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French C, Robbins D, Gernigon M, Gordon D. The effects of lower limb ischaemic preconditioning: a systematic review. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1323310. [PMID: 38274048 PMCID: PMC10808809 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1323310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) involves the use of repeated occlusions and reperfusions of the peripheral muscle blood supply at a limb. This systematic literature review examines the typical responses in response to the method of application during an IPC applied at the lower limb. This review focuses on the physiological responses for VO2max, haemoglobin, metabolic and genetic responses to various IPC interventions. The literature search was performed using four databases and assessed using the PRISMA search strategy and COSMIN to assess the quality of the articles. Seventeen articles were included in the review, with a total of 237 participants. While there is variation in the method of application, the average occlusion pressure was 222 ± 34 mmHg, ranging from 170 to 300 mmHg typically for 3 or 4 occlusion cycles. The distribution of this pressure is influenced by cuff width, although 8 studies failed to report cuff width. The majority of studies applies IPC at the proximal thigh with 16/17 studies applying an occlusion below this location. The results highlighted the disparities and conflicting findings in response to various IPC methods. While there is some agreement in certain aspects of the IPC manoeuvre such as the location of the occlusion during lower limb IPC, there is a lack of consensus in the optimal protocol to elicit the desired responses. This offers the opportunity for future research to refine the protocols, associated responses, and mechanisms responsible for these changes during the application of IPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe French
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences (CCSES), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- CIAMS, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay Cedex, France
- CIAMS, Université d’Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Dan Robbins
- Medical Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Health, Education, Medicine and Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Gernigon
- CIAMS, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay Cedex, France
- CIAMS, Université d’Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Dan Gordon
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences (CCSES), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Heusch G, Andreadou I, Bell R, Bertero E, Botker HE, Davidson SM, Downey J, Eaton P, Ferdinandy P, Gersh BJ, Giacca M, Hausenloy DJ, Ibanez B, Krieg T, Maack C, Schulz R, Sellke F, Shah AM, Thiele H, Yellon DM, Di Lisa F. Health position paper and redox perspectives on reactive oxygen species as signals and targets of cardioprotection. Redox Biol 2023; 67:102894. [PMID: 37839355 PMCID: PMC10590874 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review summarizes the beneficial and detrimental roles of reactive oxygen species in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and cardioprotection. In the first part, the continued need for cardioprotection beyond that by rapid reperfusion of acute myocardial infarction is emphasized. Then, pathomechanisms of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion to the myocardium and the coronary circulation and the different modes of cell death in myocardial infarction are characterized. Different mechanical and pharmacological interventions to protect the ischemic/reperfused myocardium in elective percutaneous coronary interventions and coronary artery bypass grafting, in acute myocardial infarction and in cardiotoxicity from cancer therapy are detailed. The second part keeps the focus on ROS providing a comprehensive overview of molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in ischemia/reperfusion injury. Starting from mitochondria as the main sources and targets of ROS in ischemic/reperfused myocardium, a complex network of cellular and extracellular processes is discussed, including relationships with Ca2+ homeostasis, thiol group redox balance, hydrogen sulfide modulation, cross-talk with NAPDH oxidases, exosomes, cytokines and growth factors. While mechanistic insights are needed to improve our current therapeutic approaches, advancements in knowledge of ROS-mediated processes indicate that detrimental facets of oxidative stress are opposed by ROS requirement for physiological and protective reactions. This inevitable contrast is likely to underlie unsuccessful clinical trials and limits the development of novel cardioprotective interventions simply based upon ROS removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Heusch
- Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Ioanna Andreadou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Robert Bell
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edoardo Bertero
- Chair of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Hans-Erik Botker
- Department of Cardiology, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Sean M Davidson
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Downey
- Department of Physiology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Philip Eaton
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Heart Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Ferdinandy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bernard J Gersh
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mauro Giacca
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, King's College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Derek J Hausenloy
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore
| | - Borja Ibanez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, and CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain
| | - Thomas Krieg
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Maack
- Department of Translational Research, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute for Physiology, Justus-Liebig -Universität, Giessen, Germany
| | - Frank Sellke
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ajay M Shah
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, London, United Kingdom
| | - Holger Thiele
- Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig and Leipzig Heart Science, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Derek M Yellon
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fabio Di Lisa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli studi di Padova, Padova, Italy.
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Biral TM, de Souza Cavina AP, Junior EP, Filho CATT, Vanderlei FM. Effects of remote ischemic conditioning on conditioned pain modulation and cardiac autonomic modulation in women with knee osteoarthritis: placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial protocol. Trials 2023; 24:502. [PMID: 37550703 PMCID: PMC10405415 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07527-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is estimated that over 240 million people worldwide have osteoarthritis, which is a major contributor to chronic pain and central changes in pain processing, including endogenous pain modulation. The autonomic nervous system plays a crucial role in the pain regulatory process. One of the main mechanisms of remote ischemic conditioning is neuronal signaling from the preconditioned extremity to the heart. This study aims to analyze the acute effect of remote ischemic conditioning on local pain, conditioned pain modulation, and cardiac autonomic control in women with knee osteoarthritis and to see if there is a correlation between them. METHODS Women more than 50 years with knee osteoarthritis diagnosed according to the American College of Rheumatology criteria in the postmenopausal period will be considered eligible. The study will have blind randomization, be placebo-controlled, and be balanced in a 1:1 ratio. The total of 44 participants will be divided into two groups (22 participants per group): (i) remote ischemic conditioning and (ii) placebo remote ischemic conditioning. Protocol consisting of four cycles of total ischemia, followed immediately by four cycles of 5 min of vascular reperfusion, totaling 40 min. The primary outcomes in the protocol are conditioned pain modulation, which has the pressure pain threshold (kgf/cm2) as its primary outcome measure, and cardiac autonomic modulation, which has the indices found in heart rate variability as its primary outcome measure. Comparisons will be performed using generalized linear mixed models fitted to the data. For correlation, the Pearson or Spearman test will be used depending on the normality of the data. All analyses will assume a significance level of p < 0.05. DISCUSSION It is believed that the results of this study will present a new perspective on the interaction between the pain processing system and the cardiovascular system; they will provide the professional and the patient with a greater guarantee of cardiovascular safety in the use of the intervention; it will provide knowledge about acute responses and this will allow future chronic intervention strategies that aim to be used in the clinical environment, inserted in the multimodal approach, for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05059652. Registered on 30 August 2021. Last update on 28 March 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taíse Mendes Biral
- Postgraduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
| | - Allysiê Priscilla de Souza Cavina
- Postgraduate Program in Physiotherapy, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Pizzo Junior
- Postgraduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Toledo Teixeira Filho
- Postgraduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Franciele Marques Vanderlei
- Postgraduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
- Department of Physiotherapy, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
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Morley WN, Murrant CL, Burr JF. Ergogenic effect of ischemic preconditioning is not directly conferred to isolated skeletal muscle via blood. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1851-1861. [PMID: 37074464 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05197-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in humans has been demonstrated to confer ergogenic benefit to aerobic exercise performance, with an improvement in the response rate when the IPC stimulus is combined with concurrent exercise. Despite potential performance improvements, the nature of the neuronal and humoral mechanisms of conferral and their respective contributions to ergogenic benefit remain unclear. We sought to examine the effects of the humoral component of ischemic preconditioning on skeletal muscle tissue using preconditioned human serum and isolated mouse soleus. METHODS Isolated mouse soleus was electrically stimulated to contract while in human serum preconditioned with either traditional (IPC) or augmented (AUG) ischemic preconditioning compared to control (CON) and exercise (ERG) preconditioning. Force frequency (FF) curves, twitch responses, and a fatigue-recovery protocol were performed on muscles before and after the addition of serum. After preconditioning, human participants performed a 4 km cycling time trial in order to identify responders and non-responders to IPC. RESULTS No differences in indices of contractile function, fatiguability, nor recovery were observed between conditions in mouse soleus muscles. Further, no human participants improved performance in a 4-km cycling time trial in response to traditional nor augmented ischemic preconditioning compared to control or exercise conditions (CON 407.7 ± 41.1 s, IPC 411.6 ± 41.9 s, ERG 408.8 ± 41.4 s, AUG 414.1 ± 41.9 s). CONCLUSIONS Our findings do not support the conferral of ergogenic benefit via a humoral component of IPC at the intracellular level. Ischemic preconditioning may not manifest prominently at submaximal exercise intensities, and augmented ischemic preconditioning may have a hormetic relationship with performance improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- William N Morley
- Human Performance & Health Research Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Coral L Murrant
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jamie F Burr
- Human Performance & Health Research Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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Marocolo M, Hohl R, Arriel RA, Mota GR. Ischemic preconditioning and exercise performance: are the psychophysiological responses underestimated? Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:683-693. [PMID: 36478078 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05109-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The findings of the ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on exercise performance are mixed regarding types of exercise, protocols and participants' training status. Additionally, studies comparing IPC with sham (i.e., low-pressure cuff) and/or control (i.e., no cuff) interventions are contentious. While studies comparing IPC versus a control group generally show an IPC significant effect on performance, sham interventions show the same performance improvement. Thus, the controversy over IPC ergogenic effect may be due to limited discussion on the psychophysiological mechanisms underlying cuff maneuvers. Psychophysiology is the study of the interrelationships between mind, body and behavior, and mental processes are the result of the architecture of the nervous system and voluntary exercise is a behavior controlled by the central command modulated by sensory inputs. Therefore, this narrative review aims to associate potential IPC-induced positive effects on performance with sensorimotor pathways (e.g., sham influencing bidirectional body-brain integration), hemodynamic and metabolic changes (i.e., blood flow occlusion reperfusion cycles). Overall, IPC and sham-induced mechanisms on exercise performance may be due to a bidirectional body-brain integration of muscle sensory feedback to the central command resulting in delayed time to exhaustion, alterations on perceptions and behavior. Additionally, hemodynamic responses and higher muscle oxygen extraction may justify the benefits of IPC on muscle contractile function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moacir Marocolo
