1
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Torres A, Nougarou F, Domingue F. Predicting pedalling metrics based on lower limb joint kinematics. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38934223 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2024.2371044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to predict the index of effectiveness (IE) and positive impulse proportion (PIP) to assess the cyclist's pedalling technique from lower limb kinematic variables. Several wrapped feature selection techniques were applied to select the best predictors. To predict IE and PIP two multiple linear regressions (MLR) composed of 11 predictors (R² = 0.81 ± 0.12, R² = 0.81 ± 0.05) and two artificial neural networks (ANN) composed of 21 and 28 predictors (R² = 0.95 ± 0.01, R² = 0.92 ± 0.02) were developed. The ANN predicts with accuracy, and the MLR shows the influence of each predictor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Torres
- Département de génie électrique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - François Nougarou
- Département de génie électrique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Frédéric Domingue
- Département de génie électrique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
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2
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Rivière JR, Morin JB, Bowen M, Cross MR, Messonnier LA, Samozino P. Exploring the Low Force-High Velocity Domain of the Force-Velocity Relationship in Acyclic Lower-Limb Extensions. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:55. [PMID: 37439876 PMCID: PMC10344854 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00598-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare linear and curvilinear models describing the force-velocity relationship obtained in lower-limb acyclic extensions, considering experimental data on an unprecedented range of velocity conditions. METHODS Nine athletes performed lower-limb extensions on a leg-press ergometer, designed to provide a very broad range of force and velocity conditions. Previously inaccessible low inertial and resistive conditions were achieved by performing extensions horizontally and with assistance. Force and velocity were continuously measured over the push-off in six resistive conditions to assess individual force-velocity relationships. Goodness of fit of linear and curvilinear models (second-order polynomial function, Fenn and Marsh's, and Hill's equations) on force and velocity data were compared via the Akaike Information Criterion. RESULTS Expressed relative to the theoretical maximal force and velocity obtained from the linear model, force and velocity data ranged from 26.6 ± 6.6 to 96.0 ± 3.6% (16-99%) and from 8.3 ± 1.9 to 76.6 ± 7.0% (5-86%), respectively. Curvilinear and linear models showed very high fit (adjusted r2 = 0.951-0.999; SEE = 17-159N). Despite curvilinear models better fitting the data, there was a ~ 99-100% chance the linear model best described the data. CONCLUSION A combination between goodness of fit, degrees of freedom and common sense (e.g., rational physiologically values) indicated linear modelling is preferable for describing the force-velocity relationship during acyclic lower-limb extensions, compared to curvilinear models. Notably, linearity appears maintained in conditions approaching theoretical maximal velocity. Using horizontal and assisted lower-limb extension to more broadly explore resistive/assistive conditions could improve reliability and accuracy of the force-velocity relationship and associated parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Romain Rivière
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de La Motricité, Univ Savoie Mont Blanc, EA 7424, 73000, Chambéry, France.
| | - Jean-Benoît Morin
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de La Motricité, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Lyon 1, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, 42023, Saint-Etienne, France
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maximilien Bowen
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de La Motricité, Univ Savoie Mont Blanc, EA 7424, 73000, Chambéry, France
| | - Matt R Cross
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Laurent A Messonnier
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de La Motricité, Univ Savoie Mont Blanc, EA 7424, 73000, Chambéry, France
| | - Pierre Samozino
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de La Motricité, Univ Savoie Mont Blanc, EA 7424, 73000, Chambéry, France
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3
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Sachet I, Brochner Nygaard NP, Guilhem G, Hug F, Dorel S. Strength capacity of lower-limb muscles in world-class cyclists: new insights into the limits of sprint cycling performance. Sports Biomech 2023; 22:536-553. [PMID: 35029136 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.2024243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the relationship between the torque-generating capacity in sprint cycling and the strength capacity of the six lower-limb muscle groups in male and female world-class sprint cyclists. Eleven female and fifteen male top-elite cyclists performed 5-s sprints at maximal power in seated and standing positions. They also performed a set of maximal voluntary ankle, knee and hip flexions and extensions to assess single-joint isometric and isokinetic torques. Isokinetic torques presented stronger correlations with cycling torque than isometric torques for both body positions, regardless of the group. In the female group, knee extension and hip flexion torques accounted for 81.2% of the variance in cycling torque, while the ability to predict cycling torque was less evident in males (i.e., 59% of variance explained by the plantarflexion torque only). The standing condition showed higher correlations than seated and a better predictive model in males (R2 = 0.88). In addition to the knee extensors and flexors and hip extensors, main power producers, the strength capacity of lower-limb distal plantarflexor (and to a lesser extent dorsiflexor) muscles, as well as other non-measured qualities (e.g., the upper body), might be determinants to produce such extremely high cycling torque in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Sachet
- Laboratory "Movement, Interactions, Performance" (Ea 4334), University of Nantes, Nantes, France.,French Cycling Federation, Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, France
| | - Niels Peter Brochner Nygaard
- Research Unit of Health Science, Hospital of South West Jutland, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark.,Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Gaël Guilhem
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (Ea 7370), French Institute of Sport (Insep), Paris, France
| | - François Hug
- Laboratory "Movement, Interactions, Performance" (Ea 4334), University of Nantes, Nantes, France.,LAMHESS, Université Côte d'azur, Nice, France.,Nhmrc Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain, Injury and Health, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Institut Universitaire de France (Iuf), Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Dorel
- Laboratory "Movement, Interactions, Performance" (Ea 4334), University of Nantes, Nantes, France
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4
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Kistemaker DA, Terwiel RM, Reuvers EDHM, Bobbert MF. Limiting radial pedal forces greatly reduces maximal power output and efficiency in sprint cycling: an optimal control study. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:980-991. [PMID: 36825648 PMCID: PMC10292967 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00733.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A cyclist's performance depends critically on the generated average mechanical power output (AMPO). The instantaneous mechanical power output equals the product of crank angular velocity, crank length, and the tangential pedal force. Radial pedal forces do not contribute to mechanical power. It has been suggested that radial pedal forces arise from suboptimal pedaling technique and that limiting these would increase AMPO and efficiency. Here, we presented an optimal control musculoskeletal model of a cyclist (consisting of five segments driven by nine Hill-type muscle-tendon units) to predict maximal AMPO during sprint cycling at different levels of allowed radial pedal forces. Our findings showed that limiting radial pedal forces has a detrimental effect on maximal AMPO; it dropped from 1,115 W without a limit on radial forces to 528 W when no radial forces were allowed (both at 110 rpm). We explained that avoiding radial pedal forces causes ineffective use of muscles: muscles deliver less positive power and have a higher muscle power dissipation ratio (average mechanical power dissipated per unit of average positive power delivered). We concluded that radial pedal forces are an unavoidable by-product when optimizing for maximal AMPO and that limiting these leads to a performance decrease.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In the literature, but also in the "cycling field" [e.g., trainers, coaches, and (professional) cyclists], it is often suggested that trying to limit/avoid radial pedal forces enhances cycling technique and with that maximal average power output and efficiency. In this paper, we introduce an optimal control model of a human cyclists (consisting of five segments and driven by nine Hill-type muscle-tendon complex models). With that we not only show, but also explain why limiting radial forces is a bad idea: it will decrease maximal attainable AMPO and will decrease efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinant A Kistemaker
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert M Terwiel
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin D H M Reuvers
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten F Bobbert
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Hollaus B, Volmer JC, Fleischmann T. Cadence Detection in Road Cycling Using Saddle Tube Motion and Machine Learning. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:6140. [PMID: 36015900 PMCID: PMC9413850 DOI: 10.3390/s22166140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Most commercial cadence-measurement systems in road cycling are strictly limited in their function to the measurement of cadence. Other relevant signals, such as roll angle, inclination or a round kick evaluation, cannot be measured with them. This work proposes an alternative cadence-measurement system with less of the mentioned restrictions, without the need for distinct cadence-measurement apparatus attached to the pedal and shaft of the road bicycle. The proposed design applies an inertial measurement unit (IMU) to the seating pole of the bike. In an experiment, the motion data were gathered. A total of four different road cyclists participated in this study to collect different datasets for neural network training and evaluation. In total, over 10 h of road cycling data were recorded and used to train the neural network. The network's aim was to detect each revolution of the crank within the data. The evaluation of the data has shown that using pure accelerometer data from all three axes led to the best result in combination with the proposed network architecture. A working proof of concept was achieved with an accuracy of approximately 95% on test data. As the proof of concept can also be seen as a new method for measuring cadence, the method was compared with the ground truth. Comparing the ground truth and the predicted cadence, it can be stated that for the relevant range of 50 rpm and above, the prediction over-predicts the cadence with approximately 0.9 rpm with a standard deviation of 2.05 rpm. The results indicate that the proposed design is fully functioning and can be seen as an alternative method to detect the cadence of a road cyclist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Hollaus
- Department of Medical, Health & Sports Engineering, Management Center Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jasper C. Volmer
- Department of Mechatronics, Management Center Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Fleischmann
- Department of Medical, Health & Sports Engineering, Management Center Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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6
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Yamaguchi Y, Otsuka M, Watanabe K, Wada N, Nishiyama T. The relationship between pedal force application technique and the ability to perform supramaximal pedaling cadences. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:958827. [PMID: 36051966 PMCID: PMC9424655 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.958827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the relationship between the pedal force application technique under a specific competitive condition and the ability to perform steady-state pedaling at a supramaximal cadence during a special pedaling test. A total of 15 competitive male cyclists and 13 active, healthy men (novice cyclists, hereafter, novices) performed the pedaling technique test. The test imitated a road cycling competition condition (80% VO2 peak and a cadence of 90 rpm). Additionally, they performed a supramaximal cadence test that evaluated the ability to perform steady-state pedaling for an ultra-high cadence (range of 160–220 rpm) of 30 s stably with a 0.1 kgf. For the pedaling technique test, kinetic data were obtained by the pedal-shaped force platform at 1,000 Hz, and the pedaling technique was determined by the index of force effectiveness (IFE). For the supramaximal cadence test, kinematic data were obtained using a motion capture system at 200 Hz. The supramaximal pedaling cadence (Cmax) was determined by measuring exercise time and targeted pedaling cadence. The IFE was 48.0 ± 9.7% in cyclists and 32.0 ± 5.9% in novices. The Cmax was 215.5 ± 8.8 rpm in cyclists and 192.2 ± 13.0 rpm in novices. These values were significantly higher for cyclists than for novices. Cmax was moderately correlated with IFE (r = 0.64). No significant correlation was observed between Cmax and IFE for cyclists only; in contrast, a moderate correlation was observed between these parameters for novices only (r = 0.67). In conclusion, the pedal force application technique under a specific competitive condition is related to the ability to perform steady-state pedaling for supramaximal cadence during the test. Therefore, Cmax may be able to explain pedal force application techniques without the need for expensive devices for novices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Yamaguchi
- Faculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Setagaya, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Otsuka
- Faculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Setagaya, Japan
- *Correspondence: Mitsuo Otsuka
| | - Kohei Watanabe
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Biomechanics, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Toyota, Japan
| | - Naoki Wada
- Faculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Setagaya, Japan
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7
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Nee PJ, Herterich JG. Modelling road cycling as motion on a curve. SPORTS ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12283-022-00376-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWe present a mathematical model of road cycling on arbitrary routes using the Frenet–Serret frame. The route is embedded in the coupled governing equations. We describe the mathematical model and numerical implementation. The dynamics are governed by a balance of forces of gravity, drag, and friction, along with pedalling or braking. We analyse steady-state speed and power against gradient and curvature. The centripetal acceleration is used as a control to determine transitions between pedalling and braking. In our model, the rider looks ahead at the curvature of the road by a distance dependent on the current speed. We determine such a distance (1–3 s at current speed) for safe riding and compare with the mean power. The results are based on a number of routes including flat and downhill, with variations in maximum curvature, and differing number of bends. We find the braking required to minimise centripetal acceleration occurs before the point of maximum curvature, thereby allowing acceleration by pedalling out of a bend.
