1
|
Mornas A, Brocherie F, Hollville E, Derouck T, Racinais S, Guilhem G. Running 40 Minutes under Temperate or Hot Environment Does Not Affect Operating Fascicle Length. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:1140-1150. [PMID: 38233977 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Muscle mechanics is paramount in our understanding of motor performance. However, little is known regarding the sensitivity of fascicle dynamics and connective tissues stiffness to exercise duration and ambient temperature during running, both increasing muscle temperature. This study aimed to determine gastrocnemius medialis (GM) fascicle dynamics in vivo during running in temperate and hot conditions, as well as muscle-tendon unit responses. METHODS Using ultrafast ultrasound, 15 participants (8 men, 7 women; 26 ± 3 yr) were tested before, during (2 and 40 min), and after a running task (40 min at 10 km·h -1 ) in temperate (TEMP; ~23°C) and hot (HOT: ~38°C) conditions. RESULTS Although core, skin temperatures, and heart rate increased from the beginning to the end of the exercise and in a larger extent in HOT than TEMP ( P < 0.001), the physiological stress elicited did not alter running temporal parameters and GM fascicle operating lengths, with similar behavior of the fascicles on their force-length relationship, over time (2 vs 40 min) or across condition (TEMP vs HOT; P ≥ 0.248). Maximal voluntary force production did not reported statistical changes after exercise ( P = 0.060), and the connective tissues stiffness measured (i.e., passive muscle and stiffness of the series-elastic elements) did not show neither time ( P ≥ 0.281), condition ( P ≥ 0.256) nor time-condition interaction ( P ≥ 0.465) effect. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that prolonged running exercise does not alter muscle-tendon unit properties and interplay, which are not influenced by ambient temperature. These findings may rule out potential detrimental effects of heat on muscle properties and encourage further investigations on longer and more intense running exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Franck Brocherie
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, FRANCE
| | - Enzo Hollville
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, FRANCE
| | | | | | - GaËL Guilhem
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, FRANCE
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chalitsios C, Nikodelis T, Mavrommatis G, Kollias I. Subject-specific sensitivity of several biomechanical features to fatigue during an exhaustive treadmill run. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1004. [PMID: 38200137 PMCID: PMC10781943 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51296-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the sensitivity of several movement features during running to exhaustion in a subject-specific setup adopting a cross-sectional design and a machine learning approach. Thirteen recreational runners, that systematically trained and competed, performed an exhaustive running protocol on an instrumented treadmill. Respiratory data were collected to establish the second ventilatory threshold (VT2) in order to obtain a reference point regarding the gradual accumulation of fatigue. A machine learning approach was adopted to analyze kinetic and kinematic data recorded for each participant, using a random forest classifier for the region pre and post the second ventilatory threshold. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis was used to explain the models' predictions and to provide insight about the most important variables. The classification accuracy value of the models adopted ranged from 0.853 to 0.962. The most important feature in six out of thirteen participants was the angular range in AP axis of upper trunk C7 (RTAPu) followed by maximum loading rate (RFDmaxD) and the angular range in the LT axis of the C7. SHAP dependence plots also showed an increased dispersion of predictions in stages around the second ventilatory threshold which is consistent with feature interactions. These results showed that each runner used the examined features differently to cope with the increase in fatigue and mitigate its effects in order to maintain a proper motor pattern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christos Chalitsios
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Thomas Nikodelis
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Mavrommatis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Iraklis Kollias
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Berger NJA, Best R, Best AW, Lane AM, Millet GY, Barwood M, Marcora S, Wilson P, Bearden S. Limits of Ultra: Towards an Interdisciplinary Understanding of Ultra-Endurance Running Performance. Sports Med 2024; 54:73-93. [PMID: 37751076 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01936-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-endurance running (UER) poses extreme mental and physical challenges that present many barriers to completion, let alone performance. Despite these challenges, participation in UER events continues to increase. With the relative paucity of research into UER training and racing compared with traditional endurance running distance (e.g., marathon), it follows that there are sizable improvements still to be made in UER if the limitations of the sport are sufficiently understood. The purpose of this review is to summarise our current understanding of the major limitations in UER. We begin with an evolutionary perspective that provides the critical background for understanding how our capacities, abilities and limitations have come to be. Although we show that humans display evolutionary adaptations that may bestow an advantage for covering large distances on a daily basis, these often far exceed the levels of our ancestors, which exposes relative limitations. From that framework, we explore the physiological and psychological systems required for running UER events. In each system, the factors that limit performance are highlighted and some guidance for practitioners and future research are shared. Examined systems include thermoregulation, oxygen delivery and utilisation, running economy and biomechanics, fatigue, the digestive system, nutritional and psychological strategies. We show that minimising the cost of running, damage to lower limb tissue and muscle fatigability may become crucial in UER events. Maintaining a sustainable core body temperature is critical to performance, and an even pacing strategy, strategic heat acclimation and individually calculated hydration all contribute to sustained performance. Gastrointestinal issues affect almost every UER participant and can be due to a variety of factors. We present nutritional strategies for different event lengths and types, such as personalised and evidence-based approaches for varying types of carbohydrate, protein and fat intake in fluid or solid form, and how to avoid flavour fatigue. Psychology plays a vital role in UER performance, and we highlight the need to be able to cope with complex situations, and that specific long and short-term goal setting improves performance. Fatigue in UER is multi-factorial, both physical and mental, and the perceived effort or level of fatigue have a major impact on the ability to continue at a given pace. Understanding the complex interplay of these limitations will help prepare UER competitors for the different scenarios they are likely to face. Therefore, this review takes an interdisciplinary approach to synthesising and illuminating limitations in UER performance to assist practitioners and scientists in making informed decisions in practice and applicable research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J A Berger
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK.
| | - Russ Best
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Wintec, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Andrew W Best
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts, North Adams, MA, USA
| | - Andrew M Lane
- Faculty of Education Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall, UK
| | - Guillaume Y Millet
- Univ Lyon, UJM Saint-Etienne, Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, Saint Etienne, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Martin Barwood
- Department of Sport, Health and Nutrition, Leeds Trinity University Horsforth, Leeds, UK
| | - Samuele Marcora
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrick Wilson
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Shawn Bearden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hazzaa WA, Hottenrott L, Kamal MA, Mattes K. The Influence of General and Local Muscle Fatigue on Kinematics and Plantar Pressure Distribution during Running: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:241. [PMID: 38133108 PMCID: PMC10747919 DOI: 10.3390/sports11120241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatigue has the potential to alter how impact forces are absorbed during running, heightening the risk of injury. Conflicting findings exist regarding alterations in both kinematics and plantar pressure. Thus, this systematic review and subsequent meta-analysis were conducted to investigate the impact of general and localized muscle fatigue on kinematics and plantar pressure distribution during running. Initial searches were executed on 30 November 2021 and updated on 29 April 2023, encompassing PubMed, The Cochrane Library, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science without imposing any restrictions on publication dates or employing additional filters. Our PECOS criteria included cross-sectional studies on healthy adults during their treadmill running to mainly evaluate local muscle fatigue, plantar pressure distribution, biomechanics of running (kinematics, kinetics, and EMG results), and temporospatial parameters. The literature search identified 6626 records, with 4626 studies removed for titles and abstract screening. Two hundred and one articles were selected for full-text screening, and 20 studies were included in qualitative data synthesis. The pooled analysis showed a non-significant decrease in maximum pressure under the right forefoot's metatarsus, which was more than the left rearfoot after local muscle fatigue at a velocity of 15 km/h (p-values = 0.48 and 0.62). The results were homogeneous and showed that local muscle fatigue did not significantly affect the right forefoot's stride frequency and length (p-values = 0.75 and 0.38). Strength training for the foot muscles, mainly focusing on the dorsiflexors, is recommended to prevent running-related injuries. Utilizing a standardized knee and ankle joint muscle fatigue assessment protocol is advised. Future experiments should focus on various shoes for running and varying foot strike patterns for injury prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walaaeldin Aly Hazzaa
- Department of Movement Science, Hamburg University, 20148 Hamburg, Germany;
- Faculty of Physical Education for Boys, Training Science, Helwan University, Giza 11795, Egypt
| | - Laura Hottenrott
- Institute of Performance Diagnostics and Health Promotion, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle, Germany;
| | | | - Klaus Mattes
- Department of Movement Science, Hamburg University, 20148 Hamburg, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bascuas PJ, Gutiérrez H, Piedrafita E, Rabal-Pelay J, Berzosa C, Bataller-Cervero AV. Running Economy in the Vertical Kilometer. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:9349. [PMID: 38067721 PMCID: PMC10708873 DOI: 10.3390/s23239349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
New and promising variables are being developed to analyze performance and fatigue in trail running, such as mechanical power, metabolic power, metabolic cost of transport and mechanical efficiency. The aim of this study was to analyze the behavior of these variables during a real vertical kilometer field test. Fifteen trained trail runners, eleven men (from 22 to 38 years old) and four women (from 19 to 35 years old) performed a vertical kilometer with a length of 4.64 km and 835 m positive slope. During the entire race, the runners were equipped with portable gas analyzers (Cosmed K5) to assess their cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses breath by breath. Significant differences were found between top-level runners versus low-level runners in the mean values of the variables of mechanical power, metabolic power and velocity. A repeated-measures ANOVA showed significant differences between the sections, the incline and the interactions between all the analyzed variables, in addition to differences depending on the level of the runner. The variable of mechanical power can be statistically significantly predicted from metabolic power and vertical net metabolic COT. An algebraic expression was obtained to calculate the value of metabolic power. Integrating the variables of mechanical power, vertical velocity and metabolic power into phone apps and smartwatches is a new opportunity to improve performance monitoring in trail running.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - César Berzosa
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Jorge, Autov. A-23 Zaragoza-Huesca, 50830 Villanueva de Gallego, Spain; (P.J.B.); (H.G.); (E.P.); (J.R.-P.); (A.V.B.-C.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sabater-Pastor F, Faricier R, Metra M, Murias JM, Brownstein CG, Millet GY. Changes in Cost of Locomotion Are Higher after Endurance Cycling Than Running When Matched for Intensity and Duration. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:389-397. [PMID: 36251372 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cost of locomotion (C L ) has been shown to increase after endurance running and cycling bouts. The main purpose of this study was to compare, in the same participants, the effect of both modalities on C L when matched for relative intensity and duration. METHODS Seventeen recreational athletes performed two incremental tests in running and cycling to determine the first ventilatory threshold then two 3-h bouts of exercise at 105% of threshold, with gas exchange measurements taken for 10 min at the start, middle and end of the 3 h to calculate C L . Neuromuscular fatigue during isometric knee extensor contractions and force-velocity profile on a cycle ergometer were assessed before and immediately after the 3-h trials. RESULTS C L significantly increased at mid (+3.7%, P = 0.006) and end (+7.4%, P < 0.001) of exercise for cycling compared with start, whereas it did not change with time for running. Cardio-respiratory and metabolic variables changed similarly for cycling and running, therefore not explaining the time-course differences in C L between modalities. Changes in C L during cycling correlated significantly with loss of maximal force extrapolated from the force-velocity profile ( r = 0.637, P = 0.006) and changes in cadence ( r = 0.784, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The type of locomotion influences the effects of exercise on energy cost because 3 h of exercise at the same relative intensity caused a significant increase of cycling C L , and no changes in running C L . The changes in C L in cycling are likely due, at least in part, to fatigue in the locomotor muscles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robin Faricier