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Hohl
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rhaí André Arriel
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R Mota
- Exercise Science, Health and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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O’Brien L, Jacobs I. Potential physiological responses contributing to the ergogenic effects of acute ischemic preconditioning during exercise: A narrative review. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1051529. [PMID: 36518104 PMCID: PMC9742576 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1051529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been reported to augment exercise performance, but there is considerable heterogeneity in the magnitude and frequency of performance improvements. Despite a burgeoning interest in IPC as an ergogenic aid, much is still unknown about the physiological mechanisms that mediate the observed performance enhancing effects. This narrative review collates those physiological responses to IPC reported in the IPC literature and discusses how these responses may contribute to the ergogenic effects of IPC. Specifically, this review discusses documented central and peripheral cardiovascular responses, as well as selected metabolic, neurological, and perceptual effects of IPC that have been reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam O’Brien
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ira Jacobs
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Tannenbaum Institute for Science in Sport, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Peden DL, Mitchell EA, Bailey SJ, Ferguson RA. Ischaemic preconditioning blunts exercise-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, speeds oxygen uptake kinetics but does not alter severe-intensity exercise capacity. Exp Physiol 2022; 107:1241-1254. [PMID: 36030522 PMCID: PMC9826326 DOI: 10.1113/ep090264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Ischaemic preconditioning is a novel pre-exercise priming strategy. We asked whether ischaemic preconditioning would alter mitochondrial respiratory function and pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics and improve severe-intensity exercise performance. What is the main finding and its importance? Ischaemic preconditioning expedited overall pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics and appeared to prevent an increase in leak respiration, proportional to maximal electron transfer system and ADP-stimulated respiration, that was evoked by severe-intensity exercise in sham-control conditions. However, severe-intensity exercise performance was not improved. The results do not support ischaemic preconditioning as a pre-exercise strategy to improve exercise performance in recreationally active participants. ABSTRACT We examined the effect of ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) on severe-intensity exercise performance, pulmonary oxygen uptake ( V ̇ O 2 ${\dot V_{{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}}}$ ) kinetics, skeletal muscle oxygenation (muscle tissue O2 saturation index) and mitochondrial respiration. Eight men underwent contralateral IPC (4 × 5 min at 220 mmHg) or sham-control (SHAM; 20 mmHg) before performing a cycling time-to-exhaustion test (92% maximum aerobic power). Muscle (vastus lateralis) biopsies were obtained before IPC or SHAM and ∼1.5 min postexercise. The time to exhaustion did not differ between SHAM and IPC (249 ± 37 vs. 240 ± 32 s; P = 0.62). Pre- and postexercise ADP-stimulated (P) and maximal (E) mitochondrial respiration through protein complexes (C) I, II and IV did not differ (P > 0.05). Complex I leak respiration was greater postexercise compared with baseline in SHAM, but not in IPC, when normalized to wet mass (P = 0.01 vs. P = 0.19), mitochondrial content (citrate synthase activity, P = 0.003 vs. P = 0.16; CI+IIP, P = 0.03 vs. P = 0.23) and expressed relative to P (P = 0.006 vs. P = 0.30) and E (P = 0.004 vs. P = 0.26). The V ̇ O 2 ${\dot V_{{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}}}$ mean response time was faster (51.3 ± 15.5 vs. 63.7 ± 14.5 s; P = 0.003), with a smaller slow component (270 ± 105 vs. 377 ± 188 ml min-1 ; P = 0.03), in IPC compared with SHAM. The muscle tissue O2 saturation index did not differ between trials (P > 0.05). Ischaemic preconditioning expedited V ̇ O 2 ${\dot V_{{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}}}$ kinetics and appeared to prevent an increase in leak respiration through CI, when expressed proportional to E and P evoked by severe-intensity exercise, but did not improve exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald L. Peden
- School of SportExercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
| | - Emma A. Mitchell
- School of SportExercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
| | - Stephen J. Bailey
- School of SportExercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
| | - Richard A. Ferguson
- School of SportExercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
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Zhong Z, Dong H, Wu Y, Zhou S, Li H, Huang P, Tian H, Li X, Xiao H, Yang T, Xiong K, Zhang G, Tang Z, Li Y, Fan X, Yuan C, Ning J, Li Y, Xie J, Li P. Remote ischemic preconditioning enhances aerobic performance by accelerating regional oxygenation and improving cardiac function during acute hypobaric hypoxia exposure. Front Physiol 2022; 13:950086. [PMID: 36160840 PMCID: PMC9500473 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.950086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) may improve exercise performance. However, the influence of RIPC on aerobic performance and underlying physiological mechanisms during hypobaric hypoxia (HH) exposure remains relatively uncertain. Here, we systematically evaluated the potential performance benefits and underlying mechanisms of RIPC during HH exposure. Seventy-nine healthy participants were randomly assigned to receive sham intervention or RIPC (4 × 5 min occlusion 180 mm Hg/reperfusion 0 mm Hg, bilaterally on the upper arms) for 8 consecutive days in phases 1 (24 participants) and phase 2 (55 participants). In the phases 1, we measured the change in maximal oxygen uptake capacity (VO2max) and muscle oxygenation (SmO2) on the leg during a graded exercise test. We also measured regional cerebral oxygenation (rSO2) on the forehead. These measures and physiological variables, such as cardiovascular hemodynamic parameters and heart rate variability index, were used to evaluate the intervention effect of RIPC on the changes in bodily functions caused by HH exposure. In the phase 2, plasma protein mass spectrometry was then performed after RIPC intervention, and the results were further evaluated using ELISA tests to assess possible mechanisms. The results suggested that RIPC intervention improved VO2max (11.29%) and accelerated both the maximum (18.13%) and minimum (53%) values of SmO2 and rSO2 (6.88%) compared to sham intervention in hypobaric hypoxia exposure. Cardiovascular hemodynamic parameters (SV, SVRI, PPV% and SpMet%) and the heart rate variability index (Mean RR, Mean HR, RMSSD, pNN50, Lfnu, Hfnu, SD1, SD2/SD1, ApEn, SampEn, DFA1and DFA2) were evaluated. Protein sequence analysis showed 42 unregulated and six downregulated proteins in the plasma of the RIPC group compared to the sham group after HH exposure. Three proteins, thymosin β4 (Tβ4), heat shock protein-70 (HSP70), and heat shock protein-90 (HSP90), were significantly altered in the plasma of the RIPC group before and after HH exposure. Our data demonstrated that in acute HH exposure, RIPC mitigates the decline in VO2max and regional oxygenation, as well as physiological variables, such as cardiovascular hemodynamic parameters and the heart rate variability index, by influencing plasma Tβ4, HSP70, and HSP90. These data suggest that RIPC may be beneficial for acute HH exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Zhong
- Department of High Altitude Operational Medicine, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Huaping Dong
- Department of High Altitude Operational Medicine, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Department of High Altitude Operational Medicine, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Simin Zhou
- Department of High Altitude Operational Medicine, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Pei Huang
- Department of High Altitude Operational Medicine, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Huaijun Tian
- Department of High Altitude Operational Medicine, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Heng Xiao
- Department of High Altitude Operational Medicine, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Tian Yang
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Kun Xiong
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Zhongwei Tang
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yaling Li
- Department of High Altitude Operational Medicine, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xueying Fan
- Department of High Altitude Operational Medicine, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaolin Ning
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaxin Xie
- Department of High Altitude Operational Medicine, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Jiaxin Xie, ; Peng Li,
| | - Peng Li
- Department of High Altitude Operational Medicine, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, PLA, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Jiaxin Xie, ; Peng Li,
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9
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Bellini D, Chapman C, Peden D, Hoekstra SP, Ferguson RA, Leicht CA. Ischaemic preconditioning improves upper-body endurance performance without altering ⩒O 2 kinetics. Eur J Sport Sci 2022:1-9. [PMID: 35848989 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2103741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Whilst pre-exercise ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) can improve lower-body exercise performance, its impact on upper-limb performance has received little attention. This study examines the influence of IPC on upper-body exercise performance and oxygen uptake (⩒O2) kinetics. METHODS Eleven recreationally-active males (24 ± 2 years) completed an arm-crank graded exercise test to exhaustion to determine the power outputs at the ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2) and ⩒O2peak (40.0 ± 7.4 ml·kg-1·min-1). Four main trials were conducted, two following IPC (4 × 5-min, 220 mmHg contralateral upper-limb occlusion), the other two following SHAM (4 × 5-min, 20 mmHg). The first two trials consisted of a 15-minute constant work rate and the last two time-to-exhaustion (TTE) arm-crank tests at the power equivalents of 95% VT1 (LOW) and VT2 (HIGH), respectively. Pulmonary ⩒O2 kinetics, heart rate, blood-lactate concentration, and rating of perceived exertion were recorded throughout exercise. RESULTS TTE during HIGH was longer following IPC than SHAM (459 ± 115 vs 395 ± 102 s, p = 0.004). Mean response time and change in ⩒O2 between 2-min and end exercise (Δ⩒O2) were not different between IPC and SHAM for arm-cranking at both LOW (80.3 ± 19.0 vs 90.3 ± 23.5 s [p = 0.06], 457 ± 184 vs 443 ± 245 ml [p = 0.83]) and HIGH (96.6 ± 31.2 vs 92.1 ± 24.4 s [p = 0.65], 617 ± 321 vs 649 ± 230 ml [p = 0.74]). Heart rate, blood-lactate concentration, and rating of perceived exertion did not differ between conditions (all p≥0.05). CONCLUSION TTE was longer following IPC during upper-body exercise despite unchanged ⩒O2 kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bellini
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - C Chapman
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - D Peden
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - S P Hoekstra
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - R A Ferguson
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - C A Leicht
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Safety and Feasibility Assessment of Repetitive Vascular Occlusion Stimulus (RVOS) Application to Multi-Organ Failure Critically Ill Patients: A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11143938. [PMID: 35887701 PMCID: PMC9316533 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11143938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle wasting is implicated in the pathogenesis of intensive care unit acquired weakness (ICU-AW), affecting 40% of patients and causing long-term physical disability. A repetitive vascular occlusion stimulus (RVOS) limits muscle atrophy in healthy and orthopaedic subjects, thus, we explored its application to ICU patients. Adult multi-organ failure patients received standard care +/- twice daily RVOS {4 cycles of 5 min tourniquet inflation to 50 mmHg supra-systolic blood pressure, and 5 min complete deflation} for 10 days. Serious adverse events (SAEs), tolerability, feasibility, acceptability, and exploratory outcomes of the rectus femoris cross-sectional area (RFCSA), echogenicity, clinical outcomes, and blood biomarkers were assessed. Only 12 of the intended 32 participants were recruited. RVOS sessions (76.1%) were delivered to five participants and two could not tolerate it. No SAEs occurred; 75% of participants and 82% of clinical staff strongly agreed or agreed that RVOS is an acceptable treatment. RFCSA fell significantly and echogenicity increased in controls (n = 5) and intervention subjects (n = 4). The intervention group was associated with less frequent acute kidney injury (AKI), a greater decrease in the total sequential organ failure assessment score (SOFA) score, and increased insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and reduced syndecan-1, interleukin-4 (IL-4) and Tumor necrosis factor receptor type II (TNF-RII) levels. RVOS application appears safe and acceptable, but protocol modifications are required to improve tolerability and recruitment. There were signals of possible clinical benefit relating to RVOS application.