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8
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Burnie L, Barratt P, Davids K, Worsfold P, Wheat JS. Effects of strength training on the biomechanics and coordination of short-term maximal cycling. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1315-1324. [PMID: 35762920 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2080159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to investigate the effects of a gym-based strength training intervention on biomechanics and intermuscular coordination patterns during short-term maximal cycling. Twelve track sprint cyclists performed 3 × 4 s seated sprints at 135 rpm, interspersed with 2 × 4 s seated sprints at 60 rpm on an isokinetic ergometer, repeating the session 11.6 ± 1.4 weeks later following a training programme that included two gym-based strength training sessions per week. Joint moments were calculated via inverse dynamics, using pedal forces and limb kinematics. EMG activity was measured for 9 lower limb muscles. Track cyclists 'leg strength" increased (7.6 ± 11.9 kg, P = 0.050 and ES = 0.26) following the strength training intervention. This was accompanied by a significant increase in crank power over a complete revolution for sprints at 135 rpm (26.5 ± 36.2 W, P = 0.028 and ES = 0.29). The increase in leg strength and average crank power was associated with a change in biceps femoris muscle activity, indicating that the riders successfully adapted their intermuscular coordination patterns to accommodate the changes in personal constraints to increase crank power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Burnie
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Sport and Physical Activity Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK.,Biomechanics, English Institute of Sport, Manchester, UK
| | - Paul Barratt
- CORDA at BAE Systems Digital Intelligence, Manchester, UK
| | - Keith Davids
- Sport and Physical Activity Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Paul Worsfold
- Biomechanics, English Institute of Sport, Manchester, UK.,Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - Jonathan Stephen Wheat
- College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
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9
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Whittle C, Jobson SA, Smith N. Validity of Calculating Continuous Relative Phase during Cycling from Measures Taken with Skin-Mounted Electro-Goniometers. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:4371. [PMID: 35746153 PMCID: PMC9230778 DOI: 10.3390/s22124371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the validity of electro-goniometers as a tool for recording continuous relative phase data at two joint couplings during cycling tasks at a range of cadences. Seven participants (4 male, 3 female, age: 29 ± 7 years, height: 1.76 ± 0.10 m, mass: 71.97 ± 11.57 kg) performed exercise bouts of 30 s at four prescribed cadences (60, 80, 100, 120 rev·min-1) on a stationary ergometer (Wattbike, Nottingham, UK). Measures were synchronously recorded by bi-axial electro-goniometers (Biometrics, UK) and a 12-camera motion-capture system (Qualisys, Gothenburg, Sweden), with both systems sampling at 500 Hz. Sagittal plane joint angle and joint angular velocity were recorded at the hip, knee and ankle and analysed for ten complete pedal revolutions per participant per condition. Data were interpolated to 100 time points and used to calculate mean continuous relative phase (CRP) per pedal revolution at two intra-limb couplings: (i) knee flexion/extension-ankle plantarflexion/dorsiflexion (KA) and (ii) hip flexion/extension-knee flexion/extension (HK). At the KA coupling, significant differences in mean CRP were found between measurement systems at 120 rev·min-1 (p = 0.006). At the HK coupling, significant differences in mean CRP were found between measurement systems at 80 rev·min-1 (p = 0.043) and 100 rev·min-1 (p = 0.028). ICC values for most comparisons were below 0.5, suggesting poor levels of agreement between systems. Significant differences in mean CRP per pedal revolution and poor levels of agreement between systems suggests that electro-goniometers are not a suitable alternative to motion-capture systems when attempting to record CRP during cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Whittle
- School of Sport, Health and Community, University of Winchester, Winchester SO22 4NR, UK;
| | - Simon A. Jobson
- School of Sport, Health and Community, University of Winchester, Winchester SO22 4NR, UK;
| | - Neal Smith
- Chichester Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, Chichester PO19 6PE, UK;
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10
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Samozino P, Peyrot N, Edouard P, Nagahara R, Jimenez‐Reyes P, Vanwanseele B, Morin J. Optimal mechanical force‐velocity profile for sprint acceleration performance. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022. [DOI: https:/onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/sms.14097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Samozino
- Univ Savoie Mont Blanc Interuniversity Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences EA 7424, F‐73000 Chambéry France
| | - Nicolas Peyrot
- Le Mans Université Movement ‐ Interactions ‐ Performance, MIP EA 4334, F‐72000 Le Mans France
| | - Pascal Edouard
- Univ Lyon, UJM‐Saint‐Etienne Interuniversity Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences EA 7424, F‐42023 Saint‐Etienne France
- Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology Sports Medicine Unit Faculty of Medicine University Hospital of Saint‐Etienne Saint‐Etienne France
| | - Ryu Nagahara
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya Kanoya Japan
| | | | | | - Jean‐Benoit Morin
- Univ Lyon, UJM‐Saint‐Etienne Interuniversity Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences EA 7424, F‐42023 Saint‐Etienne France
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11
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Avina-Bravo EG, Cassirame J, Escriba C, Acco P, Fourniols JY, Soto-Romero G. Smart Electrically Assisted Bicycles as Health Monitoring Systems: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:468. [PMID: 35062429 PMCID: PMC8780236 DOI: 10.3390/s22020468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to provide a review of the electrically assisted bicycles (also known as e-bikes) used for recovery of the rider's physical and physiological information, monitoring of their health state, and adjusting the "medical" assistance accordingly. E-bikes have proven to be an excellent way to do physical activity while commuting, thus improving the user's health and reducing air pollutant emissions. Such devices can also be seen as the first step to help unhealthy sedentary people to start exercising with reduced strain. Based on this analysis, the need to have e-bikes with artificial intelligence (AI) systems that recover and processe a large amount of data is discussed in depth. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were used to complete the relevant papers' search and selection in this systematic review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Gabriel Avina-Bravo
- Laboratory for Analysis and Architecture of Systems (LAAS), University of Toulouse, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Johan Cassirame
- EA4660, Culture, Sport, Health and Society Department and Exercise Performance, University of Bourgogne-France Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
- EA7507, Laboratoire Performance Santé Métrologie Société, 51100 Reims, France
- Société Mtraining, R&D Division, 25480 Ecole Valentin, France
| | - Christophe Escriba
- Laboratory for Analysis and Architecture of Systems (LAAS), University of Toulouse, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Pascal Acco
- Laboratory for Analysis and Architecture of Systems (LAAS), University of Toulouse, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Yves Fourniols
- Laboratory for Analysis and Architecture of Systems (LAAS), University of Toulouse, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Georges Soto-Romero
- Laboratory for Analysis and Architecture of Systems (LAAS), University of Toulouse, F-31077 Toulouse, France
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12
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Robin M, Nordez A, Dorel S. Analysis of elite road-cycling sprints in relation to maximal power-velocity-endurance profile: a longitudinal one-case study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 32:598-611. [PMID: 34800055 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to characterize the mechanical output of final road sprints of an elite sprinter during international competitions in relation to his power-velocity-endurance characteristics and to investigate the relationship between this sprint performance and the power produced during preceding phases of the race. The sprinter performed a set of short and long sprints (5 to 15-s) on a cycle ergometer to determine his maximal power-velocity-endurance profile. Based on eleven races, the distribution of power throughout each race, peak and mean power (Ppeak and Pmean ) and associated pedaling rates (vPpeak and vPmean ) during the final sprint were analyzed. The power-velocity-endurance profile of the sprinter indicated that his theoeretical mean maximal power and corresponding optimal pedaling rate ranged from 20.0 W.kg-1 (124 rpm) for a 1-s sprint to 15.0 W.kg-1 (109 rpm) for 20 s. Race data showed that final road sprints were mainly performed on the ascending limb of the power-velocity relationship (vPpeak , 104 ± 8 and vPmean , 101 ± 8 rpm). Additionally, Ppeak and Pmean were lower than the theoretical maximal power determined from the power-velocity-endurance profile (9.9 ± 7.0% and 10.6 ± 9.8%, respectively), which highlighted a significant state of fatigue induced by the race. Finally, sprint power exhibited a high variability between races and was strongly related to the level of power produced during the last minute before the sprint. These findings show the importance of considering both the power-velocity-endurance qualities and the power demand of the last lead-up phase before the sprint in order to optimize final sprint performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Robin
- Université de Nantes, Movement - Interactions - Performance, MIP, Nantes, EA, 4334, F-44000, France.,TotalEnergies Pro Cycling Team, Essarts-en-Bocage, France
| | - Antoine Nordez
- Université de Nantes, Movement - Interactions - Performance, MIP, Nantes, EA, 4334, F-44000, France.,Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF)
| | - Sylvain Dorel
- Université de Nantes, Movement - Interactions - Performance, MIP, Nantes, EA, 4334, F-44000, France
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13