- University of Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Saint-Etienne, FRANCE
| | - Mélanie Metra
- University of Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Saint-Etienne, FRANCE
| | - Juan M Murias
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, CANADA
| | - Callum G Brownstein
- University of Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Saint-Etienne, FRANCE
| | - Guillaume Y Millet
- University of Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Saint-Etienne, FRANCE
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu B, Wu J, Shi Q, Hao F, Xiao W, Yu J, Yu F, Ren Z. Running economy and lower extremity stiffness in endurance runners: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1059221. [PMID: 36518102 PMCID: PMC9742541 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1059221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Lower extremity stiffness simulates the response of the lower extremity to landing in running. However, its relationship with running economy (RE) remains unclear. This study aims to explore the relationship between lower extremity stiffness and RE. Methods: This study utilized articles from the Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus discussing the relationships between RE and indicators of lower extremity stiffness, namely vertical stiffness, leg stiffness, and joint stiffness. Methodological quality was assessed using the Joanna Australian Centre for Evidence-Based Care (JBI). Pearson correlation coefficients were utilized to summarize effect sizes, and meta-regression analysis was used to assess the extent of this association between speed and participant level. Result: In total, thirteen studies involving 272 runners met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. The quality of the thirteen studies ranged from moderate to high. The meta-analysis results showed a negative correlation between vertical stiffness (r = -0.520, 95% CI, -0.635 to -0.384, p < 0.001) and leg stiffness (r = -0.568, 95% CI, -0.723 to -0.357, p < 0.001) and RE. Additional, there was a small negative correlation between knee stiffness and RE (r = -0.290, 95% CI, -0.508 to -0.037, p = 0.025). Meta-regression results showed that the extent to which leg stiffness was negatively correlated with RE was influenced by speed (coefficient = -0.409, p = 0.020, r 2 = 0.79) and participant maximal oxygen uptake (coefficient = -0.068, p = 0.010, r 2 = 0.92). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that vertical, leg and knee stiffness were negatively correlated with RE. In addition, maximum oxygen uptake and speed will determine whether the runner can take full advantage of leg stiffness to minimize energy expenditure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Liu
- College of Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinlong Wu
- College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiuqiong Shi
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fengwei Hao
- School of Physical Education and Sports Exercise, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Xiao
- College of Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingxuan Yu
- College of Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fengyu Yu
- College of Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhanbing Ren
- College of Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Barnett CT, De Asha AR, Skervin TK, Buckley JG, Foster RJ. Spring-mass behavioural adaptations to acute changes in prosthetic blade stiffness during submaximal running in unilateral transtibial prosthesis users. Gait Posture 2022; 98:153-159. [PMID: 36126535 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with lower-limb amputation can use running specific prostheses (RSP) that store and then return elastic energy during stance. However, it is unclear whether varying the stiffness category of the same RSP affects spring-mass behaviour during self-selected, submaximal speed running in individuals with unilateral transtibial amputation. RESEARCH QUESTION The current study investigates how varying RSP stiffness affects limb stiffness, running performance, and associated joint kinetics in individuals with a unilateral transtibial amputation. METHODS Kinematic and ground reaction force data were collected from eight males with unilateral transtibial amputation who ran at self-selected submaximal speeds along a 15 m runway in three RSP stiffness conditions; recommended habitual stiffness (HAB) and, following 10-minutes of familiarisation, stiffness categories above (+1) and below (-1) the HAB. Stance-phase centre of mass velocity, contact time, limb stiffness' and joint/RSP work were computed for each limb across RSP stiffness conditions. RESULTS With increased RSP stiffness, prosthetic limb stiffness increased, whilst intact limb stiffness decreased slightly (p<0.03). Centre of mass forward velocity during stance-phase (p<0.02) and contact time (p<0.04) were higher in the intact limb and lower in the prosthetic limb but were unaffected by RSP stiffness. Intact limb hip joint positive work increased for both the +1 and -1 conditions but remained unchanged across conditions in the prosthetic limb (p<0.02). SIGNIFICANCE In response to changes in RSP stiffness, there were acute increased mechanical demands on the intact limb, reflecting a reliance on the intact limb during running. However, overall running speed was unaffected, suggesting participants acutely adapted to an RSP of a non-prescribed stiffness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C T Barnett
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.
| | - A R De Asha
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK; C-Motion, Inc., Germantown, MD, USA
| | - T K Skervin
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - J G Buckley
- Department of Biomedical & Electronics Engineering, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - R J Foster
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lloria-Varella J, Besson T, Varesco G, Espeit L, Kennouche D, Delattre N, Millet GY, Morio C, Rossi J. Running pattern changes after a 38-km trail running race: does shoe fatigue play a role? FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2022.2086302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Lloria-Varella
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Thibault Besson
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Giorgio Varesco
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Loïc Espeit
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Djahid Kennouche
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | | | - Guillaume Y. Millet
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Cedric Morio
- Movement Sciences Department, SportsLab, Lille, France
| | - Jeremy Rossi
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li J, Song Y, Xuan R, Sun D, Teo EC, Bíró I, Gu Y. Effect of Long-Distance Running on Inter-segment Foot Kinematics and Ground Reaction Forces: A Preliminary Study. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:833774. [PMID: 35309978 PMCID: PMC8931215 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.833774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-distance running has gained massive popularity in recent years, yet the intra-foot adaptations during this event remain unclear. This study aimed to examine the kinematic and ground reaction force alterations induced within the foot following a 5 and 10 km run using the Oxford Foot Model Ten marathon-experienced recreational runners participated in this study. Five-kilometer running led to more rearfoot dorsiflexion, rearfoot eversion, and rearfoot rotation while less forefoot plantarflexion during the stance phase. Increased rearfoot plantarflexion, while decreased forefoot plantarflexion, supination, adduction, and hallux plantarflexion were observed at 10 km. In addition, the forefoot space of footwear was found to play a role in hallux kinematics. Concerning GRFs, only a lesser propulsive force was presented after a 10 km run. Findings of this study showed that 5 km of running would induce excessive foot motion while 10 km of running may gradually change the foot posture and lead to reduced propulsive forces, which could potentially increase the risks of running-related injuries (RRI) due to overuse or fatigue. Nevertheless, further research is warranted, and this study could be used as a preliminary reference to evaluate and predict foot running-related injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yang Song
- Research Academy of Human Biomechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Doctoral School on Safety and Security Sciences, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Rongrong Xuan
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Rongrong Xuan, ; Ee-Chon Teo, ; Yaodong Gu,
| | - Dong Sun
- Research Academy of Human Biomechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ee-Chon Teo
- Research Academy of Human Biomechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Rongrong Xuan, ; Ee-Chon Teo, ; Yaodong Gu,
| | - István Bíró
- Doctoral School on Safety and Security Sciences, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Research Academy of Human Biomechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Rongrong Xuan, ; Ee-Chon Teo, ; Yaodong Gu,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Apte S, Prigent G, Stöggl T, Martínez A, Snyder C, Gremeaux-Bader V, Aminian K. Biomechanical Response of the Lower Extremity to Running-Induced Acute Fatigue: A Systematic Review. Front Physiol 2021; 12:646042. [PMID: 34512370 PMCID: PMC8430259 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.646042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate (i) typical protocols used in research on biomechanical response to running-induced fatigue, (ii) the effect of sport-induced acute fatigue on the biomechanics of running and functional tests, and (iii) the consistency of analyzed parameter trends across different protocols. Methods: Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed, and IEEE databases were searched using terms identified with the Population, Interest and Context (PiCo) framework. Studies were screened following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and appraised using the methodological index for non-randomized studies MINORS scale. Only experimental studies with at least 10 participants, which evaluated fatigue during and immediately after the fatiguing run were included. Each study was summarized to record information about the protocol and parameter trends. Summary trends were computed for each parameter based on the results found in individual studies. Results: Of the 68 included studies, most were based on in-lab (77.9%) protocols, endpoint measurements (75%), stationary measurement systems (76.5%), and treadmill environment (54.4%) for running. From the 42 parameters identified in response to acute fatigue, flight time, contact time, knee flexion angle at initial contact, trunk flexion angle, peak tibial acceleration, CoP velocity during balance test showed an increasing behavior and cadence, vertical stiffness, knee extension force during MVC, maximum vertical ground reaction forces, and CMJ height showed a decreasing trend across different fatigue protocols. Conclusion: This review presents evidence that running-induced acute fatigue influences almost all the included biomechanical parameters, with crucial influence from the exercise intensity and the testing environment. Results indicate an important gap in literature caused by the lack of field studies with continuous measurement during outdoor running activities. To address this gap, we propose recommendations for the use of wearable inertial sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salil Apte
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gäelle Prigent
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Stöggl
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Aaron Martínez
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Cory Snyder
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Vincent Gremeaux-Bader
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne,Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Olympic Medical Center, Sport Medicine Unit, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kamiar Aminian
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Comparing Leg Quasi-Stiffness Methods Across Running Velocities. J Appl Biomech 2021; 37:327-332. [PMID: 34294604 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2020-0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the differences between 5 commonly used methods to calculate leg stiffness over a range of running velocities. Thirteen male, habitually rearfoot, recreational runners ran on a force instrumented treadmill for a 5-minute running session. Each session consisted of 30-second intervals at 6 progressively faster speeds from 2.5 m·s-1 through 5.0 m·s-1 with each interval speed increasing by 0.5 m·s-1. Two-way within-factors repeated-measures analyses of variance were used to evaluate leg stiffness and length. A one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to evaluate the slope of each trend line of each model across speeds. Pearson correlations were used to compare the relationship between the different computational methods. The results indicated that the direct stiffness methods increased with speed whereas the indirect stiffness methods did not. The direct methods were strongly correlated with each other as were the indirect methods. However, there were no strong correlations between the direct and indirect methods. These differences can be mostly attributed to how each individual stiffness method calculated leg length. It is important for researchers to understand these differences when conducting future studies and comparing past studies.