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11
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Ceylan B, Franchini E. Ischemic preconditioning does not improve judo-specific performance but leads to better recovery in elite judo athletes. Sci Sports 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Telles LGDS, Billaut F, Cunha G, Ribeiro ADS, Monteiro ER, Barreto AC, Leitão L, Panza P, Vianna JM, Novaes JDS. Ischemic Preconditioning Improves Handgrip Strength and Functional Capacity in Active Elderly Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116628. [PMID: 35682213 PMCID: PMC9180149 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background: Aging decreases some capacities in older adults, sarcopenia being one of the common processes that occur and that interfered with strength capacity. The present study aimed to verify the acute effect of IPC on isometric handgrip strength and functional capacity in active elderly women. Methods: In a single-blind, placebo-controlled design, 16 active elderly women (68.1 ± 7.6 years) were randomly performed on three separate occasions a series of tests: (1) alone (control, CON); (2) after IPC (3 cycles of 5-min compression/5-min reperfusion at 15 mmHg above systolic blood pressure, IPC); and (3) after placebo compressions (SHAM). Testing included a handgrip isometric strength test (HIST) and three functional tests (FT): 30 s sit and stand up from a chair (30STS), get up and go time (TUG), and 6 min walk distance test (6MWT). Results: HIST significantly increased in IPC (29.3 ± 6.9 kgf) compared to CON (27.3 ± 7.1 kgf; 7.1% difference; p = 0.01), but not in SHAM (27.7 ± 7.9; 5.5%; p = 0.16). The 30STS increased in IPC (20.1 ± 4.1 repetitions) compared to SHAM (18.5 ± 3.5 repetitions; 8.7%; p = 0.01) and CON (18.5 ± 3.9 repetitions; 8.6%; p = 0.01). TUG was significantly lower in IPC (5.70 ± 1.35 s) compared to SHAM (6.14 ± 1.37 s; −7.2%; p = 0.01), but not CON (5.91 ± 1.45 s; −3.7%; p = 0.24). The 6MWT significantly increased in IPC (611.5 ± 93.8 m) compared to CON (546.1 ± 80.5 m; 12%; p = 0.02), but not in SHAM (598.7 ± 67.6 m; 2.1%; p = 0.85). Conclusions: These data suggest that IPC can promote acute improvements in handgrip strength and functional capacity in active elderly women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Guilherme da Silva Telles
- Physical Education and Sports Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil; (L.G.d.S.T.); (E.R.M.); (J.d.S.N.)
- Estácio de Sá University (UNESA), Rio de Janeiro 20261-063, Brazil;
| | - François Billaut
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
| | - Gélio Cunha
- Estácio de Sá University (UNESA), Rio de Janeiro 20261-063, Brazil;
| | - Aline de Souza Ribeiro
- Physical Education and Sports Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, São Pedro 36036-900, Brazil; (A.d.S.R.); (P.P.); (J.M.V.)
| | - Estêvão Rios Monteiro
- Physical Education and Sports Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil; (L.G.d.S.T.); (E.R.M.); (J.d.S.N.)
- Department of Physical Therapy, University Center of Augusto Motta of UNISUAM, Rio de Janeiro 21041-020, Brazil
| | | | - Luís Leitão
- Sciences and Technology Department, Superior School of Education of Polytechnic Institute of Setubal, 2910-761 Setúbal, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Patrícia Panza
- Physical Education and Sports Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, São Pedro 36036-900, Brazil; (A.d.S.R.); (P.P.); (J.M.V.)
| | - Jeferson Macedo Vianna
- Physical Education and Sports Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, São Pedro 36036-900, Brazil; (A.d.S.R.); (P.P.); (J.M.V.)
| | - Jefferson da Silva Novaes
- Physical Education and Sports Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil; (L.G.d.S.T.); (E.R.M.); (J.d.S.N.)
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13
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Hedt C, McCulloch PC, Harris JD, Lambert BS. Blood Flow Restriction Enhances Rehabilitation and Return to Sport: The Paradox of Proximal Performance. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil 2022; 4:e51-e63. [PMID: 35141536 PMCID: PMC8811501 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2021.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of blood flow restriction (BFR) within rehabilitation is rapidly increasing as further research is performed elucidating purported benefits such as improved muscular strength and size, neuromuscular control, decreased pain, and increased bone mineral density. Interestingly, these benefits are not isolated to structures distal to the occlusive stimulus. Proximal gains are of high interest to rehabilitation professionals, especially those working with patients who are limited due to pain or postsurgical precautions. The review to follow will focus on current evidence and ongoing hypotheses regarding physiologic responses to BFR, current clinical applications, proximal responses to BFR training, potential practical applications for rehabilitation and injury prevention, and directions for future research. Interestingly, benefits have been found in musculature proximal to the occlusive stimulus, which may lend promise to a greater variety of patient populations and conditions. Furthermore, an increasing demand for BFR use in the sports world warrants further research for performance research and recovery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, expert opinion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corbin Hedt
- Address correspondence to Corbin Hedt, P.T., D.P.T., S.C.S., C.S.C.S., Houston Methodist Orthopedics & Sports Medicine, 5505 West Loop South, Houston, TX 77081.
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14
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Sirieiro P, Rego F, Terzi J, Willardson J, Miranda H. Effect of postactivation potentiation and ischemic preconditioning in swimmers performance. Sci Sports 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Grau M, Seeger B, Mozigemba L, Roth R, Baumgartner L, Predel HG, Bloch W, Tomschi F. Effects of Recurring IPC vs. rIPC Maneuvers on Exercise Performance, Pulse Wave Velocity, and Red Blood Cell Deformability: Special Consideration of Reflow Varieties. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020163. [PMID: 35205030 PMCID: PMC8869204 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Beneficial effects of (remote) ischemia preconditioning ((r)IPC), short episodes of blood occlusion and reperfusion, are well-characterized, but there is no consensus regarding the effectiveness of (r)IPC on exercise performance. Additionally, direct comparisons of IPC and rIPC but also differences between reflow modes, low reflow (LR) and high reflow (HR) in particular, are lacking, which were thus the aims of this study. Thirty healthy males conducted a performance test before and after five consecutive days with either IPC or rIPC maneuvers (n = 15 per group). This procedure was repeated after a two-week wash-out phase to test for both reflow conditions in random order. Results revealed improved exercise parameters in the IPC LR and to a lesser extent in the rIPC LR intervention. RBC deformability increased during both rIPC LR and IPC LR, respectively. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) and blood pressures remained unaltered. In general, deformability and PWV positively correlated with performance parameters. In conclusion, occlusion of small areas seems insufficient to affect large remote muscle groups. The reflow condition might influence the effectiveness of the (r)IPC intervention, which might in part explain the inconsistent findings of previous investigations. Future studies should now focus on the underlying mechanisms to explain this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke Grau
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (B.S.); (L.M.); (R.R.); (L.B.); (W.B.); (F.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Benedikt Seeger
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (B.S.); (L.M.); (R.R.); (L.B.); (W.B.); (F.T.)
| | - Lukas Mozigemba
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (B.S.); (L.M.); (R.R.); (L.B.); (W.B.); (F.T.)
| | - Roland Roth
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (B.S.); (L.M.); (R.R.); (L.B.); (W.B.); (F.T.)
| | - Luca Baumgartner
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (B.S.); (L.M.); (R.R.); (L.B.); (W.B.); (F.T.)
| | - Hans-Georg Predel
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Preventive and Rehabilitative Sports and Performance Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (B.S.); (L.M.); (R.R.); (L.B.); (W.B.); (F.T.)
| | - Fabian Tomschi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (B.S.); (L.M.); (R.R.); (L.B.); (W.B.); (F.T.)
- Department of Sports Medicine, University of Wuppertal, Moritzstraße 14, 42117 Wuppertal, Germany
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16
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Meireles A, Oliveira GTD, Souza HLRD, Arriel RA, Leitão L, Santos MPD, Marocolo M. Local muscle oxygenation during different cuff-pressures intervention: a punctual near-infrared spectroscopy measurement. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-657420220004122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Local and Remote Ischemic Preconditioning Improves Sprint Interval Exercise Performance in Team Sport Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182010653. [PMID: 34682399 PMCID: PMC8535734 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of local (LIPC) and remote (RIPC) ischemic preconditioning on sprint interval exercise (SIE) performance. Fifteen male collegiate basketball players underwent a LIPC, RIPC, sham (SHAM), or control (CON) trial before conducting six sets of a 30-s Wingate-based SIE test. The oxygen uptake and heart rate were continuously measured during SIE test. The total work in the LIPC (+2.2%) and RIPC (+2.5%) conditions was significantly higher than that in the CON condition (p < 0.05). The mean power output (MPO) at the third and fourth sprint in the LIPC (+4.5%) and RIPC (+4.9%) conditions was significantly higher than that in the CON condition (p < 0.05). The percentage decrement score for MPO in the LIPC and RIPC condition was significantly lower than that in the CON condition (p < 0.05). No significant interaction effects were found in pH and blood lactate concentrations. There were no significant differences in the accumulated exercise time at ≥80%, 90%, and 100% of maximal oxygen uptake during SIE. Overall, both LIPC and RIPC could improve metabolic efficiency and performance during SIE in athletes.
