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Aruwa CE, Sabiu S. Adipose tissue inflammation linked to obesity: A review of current understanding, therapies and relevance of phyto-therapeutics. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23114. [PMID: 38163110 PMCID: PMC10755291 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a current global challenge affecting all ages and is characterized by the up-regulated secretion of bioactive factors/pathways which result in adipose tissue inflammation (ATI). Current obesity therapies are mainly focused on lifestyle (diet/nutrition) changes. This is because many chemosynthetic anti-obesogenic medications cause adverse effects like diarrhoea, dyspepsia, and faecal incontinence, among others. As such, it is necessary to appraise the efficacies and mechanisms of action of safer, natural alternatives like plant-sourced compounds, extracts [extractable phenol (EP) and macromolecular antioxidant (MA) extracts], and anti-inflammatory peptides, among others, with a view to providing a unique approach to obesity care. These natural alternatives may constitute potent therapies for ATI linked to obesity. The potential of MA compounds (analysed for the first time in this review) and extracts in ATI and obesity management is elucidated upon, while also highlighting research gaps and future prospects. Furthermore, immune cells, signalling pathways, genes, and adipocyte cytokines play key roles in ATI responses and are targeted in certain therapies. As a result, this review gives an in-depth appraisal of ATI linked to obesity, its causes, mechanisms, and effects of past, present, and future therapies for reversal and alleviation of ATI. Achieving a significant decrease in morbidity and mortality rates attributed to ATI linked to obesity and related comorbidities is possible as research improves our understanding over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana Eleojo Aruwa
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Saheed Sabiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
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Mohammad N, Nazli R, Fatima S, Fozia F, Zafar H, Zafar M, Zafar Z, Khan W, Abulmeaty M, Aldisi D, Andrade Laborde J, Aboul-Soud M. Lipid-based Nutritional Supplement Impact on Energy Intake, Appetite, Glucose and Insulin Levels in Under-Weight Pregnant and Lactating Women with Preeclampsia. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20231344. [PMID: 38206092 PMCID: PMC10830442 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20231344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the response of nutritional supplement (LNS-PLW) on appetite score, energy intake, insulin and glucose levels in preeclamptic women. DESIGN & PARTICIPANTS Sixty under-weight preeclamptic primigravida were divided into two groups randomly and provided LNS-PLW/Placebo in the fasted state. Blood samples were collected at fasting state, after 30mins of supplementation, "ad libitum buffet" breakfast and lunch for glucose and insulin levels. RESULTS Total energy intake was higher significantly in the LNS-PLW group, although during breakfast it was significantly reduced. The insulin and glucose concentration was significantly increased after 30min of supplementation in the LNS-PLW group. CONCLUSION Intake of the LNS-PLW by pre-eclamptic women had short-term suppression on subsequent meal but improved total energy intake during trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabila Sher Mohammad
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Rubina Nazli
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Fatima
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Fozia Fozia
- Department of Biochemistry, KMU Institute of Dental Science, Kohat 26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Hafza Zafar
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Mashal Zafar
- Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Zarghuna Zafar
- Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Warda Khan
- Rehman Dental Collage, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Mahmoud M.A. Abulmeaty
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Dara Aldisi
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Juan E. Andrade Laborde
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, 110370 Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
| | - Mourad A.M. Aboul-Soud
- Department of Clinical, Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
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Conkright WR, Beckner ME, Sahu A, Mi Q, Clemens ZJ, Lovalekar M, Flanagan SD, Martin BJ, Ferrarelli F, Ambrosio F, Nindl BC. Men and women display distinct extracellular vesicle biomarker signatures in response to military operational stress. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:1125-1136. [PMID: 35297690 PMCID: PMC9054257 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00664.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are mediators of physiological changes that occur during physical exertion. This study examined the effects of physical exertion with and without sleep and caloric restriction on EV size, concentration, and surface proteins in men and women. Twenty participants (10 men) completed a 5-day simulated military operational stress protocol with daily physical exertion. Blood was drawn before and immediately after exertion at baseline (D1) and following 48-h of sleep and caloric restriction (D3). EV size and concentration were assessed using nanoparticle tracking analysis. EVs were identified with markers associated with exosomes (CD63), microvesicles (VAMP3), apoptotic bodies (THSD1), and skeletal muscle-derived EVs (SGCA) and quantified using imaging flow cytometry. Interactive and main effects of sex, day, and time on EVs were assessed using three-way ANOVAs. EV concentration declined pre to postexertion in women on D1 and D3 but was stable in men. EV size increased from pre to postexertion and from D1 to D3 in men and women. Physical exertion following sleep and caloric restriction increased CD63+ EV concentration, proportion of total EVs, and CD63 surface protein expression regardless of sex. The proportion of SGCA+ EVs increased in men and women following exertion and from D1 to D3 but was higher in women than in men. No differences were observed in VAMP3+ and THSD1+ EVs. This study identified sexually dimorphic EV profiles in response to various stressors. Further investigations are necessary to determine if dimorphic EV responses affect health and performance outcomes during stress.