Collapse
|
13
|
Chen TLW, Lam WK, Wong DWC, Zhang M. A half marathon shifts the mediolateral force distribution at the tibiofemoral joint. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:1017-1024. [PMID: 34077303 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1938690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Runners' gait patterns vary during a half marathon and influence the knee joint mechanics. Joint contact force is a better estimate of the net joint loadings than external joint moments and closely correlates to injury risks. This study explored the changes of lower limb joint kinematics, muscle activities, and knee joint loading in runners across the running mileages of a half marathon. Fourteen runners completed a half marathon on an instrumented treadmill where motion capture was conducted every 2 km (from 2 to 20 km). A musculoskeletal model incorporating medial/lateral tibiofemoral compartments was used to process the movement data and report outcome variables at the selected distance checkpoints. Statistics showed no changes in joint angles, muscle co-contraction index, ground reaction force variables, and medial tibiofemoral contact force (p > 0.05). Knee adduction moment at 18 km was significantly lower than those at 2 km (p = 0.002, γ = 0.813) and 6 km (p = 0.001, γ = 0.663). Compared to that at 2 km, lateral tibiofemoral contact force was reduced at 18 km (p = 0.030, Hedges' g = 0.690), 16 km (p < 0.001, Hedges' g = 0.782), 14 km (p = 0.045, Hedges' g = 0.859), and 10 km (p < 0.001, Hedges' g = 0.771) respectively. Mechanical realignment of the lower limb may be the cause of the altered knee loadings and possibly led to reduced running economy in response to a prolonged run. The injury potential of the redistributed tibiofemoral forces warranted further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tony Lin-Wei Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.,Li Ning Sports Technology (Shenzhen) Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Wing-Kai Lam
- Li Ning Sports Technology (Shenzhen) Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.,Li Ning Sports Science Research Center, Li Ning (China) Sports Goods Co. Ltd., Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sports Institute, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Duo Wai-Chi Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.,Department of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sports Institute, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.,Department of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sports Institute, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jaén-Carrillo D, Roche-Seruendo LE, Felton L, Cartón-Llorente A, García-Pinillos F. Stiffness in Running: A Narrative Integrative Review. Strength Cond J 2021. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
15
|
Howe CCF, Swann N, Spendiff O, Kosciuk A, Pummell EKL, Moir HJ. Performance determinants, running energetics and spatiotemporal gait parameters during a treadmill ultramarathon. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1759-1771. [PMID: 33704547 PMCID: PMC8144128 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04643-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The objective of this study was to investigate the changes in metabolic variables, running energetics and spatiotemporal gait parameters during an 80.5 km treadmill ultramarathon and establish which key predictive variables best determine ultramarathon performance. Methods Twelve participants (9 male and 3 female, age 34 ± 7 years, and maximal oxygen uptake (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙O2max) 60.4 ± 5.8 ml·kg−1·min−1) completed an 80.5 km time trial on a motorised treadmill in the fastest possible time. Metabolic variables: oxygen consumption (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙O2), carbon dioxide production (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙CO2) and pulmonary ventilation (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙E) were measured via indirect calorimetry every 16.1 km at a controlled speed of 8 km·h−1 and used to calculate respiratory exchange ratio (RER), the energy cost of running (Cr) and fractional utilisation of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙O2max (F). Spatiotemporal gait parameters: stride length (SL) and cadence (SPM) were calculated via tri-axial accelerometery. Results Trial completion time was 09:00:18 ± 01:14:07 (hh:mm:ss). There were significant increases in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙O2, Cr, F, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙E and heart rate (HR) (p < 0.01); a significant decrease in RER (p < 0.01) and no change in SL and SPM (p > 0.05) across the measured timepoints. F and Cr accounted for 61% of the variance in elapsed finish time (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$R_{{{\text{adj}}}}^{{2}}$$\end{document}Radj2 = 0.607, p < 0.01). Conclusion A treadmill ultramarathon elicits significant changes in metabolic variables, running energetics and spatiotemporal gait parameters. With F and Cr explaining 61% of variance in finish time. Therefore, those able to maintain a higher F, while adopting strategies to minimise an increase in Cr may be best placed to maximise ultramarathon performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C F Howe
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science Engineering and Computing, Kingston University London, Penryhn Road, Kingston upon Thames, KT1 2EE, UK.
| | - Nicola Swann
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science Engineering and Computing, Kingston University London, Penryhn Road, Kingston upon Thames, KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Owen Spendiff
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science Engineering and Computing, Kingston University London, Penryhn Road, Kingston upon Thames, KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Anna Kosciuk
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science Engineering and Computing, Kingston University London, Penryhn Road, Kingston upon Thames, KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Elizabeth K L Pummell
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science Engineering and Computing, Kingston University London, Penryhn Road, Kingston upon Thames, KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Hannah J Moir
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science Engineering and Computing, Kingston University London, Penryhn Road, Kingston upon Thames, KT1 2EE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Implications of sample size and acquired number of steps to investigate running biomechanics. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3083. [PMID: 33542463 PMCID: PMC7862397 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82876-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Low reproducibility and non-optimal sample sizes are current concerns in scientific research, especially within human movement studies. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the implications of different sample sizes and number of steps on data variability and statistical outcomes from kinematic and kinetics running biomechanical variables. Forty-four participants ran overground using their preferred technique (normal) and minimizing the contact sound volume (silent). Running speed, peak vertical, braking forces, and vertical average loading rate were extracted from > 40 steps/runner. Data stability was computed using a sequential estimation technique. Statistical outcomes (p values and effect sizes) from the comparison normal vs silent running were extracted from 100,000 random samples, using various combinations of sample size (from 10 to 40 runners) and number of steps (from 5 to 40 steps). The results showed that only 35% of the study sample could reach average stability using up to 10 steps across all biomechanical variables. The loading rate was consistently significantly lower during silent running compared to normal running, with large effect sizes across all combinations. However, variables presenting small or medium effect sizes (running speed and peak braking force), required > 20 runners to reach significant differences. Therefore, varying sample sizes and number of steps are shown to influence the normal vs silent running statistical outcomes in a variable-dependent manner. Based on our results, we recommend that studies involving analysis of traditional running biomechanical variables use a minimum of 25 participants and 25 steps from each participant to provide appropriate data stability and statistical power.
Collapse
|
17
|
König S, Jockenhöfer C, Billich C, Beer M, Machann J, Schmidt-Trucksäss A, Schütz U. Long distance running - Can bioprofiling predict success in endurance athletes? Med Hypotheses 2020; 146:110474. [PMID: 33418424 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The TransEuropeFootRace (TEFR) was one of the most extreme multistage competitions worldwide. The ultramarathon took the runners over a distance of 4487 km, from Bari, Italy, to the North Cape, Norway, in 64 days. The participating ultra-long-distance runners had to complete almost two marathons per day (~70 km). The race was accompanied by a research team analysing adaptations of different organ systems of the human body that were exposed to a chronic lack of regeneration time. Here, we analyzed runner's urine using mass spectrometric profiling of thousands of low-molecular weight compounds. The results indicated that pre-race molecular factors can predict finishers and separate them from nonfinishers already before the race. These observations were related to the training volume as finishers ran about twice as many kilometers per week before TEFR than nonfinishers, thus apparently achieving a higher performance level and resistance against overuse. While this hypothesis needs to be validated in future long-distance races, the bioprofiling experiments suggest that the competition readiness of the runners is measurable and might be adjustable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone König
- Core Unit Proteomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University of Münster, Germany.