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18
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Westphal WP, Rault C, Robert R, Ragot S, Neau JP, Fernagut PO, Drouot X. Sleep deprivation reduces vagal tone during an inspiratory endurance task in humans. Sleep 2021; 44:zsab105. [PMID: 33895822 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Sleep deprivation alters inspiratory endurance by reducing inspiratory motor output. Vagal tone is involved in exercise endurance. This study aimed to investigate the effect of sleep deprivation on vagal tone adaptation in healthy subjects performing an inspiratory effort. METHODS Vagal tone was assessed using Heart Rate Variability normalized units of frequency domain component HF (high frequency) before, at the start, and the end of an inspiratory loading trial performed until exhaustion by 16 volunteers after one night of sleep deprivation and one night of normal sleep, where sleep deprivation reduced the inspiratory endurance by half compared to the normal sleep condition (30 min vs 60 min). RESULTS At rest, heart rate was similar in sleep deprivation and normal sleep conditions. In normal sleep condition, heart rate increased during inspiratory loading task; this increase was greater in sleep deprivation condition. In normal sleep condition, vagal tone increased at the beginning of the trial. This vagal tone increase was absent in sleep deprivation condition. CONCLUSIONS Sleep deprivation abolished vagal tone response to inspiratory load, possibly contributing to a higher heart rate during the trial and to a reduced inspiratory endurance. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT02725190.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willy-Paul Westphal
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Inserm 1402, Team Acute Lung Injury and VEntilatory support, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, France
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Team Neurodevelopment Neuroadaptation Neurodegeneration, Poitiers, France
| | - Christophe Rault
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Inserm 1402, Team Acute Lung Injury and VEntilatory support, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, France
| | - René Robert
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Inserm 1402, Team Acute Lung Injury and VEntilatory support, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, France
| | - Stéphanie Ragot
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Inserm 1402, Team Acute Lung Injury and VEntilatory support, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Neau
- Neurology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, France
| | - Pierre-Olivier Fernagut
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Team Neurodevelopment Neuroadaptation Neurodegeneration, Poitiers, France
| | - Xavier Drouot
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Inserm 1402, Team Acute Lung Injury and VEntilatory support, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, France
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Team Neurodevelopment Neuroadaptation Neurodegeneration, Poitiers, France
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Jarosz J, Trybulski R, Krzysztofik M, Tsoukos A, Filip-Stachnik A, Zajac A, Bogdanis GC, Wilk M. The Effects of Ischemia During Rest Intervals on Bar Velocity in the Bench Press Exercise With Different External Loads. Front Physiol 2021; 12:715096. [PMID: 34447318 PMCID: PMC8383203 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.715096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The main aim of the present study was to evaluate the acute effects of ischemia used during rest periods on bar velocity changes during the bench press exercise at progressive loads, from 20 to 90% of 1RM. Ten healthy resistance trained men volunteered for the study (age = 26.3 ± 4.7 years; body mass = 89.8 ± 6.3 kg; bench press 1RM = 142.5 ± 16.9 kg; training experience = 7.8 ± 2.7 years). During the experimental sessions the subjects performed the bench press exercise under two different conditions, in a randomized and counterbalanced order: (a) ischemia condition, with ischemia applied before the first set and during every rest periods between sets, and (b) control condition where no ischemia was applied. During each experimental session eight sets of the bench press exercise were performed, against loads starting from 20 to 90% 1RM, increased progressively by 10% in each subsequent set. A 3-min rest interval between sets was used. For ischemia condition the cuffs was applied 3 min before the first set and during every rest period between sets. Ischemia was released during exercise. The cuff pressure was set to ∼80% of full arterial occlusion pressure. The two-way repeated measures ANOVA showed a statistically significant interaction effect for peak bar velocity (p = 0.04) and for mean bar velocity (p = 0.01). There was also a statistically significant main effect of condition for peak bar velocity (p < 0.01) but not for mean bar velocity (p = 0.25). The post hoc analysis for interaction showed significantly higher peak bar velocity for the ischemia condition compared to control at a load of 20% 1RM (p = 0.007) and at a load of 50% 1RM (p = 0.006). The results of the present study indicate that ischemia used before each set even for a brief duration of <3 min, has positive effects on peak bar velocity at light loads, but it is insufficient to induce such effect on higher loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Jarosz
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Robert Trybulski
- Department of Medical Sciences, The Wojciech Korfanty School of Economics, Katowice, Poland.,Provita Zory Medical Center, Zory, Poland
| | - Michał Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Athanasios Tsoukos
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Aleksandra Filip-Stachnik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Adam Zajac
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Gregory C Bogdanis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
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20
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Slysz JT, Burr JF. Ischemic Preconditioning: Modulating Pain Sensitivity and Exercise Performance. Front Physiol 2021; 12:696488. [PMID: 34239452 PMCID: PMC8258159 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.696488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine whether an individual’s IPC-mediated change in cold pain sensitivity is associated with the same individual’s IPC-mediated change in exercise performance. Methods Thirteen individuals (8 males; 5 females, 27 ± 7 years, 55 ± 5 ml.kgs–1.min–1) underwent two separate cold-water immersion tests: with preceding IPC treatment and without. In addition, each participant undertook two separate 5-km cycling time trials: with preceding IPC treatment and without. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to assess the relationship between an individual’s change in cold-water pain sensitivity following IPC with their change in 5-km time trial performance following IPC. Results During the cold-water immersion test, pain intensity increased over time (p < 0.001) but did not change with IPC (p = 0.96). However, IPC significantly reduced the total time spent under pain (−9 ± 7 s; p = 0.001) during the cold-water immersion test. No relationship was found between an individual’s change in time under pain (r = −0.2, p = 0.6) or pain intensity (r = −0.3, p = 0.3) following IPC and their change in performance following IPC. Conclusion These findings suggest that IPC can modulate sensitivity to a painful stimulus, but this altered sensitivity does not explain the ergogenic efficacy of IPC on 5-km cycling performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Slysz
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jamie F Burr
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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21
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Santana VJD, Deângelo CEDO, Salemi VMC, Miranda DP. THE INFLUENCE OF ISCHEMIC PRECONDITIONING ON NEUROMUSCULAR PERFORMANCE. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202127022020_0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been described in the literature as a resource capable of improving physical performance. Objective: The purpose of this randomized double-blind study was to evaluate the influence of IPC on the neuromuscular performance of trained individuals. Methods: Twenty-four (24) resistance training participants (6 of them women) with a mean age of 25.8 ± 4.6 years were selected and divided into two groups: the upper limb group (ULG) composed of 12 individuals (4 women) and the lower limb group (LLG) composed of 12 individuals (2 women). The maximum repetitions test was applied in the bench press for the ULG and in the 45° leg press for the LLG, with 50% of the one-repetition maximum under control, placebo and IPC conditions, at a random interval of 72 hours between tests. The IPC was applied four hours before the tests by means of an analog sphygmomanometer cuff inflated to 220 mmHg on the arm for the ULG and on the thigh for LLG, with three cycles of five minutes each of ischemia and reperfusion, alternating between the right and left sides. For the placebo, the cuff was inflated to 40 mmHg without causing ischemia. The significance level for the Wilcoxon test was p <0.017, due to the Bonferroni correction. The effect size (ES) was also analyzed. Results: With IPC, the ULG performed 34.8 ± 4.8 repetitions, representing an improvement of 11.29% (IPC vs. control, ES = 0.68 and p = 0.002) and the LLG performed 40.5 ± 15.7 repetitions, representing an improvement of 37.47% (IPC vs. control, ES = 0.84 and p = 0.002). No significant improvements were observed for the placebo in either group. Conclusion: Our data showed that IPC positively influenced neuromuscular performance of both the upper and lower limbs. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies investigating the results of treatment (Prospectived comparative studye).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Douglas Pinheiro Miranda
- Centro Universitário da Fundação Educacional de Barretos, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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22
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Daab W, Bouzid MA, Lajri M, Bouchiba M, Rebai H. Brief cycles of lower-limb occlusion accelerate recovery kinetics in soccer players. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2021; 49:143-150. [PMID: 32567438 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2020.1785260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of intermittent vascular occlusion (IVO) on recovery following simulated soccer physical demand test in soccer players.Methods: Twelve soccer players completed the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) in two conditions placebo (PLA) and IVO followed by intermittent lower-limb occlusion. Physical performance (Squat jump: SJ, countermovement jump: CMJ, maximal voluntary contraction: MVC, and 20 m sprint: SP), muscle damage parameters (creatine kinase: CK, Lactate dehydrogenase: LDH), inflammatory parameter (C-reactive protein: CRP), and perceived muscle soreness (DOMS) were assessed before, immediately after (0 h), and 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h following the exercise.Results: Following the LIST, a decrease was observed in all Physical performance within 48 h in PLA condition (p < 0.05), compared to PLA treatment, IVO treatment attenuated the decrease of SJ and CMJ at 24 h and at 48 h and for MVC and SP within 48 h after the LIST (p < 0.05). CK and LDH levels increased within 24 h post-exercise in both conditions (p < 0.05), but with a lower level in IVO compared to PLA condition (p < 0.05). Likewise, DOMS values were significantly lower with IVO condition compared to PLA condition immediately and at 24 h after exercise.Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that the application of IVO after simulated soccer physical demand test accelerated recovery kinetics in soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Daab
- UR15JS01: Education, Motricité, Sport Et Santé (EM2S), High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Amine Bouzid
- UR15JS01: Education, Motricité, Sport Et Santé (EM2S), High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mehdi Lajri
- UR15JS01: Education, Motricité, Sport Et Santé (EM2S), High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mustapha Bouchiba
- UR15JS01: Education, Motricité, Sport Et Santé (EM2S), High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Haithem Rebai
- UR15JS01: Education, Motricité, Sport Et Santé (EM2S), High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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23
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O'Brien L, Jacobs I. Methodological Variations Contributing to Heterogenous Ergogenic Responses to Ischemic Preconditioning. Front Physiol 2021; 12:656980. [PMID: 33995123 PMCID: PMC8117357 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.656980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been repeatedly reported to augment maximal exercise performance over a range of exercise durations and modalities. However, an examination of the relevant literature indicates that the reproducibility and robustness of ergogenic responses to this technique are variable, confounding expectations about the magnitude of its effects. Considerable variability among study methodologies may contribute to the equivocal responses to IPC. This review focuses on the wide range of methodologies used in IPC research, and how such variability likely confounds interpretation of the interactions of IPC and exercise. Several avenues are recommended to improve IPC methodological consistency, which should facilitate a future consensus about optimizing the IPC protocol, including due consideration of factors such as: location of the stimulus, the time between treatment and exercise, individualized tourniquet pressures and standardized tourniquet physical characteristics, and the incorporation of proper placebo treatments into future study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam O'Brien
- Human Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ira Jacobs
- Human Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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24
