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Potentially beneficial effects of cold therapies on training adaptation still remain unequivocal. We have, thus, decided to evaluate the effects of a 2-week volleyball training program supported by 10 sessions of whole body cryostimulation (WBC) on growth factors and physical performance. Twenty healthy college-aged men and women randomly assigned either to the cryostimulation group (CRY) or the control group (CON; executed passive rest). Both groups took part in the same 2-weeks training program. Additionally, the CRY group attended in 10 cryo-sessions (3 min, -110°C temperature, five times/week). Blood samples were collected at baseline, 1 h after the first cryo-session as well as before and 1 h after the last session of WBC to assess growth factors, myokines concentration and the amino acid profile. Motor abilities were tested before commencing the training program and 2 days after its completion. The applied intervention resulted in an increase of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and insulin-like growth factor 1 concentrations. The adjusted effect describing the difference between groups in response to applied procedures was for both growth factors large and very likely in the CRY, higher than in the CON group (113%; Coefficient Interval: 38–230%, 45%; Coefficient Interval: 17–79%, respectively). Physical performance dropped in both groups, yet in the CRY group, the magnitude of change was smaller. The fibroblast growth factor dropped significantly 1 h following the first cryo-session, yet irisin remained statistically unchanged. The similar tendency was maintained after the whole procedure, still the range of changes was smaller. In the CRY group, an elevated uptake of tryptophan and valine noted in response to the whole intervention, could have induced a significant decrease of fasting glucose concentration (the adjusted effect small and very likely -6%; Coefficient Interval: -10 to -2%). Overall, a 2-week volleyball training program supported by the whole body cryostimulation protocol resulted in an increase of growth factors and offset a decline of physical performance. Thus these procedure can be applied in professional sport during competition period, especially among those disciplines focusing on an explosive power and ability to concentrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Jaworska
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Rehabilitation and Kinesiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Micielska
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marta Kozłowska
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Rehabilitation and Kinesiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Wnorowski
- Department of Volleyball, Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jerzy Skrobecki
- Department of Volleyball, Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Lukasz Radzimiński
- Department of Biomedical Health Basics, Faculty of Tourism and Recreation, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Babińska
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Medical University, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ewa Rodziewicz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Rehabilitation and Kinesiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Ewa Ziemann
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Rehabilitation and Kinesiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
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Roberts SSH, Teo WP, Warmington SA. Effects of training and competition on the sleep of elite athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2018; 53:513-522. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
ObjectivesTo characterise the sleep of elite athletes and to identify factors associated with training and competition that negatively affect sleep.DesignPrognosis systematic review.Data sourcesThree databases (PubMed, SCOPUS and SPORTDiscus) were searched from inception to 26 February 2018.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesIncluded studies objectively reported total sleep time (TST) and/or sleep efficiency (SE) in elite athletes. Studies were required to be observational or to include an observational trial.ResultsFifty-four studies were included. During training, many studies reported athletes were unable to achieve TST (n=23/41) and/or SE (n=16/37) recommendations. On the night of competition, most studies reported athletes were unable to achieve TST (n=14/18) and/or SE (n=10/16) recommendations. TST was shorter (60 min) the night of competition compared with previous nights. SE was lower (1%) the night of competition compared with the previous night. TST was shorter the night of night competition (start ≥18:00; 80 min) and day competition (20 min) compared with the previous night. SE was lower (3%–4%) the night of night competition but unchanged the night of day competition compared with previous nights. Early morning training (start <07:00), increases in training load (>25%), late night/early morning travel departure times, eastward air travel and altitude ascent impaired sleep.ConclusionAthletes were often unable to achieve sleep recommendations during training or competition periods. Sleep was impaired the night of competition compared with previous nights. Early morning training, increases in training load, travel departure times, jet lag and altitude can impair athletes’ sleep.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42017074367.