| | - Charlotte Jockenhöfer
- Core Unit Proteomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Billich
- Clinic for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Ulm, Germany
| | - Meinrad Beer
- Clinic for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Ulm, Germany
| | - Jürgen Machann
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany; Section on Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
| | - Arno Schmidt-Trucksäss
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Division Sports and Exercise Medicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Schütz
- Clinic for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
LeBlanc B, Hernandez EM, McGinnis RS, Gurchiek RD. Continuous estimation of ground reaction force during long distance running within a fatigue monitoring framework: A Kalman filter-based model-data fusion approach. J Biomech 2020; 115:110130. [PMID: 33257007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.110130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Estimation of ground reaction forces in runners has been limited to laboratory environments by means of instrumented treadmills, in-ground force plates and optoelectronic systems. Recent advances in estimation techniques using wearable sensors for kinematic analysis and sports performance could enable estimation outside the laboratory. This paper proposes a state-input-parameter estimation framework to continuously estimate the vertical ground reaction force waveform during running. By modeling a runner as a single degree of freedom mass-spring-damper with acceleration measurements at the sacrum a state-space formulation can be applied using Newtonian methods. A dual-Kalman filter is employed to estimate the unmeasured system input which feeds through to an unscented Kalman filter to estimate system dynamics and unknown model parameters (e.g. spring stiffness). For validation, 14 subjects performed three one-minute running trials at three different speeds (self-selected slow, comfortable, and fast) on a pressure-sensor-instrumented treadmill. The estimated vertical ground reaction force waveform parameters; peak vertical ground reaction force (RMSE=6.1-7.2%,ρ=0.95-0.97), vertical impulse (RMSE=8.5-13.0%,ρ=0.50-0.60), loading rate (RMSE=24.6-39.4%,ρ=0.85-0.93), and cadence RMSE<1%,ρ=1.00 were compared against the instrumented treadmill measurements. The proposed state-input-parameter estimation framework could monitor personalized vertical ground reaction force metrics for potential biofeedback applications. The feedback mechanism could provide information about the vertical ground reaction force characteristics to the runner as they are running to provide knowledge of both desirable and undesirable loading characteristics experienced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin LeBlanc
- College of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - Eric M Hernandez
- College of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Ryan S McGinnis
- College of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Reed D Gurchiek
- College of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Nardello F, Venturini N, Skroce K, Tarperi C, Schena F. Kinematic and mechanical changes during a long half-marathon race: males and females at uphill/downhill slopes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:350-358. [PMID: 32936571 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11177-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to compare the running kinematics and the spring mass model mechanics over an entire half-marathon race in male and female athletes on different slopes (-7%, 0% and +7%). METHODS 59 recreational runners (39 males and 20 females) participated in this study. Their running steps at own best self-selected speed were video recorded during a half-marathon (i.e. in ecological conditions): the kinematic variables (i.e. running speed, stride length and frequency, contact and flight time) were calculated, as well as the spring-mass characteristics (i.e. leg and vertical stiffness) of their running steps. RESULTS Males were able to run with greater speeds and lengths compared to females (P<0.001) but with lower flight times (P<0.05), and they reached higher values of both leg and vertical stiffness (P<0.001). During downhill running, step lengths were larger compared to the level and the uphill (+6%) whereas frequencies slightly decreased (-2%), and aerial times were the greatest ones (+17%). During uphill running, contact times were slightly higher compared to other conditions (+3%), and leg stiffness reached the lowest values (-8%). CONCLUSIONS This study confirmed that there are important alterations in running steps in function of sex and surface slope. Importantly, the response to fatigue (i.e. alterations with the covered distance) does not alter these sex differences and is therefore independent of the sloped conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Nardello
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy -
| | - Nicola Venturini
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Kristina Skroce
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Cantor Tarperi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fatigue-Related Changes in Running Gait Patterns Persist in the Days Following a Marathon Race. J Sport Rehabil 2020; 29:934-941. [PMID: 31825892 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2019-0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The risk of experiencing an overuse running-related injury can increase with atypical running biomechanics associated with neuromuscular fatigue and/or training errors. While it is important to understand the changes in running biomechanics within a fatigue-inducing run, it may be more clinically relevant to assess gait patterns in the days following a marathon to better evaluate the effects of inadequate recovery on injury. OBJECTIVE To use center of mass (CoM) acceleration patterns to investigate changes in running patterns prior to (PRE) and at 2 (POST2) and 7 (POST7) days following a marathon race. DESIGN Pre-post intervention study. SETTING A 200-m oval track surface. PARTICIPANTS Seventeen recreational marathon runners (10 females, age = 34.2 [5.67] y; 7 males, age = 47.41 [15.32] y). INTERVENTION Marathon race. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES An inertial measurement unit was placed near the CoM to collect triaxial acceleration data during overground running for PRE, POST2, and POST7 sessions. Twenty-two features were extracted from the acceleration waveforms to characterize different aspects of running gait. Lower-limb musculoskeletal pain was also recorded at each session with a visual analog scale. RESULTS At POST2, runners reported higher self-reported pain and exhibited elevated peak mediolateral acceleration with an increased mediolateral ratio of acceleration root mean square compared with PRE. At POST7, pain was reduced and more similar to PRE, with runners demonstrating increased stride regularity in the vertical direction and decreased peak resultant acceleration. CONCLUSIONS The observed changes in CoM motion at POST2 may be associated with atypical running biomechanics that can translate to greater mediolateral impulses, potentially increasing the risk of injury. This study demonstrates the use of an accelerometer as an effective tool to detect atypical CoM motion for runners due to fatigue, recovery, and musculoskeletal pain in real-world environments.
Collapse
|
21
|
Weir G, Willwacher S, Trudeau MB, Wyatt H, Hamill J. The Influence of Prolonged Running and Footwear on Lower Extremity Joint Stiffness. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:2608-2614. [PMID: 32496368 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to compare leg, sagittal plane knee and ankle, and frontal plane ankle stiffness over the course of a prolonged treadmill run in neutral and stability footwear. METHODS Thirteen male habitual rearfoot runners completed two biomechanical testing sessions in which they ran for 21 min at their preferred running speed in a neutral shoe, then changed either into the same neutral shoe or a stability shoe and ran a further 21 min on a force-instrumented treadmill. Three-dimensional kinematics and kinetics were recorded at the beginning and end of each 21-min interval. RESULTS No differences were observed in leg stiffness between footwear conditions throughout the run (P > 0.05). Knee stiffness increased during the first 21 min (P = 0.009), whereas ankle stiffness reduced at minute 21 (P = 0.004) and minute 44 (P = 0.006). These changes were modulated by an increase in ankle joint compliance and knee joint moments. No differences were observed between footwear conditions for leg and sagittal plane lower extremity joint stiffness (P > 0.05). During the second half of the run, frontal plane ankle stiffness increased in the stability shoe but decreased in the neutral shoe (P = 0.019), attributed to reduced eversion range of motion caused by the added medial post. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that over the course of a prolonged treadmill run, shock attenuation strategies change, which may affect the knee joint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Weir
- Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
| | - Steffen Willwacher
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, GERMANY
| | | | - Hannah Wyatt
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, NEW ZEALAND
| | - Joseph Hamill
- Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jeker D, Falbriard M, Vernillo G, Meyer F, Savoldelli A, Degache F, Schena F, Aminian K, Millet GP. Changes in spatio-temporal gait parameters and vertical speed during an extreme mountain ultra-marathon. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 20:1339-1345. [PMID: 31914356 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1712480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of altitude and distance on uphill vertical speed (VS) and the main spatio-temporal gait parameters during an extreme mountain ultra-marathon. The VS, stride height (SH) and stride frequency (SF) of 27 runners were measured with an inertial sensor at the shank for two different altitude ranges (low 1300-2000 m vs high 2400-3200 m) of 10 mountains passes distributed over a 220 km course. There was a significant interaction (F(4,52) = 4.04, p < 0.01) for the effect of altitude and distance on VS. During the first passes, the mean VS was faster at lower altitudes, but this difference disappeared at a quarter of the race length, suggesting that neuromuscular fatigue influenced the uphill velocity to a larger extent than the oxygen delivery. The average VS, SH and SF were 547 ± 135 m/h, 0.23 ± 0.05 m and 0.66 ± 0.09 Hz. The individual VS change for each uphill portions was more strongly correlated with the changes in SH (r = 0.80, P < 0.001, n = 321) than SF (r = 0.43, P < 0.001, n = 321). This suggests a large effect of the knee extensors strength loss on the diminution of VS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Jeker
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Falbriard
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gianluca Vernillo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,CeRiSM, Research Centre 'Sport, Mountain and Health', University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Frederic Meyer
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aldo Savoldelli
- CeRiSM, Research Centre 'Sport, Mountain and Health', University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Francis Degache
- School of Health Sciences, University of Applied Science and Arts Western Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Federico Schena
- CeRiSM, Research Centre 'Sport, Mountain and Health', University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Kamiar Aminian
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Verheul J, Nedergaard NJ, Vanrenterghem J, Robinson MA. Measuring biomechanical loads in team sports – from lab to field. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2019.1709654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Verheul
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | - Mark A. Robinson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Simple method for measuring center of mass work during field running. J Biomech 2019; 97:109369. [PMID: 31685220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.109369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to propose and validate a new simple method for calculation of center of mass work during field running, in order to avoid the use of costly and inconvenient measurement devices. This method relies on spring-mass model and measurements of average horizontal velocity, and contact and flight times during running. Ten male, recreational subjects ran on a dynamometer treadmill at different velocities ranging from 2.22 to 4.44 m·s-1 during 4 min 30 s for each velocity. Twenty consecutive steps were analyzed after 3 min 30 s. The potential (Wpot), forward kinetic (Wkinf) and the total center of mass (Wext) work data obtained with this new method were compared with the reference data calculated from ground reaction force measurements. Wext, Wpot and Wkinf values calculated with the proposed method were respectively +3.39 ± 0.77% higher, -4.14 ± 0.72% lower and +7.34 ± 1.08% higher than values obtained by the reference method. Furthermore, significant linear regressions close to the identity line were obtained between the reference and the proposed method values of works (r = 0.99, p < 0.05 for Wext; r = 0.98, p < 0.05 for Wpot; r = 0.98, p < 0.05 for Wkinf). It was concluded that this new method could provide a good estimate of center of mass work in field running thanks to a few simple mechanical parameters.