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Williams N, Russell M, Cook CJ, Kilduff LP. Effect of Ischemic Preconditioning on Maximal Swimming Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:221-226. [PMID: 29389691 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Williams, N, Russell, M, Cook, CJ, and Kilduff, LP. Effect of ischemic preconditioning on maximal swimming performance. J Strength Cond Res 35(1): 221-226, 2021-The effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on swimming performance was examined. Using a randomized, crossover design, national- and international-level swimmers (n = 20; 14 men, 6 women) participated in 3 trials (Con, IPC-2h, and IPC-24h). Lower-body IPC (4 × 5-minute bilateral blood flow restriction at 160-228 mm Hg and 5-minute reperfusion) was used 2 hours (IPC-2h) or 24 hours (IPC-24h) before a self-selected (100 m, n = 15; 200 m, n = 5) swimming time trial (TT). The Con trial used a sham intervention (15 mm Hg) 2 hours before exercise. All trials required a 40-minute standardized precompetition swimming warm-up (followed by 20-minute rest; replicating precompetition call room procedures) 1 hour before TT. Capillary blood (pH, blood gases, and lactate concentrations) was taken immediately before and after IPC, before TT and after TT. No effects on TT for 100 m (P = 0.995; IPC-2h: 64.94 ± 8.33 seconds; IPC-24h: 64.67 ± 8.50 seconds; Con: 64.94 ± 8.24 seconds), 200 m (P = 0.405; IPC-2h: 127.70 ± 10.66 seconds; IPC-24h: 129.26 ± 12.99 seconds; Con: 130.19 ± 10.27 seconds), or combined total time (IPC-2h: 84.27 ± 31.52 seconds; IPC-24h: 79.87 ± 29.72 seconds; Con: 80.55 ± 31.35 seconds) were observed after IPC. Base excess (IPC-2h: -13.37 ± 8.90 mmol·L-1; Con: -13.35 ± 7.07 mmol·L-1; IPC-24h: -16.53 ± 4.65 mmol·L-1), pH (0.22 ± 0.08; all conditions), bicarbonate (IPC-2h: -11.66 ± 3.52 mmol·L-1; Con: -11.62 ± 5.59 mmol·L-1; IPC-24h: -8.47 ± 9.02 mmol·L-1), total carbon dioxide (IPC-2h: -12.90 ± 3.92 mmol·L-1; Con: -11.55 ± 7.61 mmol·L-1; IPC-24h: 9.90 ± 8.40 mmol·L-1), percentage oxygen saturation (IPC-2h: -0.16 ± 1.86%; Con: +0.20 ± 1.93%; IPC-24h: +0.47 ± 2.10%), and blood lactate (IPC-2h: +12.87 ± 3.62 mmol·L-1; Con: +12.41 ± 4.02 mmol·L-1; IPC-24h: +13.27 ± 3.81 mmol·L-1) were influenced by swimming TT (P < 0.001), but not condition (all P > 0.05). No effect of IPC was seen when applied 2 or 24 hours before swimming TT on any indices of performance or physiological measures recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Williams
- Applied Sports Technology Exercise and Medicine Research Center (A-STEM), Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom.,Sport Wales, Welsh Institute of Sport, Sophia Gardens, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Russell
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Liam P Kilduff
- Applied Sports Technology Exercise and Medicine Research Center (A-STEM), Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom.,Welsh Institute for Performance Solutions, Swansea, UK
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Baffour-Awuah B, Dieberg G, Pearson MJ, Smart NA. The effect of remote ischaemic conditioning on blood pressure response: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol Hypertens 2021; 8:100081. [PMID: 33748739 PMCID: PMC7972960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchy.2021.100081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous work has evaluated the effect of remote ischaemic conditioning (RIC) in a number of clinical conditions (e.g. cardiac surgery and acute kidney injury), but only one analysis has examined blood pressure (BP) changes. While individual studies have reported the effects of acute bouts and repeated RIC exposure on resting BP, efficacy is equivocal. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of acute and repeat RIC on BP. METHODS A systematic search was performed using PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library of Controlled Trials up until October 31, 2020. Additionally, manual searches of reference lists were performed. Studies that compared BP responses after exposing participants to either an acute bout or repeated cycles of RIC with a minimum one-week intervention period were considered. RESULTS Eighteen studies were included in this systematic review, ten examined acute effects while eight investigated repeat effects of RIC. Mean differences (MD) for outcome measures from acute RIC studies were: systolic BP 0.18 mmHg (95%CI -0.95, 1.31; p = 0.76), diastolic BP -0.43 mmHg (95%CI -2.36, 1.50; p = 0.66), MAP -1.73 mmHg (95%CI -3.11, -0.34; p = 0.01) and HR -1.15 bpm (95%CI -2.92, 0.62; p = 0.20). Only MAP was significantly reduced. Repeat RIC exposure showed non-significant change in systolic BP -3.23 mmHg (95%CI -6.57, 0.11; p = 0.06) and HR -0.16 bpm (95%CI -7.08, 6.77; p = 0.96) while diastolic BP -2.94 mmHg (95%CI -4.08, -1.79; p < 0.00001) and MAP -3.21 mmHg (95%CI -4.82, -1.61; p < 0.0001) were significantly reduced. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggests repeated, but not acute, RIC produced clinically meaningful reductions in diastolic BP and MAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biggie Baffour-Awuah
- Clinical Exercise Physiology, School of Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Agriculture, Business and Law, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Gudrun Dieberg
- Biomedical Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Agriculture, Business and Law, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Melissa J. Pearson
- Clinical Exercise Physiology, School of Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Agriculture, Business and Law, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Neil A. Smart
- Clinical Exercise Physiology, School of Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Agriculture, Business and Law, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
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26
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Arriel RA, Rodrigues JF, de Souza HLR, Meireles A, Leitão LFM, Crisafulli A, Marocolo M. Ischemia-Reperfusion Intervention: From Enhancements in Exercise Performance to Accelerated Performance Recovery-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17218161. [PMID: 33158265 PMCID: PMC7672542 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that brief cycles of ischemia followed by reperfusion (IR) applied before exercise can improve performance and, IR intervention, applied immediately after exercise (post-exercise ischemic conditioning—PEIC) exerts a potential ergogenic effect to accelerate recovery. Thus, the purpose of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to identify the effects of PEIC on exercise performance, recovery and the responses of associated physiological parameters, such as creatine kinase, perceived recovery and muscle soreness, over 24 h after its application. From 3281 studies, six involving 106 subjects fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Compared to sham (cuff administration with low pressure) and control interventions (no cuff administration), PEIC led to faster performance recovery (p = 0.004; ES = −0.49) and lower increase in creatine kinase (p < 0.001; effect size (ES) = −0.74) and muscle soreness (p < 0.001; ES = −0.88) over 24 h. The effectiveness of this intervention is more pronounced in subjects with low/moderate fitness level and at least a total time of 10 min of ischemia (e.g., two cycles of 5 min) is necessary to promote positive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhaí André Arriel
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-330, Brazil; (R.A.A.); (H.L.R.d.S.); (A.M.)
| | | | | | - Anderson Meireles
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-330, Brazil; (R.A.A.); (H.L.R.d.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Luís Filipe Moutinho Leitão
- Superior School of Education, Polytechnic Institute of Setubal, 2910-761 Setubal, Portugal;
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Antonio Crisafulli
- Sports Physiology Lab., Department Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Moacir Marocolo
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-330, Brazil; (R.A.A.); (H.L.R.d.S.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence:
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27
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Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been used to increase performance in sports. The aim of this study was to compare the acute effects of IPC with different warm-up methods on the number of repetitions and total volume in resistance exercise (RE). Sixteen healthy men recreationally trained in RE participated in this study. After the anthropometric evaluation and familiarization, a one-repetition maximum (1RM) test and retest were performed in the bench press (BP) and in the leg press 45° (LP) exercise. After these tests, participants were randomly assigned to one of the five protocols: a) IPC; b) SHAM; c) a specific warm-up (SW); d) aerobic exercise (AE), and e) active stretching (AS) prior to performing 3 sets at 80% 1RM until concentric failure. The number of repetitions was higher following IPC compared to the SW following three sets both for the BP and LP. Similarly, the number of repetitions for IPC was higher in comparison to SHAM following three sets for the LP. The number of repetitions was higher following IPC compared to AE following 1st and 2nd sets for the LP and following the 2nd set for the BP. Finally, the number of repetitions was higher following IPC compared to AS following 1st and 2nd sets for the LP. The total volume was higher following IPC compared to SHAM, SW, AE, and AS for both the BP and LP. The IPC protocol increased the number of maximum repetitions and the total volume when compared to the other tested methods, thus indicating a better utilization during the pre-work warm-up. These results indicate positive associative responses to IPC with performance maintenance, which is of importance for both athletes and coaches.
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28
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Morley WN, Coates AM, Burr JF. Cardiac autonomic recovery following traditional and augmented remote ischemic preconditioning. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 121:265-277. [PMID: 33047259 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04526-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE While the possible ergogenic benefits of remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) make it an attractive training modality, the mechanisms of action remain unclear. Alterations in neural tone have been demonstrated in conjunction with circulatory occlusion, yet investigation of the autonomic nervous system following RIPC treatment has received little attention. We sought to characterize alterations in autonomic balance to both RIPC and augmented RIPC (RIPCaug) performed while cycling, using acute and sustained autonomic indices. METHODS Thirteen participants (8M:5F) recorded baseline waking heart rate variability (HRV) for 5 days prior to treatment. Participants then completed control exercise (CON), RIPC, and RIPCaug interventions in a randomized cross-over design. Cardiovascular measurements were recorded immediately before and after each intervention at rest, and during an orthostatic challenge. Waking HRV was repeated the morning after each intervention. RESULTS RIPC resulted in acutely reduced resting heart rates (HR) (∆ - 4 ± 6 bpm, P = 0.02) and suppressed HR 30 s following the orthostatic challenge compared to CON (64 ± 10 vs 74 ± 9 bpm, P = 0.003). RIPCaug yielded elevated HRs compared to CON and RIPC prior to (P = 0.003) and during the orthostatic challenge (P = 0.002). RIPCaug reduced LnSDNN (Baseline 4.39 ± 0.27; CON 4.44 ± 0.39; RIPC 4.41 ± 0.34; RIPCaug 4.22 ± 0.29, P = 0.02) and LnHfa power (Baseline 7.82 ± 0.54; CON 7.73 ± 1.11; RIPC 7.89 ± 0.78; RIPCaug 7.23 ± 0.87, P = 0.04) the morning after treatment compared to all other conditions. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that RIPC may influence HR acutely, possibly through a reduction in cardiac sympathetic activity, and that RIPCaug reduces HRV through cardiac vagal withdrawal or increased cardiac sympathetic modulation, with alterations persisting until the following morning. These findings imply a dose-response relationship with potential for optimization of performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- William N Morley
- The Human Performance and Health Research Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Alexandra M Coates
- The Human Performance and Health Research Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jamie F Burr
- The Human Performance and Health Research Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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29
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Gardner RN, Sabino-Carvalho JL, Kim J, Vianna LC, Lang JA. Two weeks of remote ischaemic preconditioning alters sympathovagal balance in healthy humans. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:1500-1506. [PMID: 32691505 DOI: 10.1113/ep088789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Delayed cardiovascular responses occur following a single bout of remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC). Is heart rate variability (HRV), a surrogate marker of cardiac vagal control, able to detect a delayed effect after a single bout of RIPC? Do repeated bouts of RIPC further alter HRV? What is the main finding and its importance? Indices of HRV indicated a shift in sympathovagal balance toward greater parasympathetic activity following 2 weeks of RIPC but not after a single bout of RIPC. Thus, repeated bouts of RIPC were necessary to elicit changes in autonomic function. ABSTRACT Remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC), induced by brief periods of ischaemia followed by reperfusion, protects against ischaemia-reperfusion injury and improves microvascular function. However, the effect of RIPC on autonomic function remains unclear. We hypothesized that RIPC, administered as a single bout or repeated over a 2-week period, will increase markers of cardiac vagal control measured by heart rate variability (HRV). Thirty-two young adults performed a single bout (n = 13), repeated bouts (n = 11), or served as a time control (n = 8). RIPC sessions consisted of four repetitions of 5 min unilateral brachial artery occlusion interspersed by 5 min of reperfusion. For the single bout protocol, resting lead II electrocardiogram (ECG) was collected before and 24, 48, 72 and 168 h post-RIPC. The repeated bout protocol consisted of three 4-day periods of RIPC training, each interspersed by a 1-day break. Similar to time controls, ECG was collected before and 24 h after the last RIPC bout. HRV was analysed by power spectral density and symbolic dynamics using 350-beat ECG segments. After a single bout of RIPC, no changes in HRV were observed at any time point (P > 0.05). After 2 weeks of repeated RIPC, the percentage of zero-variation fragments (baseline = 13.1 ± 1.9%, post-RIPC = 6.9 ± 1.5%, P < 0.05) and the LF/HF ratio decreased (baseline = 1.1 ± 0.2, post-RIPC = 0.7 ± 0.1, P < 0.01), whereas the percentage of two-variation fragments increased (baseline = 42.9 ± 3.6%, post-RIPC = 52.5 ± 3.0%, P < 0.01). These data indicate that repeated RIPC is necessary to elicit changes in sympathovagal balance, specifically resulting in increased vagal and decreased sympathetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeann L Sabino-Carvalho
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Faculty of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Jahyun Kim
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Lauro C Vianna
- Faculty of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - James A Lang
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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30