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Sex is understudied in EV research, and most studies limit EV analysis to single stress conditions such as exercise. Multistress conditions consisting of physical exertion and sleep and caloric restriction are common in real-world settings. We demonstrate that physical exertion results in sex-specific EV signatures and that EV profiles vary according to single versus multistress conditions. Our data highlight important biological and ecological characteristics that should be considered in EV research.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Conkright
- Neuromuscular Research Lab/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Meaghan E Beckner
- Neuromuscular Research Lab/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Amrita Sahu
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Qi Mi
- Neuromuscular Research Lab/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Zachary J Clemens
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mita Lovalekar
- Neuromuscular Research Lab/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Shawn D Flanagan
- Neuromuscular Research Lab/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Brian J Martin
- Neuromuscular Research Lab/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Fabio Ferrarelli
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Fabrisia Ambrosio
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bradley C Nindl
- Neuromuscular Research Lab/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Shah M, Gloeckner A, Bailey S, Adams-Huet B, Kreutzer A, Cheek D, Willis JL, Mitchell J. Effect of a late afternoon/early evening bout of aerobic exercise on postprandial lipid and lipoprotein particle responses to a high-sugar meal breakfast the following day in postmenopausal women: a randomized cross-over study. J Sports Sci 2021; 40:175-184. [PMID: 34565292 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1982497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
High-sugar consumption is related to dyslipidemia. How acute exercise affects postprandial lipid and lipoprotein particle responses to a high-sugar meal (HSM) in postmenopausal women is unclear. We examined the effects of a late afternoon/early evening bout of aerobic exercise on postprandial lipid and lipoprotein particle responses to a HSM breakfast the following day in 22 postmenopausal women. Subjects underwent exercise (EX) and no exercise (NE) conditions in the evening 13-16 h before the HSM breakfast consumption, in a random order. During the EX condition, subjects performed supervised aerobic exercise for 60 min at 75% of age-predicted maximum heart rate. The HSM (75.6% carbohydrate and 33% energy needs) was consumed after a 12-h fast. Serum lipids and lipoproteins were assessed at baseline and postprandially (60, 120, 180 min). Repeated measures analysis showed significantly lower area under the curve (geometric means [95% CI]) for triglycerides (TG) (2.96[2.43, 3.61] vs. 3.24[2.70, 3.88] mmol/L*hr; p = 0.049) and very low density lipoprotein particles (VLDLP) (114.6[88.2, 148.9] vs. 134.3[108.1, 166.9] nmol/L*hr; p = 0.02) during the EX versus NE condition. There were no condition effects for other variables. In conclusion, the EX versus NE condition lowered postprandial AUC for TG and VLDLP following HSM consumption in postmenopausal women.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02919488.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena Shah
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Adam Gloeckner
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Sarah Bailey
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Beverley Adams-Huet
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Andreas Kreutzer
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Dennis Cheek
- Department of Nursing, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Jada L Willis
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Joel Mitchell
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
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McDonald SM, Isler C, Haven K, Newton E, Kuehn D, Kelley G, Chasan-Taber L, May LE. Moderate intensity aerobic exercise during pregnancy and 1-month infant Morphometry. Birth Defects Res 2021; 113:238-247. [PMID: 33522701 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Assess the effects of supervised, prenatal aerobic exercise intervention on 1-month-old neonatal morphometry. METHODS Secondary data analyses of a 24+ week, randomized controlled exercise intervention trial in pregnant women between 2015 and 2018 were performed. Eligibility criteria included pregnant women: <16 weeks of gestation, singleton pregnancy, aged 18-40 years, and body mass index of 18.5-35.00 kg∙m2 . Eligible pregnant women (n = 128) were randomly assigned a moderate-intensity aerobic exercise group (n = 68) or a nonexercising group (n = 60) consisting of light stretching and breathing techniques. Neonatal weight, skinfold