Collapse
|
25
|
Khassetarash A, Hassannejad R, Ettefagh MM, Oskouei AE. Vibration settling time of the gastrocnemius remains constant during an exhaustive run in rear foot strike runners. J Biomech 2019; 93:140-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
26
|
Sanno M, Willwacher S, Epro G, Brüggemann GP. Positive Work Contribution Shifts from Distal to Proximal Joints during a Prolonged Run. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 50:2507-2517. [PMID: 30169401 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the joint-specific contributions to the total lower-extremity joint work during a prolonged fatiguing run. METHODS Recreational long-distance runners (n = 13) and competitive long-distance runners (n = 12) performed a 10-km treadmill run with near-maximal effort. A three-dimensional motion capture system synchronized with a force-instrumented treadmill was used to calculate joint kinetics and kinematics of the lower extremity in the sagittal plane during the stance phase at 13 distance points over the 10-km run. RESULTS A significant (P < 0.05) decrease of positive ankle joint work as well as an increase of positive knee and hip joint work was found. These findings were associated with a redistribution of the individual contributions to total lower-extremity work away from the ankle toward the knee and hip joint which was more distinctive in the recreational runner group than in the competitive runner group. This redistribution was accomplished by significant (P < 0.05) reductions of the external ground-reaction force lever arm and joint torque at the ankle and by the significant (P < 0.05) increase of the external ground-reaction force lever arm and joint torque at the knee and hip. CONCLUSIONS The redistribution of joint work from the ankle to more proximal joints might be a biomechanical mechanism that could partly explain the decreased running economy in a prolonged fatiguing run. This might be because muscle-tendon units crossing proximal joints are less equipped for energy storage and return compared with ankle plantar flexors and require greater muscle volume activation for a given force. To improve running performance, long-distance runners may benefit from an exercise-induced enhancement of ankle plantar flexor muscle-tendon unit capacities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Sanno
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, GERMANY.,German Research Center of Elite Sport, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, GERMANY
| | - Steffen Willwacher
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, GERMANY.,Institute of Functional Diagnostics, Cologne, GERMANY
| | - Gaspar Epro
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, GERMANY.,Sport and Exercise Science Research Center, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Gert-Peter Brüggemann
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, GERMANY.,German Research Center of Elite Sport, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, GERMANY.,Institute of Functional Diagnostics, Cologne, GERMANY
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Matta GG, Bossi AH, Millet GY, Lima P, Lima JPD, Hopker JG. Influence of a slow-start on overall performance and running kinematics during 6-h ultramarathon races. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 20:347-356. [PMID: 31154905 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1627422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe the pacing during a 6-h ultramarathon (race 1) and to investigate whether a slow-start affects performance, running kinematic changes, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and fatigue (ROF) (race 2). After a critical speed test, participants completed two 6-h ultramarathons. Race 1 (n = 16) was self-paced, whereas in race 2 (n = 10), athletes performed the initial 36 min at speeds 18% below the mean speed of the initial 36 min of race 1. In race 1, participants adopted an inverse sigmoid pacing. Contact times increased after 1 h, and flight times decreased after 30 min (all P ≤ .009); stride length reduced after 1 h 30 min (all P = .022), and stride frequency did not change. Despite the lower speeds during the first 10% of race 2, and higher speeds at 50% and 90%, performance remained unchanged (57.5 ± 10.2 vs. 56.3 ± 8.5 km; P = .298). However, RPE and ROF were lowered for most of race 2 duration (all P < .001). For the comparison of kinematic variables between races, data were normalised by absolute running speed at each time point from 1 h onwards. No differences were found for any of the kinematic variables. In conclusion, decreasing initial speed minimises RPE and ROF, but does not necessarily affect performance. In addition, running kinematic changes do not seem to be affected by pacing manipulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme G Matta
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Arthur H Bossi
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chatham, UK
| | - Guillaume Y Millet
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Étienne, F-42023, EA 7424, France
| | - Pedro Lima
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Jorge P de Lima
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - James G Hopker
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chatham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Vernillo G, Doucende G, Cassirame J, Mourot L. Energetically optimal stride frequency is maintained with fatigue in trained ultramarathon runners. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22:1054-1058. [PMID: 31029549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES At a given running speed, humans naturally endeavor to achieve an optimal stride frequency that minimizes metabolic cost. Research has suggested that runners select this near optimal stride frequency in some process of self-optimization even during fatiguing tasks up to 1-h of high-intensity running. Here, we studied whether runners demonstrate a similar self-optimizing capability after an ultramarathon of 6 h. DESIGN Controlled pre-post study. METHOD We collected temporal stride kinematics and metabolic data in nine (experimental group) male runners before and after 6 h of running and in six (control group) male ultramarathon runners who did not run, but stayed awake and performed normal, daily physical activities avoiding strenuous exercises over the 6-h period. For each participant, preferred and optimal stride frequencies were measured, where stride frequency was systematically varied above and below PSF (±4% and ±8%). RESULTS Preferred and optimal stride frequencies across time and group showed no significant differences (p ≥ 0.276). Furthermore, neither the overall relationship between metabolic cost and stride frequency, nor the energetically optimal stride frequency changed substantially after several hours of running. CONCLUSIONS Similar dynamics of stride frequency adjustments in the experimental group occurred as those found in a non-fatigued state. This suggests that after an ultramarathon of 6 h, runners were still able to optimize their gait, and automatically adjust it in order to converge on the energetically optimal gait.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Vernillo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Canada.
| | - Gregory Doucende
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Laboratoire Européen Performance Santé Altitude (LEPSA), France
| | - Johan Cassirame
- Laboratoire Culture, Sport, Santé et Société, Exercise and Performance Health Innovation (EPHI) platform, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, France
| | - Laurent Mourot
- EA3920 Prognostic Factors and Regulatory Factors of Cardiac and Vascular Pathologies, Exercise Performance Health Innovation (EPHI) platform, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, France; Tomsk Polytechnic University, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Murray A, Buttfield A, Simpkin A, Sproule J, Turner AP. Variability of within-step acceleration and daily wellness monitoring in Collegiate American Football. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22:488-493. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
30
|
Burns GT, Zendler JM, Zernicke RF. Step frequency patterns of elite ultramarathon runners during a 100-km road race. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:462-468. [PMID: 30543498 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00374.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Step frequency (SF) in running has received substantial interest from researchers, coaches, therapists, and runners. It has been widely studied in controlled settings, but no published study has measured it continuously in elite-level competition. The present study used wrist-based accelerometers in consumer-grade watches to monitor SF and SF variability of competitors in the 2016 100-km World Championship road race. Using linear mixed-model regression, SF and SF variability were assessed across the race. The average SF (steps-per-minute) of competitors ( n = 20) was 182.0 spm (range: 155.4-203.1 spm). Race fluctuations in SF were influenced only by the speed the competitors were running, with faster speeds being associated with greater SF (5.6 spm/m·s-1, P < 0.001). Independently of this speed relation, SF did not significantly change over the course of the race. SF was further linked to the runner's stature (-123.1 spm/m, P = 0.01) but not significantly related to sex, weight, age, or years of experience. The SF coefficient-of-variation was inversely associated with running speed and distance covered, with runners demonstrating decreasing variability both at faster speeds and as the race progressed. Together, these results add ecological evidence to observations of a speed dependency of SF in a highly trained, elite population of runners and suggest that in road race conditions, SF changes only with speed and not fatigue. Furthermore, it presents evidence that the variability of an elite runner's SF is linked to both speed and fatigue but not to any other characteristics of the runner. The current findings are important for runners, clinicians, and coaches as they seek to monitor or manipulate SF. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Stride frequency (SF; or the synonymous "cadence") has become a popular point of monitoring and manipulation in runners. Advances in wearable technology have enabled continuous monitoring of SF. This study is the first to examine SF and SF variability patterns throughout an entire road race in elite ultramarathon runners. This adds ecological, normative data to the field's understanding of SF and demonstrates how it relates to running speed, fatigue, and individual characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey T Burns
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, 1402 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jessica M Zendler
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, 1402 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ronald F Zernicke
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, 1402 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Martens G, Deflandre D, Schwartz C, Dardenne N, Bury T. Reproducibility of the Evolution of Stride Biomechanics During Exhaustive Runs. J Hum Kinet 2018; 64:57-69. [PMID: 30429899 PMCID: PMC6231343 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Running biomechanics and its evolution that occurs over intensive trials are widely studied, but few studies have focused on the reproducibility of stride evolution in these runs. The purpose of this investigation was to assess the reproducibility of changes in eight biomechanical variables during exhaustive runs, using three-dimensional analysis. Ten male athletes (age: 23 ± 4 years; maximal oxygen uptake: 57.5 ± 4.4 ml02·min-1·kg-1; maximal aerobic speed: 19.3 ± 0.8 km·h-1) performed a maximal treadmill test. Between 3 to 10 days later, they started a series of three time-to-exhaustion trials at 90% of the individual maximal aerobic speed, seven days apart. During these trials eight biomechanical variables were recorded over a 20-s period every 4 min until exhaustion. The evolution of a variable over a trial was represented as the slope of the linear regression of these variables over time. Reproducibility was assessed with intraclass correlation coefficients and variability was quantified as standard error of measurement. Changes in five variables (swing duration, stride frequency, step length, centre of gravity vertical and lateral amplitude) showed moderate to good reproducibility (0.48 ≤ ICC ≤ 0.72), while changes in stance duration, reactivity and foot orientation showed poor reproducibility (-0.71 ≤ ICC ≤ 0.04). Fatigue-induced changes in stride biomechanics do not follow a reproducible course across the board; however, several variables do show satisfactory stability: swing duration, stride frequency, step length and centre of gravity shift.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Martens
- Coma Science Group, GIGA-Research & Neurology Department, University and University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Department of Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Dorian Deflandre
- Department of Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Cédric Schwartz
- Department of Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Laboratory of Human Motion Analysis - LAMH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Nadia Dardenne
- Public Health Department, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Thierry Bury
- Department of Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Clermont CA, Benson LC, Osis ST, Kobsar D, Ferber R. Running patterns for male and female competitive and recreational runners based on accelerometer data. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:204-211. [PMID: 29920155 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1488518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to classify runners in sex-specific groups as either competitive or recreational based on center of mass (CoM) accelerations. Forty-one runners participated in the study (25 male and 16 female), and were labeled as competitive or recreational based on age, sex, and race performance. Three-dimensional acceleration data were collected during a 5-minute treadmill run, and 24 features were extracted. Support vector machine classification models were used to examine the utility of the features in discriminating between competitive and recreational runners within each sex-specific subgroup. Competitive and recreational runners could be classified with 82.63 % and 80.4 % in the male and female models, respectively. Dominant features in both models were related to regularity and variability, with competitive runners exhibiting more consistent running gait patterns, but the specific features were slightly different in each sex-specific model. Therefore, it is important to separate runners into sex-specific competitive and recreational subgroups for future running biomechanical studies. In conclusion, we have demonstrated the ability to analyze running biomechanics in competitive and recreational runners using only CoM acceleration patterns. A runner, clinician, or coach may use this information to monitor how running patterns change as a result of training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren C Benson
- a Faculty of Kinesiology , University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada
| | - Sean T Osis
- a Faculty of Kinesiology , University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada.,b Running Injury Clinic , Calgary , AB , Canada
| | - Dylan Kobsar
- a Faculty of Kinesiology , University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada
| | - Reed Ferber
- a Faculty of Kinesiology , University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada.,b Running Injury Clinic , Calgary , AB , Canada.,c Faculty of Nursing , University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overuse injuries are multifactorial resulting from cumulative loading. Therefore, clear differences between normal and at-risk individuals may not be present for individual risk factors. Using a holistic measure that incorporates many of the identified risk factors, focusing on multiple joint movement patterns may give better insight into overuse injuries. Lower body stiffness may provide such a measure. OBJECTIVE To identify how risk factors for Achilles tendon injuries influence measures of lower body stiffness. METHODS SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, CINAHL and PubMed were searched for Achilles tendon injury risk factors related to vertical, leg and joint stiffness in running athletes. RESULTS Increased braking force and low surface stiffness, which were clearly associated with increased risk of Achilles tendon injuries, were also found to be associated with increased lower body stiffness. High arches and increased vertical and propulsive forces were protective for Achilles tendon injuries and were also associated with increased lower body stiffness. Risk factors for Achilles tendon injuries that had unclear associations were also investigated with the evidence trending towards an increase in leg stiffness and a decrease in ankle stiffness being detrimental to Achilles tendon health. CONCLUSION Few studies have investigated the link between lower body stiffness and Achilles injury. High stiffness is potentially associated with risk factors for Achilles tendon injuries although some of the evidence is controversial. Prospective injury studies are needed to confirm this relationship. Large amounts of high-intensity or high-speed work or running on soft surfaces such as sand may increase Achilles injury risk. Coaches and clinicians working with athletes with new or reoccurring injuries should consider training practices of the athlete and recommend reducing speed or sand running if loading is deemed to be excessive.