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Casazza GA, Tovar AP, Richardson CE, Cortez AN, Davis BA. Energy Availability, Macronutrient Intake, and Nutritional Supplementation for Improving Exercise Performance in Endurance Athletes. Curr Sports Med Rep 2018; 17:215-223. [PMID: 29889151 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Endurance athletes use nutritional guidelines and supplements to improve exercise performance and recovery. However, use is not always based on scientific evidence of improved performance, which type of athlete would benefit most, or the optimal dose and timing of a particular supplement. Health professionals that give advice to athletes need to target their recommendations on the energy systems and muscle fiber types used for the athlete's sporting event, the goal of the training block, the time of the competitive season, and the characteristics and food preferences of the individual athlete. This review aims to summarize the most current research findings on the optimal calorie, carbohydrate, and protein intake for athlete health, performance, and recovery. We also summarized new findings on fluid intake and the optimal dose and timing of beetroot and caffeine supplementation on time trial performance in endurance athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen A Casazza
- Sports Performance Laboratory, University of California Davis Sports Medicine Program, Sacramento, CA
| | - Ashley P Tovar
- Sports Performance Laboratory, University of California Davis Sports Medicine Program, Sacramento, CA
| | - Christine E Richardson
- Sports Performance Laboratory, University of California Davis Sports Medicine Program, Sacramento, CA
| | - Angela N Cortez
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Davis, Medical Center, Sacramento, CA
| | - Brian A Davis
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Davis, Medical Center, Sacramento, CA
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Nedelec M, Aloulou A, Duforez F, Meyer T, Dupont G. The Variability of Sleep Among Elite Athletes. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2018; 4:34. [PMID: 30054756 PMCID: PMC6063976 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-018-0151-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Practicing sport at the highest level is typically accompanied by several stressors and restrictions on personal life. Elite athletes’ lifestyle delivers a significant challenge to sleep, due to both the physiological and psychological demands, and the training and competition schedules. Inter-individual variability of sleep patterns (e.g., sleep requirements, chronotype) may have important implications not only for recovery and training schedules but also for the choice of measures to possibly improve sleep. This article provides a review of the current available literature regarding the variability of sleep among elite athletes and factors possibly responsible for this phenomenon. We also provide methodological approaches to better address the inter-individual variability of sleep in future studies with elite athletes. There is currently little scientific evidence supporting a specific influence of one particular type of sport on sleep; sleep disorders may be, however, more common in strength/power and contact sports. Sleep behavior may notably vary depending on the athlete’s typical daily schedule. The specificity of training and competition schedules possibly accounts for the single most influential factor leading to inconsistency in sleep among elite athletes (e.g., “social jet lag”). Additionally, athletes are affected by extensive exposure to electric light and evening use of electronic media devices. Therefore, the influence of ordinary sleep, poor sleep, and extended sleep as important additional contributors to training load should be studied. Future experimental studies on sleep and elite sport performance should systematically report the seasonal phase. Boarding conditions may provide a good option to standardize as many variables as possible without the inconvenience of laboratory. The use of interdisciplinary mixed-method approaches should be encouraged in future studies on sleep and elite sport. Finally, high inter- and intra-individual variability in the athletes’ sleep characteristics suggests a need for providing individual responses in addition to group means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Nedelec
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), 11 Avenue du Tremblay, 75012, Paris, France.