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Samozino P, Peyrot N, Edouard P, Nagahara R, Jimenez-Reyes P, Vanwanseele B, Morin JB. Optimal mechanical force-velocity profile for sprint acceleration performance. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 32:559-575. [PMID: 34775654 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to determine the respective influences of sprinting maximal power output ( P H max ) and mechanical Force-velocity (F-v) profile (ie, ratio between horizontal force production capacities at low and high velocities) on sprint acceleration performance. A macroscopic biomechanical model using an inverse dynamics approach applied to the athlete's center of mass during running acceleration was developed to express the time to cover a given distance as a mathematical function of P H max and F-v profile. Simulations showed that sprint acceleration performance depends mainly on P H max , but also on the F-v profile, with the existence of an individual optimal F-v profile corresponding, for a given P H max , to the best balance between force production capacities at low and high velocities. This individual optimal profile depends on P H max and sprint distance: the lower the sprint distance, the more the optimal F-v profile is oriented to force capabilities and vice versa. When applying this model to the data of 231 athletes from very different sports, differences between optimal and actual F-v profile were observed and depend more on the variability in the optimal F-v profile between sprint distances than on the interindividual variability in F-v profiles. For a given sprint distance, acceleration performance (<30 m) mainly depends on P H max and slightly on the difference between optimal and actual F-v profile, the weight of each variable changing with sprint distance. Sprint acceleration performance is determined by both maximization of the horizontal power output capabilities and the optimization of the mechanical F-v profile of sprint propulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Samozino
- Univ Savoie Mont Blanc, Interuniversity Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, EA 7424, F-73000, Chambéry, France
| | - Nicolas Peyrot
- Le Mans Université, Movement - Interactions - Performance, MIP, EA 4334, F-72000, Le Mans, France
| | - Pascal Edouard
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Interuniversity Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, EA 7424, F-42023, Saint-Etienne, France.,Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, Sports Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Ryu Nagahara
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya, Japan
| | | | | | - Jean-Benoit Morin
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Interuniversity Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, EA 7424, F-42023, Saint-Etienne, France
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14
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Delaney JA, McKay BA, Radcliffe J, Benton DT, Samozino P, Morin JB, Duthie GM. Uphill sprinting load- and force-velocity profiling: Assessment and potential applications. J Sports Sci 2021; 40:281-287. [PMID: 34727844 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1992868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to quantify the validity and reliability of load-velocity (LV) relationship of hill sprinting using a range of different hill gradients and to describe the effect of hill gradient on sprint performance. Twenty-four collegiate-level athletes performed a series of maximal sprints on either flat terrain or hills of gradients 5.2, 8.8 and 17.6%. Velocity-time curves were recorded using a radar device. LV relationships were established using the maximal velocity achieved in each sprinting condition, whilst force-velocity-power (FVP) profiles were established using only the flat terrain sprint. LV profiles were shown to be valid (R2 = 0.99) and reliable (TE < 4.4%). For every 1-degree increase in slope, subjects' velocity decreased by 1.7 ± 0.1% on average. All the slopes used represented low resistance relative to the entire LV spectrum (<25% velocity loss). Subjects who exhibited greater horizontal force output at higher velocities on flat terrain were most affected by the gradient of the hill. Hills of gradients up to 17.6% do not provide sufficient resistance to optimize power development. However, such hills could be used to develop late-stage technical ability, due to the prolonged horizontally oriented body position that occurs as subjects attempt to overcome the acceleration due to gravity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jim Radcliffe
- Department of Athletics, University of Oregon, Eugene, USA
| | | | - Pierre Samozino
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, Univ Savoie Mont Blanc, Chambéry, France
| | - Jean-Benoit Morin
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Grant M Duthie
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, Australia
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15
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Maximal muscular power: lessons from sprint cycling. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2021; 7:48. [PMID: 34268627 PMCID: PMC8282832 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00341-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Maximal muscular power production is of fundamental importance to human functional capacity and feats of performance. Here, we present a synthesis of literature pertaining to physiological systems that limit maximal muscular power during cyclic actions characteristic of locomotor behaviours, and how they adapt to training. Maximal, cyclic muscular power is known to be the main determinant of sprint cycling performance, and therefore we present this synthesis in the context of sprint cycling. Cyclical power is interactively constrained by force-velocity properties (i.e. maximum force and maximum shortening velocity), activation-relaxation kinetics and muscle coordination across the continuum of cycle frequencies, with the relative influence of each factor being frequency dependent. Muscle cross-sectional area and fibre composition appear to be the most prominent properties influencing maximal muscular power and the power-frequency relationship. Due to the role of muscle fibre composition in determining maximum shortening velocity and activation-relaxation kinetics, it remains unclear how improvable these properties are with training. Increases in maximal muscular power may therefore arise primarily from improvements in maximum force production and neuromuscular coordination via appropriate training. Because maximal efforts may need to be sustained for ~15-60 s within sprint cycling competition, the ability to attenuate fatigue-related power loss is also critical to performance. Within this context, the fatigued state is characterised by impairments in force-velocity properties and activation-relaxation kinetics. A suppression and leftward shift of the power-frequency relationship is subsequently observed. It is not clear if rates of power loss can be improved with training, even in the presence adaptations associated with fatigue-resistance. Increasing maximum power may be most efficacious for improving sustained power during brief maximal efforts, although the inclusion of sprint interval training likely remains beneficial. Therefore, evidence from sprint cycling indicates that brief maximal muscular power production under cyclical conditions can be readily improved via appropriate training, with direct implications for sprint cycling as well as other athletic and health-related pursuits.
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Mateo-March M, Bertucci W, Chiementin X, Lopez-Elvira JL, Javaloyes A, Zabala M. The effect of chain-ring systems on the performance and pedalling technique in BMX elite and cadet riders. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-202131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Sprinting at the start of a BMX race is considered one of the most important determinants of performance. Therefore, different devices and technologies have been developed to improve this ability to sprint, such as non-circular CR (CR) systems. OBJECTIVE: To compare new pedalling performance determinants for the first meters of the acceleration phase in BMX, with two different CR systems, circular and non-circular, in Elite abd Cadet cyclists. METHODS: Two level of BMX cyclists of the Spanish national team – Elite (n= 7), and Cadet (n= 7) – performed two sprints with different CR conditions (circular and non-circular). Each condition was performed in ecological BMX race conditions. Total distance (m), reaction time (s), power output (W) and the ratio between the powers of 90 and 270∘ (local extrema) and the powers at 0 and 180∘ (dead centres) of the pedalling (%PM) were analysed. RESULTS: In Elite group, no differences were found between circular and non-circular CR in total distance, reaction time, and %PM. In the Cadet group, differences were found between circular and non-circular CR conditions in %PM (p= 0.02), resulting in better results for the circular CR. In addition, no differences in total distance and reaction time were found. CONCLUSIONS: The use of non-circular CR system does not result in performance improvement in either Elite or Cadet cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Mateo-March
- Spanish Cycling Federation, Madrid, Spain
- Sport Science Department, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Alejandro Javaloyes
- Sport Science Department, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Mikel Zabala
- Spanish Cycling Federation, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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17
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Hernández-Díaz D, Villar-Ribera R, Serra-Parareda F, Weyler-Pérez R, Sánchez-Romero M, Rojas-Sola JI, Julián F. Technical and Environmental Viability of a Road Bicycle Pedal Part Made of a Fully Bio-Based Composite Material. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14061399. [PMID: 33805742 PMCID: PMC8001936 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glass fibre is the most widely used material for reinforcing thermoplastic matrices presently and its use continues to grow. A significant disadvantage of glass fibre, however, is its impact on the environment, in particular, due to the fact that glass fibre-reinforced composite materials are difficult to recycle. Polyamide 6 is an engineering plastic frequently used as a matrix for high-mechanical performance composites. Producing polyamide monomer requires the use of a large amount of energy and can also pose harmful environmental impacts. Consequently, glass fibre-reinforced Polyamide 6 composites cannot be considered environmentally friendly. In this work, we assessed the performance of a road cycling pedal body consisting of a composite of natural Polyamide 11 reinforced with lignocellulosic fibres from stone-ground wood, as an alternative to the conventional glass fibre-reinforced Polyamide 6 composite (the most common material used for recreational purposes). We developed a 3D model of a pedal with a geometry based on a combination of two existing commercial choices and used it to perform three finite-element tests in order to assess its strength under highly demanding static and cyclic conditions. A supplementary life cycle analysis of the pedal was also performed to determine the ecological impact. Based on the results of the simulation tests, the pedal is considered to be mechanically viable and has a significantly lower environmental impact than fully synthetic composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hernández-Díaz
- Serra Húnter Programme, Department of Engineering Graphics and Design, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, 08222 Terrassa, Spain
- Correspondence: (D.H.-D.); (R.V.-R.)
| | - Ricardo Villar-Ribera
- Department of Engineering Graphics and Design, Campus Manresa, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, 08242 Manresa, Spain
- Correspondence: (D.H.-D.); (R.V.-R.)
| | | | - Rafael Weyler-Pérez
- Department of Strenght Materials and Structural Engineering, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (R.W.-P.); (M.S.-R.)
| | - Montserrat Sánchez-Romero
- Department of Strenght Materials and Structural Engineering, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (R.W.-P.); (M.S.-R.)