Collapse
|
34
|
De Ste Croix MBA, Hughes JD, Lloyd RS, Oliver JL, Read PJ. Leg Stiffness in Female Soccer Players: Intersession Reliability and the Fatiguing Effects of Soccer-Specific Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 31:3052-3058. [PMID: 29065079 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
De Ste Croix, MBA, Hughes, JD, Lloyd, RS, Oliver, JL, and Read, PJ. Leg stiffness in female soccer players: intersession reliability and the fatiguing effects of soccer-specific exercise. J Strength Cond Res 31(11): 3052-3058, 2016-Low levels of leg stiffness and reduced leg stiffness when fatigue is present compromise physical performance and increase injury risk. The purpose of this study was to (a) determine the reliability of leg stiffness measures obtained from contact mat data and (b) explore age-related differences in leg stiffness after exposure to a soccer-specific fatigue protocol in young female soccer players. Thirty-seven uninjured female youth soccer players divided into 3 subgroups based on chronological age (under 13 [U13], under 15 [U15], and under 17 [U17] year-olds) volunteered to participate in the study. After baseline data collection, during which relative leg stiffness, contact time, and flight time were collected, participants completed an age-appropriate soccer-specific fatigue protocol (SAFT). Upon completion of the fatigue protocol, subjects were immediately retested. Intersession reliability was acceptable and could be considered capable of detecting worthwhile changes in performance. Results showed that leg stiffness decreased in the U13 year-olds, was maintained in the U15 age group, and increased in the U17 players. Contact times and flight times did not change in the U13 and U15 year-olds, but significantly decreased and increased, respectively, in the U17 age group. The data suggest that age-related changes in the neuromuscular control of leg stiffness are present in youth female soccer players. Practitioners should be aware of these discrepancies in neuromuscular responses to soccer-specific fatigue, and should tailor training programs to meet the needs of individuals, which may subsequently enhance performance and reduce injury risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark B A De Ste Croix
- 1Exercise and Sport Research Center, School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, United Kingdom; 2Youth Physical Development Unit, School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; and 3School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Bazuelo-Ruiz B, Durá-Gil JV, Palomares N, Medina E, Llana-Belloch S. Effect of fatigue and gender on kinematics and ground reaction forces variables in recreational runners. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4489. [PMID: 29576960 PMCID: PMC5865467 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of fatigue has been shown to modify running biomechanics. Overall in terms of gender, women are at lower risk than men for sustaining running-related injuries, although it depends on the factors taken into account. One possible reason for these differences in the injury rate and location might be the dissimilar running patterns between men and women. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of fatigue and gender on the kinematic and ground reaction forces (GRF) parameters in recreational runners. Fifty-seven participants (28 males and 29 females) had kinematic and GRF variables measured while running at speed of 3.3 m s−1 before and after a fatigue test protocol. The fatigue protocol included (1) a running Course-Navette test, (2) running up and down a flight of stairs for 5 min, and (3) performance of alternating jumps on a step (five sets of 1 minute each with 30 resting seconds between the sets). Fatigue decreased dorsiflexion (14.24 ± 4.98° in pre-fatigue and 12.65 ± 6.21° in fatigue condition, p < 0.05) at foot strike phase in females, and plantar flexion (−19.23 ± 4.12° in pre-fatigue and −18.26 ± 5.31° in fatigue condition, p < 0.05) at toe-off phase in males. These changes led to a decreased loading rate (88.14 ± 25.82 BW/s in pre-fatigue and 83.97 ± 18.83 BW/s in fatigue condition, p < 0.05) and the impact peak in females (1.95 ± 0.31 BW in pre-fatigue and 1.90 ± 0.31 BW in fatigue condition, p < 0.05), and higher peak propulsive forces in males (−0.26 ± 0.04 BW in pre-fatigue and −0.27 ± 0.05 BW in fatigue condition, p < 0.05) in the fatigue condition. It seems that better responses to impact under a fatigue condition are observed among women. Further studies should confirm whether these changes represent a strategy to optimize shock attenuation, prevent running injuries and improve running economy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bazuelo-Ruiz
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kim HK, Mirjalili SA, Fernandez J. Gait kinetics, kinematics, spatiotemporal and foot plantar pressure alteration in response to long-distance running: Systematic review. Hum Mov Sci 2018; 57:342-356. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
37
|
Barker LA, Harry JR, Mercer JA. Relationships Between Countermovement Jump Ground Reaction Forces and Jump Height, Reactive Strength Index, and Jump Time. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:248-254. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
38
|
Vernillo G, Millet GP, Millet GY. Does the Running Economy Really Increase after Ultra-Marathons? Front Physiol 2017; 8:783. [PMID: 29062284 PMCID: PMC5640780 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Vernillo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,CeRiSM, Research Centre 'Sport, Mountain and Health', University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Y Millet
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Vercruyssen F, Tartaruga M, Horvais N, Brisswalter J. Effects of Footwear and Fatigue on Running Economy and Biomechanics in Trail Runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:1976-84. [PMID: 27183120 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the effects of footwear and neuromuscular fatigue induced by short distance trail running (TR) on running economy (RE) and biomechanics in well-trained and traditionally shod runners. METHODS RE, vertical and leg stiffness (Kvert and Kleg), as well as foot strike angle were measured from two 5-min treadmill running stages performed at a speed of 2.5 (with 10% grade, uphill running) and 2.77 m·s (level running) before and after an 18.4-km TR exercise (approximately 90% of maximal heart rate) in runners wearing minimalist shoes (MS), MS plus added mass (MSm), or traditional shoes (TS). Maximal voluntary contraction torque of knee extensors and perceived muscle pain were also evaluated before and after TR. RESULTS Maximal voluntary contraction values decreased after TR in all footwear conditions (P < 0.001), indicating the occurrence of neuromuscular fatigue. In the nonfatigued condition, runners exhibited a better RE only during level running in MS and MSm (i.e., combined effects of shoe mass and midsole geometry), in association with significant decreases in foot strike angle (P < 0.05). However, no significant difference in RE was observed between shod conditions after TR during either uphill or level running. Decreases in both Kvert/Kleg and foot strike angle were more pronounced during running in MS and MSm (P < 0.05) compared with TS, whatever the period. Calf pain increased after TR when wearing MS and MSm compared with TS (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicated specific alterations in RE and biomechanics over time during the MS and MSm conditions compared with the TS condition. Future studies are warranted to evaluate the relationship between RE and footwear with fatigue in experienced minimally shod runners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Vercruyssen
- 1Laboratoire Motricité Humaine Expertise Sport Santé (LAMHESS), Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis/Université de Toulon, Toulon, FRANCE; 2LABIER, Midwest State University of Paraná, Guarapuava, BRAZIL; 3SALOMON SAS, Amer Sports Footwear Laboratory of Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology, Annecy, FRANCE; 4Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, University Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, FRANCE; and 5School of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, AUSTRALIA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Impact of a Long Run on Injury-Related Biomechanics with Relation to Weekly Mileage in Trained Male Runners. J Appl Biomech 2017; 33:216-221. [DOI: 10.1123/jab.2016-0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purposes of this study were to compare selected biomechanical variables before and after a long run, and to assess the relationship between weekly running volume and changes in lower limb biomechanics after the run. Twelve trained habitual rearfoot strike male runners ran overground before and after a treadmill long run while kinematic and kinetic data were recorded. Repeated measures analysis of variance and Cohen’s d effect sizes were used to compare kinematic and kinetic variables before and after the run. Loading rate was 6% higher after the run (p < .05) but this difference had a small effect size (d = .32). Moderate effects were found for a 25% increase in peak ankle eversion (d = 0.62) and a 10% increase in hip adduction (d = 0.60) after the run. These findings suggest that the completion of a submaximal long run does not yield potentially injurious lower limb biomechanics in uninjured rearfoot strike runners. Weekly running mileage was not correlated to biomechanical changes observed before and after the long run. Since biomechanical responses to the long run varied among runners, differences in other factors such as specific training regimens and neuromuscular control should be considered in future studies.