thickness, circumferences, and fat-free mass were measured at 1-month of age. Covariates included weight gain, gestational diabetes mellitus, and neonatal sex. ANCOVAs for intention-to-treat (ITT) and per protocol were performed. RESULTS ITT and per protocol analyses included 74 and 56 participants, respectively. Adjusted regression results showed significant between-group differences for neonatal skinfold thickness (ITT: 20.0 mm vs. 22.2 mm; p = .04; per protocol: 19.8 mm vs. 22.3 mm; p = .03) and body fat (per protocol 13.2% vs. 15.1%; p = .05). No between-group differences for weight (p = .36, .25), abdominal (p = .08, .35) and mid-upper arm circumferences (p = .30, .26), or fat-free mass (p = .83, .69). CONCLUSION The study findings suggest that aerobic exercise has a beneficial impact on neonatal skinfold thickness and percent body fat at 1 month of age. Participation in the recommended levels of aerobic exercise (150 min, moderate-intensity per week) throughout the prenatal period may serve as an effective strategy to reduce the risk of overweight or obesity in the early postnatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M McDonald
- Department of Foundational Sciences and Research, East Carolina University (ECU), Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christy Isler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, East Carolina University (ECU), Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kelley Haven
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, East Carolina University (ECU), Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Edward Newton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, East Carolina University (ECU), Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Devon Kuehn
- Department of Pediatrics, East Carolina University (ECU), Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - George Kelley
- Department of Biostatistics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Lisa Chasan-Taber
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Linda E May
- Department of Foundational Sciences and Research, East Carolina University (ECU), Greenville, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, East Carolina University (ECU), Greenville, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University (ECU), Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Armas C, Kowalsky RJ, Hearon CM. Comparison of Acute Cardiometabolic Responses in a 7-Minute Body Weight Circuit to 7-Minute HIIT Training Protocol. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2020; 13:395-409. [PMID: 32148625 PMCID: PMC7039495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the acute cardiometabolic responses of a 7-minute bodyweight resistance exercise circuit (HICE) compared to a 7-minute high intensity interval training cycle protocol (HIIE). METHODS Twelve apparently healthy and active young adults were enrolled in a randomized crossover study (HICE vs HIIE). The 12 HICE exercises used a 30:5 second exercise to rest ratio, followed by a 3-minute cool-down and was replicated in the HIIE cycle protocol. Following each protocol, subjects were seated for the next hour. Measurements included blood pressure (BP) heart rate, blood glucose and triglycerides, taken prior to exercise, immediately after, 15, 30, 45, and 60-minutes post-exercise. Blood glucose and triglycerides were only taken, immediately after and at 60-minutes. General mixed linear modeling was used to analyze the data and Cohen's d was calculated for effect size. Post hoc analysis of individual time points used Bonferroni adjustment. RESULTS There was no significant difference in overall systolic BP between HIIE and HICE (p = 0.168). However, there was a significant difference in overall diastolic BP resulting a higher response in HIIE (p = 0.002). Immediately after exercise exhibited significant (p = 0.001) and trending, respectfully, higher values in diastolic BP for HIIE. The overall post-exercise heart rate was lower for HIIE vs HICE (p < 0.001). Blood glucose and Triglycerides had no overall difference between the two protocols (p = 0.104). CONCLUSION The HICE protocol had a similar cardiometabolic response post-exercise to HIIE but did have a reduction in diastolic BP post-exercise. However, post-exercise heart rate was higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cruz Armas
- Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX, USA
| | - Robert J Kowalsky
- Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX, USA
| | - Christopher M Hearon
- Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX, USA
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Chooi YC, Ding C, Chan Z, Lo J, Choo J, Ding BTK, Leow MKS, Magkos F. Lipoprotein Subclass Profile after Progressive Energy Deficits Induced by Calorie Restriction or Exercise. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111814. [PMID: 30469333 PMCID: PMC6266835 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Weight loss, induced by chronic energy deficit, improves the blood lipid profile. However, the effects of an acute negative energy balance and the comparative efficacy of diet and exercise are not well-established. We determined the effects of progressive, acute energy deficits (20% or 40% of daily energy requirements) induced by a single day of calorie restriction (n = 19) or aerobic exercise (n = 13) in healthy subjects (age: 26 ± 9 years; body mass index (BMI): 21.8 ± 2.9 kg/m²). Fasting plasma concentrations of very low-, intermediate-, low-, and high-density lipoprotein (VLDL, LDL, IDL, and HDL, respectively) particles and their subclasses were determined using nuclear magnetic resonance. Total plasma triglyceride and VLDL-triglyceride concentrations decreased after calorie restriction and exercise (all p ≤ 0.025); the pattern of change was linear with an increasing energy deficit (all p < 0.03), with no evidence of plateauing. The number of circulating large and medium VLDL particles decreased after diet and exercise (all p < 0.015), with no change in small VLDL particles. The concentrations of IDL, LDL, and HDL particles, their relative distributions, and the particle sizes were not altered. Our data indicate that an acute negative energy balance induced by calorie restriction and aerobic exercise reduces triglyceride concentrations in a dose-dependent manner, by decreasing circulating large and medium VLDL particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chung Chooi