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Tanaka D, Suga T, Kido K, Honjo T, Hamaoka T, Isaka T. Acute remote ischemic preconditioning has no effect on quadriceps muscle endurance. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Tanaka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science Ritsumeikan University Kusatsu Shiga Japan
| | - Tadashi Suga
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science Ritsumeikan University Kusatsu Shiga Japan
| | - Kohei Kido
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science Ritsumeikan University Kusatsu Shiga Japan
| | - Toyoyuki Honjo
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering National Defense Academy Yokosuka Japan
| | | | - Tadao Isaka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science Ritsumeikan University Kusatsu Shiga Japan
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31
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Carvalho L, Concon V, Meloni M, De Souza EO, Barroso R. Effects of resistance training combined with ischemic preconditioning on muscle size and strength in resistance-trained individuals. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:1431-1436. [PMID: 32608934 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11032-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study investigated the effects of resistance training combined with ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on muscle size and strength in resistance-trained men. METHODS Sixteen resistance-trained men were divided into two groups (Placebo and IPC) and trained twice a week for 6 weeks. Preconditioning protocols consisted of four, 5-min cycling bouts of ischemia/Placebo (250 or 10 mmHg, respectively) interspersed with 5 min of reperfusion (without pressure) alternated in each leg. Thirty minutes after the preconditioning protocol, participants performed 4 sets to concentric failure at 75% of one repetition-maximum (1-RM) in unilateral knee extension exercise. Muscle thickness (ultrasound) and 1RM were assessed at baseline and 72 hours after the last training session. ANCOVA was used to compare muscle thickness and 1RM changes, using muscle thickness and 1-RM baseline values, respectively, as covariates. Significance level was set at P<0.05. RESULTS Average of number of repetitions was higher in IPC compared to Placebo (13±4 and 11±2, respectively; P=0.0002). Muscle thickness did not change in either group from pre- to post-6 weeks (P=0.32). IPC improved 1-RM more than Placebo (P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS IPC may augment greater strength gains in resistance-trained men due to an increase in training volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Carvalho
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Concon
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Márcio Meloni
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Eduardo O De Souza
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Renato Barroso
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil -
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32
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Arriel RA, Meireles A, Hohl R, Marocolo M. Ischemic preconditioning improves performance and accelerates the heart rate recovery. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:1209-1215. [PMID: 32550713 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10822-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have assessed the effects of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on exercise performance and physiological variables, such as lactate and muscle deoxygenation. In this study, we verified the IPC effects on performance and heart rate during and immediately after a maximal incremental cycling test (ICT). METHODS Eighteen recreationally trained cyclists (28±4 years) were allocated to one of three groups: IPC, SHAM and Control. After the first visit to familiarization, cyclists attended the laboratory on two separate occasions to perform an ICT: in the 1<sup>st</sup> visit they performed the reference test (baseline), and in 2<sup>nd</sup> the test ischemic preconditioning (2 cycles of 5-min occlusion [at 50 mm Hg above systolic arterial pressure]/ 5-min reperfusion), SHAM (identical to ischemic preconditioning, but at 20 mm Hg) or control (no occlusion) interventions (post intervention). During the ICT, heart rate, power output and perceived exertion were measured and the heart rate was monitored throughout the recovery. RESULTS Only ischemic preconditioning group improved performance time by 4.9±4.0% and decreased heart rate at submaximal point during ICT, of 170±8 to 166±8 bpm (P<0.05). Also, IPC promoted faster heart rate recovery, mainly on first minute (from 151±9 to 145±8 bpm; P<0.05), compared to baseline. No differences for other parameters were found. CONCLUSIONS Two cycles of five minutes of ischemia were relevant to produce positive effects on performance and alter the heart rate during and soon after ICT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhaí A Arriel
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Anderson Meireles
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Hohl
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Moacir Marocolo
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil -
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Penna C, Alloatti G, Crisafulli A. Mechanisms Involved in Cardioprotection Induced by Physical Exercise. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:1115-1134. [PMID: 31892282 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.8009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Regular exercise training can reduce myocardial damage caused by acute ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Exercise can reproduce the phenomenon of ischemic preconditioning, due to the capacity of brief periods of ischemia to reduce myocardial damage caused by acute I/R. In addition, exercise may also activate the multiple kinase cascade responsible for cardioprotection even in the absence of ischemia. Recent Advances: Animal and human studies highlighted the fact that, besides to reduce risk factors related to cardiovascular disease, the beneficial effects of exercise are also due to its ability to induce conditioning of the heart. Exercise behaves as a physiological stress that triggers beneficial adaptive cellular responses, inducing a protective phenotype in the heart. The factors contributing to the exercise-induced heart preconditioning include stimulation of the anti-radical defense system and nitric oxide production, opioids, myokines, and adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) dependent potassium channels. They appear to be also involved in the protective effect exerted by exercise against cardiotoxicity related to chemotherapy. Critical Issues and Future Directions: Although several experimental evidences on the protective effect of exercise have been obtained, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon have not yet been fully clarified. Further studies are warranted to define precise exercise prescriptions in patients at risk of myocardial infarction or undergoing chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Penna
- National Institute for Cardiovascular Research (INRC), Bologna, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Crisafulli
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Sports Physiology Lab., University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Ederer I, Goertz O, Bosselmann T, Sogorski A, Zahn P, Lehnhardt M, Daigeler A, Kolbenschlag J. Anesthesia of the conditioned limb does not abolish the remote ischemic conditioning stimulus on cutaneous microcirculation in humans. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2020; 74:155-166. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-190626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I.A. Ederer
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, BG Unfallklinik Tuebingen, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - O. Goertz
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Burn Center, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - T. Bosselmann
- Centre of Plastic, Aesthetic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - A. Sogorski
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Burn Center, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - P.K. Zahn
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - M. Lehnhardt
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Burn Center, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - A. Daigeler
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, BG Unfallklinik Tuebingen, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - J. Kolbenschlag
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, BG Unfallklinik Tuebingen, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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da Silva Novaes J, da Silva Telles LG, Monteiro ER, da Silva Araujo G, Vingren JL, Silva Panza P, Reis VM, Laterza MC, Vianna JM. Ischemic Preconditioning Improves Resistance Training Session Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 35:2993-2998. [PMID: 32224716 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
da Silva Novaes, J, da Silva Telles, LG, Monteiro, ER, da Silva Araujo, G, Vingren, JL, Silva Panza, P, Reis, VM, Laterza, MC, and Vianna, JM. Ischemic preconditioning improves resistance training session performance. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in a resistance exercise (RE) training session on the number of repetitions performed, total volume, and rating of perceived exertion in recreationally trained and normotensive men. Sixteen recreationally trained and normotensive men completed 3 RE sessions in a counterbalanced and randomized order: (a) IPC protocol using 220 mm Hg followed by RE (IPC), (b) IPC cuff control protocol with 20 mm Hg followed by RE (CUFF), and (c) no IPC (control) followed by RE (CON). RE was performed with 3 sets of each exercise (bench press, leg press, lateral pulldown, hack machine squat, shoulder press, and Smith back squat) until concentric muscular failure, at 80% of one repetition maximum, with 90 seconds of rest between sets and 2 minutes of rest between exercises. Ischemic preconditioning and CUFF consisted of 4 cycles of 5 minutes of occlusion/low pressure alternating with 5 minutes of no occlusion (0 mm Hg) using a pneumatic tourniquet applied around the subaxillary region of the upper arm. For each condition, the number of repetitions completed, total volume of work performed, and rating of perceived exertion were determined. No significant difference was found for rating of perceived exertion between any experimental protocol. Ischemic preconditioning significantly (p < 0.05) increased the number of repetitions across exercises. Consequently, total volume performed (sum of total number of repetitions x load for each exercise) was significantly higher in IPC (46,170 kg) compared with CON (34,069 kg) and CUFF (36,590 kg) across all exercises. This work may have important implications for athletic populations because it demonstrates increase in muscle performance outcomes during a single RE session. Therefore, performing IPC before RE could be an important exercise prescription recommendation to increase maximum repetition performance and total volume of work performed and thus potentially increase desired training adaptations (i.e., strength and hypertrophy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jefferson da Silva Novaes
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,College of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luiz Guilherme da Silva Telles
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Estacio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Estêvão Rios Monteiro
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Physical Therapy, Augusto Motta University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gleisson da Silva Araujo
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,University Center of Barra Mansa, Barra Mansa, Brazil
| | - Jakob L Vingren
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion, and Recreation, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
| | - Patrícia Silva Panza
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Victor Machado Reis
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Mateus Camaroti Laterza
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Macedo Vianna
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Huang BH, Wang TY, Lu KH, Chang CY, Chan KH. Effects of ischemic preconditioning on local hemodynamics and isokinetic muscular function. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-194184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Huei Huang
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Public Health, the University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ting-Yao Wang
- General Education Centre, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Hao Lu
- Sports Science and Research Department, National Sports Training Centre, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yu Chang
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Hui Chan
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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37
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Cheung CP, Slysz JT, Burr JF. Ischemic Preconditioning: Improved Cycling Performance Despite Nocebo Expectation. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:354-360. [PMID: 31188700 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) through purposeful circulatory occlusion may enhance exercise performance. The value of IPC for improving performance is controversial owing to challenges with employing effective placebo controls. This study examines the efficacy of IPC versus a deceptive sham protocol for improving performance to determine whether benefits of IPC are attributable to true physiological effects. It was hypothesized that IPC would favorably alter performance more than a sham treatment and that physiological responses to exercise would be affected only after IPC treatment. METHODS In a randomized order, 16 participants performed incremental exercise to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer in control conditions and after sham and IPC treatments. Participants rated their belief as to the efficacy of each treatment compared with control. RESULTS Time to exhaustion was greatest after IPC (control = 1331 [270] s, IPC = 1429 [300] s, sham = 1343 [255] s, P = .02), despite negative performance expectations after IPC and positive expectation after sham. Maximal aerobic power remained unchanged after both SHAM and IPC (control = 42.0 [5.2], IPC = 41.7 [5.5], sham = 41.6 [5.5] mL·kg-1·min-1, P = .7), as did submaximal lactate concentration (control = 8.9 [2.6], sham = 8.0 [1.9], IPC = 7.7 [2.1] mmol, P = .1) and oxygen uptake (control = 37.8 [4.8], sham = 37.5 [5.3], IPC = 37.5 [5.5] mL·kg-1·min-1, P = .6). CONCLUSIONS IPC before cycling exercise provides an ergogenic benefit that is not attributable to a placebo effect from positive expectation and that was not explained by traditionally suggested mechanisms.