Collapse
|
41
|
Kerhervé HA, Samozino P, Descombe F, Pinay M, Millet GY, Pasqualini M, Rupp T. Calf Compression Sleeves Change Biomechanics but Not Performance and Physiological Responses in Trail Running. Front Physiol 2017; 8:247. [PMID: 28496411 PMCID: PMC5406472 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine whether calf compression sleeves (CS) affects physiological and biomechanical parameters, exercise performance, and perceived sensations of muscle fatigue, pain and soreness during prolonged (~2 h 30 min) outdoor trail running. Methods: Fourteen healthy trained males took part in a randomized, cross-over study consisting in two identical 24-km trail running sessions (each including one bout of running at constant rate on moderately flat terrain, and one period of all-out running on hilly terrain) wearing either degressive CS (23 ± 2 mmHg) or control sleeves (CON, <4 mmHg). Running time, heart rate and muscle oxygenation of the medial gastrocnemius muscle (measured using portable near-infrared spectroscopy) were monitored continuously. Muscle functional capabilities (power, stiffness) were determined using 20 s of maximal hopping before and after both sessions. Running biomechanics (kinematics, vertical and leg stiffness) were determined at 12 km·h−1 at the beginning, during, and at the end of both sessions. Exercise-induced Achilles tendon pain and delayed onset calf muscles soreness (DOMS) were assessed using visual analog scales. Results: Muscle oxygenation increased significantly in CS compared to CON at baseline and immediately after exercise (p < 0.05), without any difference in deoxygenation kinetics during the run, and without any significant change in run times. Wearing CS was associated with (i) higher aerial time and leg stiffness in running at constant rate, (ii) with lower ground contact time, higher leg stiffness, and higher vertical stiffness in all-out running, and (iii) with lower ground contact time in hopping. Significant DOMS were induced in both CS and CON (>6 on a 10-cm scale) with no difference between conditions. However, Achilles tendon pain was significantly lower after the trial in CS than CON (p < 0.05). Discussion: Calf compression did not modify muscle oxygenation during ~2 h 30 of trail running but significantly changed running biomechanics and lower limb muscle functional capabilities toward a more dynamic behavior compared to control session. However, wearing compression sleeves did not affect performance and exercise-induced DOMS, while it minimized Achilles tendon pain immediately after running.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo A Kerhervé
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, Université Savoie Mont BlancChambéry, France.,Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine CoastSippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Pierre Samozino
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, Université Savoie Mont BlancChambéry, France
| | | | - Matthieu Pinay
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, Université Savoie Mont BlancChambéry, France
| | - Guillaume Y Millet
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of CalgaryCalgary, Canada
| | | | - Thomas Rupp
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, Université Savoie Mont BlancChambéry, France
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Girard O, Brocherie F, Morin JB, Millet GP. Mechanical alterations during interval-training treadmill runs in high-level male team-sport players. J Sci Med Sport 2017; 20:87-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
43
|
Melcher DA, Paquette MR, Schilling BK, Bloomer RJ. Joint stiffness and running economy during imposed forefoot strike before and after a long run in rearfoot strike runners. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:2297-2303. [PMID: 27935426 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1266016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Research has focused on the effects of acute strike pattern modifications on lower extremity joint stiffness and running economy (RE). Strike pattern modifications on running biomechanics have mostly been studied while runners complete short running bouts. This study examined the effects of an imposed forefoot strike (FFS) on RE and ankle and knee joint stiffness before and after a long run in habitual rearfoot strike (RFS) runners. Joint kinetics and RE were collected before and after a long run. Sagittal joint kinetics were computed from kinematic and ground reaction force data that were collected during over-ground running trials in 13 male runners. RE was measured during treadmill running. Knee flexion range of motion, knee extensor moment and ankle joint stiffness were lower while plantarflexor moment and knee joint stiffness were greater during imposed FFS compared with RFS. The long run did not influence the difference in ankle and knee joint stiffness between strike patterns. Runners were more economical during RFS than imposed FFS and RE was not influenced by the long run. These findings suggest that using a FFS pattern towards the end of a long run may not be mechanically or metabolically beneficial for well-trained male RFS runners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Melcher
- a McConnell Heart Health Center , Riverside Methodist Hospital , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Max R Paquette
- b School of Health Studies , University of Memphis , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Brian K Schilling
- c Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences , University of Nevada , Las Vegas , NV , USA
| | - Richard J Bloomer
- b School of Health Studies , University of Memphis , Memphis , TN , USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kerhervé HA, Cole-Hunter T, Wiegand AN, Solomon C. Pacing during an ultramarathon running event in hilly terrain. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2591. [PMID: 27812406 PMCID: PMC5088578 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The dynamics of speed selection as a function of distance, or pacing, are used in recreational, competitive, and scientific research situations as an indirect measure of the psycho-physiological status of an individual. The purpose of this study was to determine pacing on level, uphill and downhill sections of participants in a long (>80 km) ultramarathon performed on trails in hilly terrain. METHODS Fifteen ultramarathon runners competed in a 173 km event (five finished at 103 km) carrying a Global-Positioning System (GPS) device. Using the GPS data, we determined the speed, relative to average total speed, in level (LEV), uphill (UH) and downhill (DH) gradient categories as a function of total distance, as well as the correlation between overall performance and speed variability, speed loss, and total time stopped. RESULTS There were no significant differences in normality, variances or means in the relative speed in 173-km and 103-km participants. Relative speed decreased in LEV, UH and DH. The main component of speed loss occurred between 5% and 50% of the event distance in LEV, and between 5% and 95% in UH and DH. There were no significant correlations between overall performance and speed loss, the variability of speed, or total time stopped. CONCLUSIONS Positive pacing was observed at all gradients, with the main component of speed loss occurring earlier (mixed pacing) in LEV compared to UH and DH. A speed reserve (increased speed in the last section) was observed in LEV and UH. The decrease in speed and variability of speed were more important in LEV and DH than in UH. The absence of a significant correlation between overall performance and descriptors of pacing is novel and indicates that pacing in ultramarathons in trails and hilly terrain differs to other types of running events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo A Kerhervé
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast , Sippy Downs , QLD , Australia
| | - Tom Cole-Hunter
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Aaron N Wiegand
- School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast , Sippy Downs , QLD , Australia
| | - Colin Solomon
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast , Sippy Downs , QLD , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Giandolini M, Vernillo G, Samozino P, Horvais N, Edwards WB, Morin JB, Millet GY. Fatigue associated with prolonged graded running. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:1859-73. [PMID: 27456477 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3437-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Scientific experiments on running mainly consider level running. However, the magnitude and etiology of fatigue depend on the exercise under consideration, particularly the predominant type of contraction, which differs between level, uphill, and downhill running. The purpose of this review is to comprehensively summarize the neurophysiological and biomechanical changes due to fatigue in graded running. When comparing prolonged hilly running (i.e., a combination of uphill and downhill running) to level running, it is found that (1) the general shape of the neuromuscular fatigue-exercise duration curve as well as the etiology of fatigue in knee extensor and plantar flexor muscles are similar and (2) the biomechanical consequences are also relatively comparable, suggesting that duration rather than elevation changes affects neuromuscular function and running patterns. However, 'pure' uphill or downhill running has several fatigue-related intrinsic features compared with the level running. Downhill running induces severe lower limb tissue damage, indirectly evidenced by massive increases in plasma creatine kinase/myoglobin concentration or inflammatory markers. In addition, low-frequency fatigue (i.e., excitation-contraction coupling failure) is systematically observed after downhill running, although it has also been found in high-intensity uphill running for different reasons. Indeed, low-frequency fatigue in downhill running is attributed to mechanical stress at the interface sarcoplasmic reticulum/T-tubule, while the inorganic phosphate accumulation probably plays a central role in intense uphill running. Other fatigue-related specificities of graded running such as strategies to minimize the deleterious effects of downhill running on muscle function, the difference of energy cost versus heat storage or muscle activity changes in downhill, level, and uphill running are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Giandolini
- Salomon SAS, Amer Sports Innovation and Sport Sciences Laboratory, 74996, Annecy, France.,Inter-universitary Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (EA 7424), University Savoie Mont Blanc, 73376, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
| | - Gianluca Vernillo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.,CeRiSM, Research Center for Sport, Mountain and Health, University of Verona, Rovereto, TN, Italy
| | - Pierre Samozino
- Inter-universitary Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (EA 7424), University Savoie Mont Blanc, 73376, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
| | - Nicolas Horvais
- Salomon SAS, Amer Sports Innovation and Sport Sciences Laboratory, 74996, Annecy, France.,Inter-universitary Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (EA 7424), University Savoie Mont Blanc, 73376, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
| | - W Brent Edwards
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | | | - Guillaume Y Millet