| | - Anis Aloulou
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), 11 Avenue du Tremblay, 75012, Paris, France
| | - François Duforez
- Centre du Sommeil, Hotel Dieu de Paris, 1 Place du Parvis Notre Dame, 75004, Paris, France
| | - Tim Meyer
- Institute of Sport and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, GEB. B82, 66123, Saarbrucken, Germany
| | - Gregory Dupont
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), 11 Avenue du Tremblay, 75012, Paris, France
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Whole-body cryotherapy (-110 °C) following high-intensity intermittent exercise does not alter hormonal, inflammatory or muscle damage biomarkers in trained males. Cytokine 2018; 113:277-284. [PMID: 30031682 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the acute effects of a single session of Whole-body Cryotherapy (WBC) following severe intermittent running exercise on biomarkers of inflammation, muscle damage and stress. METHODS Endurance-trained males (n = 11) were tested twice using a within-participant, balanced cross-over design that consisted of 5 × 5 min of high-intensity running (HIR) followed by either 3 min of WBC at -110 °C or a passive control condition (CON). Before the HIR and after 60 min of recovery a ramp-test was completed. At seven time points up to 24 hrs post exercise venous blood samples were analyzed for serum levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), c-reactive protein (CRP), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), myoglobin, cortisol, and testosterone. RESULTS HIR induced significant increases in all biomarkers except sICAM-1 in both recovery conditions, respectively. Compared to the CON condition WBC did not attenuate exercise- induced changes in IL-6, IL-10, sICAM-1, myoglobin, cortisol, testosterone or their ratio. Increased levels of cortisol following exercise were negatively correlated with subsequent running performance in both conditions (WBC: r = -0.61, p = 0.04; CON: r = -0.64, p = 0.04). CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that the postulated physiological mechanisms by which WBC is proposed to improve recovery, i.e. reductions in inflammation and muscle damage, may not be accurate.
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Watson A, Brickson S. Impaired Sleep Mediates the Negative Effects of Training Load on Subjective Well-Being in Female Youth Athletes. Sports Health 2018; 10:244-249. [PMID: 29420135 PMCID: PMC5958455 DOI: 10.1177/1941738118757422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Although increased training load (TL) and impaired sleep are associated with decreases in subjective well-being in adult athletes, these relationships among female youth athletes are unclear. It is unknown whether the effects of sleep and TL on well-being are independent or whether alterations in sleep mediate the effects of TL on subjective well-being. Hypothesis: Sleep and TL exert independent effects on subjective well-being among youth athletes, although alterations in sleep mediate a significant portion of the effect of TL on well-being in female youth athletes. Study Design: Prospective cohort study. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Methods: A total of 65 female soccer athletes (age range, 13-18 years) were monitored for 1 year. Daily TL was determined by session rating of perceived exertion and converted to z-scores. Every morning, participants recorded sleep duration in hours and rated stress, mood, fatigue, and soreness on a scale from −3 to +3 (worst to best). Linear mixed-effects models and mediation analysis were used to evaluate the independent effects of TL and sleep on well-being. Results: Average sleep duration was 7.9 ± 1.4 hours during the study period. In the multivariable model, TL and sleep duration were independently associated with fatigue (TL: β = −0.19, P < 0.001; sleep: β = 0.15, P < 0.001), mood (TL: β = −0.030, P = 0.014; sleep: β = 0.13, P < 0.001), stress (TL: β = −0.055, P = 0.001; sleep: β = 0.13, P < 0.001), and soreness (TL: β = −0.31, P < 0.001; sleep: β = 0.022, P = 0.042). Sleep duration mediated a significant portion of the effect of TL on mood (26.8%, P < 0.001), fatigue (12.6%, P < 0.001), and stress (24.5%, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Among female youth athletes, decreased sleep duration and increased TL are independently associated with impairments of subjective well-being. In addition, decreased sleep mediates a significant portion of the negative effect of increases in TL on subjective well-being. Clinical Relevance: Monitoring and promoting sleep among female adolescent athletes may significantly improve subjective well-being, particularly during periods of increased TL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Watson
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Stacey Brickson