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38
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Carvalho L, Barroso R. Ischemic Preconditioning Improves Strength Endurance Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 33:3332-3337. [PMID: 30844989 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Carvalho, L and Barroso, R. Ischemic preconditioning improves strength endurance performance. J Strength Cond Res 33(12): 3332-3337, 2019-Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been used to improve performances in aerobic and anaerobic activities. However, a few studies aimed at observing the effects of IPC on resistance training. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of IPC on the number of repetitions performed during high-load resistance training. We also aimed at investigating blood lactate concentration and muscle activation in an attempt to understand the physiological mechanisms that may be caused by IPC. Ten resistance-trained participants performed four 5-minute cycles of either IPC (250 mm Hg) or Placebo (10 mm Hg) before performing a single set to failure of knee extension exercise with 85% of 1 repetition maximum. We also assessed muscle activation during the set (EMGRMS), median power frequency (EMGMPF), and blood lactate concentration before, 3, 7, and 11 minutes after (peak value was identified and used to calculate delta to prevalues, Δlactate). Data are presented as mean, 90% confidence intervals (CIs), and were analyzed with paired t-test. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Participants performed on average 3.9 repetitions (90% CI = 2.4-5.4; p = 0.01), which is ∼20%, more in the IPC condition. There were no significant differences between IPC and Placebo for EMGMPF (5.0%; 90% CI = -5.2 to 15; p = 0.50), EMGRMS (4.5%; 90% CI = -8.8 to 17; p = 0.78), and Δlactate (44%; 90% CI = 11-144; p = 0.16). Our results demonstrate the effect of IPC just on the number of repetitions performed in high-load resistance exercise compared with the Placebo condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Carvalho
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Surkar SM, Bland MD, Mattlage AE, Chen L, Gidday JM, Lee JM, Hershey T, Lang CE. Effects of remote limb ischemic conditioning on muscle strength in healthy young adults: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227263. [PMID: 32017777 PMCID: PMC6999897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Remote limb ischemic conditioning (RLIC) is a clinically feasible method in which brief, sub-lethal bouts of ischemia protects remote organs or tissues from subsequent ischemic injury. A single session of RLIC can improve exercise performance and increase muscle activation. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to assess the effects of a brief, two-week protocol of repeated RLIC combined with strength training on strength gain and neural adaptation in healthy young adults. Participants age 18–40 years were randomized to receive either RLIC plus strength training (n = 15) or sham conditioning plus strength training (n = 15). Participants received RLIC or sham conditioning over 8 visits using a blood pressure cuff on the dominant arm with 5 cycles of 5 minutes each alternating inflation and deflation. Visits 3–8 paired conditioning with wrist extensors strength training on the non-dominant (non-conditioned) arm using standard guidelines. Changes in one repetition maximum (1 RM) and electromyography (EMG) amplitude were compared between groups. Both groups were trained at a similar workload. While both groups gained strength over time (P = 0.001), the RLIC group had greater strength gains (9.38 ± 1.01 lbs) than the sham group (6.3 ± 1.08 lbs, P = 0.035). There was not a significant group x time interaction in EMG amplitude (P = 0.231). The RLIC group had larger percent changes in 1 RM (43.8% vs. 26.1%, P = 0.003) and EMG amplitudes (31.0% vs. 8.6%, P = 0.023) compared to sham conditioning. RLIC holds promise for enhancing muscle strength in healthy young and older adults, as well as clinical populations that could benefit from strength training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati M Surkar
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Marghuretta D Bland
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Anna E Mattlage
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Ling Chen
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey M Gidday
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Jin-Moo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Tamara Hershey
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Catherine E Lang
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America.,Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America.,Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
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40
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Aebi MR, Willis SJ, Girard O, Borrani F, Millet GP. Active Preconditioning With Blood Flow Restriction or/and Systemic Hypoxic Exposure Does Not Improve Repeated Sprint Cycling Performance. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1393. [PMID: 31798461 PMCID: PMC6867998 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of active preconditioning techniques using blood flow restriction or/and systemic hypoxic exposure on repeated sprint cycling performance and oxygenation responses. Methods Participants were 17 men; 8 were cycle trained (T: 21 ± 6 h/week) and 9 were untrained but physically active (UT). Each participant completed 4 cycles of 5 min stages of cycling at 1.5 W⋅kg–1 in four conditions [Control; IPC (ischemic preconditioning) with partial blood flow restriction (60% of relative total occlusion pressure); HPC (hypoxic preconditioning) in normobaric systemic hypoxia (FIO2 13.6%); and HIPC (hypoxic and ischemic preconditioning combined)]. Following a 40 min rest period, a repeated sprint exercise (RSE: 8 × 10 s sprints; 20 s of recovery) was performed. Near-infrared spectroscopy parameters [for each sprint, change in deoxyhemoglobin (Δ[HHb]), total hemoglobin (Δ[tHb]), and tissue saturation index (ΔTSI%)] were measured. Results Trained participants achieved higher power outputs (+10–16%) than UT in all conditions, yet RSE performance did not differ between active preconditioning techniques in the two groups. All conditions induced similar sprint decrement scores during RSE in both T and UT (16 ± 2 vs. 23 ± 9% in CON; 17 ± 3 vs. 19 ± 6% in IPC; 18 ± 5 vs. 20 ± 10% in HPC; and 17 ± 3 vs. 21 ± 5% in HIPC, for T and UT, respectively). During the sprints, Δ[HHb] was larger after IPC than both HPC and CON in T (p < 0.001). The Δ[tHb] was greater after HPC than all other conditions in T, whereas IPC, HPC, and HIPC induced higher Δ[tHb] than CON in UT. Conclusion None of the active preconditioning methods had an ergogenic effect on repeated sprint cycling performance, despite some specific hemodynamic responses (e.g., greater oxygen extraction and changes in blood volume), which were emphasized in the trained cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias R Aebi
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Aeromedical Center (AeMC), Swiss Air Force, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Sarah J Willis
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Girard
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Murdoch Applied Sports Science (MASS) Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Fabio Borrani
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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41
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Zhou D, Ding J, Ya J, Pan L, Wang Y, Ji X, Meng R. Remote ischemic conditioning: a promising therapeutic intervention for multi-organ protection. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:1825-1855. [PMID: 30115811 PMCID: PMC6128414 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of formidable exploration, multi-organ ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) encountered, particularly amongst elderly patients with clinical scenarios, such as age-related arteriosclerotic vascular disease, heart surgery and organ transplantation, is still an unsettled conundrum that besets clinicians. Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC), delivered via transient, repetitive noninvasive IR interventions to distant organs or tissues, is regarded as an innovative approach against IRI. Based on the available evidence, RIC holds the potential of affording protection to multiple organs or tissues, which include not only the heart and brain, but also others that are likely susceptible to IRI, such as the kidney, lung, liver and skin. Neuronal and humoral signaling pathways appear to play requisite roles in the mechanisms of RIC-related beneficial effects, and these pathways also display inseparable interactions with each other. So far, several hurdles lying ahead of clinical translation that remain to be settled, such as establishment of biomarkers, modification of RIC regimen, and deep understanding of underlying minutiae through which RIC exerts its powerful function. As this approach has garnered an increasing interest, herein, we aim to encapsulate an overview of the basic concept and postulated protective mechanisms of RIC, highlight the main findings from proof-of-concept clinical studies in various clinical scenarios, and also to discuss potential obstacles that remain to be conquered. More well designed and comprehensive experimental work or clinical trials are warranted in future research to confirm whether RIC could be utilized as a non-invasive, inexpensive and efficient adjunct therapeutic intervention method for multi-organ protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Department of China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayue Ding
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Department of China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyuan Ya
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Department of China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Liqun Pan
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Department of China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Department of China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Xunming Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Department of China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Meng
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Department of China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
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Marocolo M, Simim MAM, Bernardino A, Monteiro IR, Patterson SD, da Mota GR. Ischemic preconditioning and exercise performance: shedding light through smallest worthwhile change. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:2123-2149. [PMID: 31451953 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04214-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been suggested as a potential ergogenic aid to improve exercise performance, although controversial findings exist. The controversies may be explained by several factors, including the mode of exercise, the ratio between the magnitude of improvement, or the error of measurement and physiological meaning. However, a relevant aspect has been lacking in the literature: the interpretation of the findings considering statistical tests and adequate effect size (ES) according to the fitness level of individuals. Thus, we performed a systematic review with meta-analysis to update the effects of IPC on exercise performance and physiological responses, using traditional statistics (P values), ES, and smallest worth change (SWC) approach contextualizing the IPC application to applied Sports and Exercise performance. Forty-five studies met the inclusion criteria. Overall, the results show that IPC has a minimal or nonsignificant effect on performance considering the fitness level of the individuals, using statistical approaches (i.e., tests with P value, ES, and SWC). Therefore, IPC procedures should be revised and refined in future studies to evaluate if IPC promotes positive effects on performance in a real-world scenario with more consistent interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moacir Marocolo
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Mario A Moura Simim
- Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Anderson Bernardino
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Iury Reis Monteiro
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Stephen D Patterson
- Faculty of Sport, Health, and Applied Science, St. Mary's University, Twickenham, London, UK
| | - Gustavo R da Mota
- Department of Sport Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
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43
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Chen YT, Hsieh YY, Ho JY, Lin JC. Effects of Running Exercise Combined With Blood Flow Restriction on Strength and Sprint Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 35:3090-3096. [PMID: 31453935 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chen, YT, Hsieh, YY, Ho, JY, and Lin, JC. Effects of running exercise combined with blood flow restriction on strength and sprint performance. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2019-We investigated muscle strength and sprint performance after combining running exercise (RE) with blood flow restriction (BFR). Twelve male sprinters received 2 experimental warm-ups: (a) RE (50% heart rate reserve, 2 minutes × 5 sets, 1-minute rest interval) with BFR (occlusion pressure: 1.3 × resting systolic blood pressure) warm-up, namely RE-BFR; and (b) RE without BFR warm-up, namely RE. Isokinetic strength or 60-m sprint performance was assessed after a 5-minute recovery from each experimental warm-up. All subjects completed 4 exercise trials in a counterbalanced order: (a) RE-BFR-strength; (b) RE-strength; (c) RE-BFR-sprint; and (d) RE-sprint. Muscle activation (during RE), blood lactate (BLa) (pre- and post-REs), heart rate (HR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) (pre- and post-REs and at a 5-minute recovery) were determined during each experimental warm-up. The isokinetic knee flexor strength and the hamstring-quadriceps (H:Q) ratio observed for the RE-BFR warm-up were significantly higher than those observed for the RE warm-up (p < 0.05). However, no differences (p > 0.05) in the isokinetic knee extensor strength and 60-m sprint performance were observed between the 2 warm-ups. Running exercise-BFR warm-up induced a higher level of vastus lateralis and biceps femoris muscle activation than did RE warm-up (p < 0.05). Furthermore, RE-BFR warm-up induced higher HR, RPE, and BLa values than did RE warm-up after RE and at a 5-minute recovery (p < 0.05). These results suggest that RE-BFR warm-up may augment physiological responses and improve the H:Q ratio and isokinetic knee flexor strength. Thus, RE-BFR warm-up may be considered a practical warm-up strategy for promoting muscle strength and reducing the risk of hamstring injury in male sprinters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Tsung Chen
- Department of Physical Education, Dongguan University of Technology, Guangdong, China
| | - Yao-Yi Hsieh
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Yu Ho