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Giandolini M, Gimenez P, Temesi J, Arnal PJ, Martin V, Rupp T, Morin JB, Samozino P, Millet GY. Effect of the Fatigue Induced by a 110-km Ultramarathon on Tibial Impact Acceleration and Lower Leg Kinematics. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151687. [PMID: 27031830 PMCID: PMC4816299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultramarathon runners are exposed to a high number of impact shocks and to severe neuromuscular fatigue. Runners may manage mechanical stress and muscle fatigue by changing their running kinematics. Our purposes were to study (i) the effects of a 110-km mountain ultramarathon (MUM) on tibial shock acceleration and lower limb kinematics, and (ii) whether kinematic changes are modulated according to the severity of neuromuscular fatigue. Twenty-three runners participated in the study. Pre- and post-MUM, neuromuscular tests were performed to assess knee extensor (KE) and plantar flexor (PF) central and peripheral fatigue, and a treadmill running bouts was completed during which step frequency, peak acceleration, median frequency and impact frequency content were measured from tibial acceleration, as well as foot-to-treadmill, tibia-to-treadmill, and ankle flexion angles at initial contact, and ankle range of motion using video analysis. Large neuromuscular fatigue, including peripheral changes and deficits in voluntary activation, was observed in KE and PF. MVC decrements of ~35% for KE and of ~28% for PF were noted. Among biomechanical variables, step frequency increased by ~2.7% and the ankle range of motion decreased by ~4.1% post-MUM. Runners adopting a non rearfoot strike pre-MUM adopted a less plantarflexed foot strike pattern post-MUM while those adopting a rearfoot strike pre-MUM tended to adopt a less dorsiflexed foot strike pattern post-MUM. Positive correlations were observed between percent changes in peripheral PF fatigue and the ankle range of motion. Peripheral PF fatigue was also significantly correlated to both percent changes in step frequency and the ankle angle at contact. This study suggests that in a fatigued state, ultratrail runners use compensatory/protective adjustments leading to a flatter foot landing and this is done in a fatigue dose-dependent manner. This strategy may aim at minimizing the overall load applied to the musculoskeletal system, including impact shock and muscle stretch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Giandolini
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), University Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Philippe Gimenez
- Laboratory Culture Sport Health Society (EA 4660), University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - John Temesi
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Pierrick J. Arnal
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Fatigue and Vigilance Team, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Vincent Martin
- Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques à l’Exercice en conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques (EA3533), Université Blaise Pascal Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Thomas Rupp
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), University Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
| | - Jean-Benoit Morin
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
- Laboratory of Human Motricity, Education Sport and Health (EA6312), University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Pierre Samozino
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), University Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
| | - Guillaume Y. Millet
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kerhervé HA, Millet GY, Solomon C. The Dynamics of Speed Selection and Psycho-Physiological Load during a Mountain Ultramarathon. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145482. [PMID: 26691599 PMCID: PMC4687124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise intensity during ultramarathons (UM) is expected to be regulated as a result of the development of psycho-physiological strain and in anticipation of perceived difficulties (duration, topography). The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamics of speed, heart rate and perceived exertion during a long trail UM in a mountainous setting. METHODS Fifteen participants were recruited from competitors in a 106 km trail mountain UM with a total elevation gain and loss of 5870 m. Speed and gradient, heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (dissociated between the general [RPEGEN] and knee extensor fatigue [RPEKE] and collected using a voice recorder) were measured during the UM. Self-selected speed at three gradients (level, negative, positive), HR, RPEGEN and RPEKE were determined for each 10% section of total event duration (TED). RESULTS The participants completed the event in 18.3 ± 3.0 h, for a total calculated distance of 105.6 ± 1.8 km. Speed at all gradients decreased, and HR at all gradients significantly decreased from 10% to 70%, 80% and 90%, but not 100% of TED. RPEGEN and RPEKE increased throughout the event. Speed increased from 90% to 100% of TED at all gradients. Average speed was significantly correlated with total time stopped (r = -.772; p = .001; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -1.15, -0.39) and the magnitude of speed loss (r = .540; p = .038; 95% CI = -1.04, -0.03), but not with the variability of speed (r = -.475; p = .073; 95% CI = -1.00, 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Participants in a mountain UM event combined positive pacing strategies (speed decreased until 70-90% of TED), an increased speed in the last 10% of the event, a decrease in HR at 70-90% of TED, and an increase in RPEGEN and RPEKE in the last 30% of the event. A greater speed loss and less total time stopped were the factors associated with increased total performance. These results could be explained by theoretical perspectives of a complex regulatory system modulating motor drive in anticipation of perceived difficulties such as elevation changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo A. Kerhervé
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
- Laboratoire de Physiologie de l’Exercice, EA-4338, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Guillaume Y. Millet
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Laboratoire de Physiologie de l’Exercice, Université de Lyon, F–42023, Saint–Etienne, France
| | - Colin Solomon
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Schütte KH, Maas EA, Exadaktylos V, Berckmans D, Venter RE, Vanwanseele B. Wireless Tri-Axial Trunk Accelerometry Detects Deviations in Dynamic Center of Mass Motion Due to Running-Induced Fatigue. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141957. [PMID: 26517261 PMCID: PMC4627812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Small wireless trunk accelerometers have become a popular approach to unobtrusively quantify human locomotion and provide insights into both gait rehabilitation and sports performance. However, limited evidence exists as to which trunk accelerometry measures are suitable for the purpose of detecting movement compensations while running, and specifically in response to fatigue. The aim of this study was therefore to detect deviations in the dynamic center of mass (CoM) motion due to running-induced fatigue using tri-axial trunk accelerometry. Twenty runners aged 18–25 years completed an indoor treadmill running protocol to volitional exhaustion at speeds equivalent to their 3.2 km time trial performance. The following dependent measures were extracted from tri-axial trunk accelerations of 20 running steps before and after the treadmill fatigue protocol: the tri-axial ratio of acceleration root mean square (RMS) to the resultant vector RMS, step and stride regularity (autocorrelation procedure), and sample entropy. Running-induced fatigue increased mediolateral and anteroposterior ratios of acceleration RMS (p < .05), decreased the anteroposterior step regularity (p < .05), and increased the anteroposterior sample entropy (p < .05) of trunk accelerometry patterns. Our findings indicate that treadmill running-induced fatigue might reveal itself in a greater contribution of variability in horizontal plane trunk accelerations, with anteroposterior trunk accelerations that are less regular from step-to-step and are less predictable. It appears that trunk accelerometry parameters can be used to detect deviations in dynamic CoM motion induced by treadmill running fatigue, yet it is unknown how robust or generalizable these parameters are to outdoor running environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt H. Schütte
- Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Measure, Model & Manage Bioresponses (M3-BIORES) Group, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Movement Laboratory, Department of Sport Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Ellen A. Maas
- Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vasileios Exadaktylos
- Measure, Model & Manage Bioresponses (M3-BIORES) Group, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniel Berckmans
- Measure, Model & Manage Bioresponses (M3-BIORES) Group, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rachel E. Venter
- Movement Laboratory, Department of Sport Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Benedicte Vanwanseele
- Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Giandolini M, Pavailler S, Samozino P, Morin JB, Horvais N. Foot strike pattern and impact continuous measurements during a trail running race: proof of concept in a world-class athlete. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2015.1026944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marlène Giandolini
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Sciences and Techniques of Physical and Sports Activities, University Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology, Salomon SAS, Annecy, France
| | - Sébastien Pavailler
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Sciences and Techniques of Physical and Sports Activities, University Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology, Salomon SAS, Annecy, France
| | - Pierre Samozino
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Sciences and Techniques of Physical and Sports Activities, University Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
| | - Jean-Benoît Morin
- Laboratory of Human Motricity, Education Sport and Health, Department of Sciences and Techniques of Physical and Sports Activities, University of Nice Sofia-Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Nicolas Horvais
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology, Salomon SAS, Annecy, France
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Barton CJ, Kappel SL, Ahrendt P, Simonsen O, Rathleff MS. Dynamic navicular motion measured using a stretch sensor is different between walking and running, and between over-ground and treadmill conditions. J Foot Ankle Res 2015; 8:5. [PMID: 25741384 PMCID: PMC4349491 DOI: 10.1186/s13047-015-0063-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-invasive evaluation of in-shoe foot motion has traditionally been difficult. Recently a novel ‘stretch-sensor’ was proposed as an easy and reliable method to measure dynamic foot (navicular) motion. Further validation of this method is needed to determine how different gait analysis protocols affect dynamic navicular motion. Methods Potential differences in magnitude and peak velocity of navicular motion using the ‘stretch sensor’ between (i) barefoot and shod conditions; (ii) overground and treadmill gait; and/or (iii) running and walking were evaluated in 26 healthy participants. Comparisons were made using paired t-tests. Results Magnitude and velocity of navicular motion was not different between barefoot and shod walking on the treadmill. Compared to walking, velocity of navicular motion during running was 59% and 210% higher over-ground (p < 0.0001) and on a treadmill (p < 0.0001) respectively, and magnitude of navicular motion was 23% higher during over-ground running compared to over-ground walking (p = 0.02). Compared to over-ground, magnitude of navicular motion on a treadmill was 21% and 16% greater during walking (p = 0.0004) and running (p = 0003) respectively. Additionally, maximal velocity of navicular motion during treadmill walking was 48% less than walking over-ground (p < 0.0001). Conclusion The presence of footwear has minimal impact on navicular motion during walking. Differences in navicular motion between walking and running, and treadmill and over-ground gait highlight the importance of task specificity during gait analysis. Task specificity should be considered during design of future research trials and in clinical practice when measuring navicular motion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian J Barton
- Complete Sports Care, Melbourne, Australia ; Lower Extremity Gait Studies Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia ; Pure Sports Medicine, London, Australia ; Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Simon L Kappel
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter Ahrendt
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole Simonsen
- Orthopaedic Surgery Research Unit, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Michael S Rathleff
- Department of Occupational Therapy and Physiotherapy, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark ; Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|