| | - José Ignacio Rojas-Sola
- Department of Engineering Graphics, Design and Projects, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain;
| | - Fernando Julián
- Design, Development and Product Innovation, Department of Organization, Business, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain;
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Rivière JR, Peyrot N, Cross MR, Messonnier LA, Samozino P. Strength-Endurance: Interaction Between Force-Velocity Condition and Power Output. Front Physiol 2020; 11:576725. [PMID: 33162900 PMCID: PMC7583360 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.576725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Strength-endurance mainly depends on the power output, which is often expressed relative to the individual’s maximal power capability (Pmax). However, an individual can develop the same power, but in different combinations of force and velocity (force-velocity condition). Also, at matched power output, changing the force-velocity condition results in a change of the velocity-specific relative power (Pmaxv), associated with a change in the power reserve. So far, the effect of these changing conditions on strength-endurance remains unclear. Purpose We aimed to test the effects of force-velocity condition and power output on strength-endurance. Methods Fourteen sportsmen performed (i) force- and power-velocity relationships evaluation in squat jumps and (ii) strength-endurance evaluations during repeated squat jump tests in 10 different force-velocity-power conditions, individualized based on the force- and power-velocity relationships. Each condition was characterized by different (i) relative power (%Pmax), (ii) velocity-specific relative power (%Pmaxv), and (iii) ratio between force and velocity (RFv). Strength-endurance was assessed by the maximum repetitions (SJRep), and the cumulated mechanical work (Wtot) performed until exhaustion during repeated squat jump tests. Intra and inter-day reliability of SJRep were tested in one of the 10 conditions. The effects of %Pmax, %Pmaxv, and RFv on SJRep and Wtot were tested via stepwise multiple linear regressions and two-way ANOVAs. Results SJRep exhibited almost perfect intra- and inter-day reliability (ICC=0.94 and 0.92, respectively). SJRep and Wtot were influenced by %Pmaxv and RFv (R2 = 0.975 and 0.971; RSME=0.243 and 0.234, respectively; both p < 0.001), with the effect of RFv increasing with decreasing %Pmaxv (interaction effect, p = 0.03). %Pmax was not considered as a significant predictor of strength-endurance by the multiple regressions analysis. SJRep and Wtot were higher at lower %Pmaxv and in low force-high velocity conditions (i.e., lower RFv). Conclusion Strength-endurance was almost fully dependent on the position of the exercise conditions relative to the individual force-velocity and power-velocity relationships (characterized by %Pmaxv and RFv). Thus, the standardization of the force-velocity condition and the velocity-specific relative power should not be overlooked for strength-endurance testing and training, but also when setting fatiguing protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Romain Rivière
- Univ Savoie Mont Blanc, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, Chambéry, France
| | - Nicolas Peyrot
- Le Mans Université, Movement-Interactions-Performance, MIP, EA 4334, Le Mans, France
| | - Matthew R Cross
- Univ Savoie Mont Blanc, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, Chambéry, France
| | - Laurent A Messonnier
- Univ Savoie Mont Blanc, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, Chambéry, France
| | - Pierre Samozino
- Univ Savoie Mont Blanc, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, Chambéry, France
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Elvira JLL, Mateo-March M, Zabala M, Blasco-Lafarga C. The use of accelerometry to evaluate the BMX cycling starting hill. Effect of the Q-Ring™ on the acceleration profile. Sports Biomech 2020:1-15. [PMID: 32567482 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1770323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Accelerometers are becoming popular in sport performance, as they are easy to wear, affordable, and usable in the field. Eccentric chainrings have been commercialised to improve pedalling performance, but little is known about their possible effects in the first pedal strokes (PS) of maximal sprint starts. To analyse the effects of the Q-Ring chainring (Q) on pedalling mechanics and performance in the BMX starting hill, 12 Spanish-National-Team BMX athletes performed 3 maximal sprints comparing Q vs No-Q. Time was measured in the first three meters. Acceleration output was registered with a triaxial 6 g accelerometer (200 Hz) in the first four PS. Discrete time, acceleration and statistical parametric mapping (SPM) were used to compare between conditions. Q showed no improvement in performance, despite a force-application time increasing (p = 0.013, ES = 0.39) and a reduction in the dead spot time (p = 0.028, ES = -0.73). Time after the four PS was greater (p = 0.006, ES = 0.63), and 3-m time did not change. Likewise, SPM 1D comparison showed no differences along the four PS. Therefore, accelerometry confirms its potential to evaluate pedalling technique in BMX, where Q-Ring fails to improve the pedalling mechanics in the starting hill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L L Elvira
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Manuel Mateo-March
- UIRFIDE Research Group; Physical Education and Sports Department, Manuel Mateo-March, Spanish Cycling Federation, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mikel Zabala
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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20
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Burns AC, Kram R. The effect of cycling shoes and the shoe-pedal interface on maximal mechanical power output during outdoor sprints. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2020.1769201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Burns
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Rodger Kram
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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21
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Morin JB, Jiménez-Reyes P, Brughelli M, Samozino P. When Jump Height is not a Good Indicator of Lower Limb Maximal Power Output: Theoretical Demonstration, Experimental Evidence and Practical Solutions. Sports Med 2020; 49:999-1006. [PMID: 30805913 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lower limb external maximal power output capacity is a key physical component of performance in many sports. During squat jump and countermovement jump tests, athletes produce high amounts of mechanical work over a short duration to displace their body mass (i.e. the dimension of mechanical power). Thus, jump height has been frequently used by the sports science and medicine communities as an indicator of the power output produced during the jump and by extension, of maximal power output capacity. However, in this article, we contend that squat jump and countermovement jump height are not systematically good indicators of power output produced during the jump and maximal power output capacity. To support our opinion, we first detail why, theoretically, jump height and maximal power output capacity are not fully related. Specifically, we demonstrate that individual body mass, push-off distance, optimal loading and the force-velocity profile confound the jump height-power relationship. We also discuss the relationship between squat jump or countermovement jump height and maximal power output capacity measured with a force plate based on data reported in the literature, which added to our own experimental evidence. Finally, we discuss the limitations of existing practical solutions (regression-based estimation equations and allometric scaling), and advocate using a valid, reliable and simple field-based procedure to compute individual power output produced during the jump and maximal power output capacity directly from jump height, body mass and push-off distance. The latter may allow researchers and practitioners to reduce bias in their assessment of lower limb mechanical power output by using jump height as an input with a simple yet accurate computation method, and not as the first/only variable of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Benoit Morin
- Université Côte d'Azur, LAMHESS, Nice, France. .,Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | | | - Matt Brughelli
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Pierre Samozino
- Univ Savoie Mont Blanc, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, Chambéry, France
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22
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Hodson-Tole EF, Blake OM, Wakeling JM. During Cycling What Limits Maximum Mechanical Power Output at Cadences above 120 rpm? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:214-224. [PMID: 31389907 PMCID: PMC7028473 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A key determinant of muscle coordination and maximum power output during cycling is pedaling cadence. During cycling, the neuromuscular system may select from numerous solutions that solve the task demands while producing the same result. For more challenging tasks, fewer solutions will be available. Changes in the variability of individual muscle excitations (EMG) and multimuscle coordination, quantified by entropic half-life (EnHL), can reflect the number of solutions available at each system level. We, therefore, ask whether reduced variability in muscle coordination patterns occur at critical cadences and if they coincide with reduced variability in excitations of individual muscles. METHODS Eleven trained cyclists completed an array of cadence-power output conditions. The EnHL of EMG intensity recorded from 10 leg muscles and EnHL of principal components describing muscle coordination were calculated. Multivariate adaptive regressive splines were used to determine the relationships between each EnHL and cycling condition or excitation characteristics (duration, duty cycle). RESULTS Muscle coordination became more persistent at cadences up to 120 rpm, indicated by increasing EnHL values. Changes in EnHL at the level of the individual muscles differed from the changes in muscle coordination EnHL, with longer EnHL occurring at the slowest (<80 rpm) and fastest (>120 rpm) cadences. The EnHL of the main power producing muscles, however, reached a minimum by 80 rpm and did not change across the faster cadences studied. CONCLUSIONS Muscle coordination patterns, rather than the contribution of individual muscles, are key to power production at faster cadences in trained cyclists. Reductions in maximum power output at cadences above 120 rpm could be a function of the time available to coordinate orientation and transfer of forces to the pedals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma F Hodson-Tole
- Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Ollie M Blake
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, CANADA
| | - James M Wakeling
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, CANADA
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Bobbert MF, Casius LJR, van der Zwaard S, Jaspers RT. Effect of vasti morphology on peak sprint cycling power of a human musculoskeletal simulation model. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 128:445-455. [PMID: 31854247 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00674.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fascicle length of m. vastus lateralis in cyclists has been shown to correlate positively with peak sprint cycling power normalized for lean body mass. We investigated whether vasti morphology affects sprint cycling power via force-length and force-velocity relationships. We simulated isokinetic sprint cycling at pedaling rates ranging from 40 to 150 rpm with a forward dynamic model of the human musculoskeletal system actuated by eight leg muscles. Input of the model was muscle stimulation over time, which was optimized to maximize the average power output over a pedal cycle. This was done for a reference model and for models in which the vasti had equal volume but different morphology. It was found that models with longer muscle fibers but a reduced physiological cross-sectional area of the vasti produced a higher sprint cycling power. This was partly explained by better alignment of the peak power-pedaling rate curve of the vasti with the corresponding curves of the other leg muscles. The highest sprint cycling power was achieved in a model in which the increase in muscle fiber length of the vasti was accompanied by a concomitant shift in optimum knee angle. It was concluded that muscle mechanics can partly explain the positive correlations between fascicle length of m. vastus lateralis and normalized peak sprint cycling power. It should be investigated whether muscle fiber length of the vasti and optimum knee angle are suitable training targets for athletes who want to concurrently improve their sprint and endurance cycling performance.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We simulated isokinetic sprint cycling at pedaling rates ranging from 40 to 150 rpm with a forward dynamic model of the human musculoskeletal system actuated by eight leg muscles. We selectively modified vasti morphology: we lengthened the muscle fibers and reduced the physiological cross-sectional area. The modified model was able to produce a higher sprint cycling power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten F Bobbert
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L J Richard Casius
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan van der Zwaard
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard T Jaspers
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Giroux C, Hager R, Feugray J, Lauby G, Dorel S, Nordez A, Guilhem G. Effects of plantar flexors training (force vs. velocity) on plantar flexion and squat jump force-velocity relationships. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2020.1714940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Giroux
- Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French National Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
- Laboratory Bioengineering, Tissues and Neuroplasticity (BIOTN EA7377), University of Paris-Est, Créteil, France
| | - R. Hager
- Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French National Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - J. Feugray
- Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French National Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - G. Lauby
- Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French National Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | | | - A. Nordez
- Laboratory “Movement, Interactions, Performance, University of Nantes, UFR STAPS, Nantes, France
| | - G. Guilhem
- Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French National Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
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25
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Individuals With Knee Osteoarthritis Demonstrate Interlimb Asymmetry in Pedaling Power During Stationary Cycling. J Appl Biomech 2018. [DOI: 10.1123/jab.2017-0363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cycling is commonly prescribed for physical rehabilitation of individuals with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Despite the known therapeutic benefits, no research has examined interlimb symmetry of power output during cycling in these individuals. We investigated the effects of external workload and cadence on interlimb symmetry of crank power output in individuals with knee OA versus healthy controls. A total of 12 older participants with knee OA and 12 healthy sex- and age-matched controls were recruited. Participants performed 2-minute bouts of stationary cycling at 4 workload-cadence conditions (75 W at 60 rpm, 75 W at 90 rpm, 100 W at 60 rpm, and 100 W at 90 rpm). Power output contribution of each limb toward total crank power output was computed over 60 crank cycles from the effective component of pedal force, which was perpendicular to the crank arm. Across the workload-cadence conditions, the knee OA group generated significantly higher power output with the severely affected leg compared with the less affected leg (10% difference; P = .02). Healthy controls did not show interlimb asymmetry in power output (0.1% difference; P > .99). For both groups, interlimb asymmetry was unaffected by external workload and cadence. Our results indicate that individuals with knee OA demonstrate interlimb asymmetry in crank power output during stationary cycling.