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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Sleep Interventions Designed to Improve Athletic Performance and Recovery: A Systematic Review of Current Approaches. Sports Med 2018; 48:683-703. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0832-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Information on sleep quality and insomnia symptomatology among elite athletes remains poorly systematised in the sports science and medicine literature. The extent to which performance in elite sport represents a risk for chronic insomnia is unknown. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this systematic review was to profile the objective and experienced characteristics of sleep among elite athletes, and to consider relationships between elite sport and insomnia symptomatology. METHODS Studies relating to sleep involving participants described on a pre-defined continuum of 'eliteness' were located through a systematic search of four research databases: SPORTDiscus, PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar, up to April 2016. Once extracted, studies were categorised as (1) those mainly describing sleep structure/patterns, (2) those mainly describing sleep quality and insomnia symptomatology and (3) those exploring associations between aspects of elite sport and sleep outcomes. RESULTS The search returned 1676 records. Following screening against set criteria, a total of 37 studies were identified. The quality of evidence reviewed was generally low. Pooled sleep quality data revealed high levels of sleep complaints in elite athletes. Three risk factors for sleep disturbance were broadly identified: (1) training, (2) travel and (3) competition. CONCLUSION While acknowledging the limited number of high-quality evidence reviewed, athletes show a high overall prevalence of insomnia symptoms characterised by longer sleep latencies, greater sleep fragmentation, non-restorative sleep, and excessive daytime fatigue. These symptoms show marked inter-sport differences. Two underlying mechanisms are implicated in the mediation of sport-related insomnia symptoms: pre-sleep cognitive arousal and sleep restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Gupta
- Physiology Department, English Institute of Sport, Bisham, Nr. Marlow, SL7 1RR, UK.
- Clinical Sleep Research Unit, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Kevin Morgan
- Clinical Sleep Research Unit, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Sarah Gilchrist
- Physiology Department, English Institute of Sport, Bisham, Nr. Marlow, SL7 1RR, UK
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Lombardi G, Ziemann E, Banfi G. Whole-Body Cryotherapy in Athletes: From Therapy to Stimulation. An Updated Review of the Literature. Front Physiol 2017; 8:258. [PMID: 28512432 PMCID: PMC5411446 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, whole-body cryotherapy is a medical physical treatment widely used in sports medicine. Recovery from injuries (e.g., trauma, overuse) and after-season recovery are the main purposes for application. However, the most recent studies confirmed the anti-inflammatory, anti-analgesic, and anti-oxidant effects of this therapy by highlighting the underlying physiological responses. In addition to its therapeutic effects, whole-body cryotherapy has been demonstrated to be a preventive strategy against the deleterious effects of exercise-induced inflammation and soreness. Novel findings have stressed the importance of fat mass on cooling effectiveness and of the starting fitness level on the final result. Exposure to the cryotherapy somehow mimics exercise, since it affects myokines expression in an exercise-like fashion, thus opening another possible window on the therapeutic strategies for metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. From a biochemical point of view, whole-body cryotherapy not always induces appreciable modifications, but the final clinical output (in terms of pain, soreness, stress, and post-exercise recovery) is very often improved compared to either the starting condition or the untreated matched group. Also, the number and the frequency of sessions that should be applied in order to obtain the best therapeutic results have been deeply investigated in the last years. In this article, we reviewed the most recent literature, from 2010 until present, in order to give the most updated insight into this therapeutic strategy, whose rapidly increasing use is not always based on scientific assumptions and safety standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico GaleazziMilan, Italy
| | - Ewa Ziemann
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and SportGdansk, Poland
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico GaleazziMilan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilan, Italy
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Rae DE, Chin T, Dikgomo K, Hill L, McKune AJ, Kohn TA, Roden LC. One night of partial sleep deprivation impairs recovery from a single exercise training session. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:699-712. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3565-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dale E Rae
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, PO Box 115, Newlands, Cape Town, 7725, South Africa.
| | - Tayla Chin
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, PO Box 115, Newlands, Cape Town, 7725, South Africa
| | - Kagiso Dikgomo
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, PO Box 115, Newlands, Cape Town, 7725, South Africa
| | - Lee Hill
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, PO Box 115, Newlands, Cape Town, 7725, South Africa
| | - Andrew J McKune
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia.,Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Tertius A Kohn
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, PO Box 115, Newlands, Cape Town, 7725, South Africa
| | - Laura C Roden
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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