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre (CNRC), Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) and National University Health System, Singapore 117599, Singapore.
| | - Cherlyn Ding
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre (CNRC), Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) and National University Health System, Singapore 117599, Singapore.
| | - Zhiling Chan
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre (CNRC), Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) and National University Health System, Singapore 117599, Singapore.
| | - Jezebel Lo
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre (CNRC), Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) and National University Health System, Singapore 117599, Singapore.
| | - John Choo
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) and National University Health System, Singapore 117609, Singapore.
| | - Benjamin T K Ding
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) and National University Health System, Singapore 117609, Singapore.
| | - Melvin K-S Leow
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre (CNRC), Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) and National University Health System, Singapore 117599, Singapore.
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore.
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore.
| | - Faidon Magkos
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre (CNRC), Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) and National University Health System, Singapore 117599, Singapore.
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore 117593, Singapore.
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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An SM, Seong KY, Yim SG, Hwang YJ, Bae SH, Yang SY, An BS. Intracutaneous delivery of gelatins induces lipolysis and suppresses lipogenesis of adipocytes. Acta Biomater 2018; 67:238-247. [PMID: 29208554 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Due to growing interest in cosmetics and medical applications, therapeutic medications that reduce the amount of local subcutaneous adipose tissue have potential for obesity treatment. However, conventional methods such as surgical operation are restricted due to risk of complications. Here, we report a simple and effective method for local reduction of subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) by using microneedle-assisted transdermal delivery of natural polymers. After in vitro screening tests, gelatin was selected as a therapeutic polymer to reduce accumulation of AT. An in vitro study showed that the level of released glycerol as an indicator of lipolysis was elevated in isolated adipocytes after gelatin treatment. In addition, gelatins suppressed expression levels of lipogenesis-associated genes. Following application of gelatin microneedle (GMN) patches to high-fat diet (HD)-induced obese rats, the amount of subcutaneous AT at the site of GMN application was significantly reduced, which was also confirmed by histological analysis and micro-computed tomography scanning. In addition, lipogenesis-associated genes were down-regulated in GMN-treated subcutaneous AT. These findings suggest that GMN patches induce lipolysis and simultaneously inhibit lipogenesis, thereby reducing deposition of subcutaneous AT. This platform using GMNs may provide a new strategy to treat excess subcutaneous AT with minimal complications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: (1) Significance This work reports a new approach for the local reduction of subcutaneous adipose tissue using a dissolving microneedle patch prepared using gelatin to enable suppression of lipogenesis and acceleration of lipolysis in adipocytes. The gelatin microneedle patch exhibited a significant reduction of local subcutaneous fat up to 60% compared to control groups without any change in total weight. (2) Scientific impact This is the first report demonstrating the direct anti-obesity effects of gelatin administrated in a transdermal route and the feasibility of natural polymer therapeutics for regional reduction of subcutaneous fat. We believe that our work will excite interdisciplinary readers of Acta Biomaterialia, those who are interested in the natural polymers, drug delivery, and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Min An
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Life and Industry Convergence Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Keum-Yong Seong
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Life and Industry Convergence Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Gu Yim
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Life and Industry Convergence Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jun Hwang
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Life and Industry Convergence Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Hwan Bae
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yun Yang
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Life and Industry Convergence Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea.