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BRØCHNER NIELSEN NIELSPETER, HUG FRANÇOIS, GUÉVEL ARNAUD, COLLOUD FLOREN, LARDY JULIEN, DOREL SYLVAIN. Changes in Motor Coordination Induced by Local Fatigue during a Sprint Cycling Task. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:1394-1404. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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García-Ramos A, Zivkovic M, Djuric S, Majstorovic N, Manovski K, Jaric S. Assessment of the two-point method applied in field conditions for routine testing of muscle mechanical capacities in a leg cycle ergometer. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:1877-1884. [PMID: 29946968 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3925-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to compare the reliability and magnitude of the force-velocity (F-V) relationship parameters [maximum force (F0), maximum velocity (V0), F-V slope, and maximum power (P0)] obtained through the application of only two loads (i.e., two-point method) vs. six loads (i.e., multiple-point method). METHODS Ten physically active men (age 19.5 ± 0.9 years, body mass 79.0 ± 9.0 kg, height 183.9 ± 8.4 cm) conducted four testing sessions after a preliminary familiarization session with the leg cycle ergometer exercise. In a counterbalanced order, subjects performed two sessions of the multiple-point method (six loads applied for the F-V modeling) over 1 week and two sessions of the two-point method (only the lightest and heaviest loads were applied) over another week. RESULTS The main findings revealed that (I) the reliability of the F-V relationship parameters was very high and generally of comparable magnitude for both the multiple- [coefficient of variation (CV) range 1.91-3.94%; intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) range 0.72-0.99] and two-point methods [CV range 1.41-4.62%; ICC range 0.76-0.95], (II) the magnitude of the same parameters obtained from both methods was highly correlated (r > 0.80), and (III) the P0 assessed from the multiple-point method was significantly lower than the obtained from the two-point method [P = 0.041; effect size (ES) 0.36] due to a significant decrease in F0 (P = 0.039; ES 0.41) with no significant differences observed for V0 (P = 0.570; ES - 0.15). CONCLUSIONS These results support the two-point method as a reliable, valid, and fatigue-free procedure of assessing the muscle mechanical capacities through the F-V relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain. .,Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, CIEDE, Catholic University of Most Holy Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Milena Zivkovic
- The Research Centre, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sasa Djuric
- The Research Centre, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nikola Majstorovic
- The Research Centre, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Manovski
- The Research Centre, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slobodan Jaric
- The Research Centre, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Biomechanics and Movement Science Graduate Program, University of Delaware, Newark, USA.,Department of Human Motor Behavior, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
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Cross MR, Brughelli M, Samozino P, Morin JB. Methods of Power-Force-Velocity Profiling During Sprint Running: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2018; 47:1255-1269. [PMID: 27896682 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0653-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The ability of the human body to generate maximal power is linked to a host of performance outcomes and sporting success. Power-force-velocity relationships characterize limits of the neuromuscular system to produce power, and their measurement has been a common topic in research for the past century. Unfortunately, the narrative of the available literature is complex, with development occurring across a variety of methods and technology. This review focuses on the different equipment and methods used to determine mechanical characteristics of maximal exertion human sprinting. Stationary cycle ergometers have been the most common mode of assessment to date, followed by specialized treadmills used to profile the mechanical outputs of the limbs during sprint running. The most recent methods use complex multiple-force plate lengths in-ground to create a composite profile of over-ground sprint running kinetics across repeated sprints, and macroscopic inverse dynamic approaches to model mechanical variables during over-ground sprinting from simple time-distance measures during a single sprint. This review outlines these approaches chronologically, with particular emphasis on the computational theory developed and how this has shaped subsequent methodological approaches. Furthermore, training applications are presented, with emphasis on the theory underlying the assessment of optimal loading conditions for power production during resisted sprinting. Future implications for research, based on past and present methodological limitations, are also presented. It is our aim that this review will assist in the understanding of the convoluted literature surrounding mechanical sprint profiling, and consequently improve the implementation of such methods in future research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt R Cross
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Matt Brughelli
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Pierre Samozino
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, University Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
| | - Jean-Benoit Morin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,Université Côte d'Azur, LAMHESS, Nice, France
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Cross MR, Lahti J, Brown SR, Chedati M, Jimenez-Reyes P, Samozino P, Eriksrud O, Morin JB. Training at maximal power in resisted sprinting: Optimal load determination methodology and pilot results in team sport athletes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195477. [PMID: 29641589 PMCID: PMC5895020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS In the current study we investigated the effects of resisted sprint training on sprinting performance and underlying mechanical parameters (force-velocity-power profile) based on two different training protocols: (i) loads that represented maximum power output (Lopt) and a 50% decrease in maximum unresisted sprinting velocity and (ii) lighter loads that represented a 10% decrease in maximum unresisted sprinting velocity, as drawn from previous research (L10). METHODS Soccer [n = 15 male] and rugby [n = 21; 9 male and 12 female] club-level athletes were individually assessed for horizontal force-velocity and load-velocity profiles using a battery of resisted sprints, sled or robotic resistance respectively. Athletes then performed a 12-session resisted (10 × 20-m; and pre- post-profiling) sprint training intervention following the L10 or Lopt protocol. RESULTS Both L10 and Lopt training protocols had minor effects on sprinting performance (average of -1.4 to -2.3% split-times respectively), and provided trivial, small and unclear changes in mechanical sprinting parameters. Unexpectedly, Lopt impacted velocity dominant variables to a greater degree than L10 (trivial benefit in maximum velocity; small increase in slope of the force-velocity relationship), while L10 improved force and power dominant metrics (trivial benefit in maximal power; small benefit in maximal effectiveness of ground force orientation). CONCLUSIONS Both resisted-sprint training protocols were likely to improve performance after a short training intervention in already sprint trained athletes. However, widely varied individualised results indicated that adaptations may be dependent on pre-training force-velocity characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt R. Cross
- Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA, Chambéry, France
- Département Scientifique et Sportif, Fédération Française de Ski, Annecy, France
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Johan Lahti
- Université Côte d’Azur, LAMHESS, Nice, France
- Faculty of Sports and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Scott R. Brown
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- Neuromuscular and Rehabilitation Robotics Laboratory (NeuRRo Lab), Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | | | - Pedro Jimenez-Reyes
- Faculty of Physical Sciences and Sport, Catholic University of San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pierre Samozino
- Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA, Chambéry, France
| | - Ola Eriksrud
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jean-Benoit Morin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- Université Côte d’Azur, LAMHESS, Nice, France
- * E-mail:
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The Test-Retest Reliability of New Generation Power Indices of Wingate All-Out Test. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6020031. [PMID: 29910335 PMCID: PMC6027544 DOI: 10.3390/sports6020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although reliability correlations of traditional power indices of the Wingate test have been well documented, no study has analyzed new generation power indices based on milliseconds obtained from a Peak Bike. The purpose of this study was to investigate the retest reliability of new generation power indices. Thirty-two well-trained male athletes who were specialized in basketball, football, tennis, or track and field volunteered to take part in the study (age: 24.3 ± 2.2 years; body mass: 77 ± 8.3 kg; height: 180.3 ± 6.3 cm). Participants performed two Wingate all-out sessions on two separate days. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error measurement (SEM), smallest real differences (SRD) and coefficient of variation (CV) scores were analyzed based on the test and retest data. Reliability results of traditional power indices calculated based on 5-s means such as peak power, average power, power drop, and fatigue index ratio were similar with the previous findings in literature (ICC ≥ 0.94; CV ≤ 2.8%; SEM ≤ 12.28; SRD% ≤ 7.7%). New generation power indices such as peak power, average power, lowest power, power drop, fatigue index, power decline, maximum speed as rpm, and amount of total energy expenditure demonstrated high reliability (ICC ≥ 0.94; CV ≤ 4.3%; SEM ≤ 10.36; SRD% ≤ 8.8%). Time to peak power, time at maximum speed, and power at maximum speed showed a moderate level of reliability (ICC ≥ 0.73; CV ≤ 8.9%; SEM ≤ 63.01; SRD% ≤ 22.4%). The results of this study indicate that reliability correlations and SRD% of new generation power and fatigue-related indices are similar with traditional 5-s means. However, new time-related indices are very sensitive and moderately reliable.