- Department of Athletic Performance, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Charng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Sport Coaching Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Slysz JT, Petrick HL, Marrow JP, Burr JF. An examination of individual responses to ischemic preconditioning and the effect of repeated ischemic preconditioning on cycling performance. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 20:633-640. [PMID: 31429381 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1651401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To use repeated control trials to measure within-subject variability and assess the existence of responders to ischemic preconditioning (IPC). Secondly, to determine whether repeated IPC can evoke a dosed ergogenic response. METHODS Twelve aerobically fit individuals each completed three control and three IPC 5-km cycling time trials. IPC trials included: (i) IPC 15-min preceding the trial (traditional IPC), (ii) IPC 24-h and 15-min preceding (IPC × 2), (iii) IPC 48-h, 24-h, and 15-min preceding (IPC × 3). IPC consisted of 3 × 5-min cycles of occlusion and reperfusion at the upper thighs. To assess the existence of a true response to IPC, individual performance following traditional IPC was compared to each individual's own 5-km TT coefficient of variation. In individuals who responded to IPC, all three IPC conditions were compared to the mean of the three control trials (CONavg) to determine whether repeated IPC can evoke a dosed ergogenic response. RESULTS 9 of 12 (75%) participants improved 5-km time (-1.8 ± 1.7%) following traditional IPC, however, only 7 of 12 (58%) improved greater than their own variability between repeated controls (true responders). In true responders only, we observed a significant mean improvement in 5-km TT completion following traditional IPC (478 ± 50 s), IPC × 2 (481 ± 51 s), and IPC × 3 (480.5 ± 49 s) compared to mean CONavg (488 ± 51s; p < 0.006), with no differences between various IPC trials (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION A majority of participants responded to IPC, providing support for a meaningful IPC-mediated performance benefit. However, repeated bouts of IPC on consecutive days do not enhance the ergogenic effect of a single bout of IPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Slysz
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - H L Petrick
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - J P Marrow
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - J F Burr
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
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Chhetri I, Hunt JEA, Mendis JR, Patterson SD, Puthucheary ZA, Montgomery HE, Creagh-Brown BC. Repetitive vascular occlusion stimulus (RVOS) versus standard care to prevent muscle wasting in critically ill patients (ROSProx):a study protocol for a pilot randomised controlled trial. Trials 2019; 20:456. [PMID: 31340849 PMCID: PMC6657179 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3547-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Forty per cent of critically ill patients are affected by intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICU-AW), to which skeletal muscle wasting makes a substantial contribution. This can impair outcomes in hospital, and can cause long-term physical disability after hospital discharge. No effective mitigating strategies have yet been identified. Application of a repetitive vascular occlusion stimulus (RVOS) a limb pressure cuff inducing brief repeated cycles of ischaemia and reperfusion, can limit disuse muscle atrophy in both healthy controls and bed-bound patients recovering from knee surgery. We wish to determine whether RVOS might be effective in mitigating against muscle wasting in the ICU. Given that RVOS can also improve vascular function in healthy controls, we also wish to assess such effects in the critically ill. We here describe a pilot study to assess whether RVOS application is safe, tolerable, feasible and acceptable for ICU patients. METHODS This is a randomised interventional feasibility trial. Thirty-two ventilated adult ICU patients with multiorgan failure will be recruited within 48 h of admission and randomised to either the intervention arm or the control arm. Intervention participants will receive RVOS twice daily (except only once on day 1) for up to 10 days or until ICU discharge. Serious adverse events and tolerability (pain score) will be recorded; feasibility of trial procedures will be assessed against pre-specified criteria and acceptability by semi-structured interview. Together with vascular function, muscle mass and quality will be assessed using ultrasound and measures of physical function at baseline, on days 6 and 11 of study enrolment, and at ICU and hospital discharge. Blood and urine biomarkers of muscle metabolism, vascular function, inflammation and DNA damage/repair mechanism will also be analysed. The Health questionnaire will be completed 3 months after hospital discharge. DISCUSSION If this study demonstrates feasibility, the derived data will be used to inform the design (and sample size) of an appropriately-powered prospective trial to clarify whether RVOS can help preserve muscle mass/improve vascular function in critically ill patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN Registry, ISRCTN44340629. Registered on 26 October 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismita Chhetri
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford, GU2 7XX UK
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Julie E. A. Hunt
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Jeewaka R. Mendis
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | | | - Zudin A. Puthucheary
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Institute for Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Human Health and Performance, University College London, London, UK
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, King’s College London, London,, UK
| | - Hugh E. Montgomery
- Institute for Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Human Health and Performance, University College London, London, UK
| | - Benedict C. Creagh-Brown
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford, GU2 7XX UK
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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Caru M, Levesque A, Lalonde F, Curnier D. An overview of ischemic preconditioning in exercise performance: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2019; 8:355-369. [PMID: 31333890 PMCID: PMC6620415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is an attractive method for athletes owing to its potential to enhance exercise performance. However, the effectiveness of the IPC intervention in the field of sports science remains mitigated. The number of cycles of ischemia and reperfusion, as well as the duration of the cycle, varies from one study to another. Thus, the aim of this systematic review was to provide a comprehensive review examining the IPC literature in sports science. A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed (MEDLINE) (from 1946 to May 2018), Web of Science (sport sciences) (from 1945 to May 2018), and EMBASE (from 1974 to May 2018). We included all studies investigating the effects of IPC on exercise performance in human subjects. To assess scientific evidence for each study, this review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. The electronic database search generated 441 potential articles that were screened for eligibility. A total of 52 studies were identified as eligible and valid for this systematic review. The studies included were of high quality, with 48 of the 52 studies having a randomized, controlled trial design. Most studied showed that IPC intervention can be beneficial to exercise performance. However, IPC intervention seems to be more beneficial to healthy subjects who wish to enhance their performance in aerobic exercises than athletes. Thus, this systematic review highlights that a better knowledge of the mechanisms generated by the IPC intervention would make it possible to optimize the protocols according to the characteristics of the subjects with the aim of suggesting to the subjects the best possible experience of IPC intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Caru
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology of EXercise (LPEX), School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Paris-Nanterre, Nanterre 92000, France
- Laboratoire EA 4430 – Clinique Psychanalyse Developpement (CliPsyD), University of Paris-Nanterre, Nanterre 92000, France
- CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, CHU Ste-Justine, Montreal H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Ariane Levesque
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology of EXercise (LPEX), School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
- CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, CHU Ste-Justine, Montreal H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - François Lalonde
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology of EXercise (LPEX), School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2L 2C4, Canada
| | - Daniel Curnier
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology of EXercise (LPEX), School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
- CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, CHU Ste-Justine, Montreal H3T 1C5, Canada
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Abstract
New approaches that promise more for less rarely pan out despite the hopes of physical therapists. In this Viewpoint, the author discusses blood flow restriction training, an intervention claiming that some low-intensity exercise performed while wearing a blood pressure cuff will result in strength gains, improved performance, shorter postexercise recovery, and pain reduction. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2019;49(5):294-298. doi:10.2519/jospt.2019.0608.
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48
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Paull EJ, Van Guilder GP. Remote ischemic preconditioning increases accumulated oxygen deficit in middle-distance runners. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:1193-1203. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00585.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mediators underlying the putative benefits of remote ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on dynamic whole body exercise performance have not been widely investigated. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that remote IPC improves supramaximal exercise performance in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I middle-distance runners by increasing accumulated oxygen deficit (AOD), an indicator of glycolytic capacity. A randomized sham-controlled crossover study was employed. Ten NCAA Division I middle-distance athletes [age: 21 ± 1 yr; maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max): 65 ± 7 ml·kg−1·min−1] completed three supramaximal running trials (baseline, after mock IPC, and with remote IPC) at 110% V̇o2max to exhaustion. Remote IPC was induced in the right arm with 4 × 5 min cycles of brachial artery ischemia with 5 min of reperfusion. Supramaximal AOD (ml/kg) was calculated as the difference between the theoretical oxygen demand required for the supramaximal running bout (linear regression extrapolated from ~12 × 5 min submaximal running stages) and the actual oxygen demand for these bouts. Remote IPC [122 ± 38 s, 95% confidence interval (CI): 94–150] increased ( P < 0.001) time to exhaustion 22% compared with baseline (99 ± 23 s, 95% CI: 82–116, P = 0.014) and sham (101 ± 30 s, 95% CI: 80–123, P = 0.001). In the presence of IPC, AOD was 47 ± 36 ml/kg (95% CI: 20.8–73.9), a 29% increase compared with baseline (36 ± 28 ml/kg, 95% CI: 16.3–56.9, P = 0.008) and sham (38 ± 32 ml/kg, 95% CI: 16.2–63.0, P = 0.024). Remote IPC considerably improved supramaximal exercise performance in NCAA Division I middle-distance athletes. Greater glycolytic capacity, as estimated by increased AOD, is a potential mediator for these performance improvements. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our novel findings indicate that ischemic preconditioning enhanced glycolytic exercise capacity, enabling National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) middle-distance track athletes to run ~22 s longer before exhaustion compared with baseline and mock ischemic preconditioning. The increase in “all-out” performance appears to be due to increased accumulated oxygen deficit, an index of better supramaximal capacity. Of note, enhanced exercise performance was demonstrated in a specific group of in-competition NCAA elite athletes that has already undergone substantial training of the glycolytic energy systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Paull
- Vascular Protection Research Laboratory, Department of Health and Nutritional Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota
| | - Gary P. Van Guilder
- Vascular Protection Research Laboratory, Department of Health and Nutritional Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota
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Ferritin Genes Overexpression in PBMC and a Rise in Exercise Performance as an Adaptive Response to Ischaemic Preconditioning in Young Men. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:9576876. [PMID: 31111074 PMCID: PMC6487173 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9576876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objectives The proposal of this study was to evaluate the effect of acute and ten-day ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) training procedure on the Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT), the ferritin H (FTH), ferritin L (FTL), and transferrin receptor 1 (TFRC) mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and anaerobic performance. Method 34 healthy men volunteers (aged 20.7 ± 1.22 years) participated in the study. The effects of bilateral upper limb IPC and sham controlled condition were assessed in two experimental protocols: (a) the influence of acute (one time) IPC based on an experimental crossover study design and (b) the influence of ten-day IPC training treatment based on a random group assignment. At the beginning and at the end of each experiment upper body WAnT was performed and blood samples were collected to assess gene expression via quantitative PCR (qPCR). Results No significant effect of one-time ischaemic preconditioning procedure was observed on upper body WAnT performance. Ten-day IPC training significantly increased upper limbs relative mean power (from 5.29 ± 0.50 to 5.79 ± 0.70 (W/kg), p < 0.05). One-time IPC caused significant decrease in FTH, FTL, and TFRC mRNA levels while 10 days of IPC resulted in significant increase of FTH and FTL mRNA (from 2 ∧254.2 to 2 ∧1678.6 (p = 0.01) for FTH and 2 ∧81.5 to 2 ∧923 (p = 0.01) for FTL) and decrease in TFRC mRNA. Conclusions Our findings suggest that ten-day IPC training intervention significantly affects upper limb relative peak power. The observed overexpression of FTH and FTL genes could be associated with adaptation response induced by prolonged IPC.
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Impact of 8 weeks of repeated ischemic preconditioning on running performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1431-1437. [PMID: 30953176 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine if repeated exposure to IPC treatment prior to training sessions improves oxygen uptake and 1-km running performance in highly trained middle-distance runners. METHODS Fourteen highly trained endurance runners (11 male/3 female, 19 ± 2 years, 64 ± 5 ml kg-1 min-1) completed a baseline maximal oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]) test and 1-km running performance test before random assignment to an IPC or control group. Both groups were prescribed identical endurance training over an 8-week varsity season; however, the IPC group performed an IPC protocol (5 min ischemia, repeated 3 times, each separated by 5 min reperfusion) before every training session. After 8 weeks of training, participants completed a follow-up [Formula: see text] test and 1-km time trial. RESULTS [Formula: see text] did not increase from baseline in either group following the 8-week training bout (P = 0.2), and neither group varied more than the other ([Formula: see text] = IPC 0.6 ± 2 ml kg-1 min-1; control 1.5 ± 2 ml kg-1 min-1, P = 0.6) or beyond typical measurement error. The IPC decreased 1-km time trial time by 0.4% (0.5 ± 2 s), while the control group decreased by 1% (1.5 ± 3 s), but neither change was significant compared to baseline (P = 0.2). There was also no difference in time trial improvement between IPC and control (P = 0.6). However, there was a trend towards IPC significantly improving running economy at low intensity (P = 0.057). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that over a normal 8-week season in a population of highly trained middle-distance runners there is no benefit of undergoing chronic, repeated IPC treatments before training for augmenting maximal aerobic power or 1-km performance time.
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