| | - Beum-Soo An
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Life and Industry Convergence Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Littlefield LA, Papadakis Z, Rogers KM, Moncada-Jiménez J, Taylor JK, Grandjean PW. The effect of exercise intensity and excess postexercise oxygen consumption on postprandial blood lipids in physically inactive men. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:986-993. [PMID: 28558252 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Reductions in postprandial lipemia have been observed following aerobic exercise of sufficient energy expenditure. Increased excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) has been documented when comparing high- versus low-intensity exercise. The contribution of EPOC energy expenditure to alterations in postprandial lipemia has not been determined. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of low- and high-intensity exercise on postprandial lipemia in healthy, sedentary, overweight and obese men (age, 43 ± 10 years; peak oxygen consumption, 31.1 ± 7.5 mL·kg-1·min-1; body mass index, 31.8 ± 4.5 kg/m2) and to determine the contribution of EPOC to reductions in postprandial lipemia. Participants completed 4 conditions: nonexercise control, low-intensity exercise at 40%-50% oxygen uptake reserve (LI), high-intensity exercise at 70%-80% oxygen uptake reserve (HI), and HI plus EPOC re-feeding (HI+EERM), where the difference in EPOC energy expenditure between LI and HI was re-fed in the form of a sports nutrition bar (Premier Nutrition Corp., Emeryville, Calif., USA). Two hours following exercise participants ingested a high-fat (1010 kcals, 99 g sat fat) test meal. Blood samples were obtained before exercise, before the test meal, and at 2, 4, and 6 h postprandially. Triglyceride incremental area under the curve was significantly reduced following LI, HI, and HI+EERM when compared with nonexercise control (p < 0.05) with no differences between the exercise conditions (p > 0.05). In conclusions, prior LI and HI exercise equally attenuated postprandial triglyceride responses to the test meal. The extra energy expended during EPOC does not contribute significantly to exercise energy expenditure or to reductions in postprandial lipemia in overweight men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel A Littlefield
- a College of Health and Human Sciences, Health, Human Performance, and Recreation (HHPR), One Bear Place no. 97313, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Zacharias Papadakis
- a College of Health and Human Sciences, Health, Human Performance, and Recreation (HHPR), One Bear Place no. 97313, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Katie M Rogers
- a College of Health and Human Sciences, Health, Human Performance, and Recreation (HHPR), One Bear Place no. 97313, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - José Moncada-Jiménez
- b Department of Human Movement Sciences, Human Movement Sciences Research Center, University of Costa Rica, PO Box 239-1200, San José, Costa Rica
| | - J Kyle Taylor
- c Medical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Auburn University Montgomery, PO Box 244023, Montgomery, AL 36124, USA
| | - Peter W Grandjean
- a College of Health and Human Sciences, Health, Human Performance, and Recreation (HHPR), One Bear Place no. 97313, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
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Teeman CS, Kurti SP, Cull BJ, Emerson SR, Haub MD, Rosenkranz SK. Postprandial lipemic and inflammatory responses to high-fat meals: a review of the roles of acute and chronic exercise. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:80. [PMID: 27891165 PMCID: PMC5112627 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Postprandial lipemia is an independent risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease. Postprandial inflammation following the prolonged elevation of triglycerides occurring subsequent to ingestion of high-fat meals, provides a likely explanation for increased disease risk. Substantial evidence has shown that acute exercise is an effective modality for attenuation of postprandial lipemia following a high-fat meal. However, much of the evidence pertaining to exercise intensity, duration, and overall energy expenditure for reducing postprandial