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Rudsits BL, Hopkins WG, Hautier CA, Rouffet DM. Force-velocity test on a stationary cycle ergometer: methodological recommendations. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 124:831-839. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00719.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Force-velocity tests performed on stationary cycle ergometers are widely used to assess the torque- and power-generating capacities of the lower limbs. The aim of this study was to identify how testing and modeling procedures influence the assessment of individual torque-cadence and power-cadence relationships. Seventeen males completed 62 ± 16 pedal cycles from six 6-s all-out efforts interspersed with 5 min of rest. True measures of maximal power for a particular cadence were obtained for 24 ± 3 pedal cycles, while power was only 94 ± 3% of the true maximum in 19 ± 5 pedal cycles. Pedal cycles showing maximal levels of power also displayed higher levels of electromyography (EMG: 89 ± 7 vs . 87 ± 7%) and coactivation (34 ± 11 vs . 31 ± 10 arbitrary units), as well as lower variability in crank torque and EMG profiles. Compared with the linear and second-order polynomial models that are traditionally used, a better goodness of fit was obtained when the torque-cadence and power-cadence relationships were predicted using second- and third-order polynomials, respectively. The later modeling procedures also revealed an asymmetry in the power-cadence relationship in most participants (i.e., 15 out of 17) and provided a better estimation of maximal cadence [Cmax: 214 ± 20 revolutions/min (rpm)] from the x-intercept of power-cadence relationships (C0: 214 ± 14 rpm). Therefore, we recommend predicting the individual shapes of torque- and power-cadence relationships using second- and third-order polynomial regressions after having selected pedal cycles during which true measures of cadence-specific maximal power were recorded. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study is the first to demonstrate that suboptimal activation of the lower limb muscles accompanied reductions in cadence-specific levels of torque and power produced during a force-velocity test performed on a stationary cycle ergometer. This research is also the first to show that, in most noncyclist participants, torque-cadence relationships are not linear, whereas power-cadence relationships display asymmetric shapes, with power production decreasing rapidly when cadence increases beyond 180 revolutions/min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briar L. Rudsits
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Will G. Hopkins
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christophe A. Hautier
- Laboratoire Inter-universitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université de Lyon, France
| | - David M. Rouffet
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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Green DJ, Thomas K, Ross EZ, Green SC, Pringle JSM, Howatson G. Torque, power and muscle activation of eccentric and concentric isokinetic cycling. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2018; 40:56-63. [PMID: 29631117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to establish the effect of cycling mode and cadence on torque, external power output, and lower limb muscle activation during maximal, recumbent, isokinetic cycling. After familiarisation, twelve healthy males completed 6 × 10 s of maximal eccentric (ECC) and concentric (CON) cycling at 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 rpm with five minutes recovery. Vastus lateralis, medial gastrocnemius, rectus femoris, and biceps femoris surface electromyography was recorded throughout. As cadence increased, peak torque linearly decreased during ECC (350-248 N·m) and CON (239-117 N·m) and peak power increased in a parabolic manner. Crank angle at peak torque increased with cadence in CON (+13°) and decreased in ECC (-9.0°). At all cadences, peak torque (mean +129 N·m, range 111-143 N·m), and power (mean +871 W, range 181-1406 W), were greater during ECC compared to CON. For all recorded muscles the crank angle at peak muscle activation was greater during ECC compared to CON. This difference increased with cadence in all muscles except the vastus lateralis. Additionally, peak vastus laterallis and biceps femoris activation was greater during CON compared to ECC. Eccentric cycling offers a greater mechanical stimulus compared to concentric cycling but the effect of cadence is similar between modalities. Markers of technique (muscle activation, crank angle at peak activation and torque) were different between eccentric and concentric cycling and respond differently to changes in cadence. Such data should be considered when comparing between, and selecting cadences for, recumbent, isokinetic, eccentric and concentric cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Green
- English Institute of Sport, Loughborough, UK; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
| | - Kevin Thomas
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Emma Z Ross
- English Institute of Sport, Loughborough, UK; School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK; Centre for Sport and Exercise Science Medicine, University of Brighton, UK
| | | | | | - Glyn Howatson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK; Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, Northwest University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Optimal Resistive Forces for Maximizing the Reliability of Leg Muscles’ Capacities Tested on a Cycle Ergometer. J Appl Biomech 2018; 34:47-52. [DOI: 10.1123/jab.2017-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study determined the optimal resistive forces for testing muscle capacities through the standard cycle ergometer test (1 resistive force applied) and a recently developed 2-point method (2 resistive forces used for force-velocity modelling). Twenty-six men were tested twice on maximal sprints performed on a leg cycle ergometer against 5 flywheel resistive forces (R1–R5). The reliability of the cadence and maximum power measured against the 5 individual resistive forces, as well as the reliability of the force-velocity relationship parameters obtained from the selected 2-point methods (R1–R2, R1–R3, R1–R4, and R1–R5), were compared. The reliability of outcomes obtained from individual resistive forces was high except for R5. As a consequence, the combination of R1 (≈175 rpm) and R4 (≈110 rpm) provided the most reliable 2-point method (CV: 1.46%–4.04%; ICC: 0.89–0.96). Although the reliability of power capacity was similar for the R1–R4 2-point method (CV: 3.18%; ICC: 0.96) and the standard test (CV: 3.31%; ICC: 0.95), the 2-point method should be recommended because it also reveals maximum force and velocity capacities. Finally, we conclude that the 2-point method in cycling should be based on 2 distant resistive forces, but avoiding cadences below 110 rpm.
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Arakawa H, Kumagawa D, Fujisaki I, Ozawa Y, Ishige Y. Development of the Rope-Climbing Ergometer for Physical Training and Testing. Sports Med Int Open 2017; 1:E128-E134. [PMID: 30539097 PMCID: PMC6226072 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-112335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop and characterize a rope-climbing ergometer. A custom-made loading device that has an eddy current brake with an electrical current control circuit was developed to impose resistive load on the rope. A calibration test was first performed using a three-phase induction motor to associate the scale of the load-level setting (100 levels) with the resultant traction force. The calibration test yielded criteria values of loads (123 N at Level 0 and 1064 N at Level 100). The human test was carried out by 14 male subjects. The participants performed eight sets of 10-second maximal-effort exercises at different levels. Presumable trajectories of force, velocity, and power were obtained. The mean force increased by 161% (from 147.5 N at Level 0 to 383.7 N at Level 18), whereas the mean velocity decreased by 64.7% (from 1.87 m/s at Level 0 to 0.66 m/s at Level 18). The mean power reached its peak at Level 9 (320 W). The new rope ergometer for physical training and testing was successfully developed and characterized in this study. However, it remains to be seen whether its concurrent validity and reliability are qualifiable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Arakawa
- Physical Education, International Budo University, Katsuura, Chiba, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kumagawa
- Department of Physical Education, Kokushikan University, Tama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Iwao Fujisaki
- Research and Development, Apowatec Corporation, Yashio, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Ozawa
- Research and Development, Apowatec Corporation, Yashio, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ishige
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Kita, Tokyo, Japan
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Bobbert MF, Casius LJR, Van Soest AJ. The Relationship between Pedal Force and Crank Angular Velocity in Sprint Cycling. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:869-78. [PMID: 26694841 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Relationships between tangential pedal force and crank angular velocity in sprint cycling tend to be linear. We set out to understand why they are not hyperbolic, like the intrinsic force-velocity relationship of muscles. METHODS We simulated isokinetic sprint cycling at crank angular velocities ranging from 30 to 150 rpm with a forward dynamic model of the human musculoskeletal system actuated by eight lower extremity muscle groups. The input of the model was muscle stimulation over time, which we optimized to maximize average power output over a cycle. RESULTS Peak tangential pedal force was found to drop more with crank angular velocity than expected based on intrinsic muscle properties. This linearizing effect was not due to segmental dynamics but rather due to active state dynamics. Maximizing average power in cycling requires muscles to bring their active state from as high as possible during shortening to as low as possible during lengthening. Reducing the active state is a relatively slow process, and hence must be initiated a certain amount of time before lengthening starts. As crank angular velocity goes up, this amount of time corresponds to a greater angular displacement, so the instant of switching off extensor muscle stimulation must occur earlier relative to the angle at which pedal force was extracted for the force-velocity relationship. CONCLUSION Relationships between pedal force and crank angular velocity in sprint cycling do not reflect solely the intrinsic force-velocity relationship of muscles but also the consequences of activation dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Frank Bobbert
- MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, THE NETHERLANDS
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Slawinski J, Termoz N, Rabita G, Guilhem G, Dorel S, Morin JB, Samozino P. How 100-m event analyses improve our understanding of world-class men's and women's sprint performance. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 27:45-54. [PMID: 26644061 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the force (F)-velocity (v)-power (P)-time (t) relationships of female and male world-class sprinters. A total of 100 distance-time curves (50 women and 50 men) were computed from international 100-m finals, to determine the acceleration and deceleration phases of each race: (a) mechanical variables describing the velocity, force, and power output; and (b) F-P-v relationships and associated maximal power output, theoretical force and velocity produced by each athlete (Pmax , F0 , and V0 ). The results showed that the maximal sprint velocity (Vmax ) and mean power output (W/kg) developed over the entire 100 m strongly influenced 100-m performance (r > -0.80; P ≤ 0.001). With the exception of mean force (N/kg) developed during the acceleration phase or during the entire 100 m, all of the mechanicals variables observed over the race were greater in men. Shorter acceleration and longer deceleration in women may explain both their lower Vmax and their greater decrease in velocity, and in turn their lower performance level, which can be explained by their higher V0 and its correlation with performance. This highlights the importance of the capability to keep applying horizontal force to the ground at high velocities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Slawinski
- Research Centre on Sport and Movement (CeSERM) - EA 2931, UFRSTAPS - University of Paris Ouest Nanterre la Défense, Paris, France
| | - N Termoz
- Research Centre on Sport and Movement (CeSERM) - EA 2931, UFRSTAPS - University of Paris Ouest Nanterre la Défense, Paris, France
| | - G Rabita
- French National Institute of Sport (INSEP), Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
| | - G Guilhem
- French National Institute of Sport (INSEP), Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
| | - S Dorel
- Laboratory "Motricité, Interactions, Performance" (EA 4334), University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - J-B Morin
- Laboratory of Human Motricity, Education Sport and Health (EA6312), University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - P Samozino
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), University Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget duLac, France
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Blake OM, Wakeling JM. Muscle coordination limits efficiency and power output of human limb movement under a wide range of mechanical demands. J Neurophysiol 2015; 114:3283-95. [PMID: 26445873 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00765.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of cycle frequency and workload on muscle coordination and the ensuing relationship with mechanical efficiency and power output of human limb movement. Eleven trained cyclists completed an array of cycle frequency (cadence)-power output conditions while excitation from 10 leg muscles and power output were recorded. Mechanical efficiency was maximized at increasing cadences for increasing power outputs and corresponded to muscle coordination and muscle fiber type recruitment that minimized both the total muscle excitation across all muscles and the ineffective pedal forces. Also, maximum efficiency was characterized by muscle coordination at the top and bottom of the pedal cycle and progressive excitation through the uniarticulate knee, hip, and ankle muscles. Inefficiencies were characterized by excessive excitation of biarticulate muscles and larger duty cycles. Power output and efficiency were limited by the duration of muscle excitation beyond a critical cadence (120-140 rpm), with larger duty cycles and disproportionate increases in muscle excitation suggesting deteriorating muscle coordination and limitations of the activation-deactivation capabilities. Most muscles displayed systematic phase shifts of the muscle excitation relative to the pedal cycle that were dependent on cadence and, to a lesser extent, power output. Phase shifts were different for each muscle, thereby altering their mechanical contribution to the pedaling action. This study shows that muscle coordination is a key determinant of mechanical efficiency and power output of limb movement across a wide range of mechanical demands and that the excitation and coordination of the muscles is limited at very high cycle frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ollie M Blake
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James M Wakeling
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Effects of pre-exercise alkalosis on the decrease in VO2 at the end of all-out exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 116:85-95. [PMID: 26297325 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3239-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study determined the effects of pre-exercise sodium bicarbonate ingestion (ALK) on changes in oxygen uptake (VO2) at the end of a supramaximal exercise test (SXT). METHODS Eleven well-trained cyclists completed a 70-s all-out cycling effort, in double-blind trials, after oral ingestion of either 0.3 g kg(-1) of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) or 0.2 g kg(-1) body mass of calcium carbonate (PLA). Blood samples were taken to assess changes in acid-base balance before the start of the supramaximal exercise, and 0, 5 and 8 min after the exercise; ventilatory parameters were also measured at rest and during the SXT. RESULTS At the end of the PLA trial, which induced mild acidosis (blood pH = 7.20), subjects presented a significant decrease in VO2 (P < 0.05), which was related to the amplitude of the decrease in minute ventilation (VE) during the SXT (r = 0.70, P < 0.01, n = 11). Pre-exercise metabolic alkalosis significantly prevented the exercise-induced decrease in VO2 in eleven well-trained participants (PLA:12.5 ± 2.1 % and ALK: 4.9 ± 0.9 %, P < 0.05) and the decrease in mean power output was significantly less pronounced in ALK (P < 0.05). Changes in the VO2 decrease between PLA and ALK trials were positively related to changes in the VE decrease (r = 0.74, P < 0.001), but not to changes in power output (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Pre-exercise alkalosis counteracted the VO2 decrease related to mild acidosis, potentially as a result of changes in VE and in muscle acid-base status during the all-out supramaximal exercise.
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Omar VC, Rafael D, Vinicius C, Alexandre B. Complete factorial design experiment for 3D load cell instrumented crank validation. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2015; 2015:3655-3658. [PMID: 26737085 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2015.7319185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Developing of instrumentation systems for sport medicine is a promising area, that's why this research evaluates the design of a new instrumented crank arm prototype for a race bicycle projecting an experiment for indoor - outdoor comparison. This study investigated the viability of an instrumentation 3D load cell for force measurement crank, implementing a design of experiment. A Complete factorial design experiment was developed for data validation, with an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) throwing significant results for controlled factors with response variables rms, mean and variance. A software routine allowed to obtained system variables metrics for Symmetry and Cadence analysis, which came out from Effective force bilateral comparing and speed computation. Characterization allowed achieving calibration curves that were used for data conversion in force projection channels with a linearity error of 0.29% (perpendicular), 0.55% (parallel) and 0.10% (lateral). Interactions of factors resulted significant mainly for indoor tests in symmetry and cadence was significant in interactions generally for outdoor tests. Implemented system was able to generate Effective Force graph for 3D plot symmetry analysis, torque and power symmetry for specialist's analysis.
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Samozino P, Rabita G, Dorel S, Slawinski J, Peyrot N, Saez de Villarreal E, Morin JB. A simple method for measuring power, force, velocity properties, and mechanical effectiveness in sprint running. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 26:648-58. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Samozino
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338); University Savoie Mont Blanc; Le Bourget du Lac France
| | - G. Rabita
- Research Department; Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance; French Institute of Sport (INSEP); Paris France
| | - S. Dorel
- Laboratory “Motricité, Interactions, Performance” (EA 4334); University of Nantes; Nantes France
| | - J. Slawinski
- CeSERM - EA 2931; UFRSTAPS; Université de Paris Ouest Nanterre la Défense; Paris France
| | - N. Peyrot
- Laboratory IRISSE (EA4075); University of La Réunion; Le Tampon La Réunion France
| | - E. Saez de Villarreal
- Laboratory of Human Performance; Department of Sports; University Pablo de Olavide; Seville Spain
| | - J.-B. Morin
- Laboratory of Human Motricity, Education Sport and Health (EA6312); University of Nice Sophia Antipolis; Nice France
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Rabita G, Dorel S, Slawinski J, Sàez-de-Villarreal E, Couturier A, Samozino P, Morin JB. Sprint mechanics in world-class athletes: a new insight into the limits of human locomotion. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 25:583-94. [PMID: 25640466 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize the mechanics of maximal running sprint acceleration in high-level athletes. Four elite (100-m best time 9.95-10.29 s) and five sub-elite (10.40-10.60 s) sprinters performed seven sprints in overground conditions. A single virtual 40-m sprint was reconstructed and kinetics parameters were calculated for each step using a force platform system and video analyses. Anteroposterior force (FY), power (PY), and the ratio of the horizontal force component to the resultant (total) force (RF, which reflects the orientation of the resultant ground reaction force for each support phase) were computed as a function of velocity (V). FY-V, RF-V, and PY-V relationships were well described by significant linear (mean R(2) of 0.892 ± 0.049 and 0.950 ± 0.023) and quadratic (mean R(2) = 0.732 ± 0.114) models, respectively. The current study allows a better understanding of the mechanics of the sprint acceleration notably by modeling the relationships between the forward velocity and the main mechanical key variables of the sprint. As these findings partly concern world-class sprinters tested in overground conditions, they give new insights into some aspects of the biomechanical limits of human locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rabita
- Research Department, National Institute of Sport, INSEP, Paris, France
| | - S Dorel
- Laboratory "Movement, Interactions, Performance" (EA 4334), University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - J Slawinski
- Research Center in Sport and Movement (EA 2931), University of Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense, Paris, France
| | | | - A Couturier
- Research Department, National Institute of Sport, INSEP, Paris, France
| | - P Samozino
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA 4338), University of Savoie, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
| | - J-B Morin
- Laboratory of Human Motricity, Education Sport and Health (EA 6309), University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
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Brisswalter J, Wu SSX, Sultana F, Bernard T, Abbiss CR. Age difference in efficiency of locomotion and maximal power output in well-trained triathletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:2579-86. [PMID: 25118840 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2977-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to examine the influence of age on cycling efficiency and sprint power output in well-trained endurance masters athletes. METHODS The investigation was conducted on 60 healthy well-trained triathletes separated into six separate groups (n = 10) depending on age: 20-29 years old; 30-39 years old; 40-49 years old; 50-59 years old; 60-69 years old; 70 years old. Each participant attended the laboratory on three separate occasions to perform (1) an incremental cycling test, (2) maximal peak sprint power test, involving three 5-s sprint efforts (3) and a 10-min sub-maximal cycling test for determination of cycling efficiency. RESULTS Cycling efficiency decreased beyond 50 years (50-59 years compared with 20-29 years: -7.3 ± 1.8%; p < 0.05) and continued to decrease beyond 60 years (60-69 years compared with 50-59 years: -10.7 ± 2.4%; p < 0.05), no further decrease was observed after 70 years. A continuous impairment in maximal sprint power output was observed after the age of 50 years leading to an overall decrease of 36% between 20-29 years and >70 years. Significant positive relationships were observed between maximal sprint power output and both cycling efficiency (r(2) = 0.64, p < 0.05) and maximal aerobic power (r(2) = 0.42 and p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The present data indicates a significant effect of ageing on cycling efficiency and maximal sprint power output after 50 years and a significant relationship was found between these two parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanick Brisswalter
- Laboratory of Human Motricity, Education Sport and Health, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, 261, Route de Grenoble, BP 3259, 06205, Nice Cedex 03, France,
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Abstract
Previous authors have reported power-pedaling rate relationships for maximal cycling. However, the joint-specific power-pedaling rate relationships that contribute to pedal power have not been reported. We determined absolute and relative contributions of joint-specific powers to pedal power across a range of pedaling rates during maximal cycling. Ten cyclists performed maximal 3 s cycling trials at 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 rpm. Joint-specific powers were averaged over complete pedal cycles, and extension and flexion actions. Effects of pedaling rate on relative joint-specific power, velocity, and excursion were assessed with regression analyses and repeated-measures ANOVA. Relative ankle plantar flexion power (25 to 8%; P = .01; R(2) = .90) decreased with increasing pedaling rate, whereas relative hip extension power (41 to 59%; P < .01; R(2) = .92) and knee flexion power (34 to 49%; P < .01; R(2) = .94) increased with increasing pedaling rate. Knee extension powers did not differ across pedaling rates. Ankle joint angular excursion decreased with increasing pedaling rate (48 to 20 deg) whereas hip joint excursion increased (42 to 48 deg). These results demonstrate that the often-reported quadratic power-pedaling rate relationship arises from combined effects of dissimilar joint-specific power-pedaling rate relationships. These dissimilar relationships are likely influenced by musculoskeletal constraints (ie, muscle architecture, morphology) and/or motor control strategies.
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Hug F, Boumier F, Dorel S. Altered muscle coordination when pedaling with independent cranks. Front Physiol 2013; 4:232. [PMID: 24009587 PMCID: PMC3755179 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pedaling with independent cranks ensures each leg cycles independently of the other, and thus eliminates the contribution of the contralateral leg during the upstroke phase. Consequently the subject is required to actively pull-up the pedal to complete the cycle. The present study aimed to determine the acute effect of the use of independent cranks on muscle coordination during a submaximal pedaling exercise. Ten healthy males were asked to perform submaximal pedaling exercises at 100 Watts with normal fixed cranks (control condition) or independent cranks. Both 2-D pedal forces and electromyographic (EMG) SIGNALS of 10 lower limb muscles were recorded. When the mean EMG activity across the cycle was considered, the use of independent cranks significantly increased the activity level compared to control for Tibialis anterior (TA) (P = 0.0017; +336 ± 302%), Gastrocnemius medialis (GM) (P = 0.0005; +47 ± 25%), Rectus femoris (RF) (P = 0.005; +123 ± 153%), Biceps femoris (BF)—long head (P = 0.0001; +162 ± 97%), Semimembranosus (SM) (P = 0.0001; +304 ± 192%), and Tensor fascia latae (P = 0.0001; +586 ± 262%). The analysis of the four pedaling sectors revealed that the increased activity of hip and knee flexors mainly occurred during the top dead center and the upstroke phase. In addition, a high inter-individual variability was found in the way the participants adapted to pedaling with independent cranks. The present results showed that the enforced pull-up action required when using independent cranks was achieved by increasing the activation of hip and knee flexors. Further studies are needed to determine whether training with independent cranks has the potential to induce long-term changes in muscle coordination, and, if so, whether these changes are beneficial for cycling performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Hug
- Laboratory "Motricité, Interactions, Performance" (EA 4334), UFR STAPS, University of Nantes Nantes, France ; NHMRC Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain, Injury and Health, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Driss T, Vandewalle H. The measurement of maximal (anaerobic) power output on a cycle ergometer: a critical review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:589361. [PMID: 24073413 PMCID: PMC3773392 DOI: 10.1155/2013/589361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The interests and limits of the different methods and protocols of maximal (anaerobic) power (Pmax) assessment are reviewed: single all-out tests versus force-velocity tests, isokinetic ergometers versus friction-loaded ergometers, measure of Pmax during the acceleration phase or at peak velocity. The effects of training, athletic practice, diet and pharmacological substances upon the production of maximal mechanical power are not discussed in this review mainly focused on the technical (ergometer, crank length, toe clips), methodological (protocols) and biological factors (muscle volume, muscle fiber type, age, gender, growth, temperature, chronobiology and fatigue) limiting Pmax in cycling. Although the validity of the Wingate test is questionable, a large part of the review is dedicated to this test which is currently the all-out cycling test the most often used. The biomechanical characteristics specific of maximal and high speed cycling, the bioenergetics of the all-out cycling exercises and the influence of biochemical factors (acidosis and alkalosis, phosphate ions…) are recalled at the beginning of the paper. The basic knowledge concerning the consequences of the force-velocity relationship upon power output, the biomechanics of sub-maximal cycling exercises and the study on the force-velocity relationship in cycling by Dickinson in 1928 are presented in Appendices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarak Driss
- CeRSM, E.A. 2931, Equipe de Physiologie et de Biomécanique du Mouvement, UFR STAPS, Université Paris Ouest Nanterre—La Défense, 200 avenue de la République, 92000 Nanterre, France
| | - Henry Vandewalle
- Laboratoire de Physiologie, UFR de Santé, Médecine et Biologie Humaine, Université Paris XIII, Rue Marcel Cachin, 93017 Bobigny Cedex, France
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Dorel S, Guilhem G, Couturier A, Hug F. Adjustment of muscle coordination during an all-out sprint cycling task. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013; 44:2154-64. [PMID: 22677928 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3182625423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was designed to assess muscle coordination during a specific all-out sprint cycling task (Sprint). The aim was to estimate the EMG activity level of each muscle group by referring to the submaximal cycling condition (Sub150 W) and to test the hypothesis that a maximal activity is reached for all of the muscles during Sprint. METHODS Fifteen well-trained cyclists were tested during submaximal and sprint cycling exercises and a series of maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) in isometric and isokinetic modes (MVC at the three lower limb joints). Crank torque and surface EMG signals for 11 lower limb muscles were continuously measured. RESULTS Results showed that Sprint induced a very large increase of EMG activity level for the hip flexors (multiplied by 7-9 from 150 W to Sprint) and the knee flexors and hip extensors (multiplied by 5-7), whereas plantar flexors and knee extensors demonstrated a lower increase (multiplied by 2-3). During Sprint, EMG activity level failed to reach a maximal value for hamstrings, tibialis anterior, tensor fasciae latae, and gluteus maximus (i.e., <70% to 80% of peak EMG activity during MVC, P < 0.05 to P < 0.001), and individual EMG patterns demonstrated a significant earlier onset and/or later offset for the majority of the muscles (P < 0.01 to P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Results clearly suggest a change in the relative contribution of the different muscles to the power production between Sub150 W and Sprint, and provide evidence that EMG activity level is not systematically maximal for all muscles involved in the all-out sprint cycling task. The longer period of activity induced during Sprint is likely to represent an interesting coordination strategy to enhance the work generated by all of the muscle groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Dorel
- Laboratory Motricité, Interactions, Performance (EA 4334), University of Nantes, Nantes, France.
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Hanon C, Dorel S, Delfour-Peyrethon R, Leprêtre PM, Bishop DJ, Perrey S, Thomas C. Prevalence of cardio-respiratory factors in the occurrence of the decrease in oxygen uptake during supra-maximal, constant-power exercise. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:651. [PMID: 25379364 PMCID: PMC4192145 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the physiological mechanisms that explain the end-exercise decrease in oxygen uptake during strenuous constant-power exercise, we recruited eleven trained, track cyclists. Methods On two separated days they performed 1) resting spirometric measures, followed by an incremental test on a cycle ergometer to determine the power output at and 2) an exhaustive isokinetic supramaximal cycling exercise (Tlimsupra) at 185 ± 24% of (i.e., 640.5 ± 50.8 W). During cycling exercise tests, , ventilation parameters, stroke volume (SV) and heart rate were continuously recorded. Furthermore, arterialised capillary blood samples were collected to measure blood pH, arterial oxygen saturation, lactate and bicarbonate concentration before and 5 min after Tlimsupra. Results A > 5% decrease in and/or SV was observed in 6 subjects, with 5 out of 6 subjects presenting both phenomena. The magnitude of the decrease was correlated with the magnitude of the SV decrease (R = 0.75, P < 0.01), the peak-exercise end-tidal O2 partial pressure (R = 0.80, P < 0.005) and the resting, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (R = 0.72, P < 0.05), but not with any blood variables. The significant post-Tlimsupra decrease in forced vital capacity and forced inspiratory volume corroborate with a possible respiratory muscle fatigue. Conclusion Based on these findings, we demonstrate that the occurrence of decrease in more than half of our subjects, during a strenuous constant-power exercise leading to a mild-acidosis (pH = 7.21 ± 0.04), results mainly from cardio-respiratory factors and not from blood metabolic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Hanon
- French National Institute of Sports (INSEP), Research Department, Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance, 11 Tremblay Avenue, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Dorel
- French National Institute of Sports (INSEP), Research Department, Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance, 11 Tremblay Avenue, 75012 Paris, France ; Laboratory "Motricité, Interactions, Performance" (EA 4334), University of Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Rémi Delfour-Peyrethon
- French National Institute of Sports (INSEP), Research Department, Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance, 11 Tremblay Avenue, 75012 Paris, France ; Laboratory "Motricité, Interactions, Performance" (EA 4334), University of Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | | | - David J Bishop
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), and the College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stéphane Perrey
- Movement to Health (M2H), Montpellier-1 University, Euromov, Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Thomas
- French National Institute of Sports (INSEP), Research Department, Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance, 11 Tremblay Avenue, 75012 Paris, France ; STAPS Department, University of Evry Val d'Essonne, François Mitterrand Boulevard, 91025 Evry, France
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Barratt PR, Korff T, Elmer SJ, Martin JC. Effect of crank length on joint-specific power during maximal cycling. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012; 43:1689-97. [PMID: 21311357 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3182125e96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Previous investigators have suggested that crank length has little effect on overall short-term maximal cycling power once the effects of pedal speed and pedaling rate are accounted for. Although overall maximal power may be unaffected by crank length, it is possible that similar overall power might be produced with different combinations of joint-specific powers. Knowing the effects of crank length on joint-specific power production during maximal cycling may have practical implications with respect to avoiding or delaying fatigue during high-intensity exercise. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of changes in crank length on joint-specific powers during short-term maximal cycling. METHODS Fifteen trained cyclists performed maximal isokinetic cycling trials using crank lengths of 150, 165, 170, 175, and 190 mm. At each crank length, participants performed maximal trials at pedaling rates optimized for maximum power and at a constant pedaling rate of 120 rpm. Using pedal forces and limb kinematics, joint-specific powers were calculated via inverse dynamics and normalized to overall pedal power. RESULTS ANOVAs revealed that crank length had no significant effect on relative joint-specific powers at the hip, knee, or ankle joints (P > 0.05) when pedaling rate was optimized. When pedaling rate was constant, crank length had a small but significant effect on hip and knee joint power (150 vs 190 mm only) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that crank length does not affect relative joint-specific power once the effects of pedaling rate and pedal speed are accounted for. Our results thereby substantiate previous findings that crank length per se is not an important determinant of maximum cycling power production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Barratt
- Centre for Sports Medicine and Human Performance, Brunel University, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
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Mechanical determinants of 100-m sprint running performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 112:3921-30. [PMID: 22422028 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2379-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Influence of musculo-tendinous stiffness of the plantar ankle flexor muscles upon maximal power output on a cycle ergometre. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 112:3721-8. [PMID: 22354446 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2353-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The importance of maximal voluntary torque (T (MVC)), maximal rate of torque development (MRTD) and musculo-tendinous stiffness of the triceps surae for maximal power output on a cycle ergometre (Pmax) was studied in 21 healthy subjects by studying the relationships between maximal cycling power related to body mass (Pmax BM(-1)) with T (MVC), MRTD and different indices of musculo-tendinous stiffness of the ankle flexor. Pmax BM(-1) was calculated from the data of an all-out force-velocity test on a Monark cycle ergometre. T (MVC) and MRTD were measured on a specific ankle ergometre. Musculo-tendinous stiffness was estimated by means of quick releases at 20, 40, 60 and 80% T (MVC) on the same ankle ergometre. Pmax BM(-1) was significantly and positively correlated with MRTD related to body mass but the positive correlation between Pmax BM(-1) and T (MVC) did not reach the significance level (0.05). Pmax BM(-1) was significantly and positively correlated with the estimation of stiffness at 40% T (MVC) (S(0.4)), but not with stiffness at 20, 60 and 80% T (MVC). The results of the present study suggest that maximal power output during cycling is significantly correlated with the level of musculo-tendinous stiffness which corresponds to torque range around peak torque at optimal pedal rate. However, the low coefficient of determination (r2 = 0.203) between Pmax BM(-1) and S (0.4) BM(-1) suggested that Pmax BM(-1) largely depended on other factors than the musculo-tendinous stiffness of the only plantar flexors.
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