lipemia is inconsistent. The effects of these different exercise variables on postprandial inflammation is largely unknown. Long-term, frequent exercise, however, appears to effectively reduce systemic inflammation, especially in at-risk or diseased individuals. With regard to an acute postprandial response, without a recent bout of exercise, high levels of chronic exercise do not appear to reduce postprandial lipemia. This review summarizes the current literature on postprandial and inflammatory responses to high-fat meals, and the roles that both acute and chronic exercise play. This review may be valuable for health professionals who wish to provide evidence-based, pragmatic advice for reducing postprandial lipemia and cardiovascular disease risk for their patients. A brief review of proposed mechanisms explaining how high-fat meals may result in pro-inflammatory and pro-atherosclerotic environments is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colby S. Teeman
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, 212 Justin Hall, 1324 Lovers Lane, 66506 Manhattan, KS USA
- Physical Activity and Nutrition-Clinical Research Consortium (PAN-CRC), College of Human Ecology, Kansas State University, 1105 Sunset Ave, 66502 Manhattan, KS USA
| | - Stephanie P. Kurti
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, 1A Natatorium, 920 Denison Ave, 66506 Manhattan, KS USA
- Physical Activity and Nutrition-Clinical Research Consortium (PAN-CRC), College of Human Ecology, Kansas State University, 1105 Sunset Ave, 66502 Manhattan, KS USA
| | - Brooke J. Cull
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, 212 Justin Hall, 1324 Lovers Lane, 66506 Manhattan, KS USA
- Physical Activity and Nutrition-Clinical Research Consortium (PAN-CRC), College of Human Ecology, Kansas State University, 1105 Sunset Ave, 66502 Manhattan, KS USA
| | - Sam R. Emerson
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, 212 Justin Hall, 1324 Lovers Lane, 66506 Manhattan, KS USA
- Physical Activity and Nutrition-Clinical Research Consortium (PAN-CRC), College of Human Ecology, Kansas State University, 1105 Sunset Ave, 66502 Manhattan, KS USA
| | - Mark D. Haub
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, 212 Justin Hall, 1324 Lovers Lane, 66506 Manhattan, KS USA
- Physical Activity and Nutrition-Clinical Research Consortium (PAN-CRC), College of Human Ecology, Kansas State University, 1105 Sunset Ave, 66502 Manhattan, KS USA
| | - Sara K. Rosenkranz
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, 212 Justin Hall, 1324 Lovers Lane, 66506 Manhattan, KS USA
- Physical Activity and Nutrition-Clinical Research Consortium (PAN-CRC), College of Human Ecology, Kansas State University, 1105 Sunset Ave, 66502 Manhattan, KS USA
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11
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Brouwers B, Hesselink MKC, Schrauwen P, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB. Effects of exercise training on intrahepatic lipid content in humans. Diabetologia 2016; 59:2068-79. [PMID: 27393135 PMCID: PMC5016557 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-4037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) is the most common liver disorder in western society. Various factors may play a role in determining hepatic fat content, such as delivery of lipids to the liver, de novo lipogenesis, hepatic lipid oxidation, secretion of intrahepatic lipids to the circulation or a combination of these. If delivery of lipids to the liver outweighs the sum of hepatic lipid oxidation and secretion, the intrahepatic lipid (IHL) content starts to increase and NAFL may develop. NAFL is closely related to obesity and insulin resistance and a fatty liver increases the vulnerability to type 2 diabetes development. Exercise training is a cornerstone in the treatment and prevention of type 2 diabetes. There is a large body of literature describing the beneficial metabolic consequences of exercise training on skeletal muscle metabolism. Recent studies have started to investigate the effects of exercise training on liver metabolism but data is still limited. Here, first, we briefly discuss the routes by which IHL content is modulated. Second, we review whether and how these contributing routes might be modulated by long-term exercise training. Third, we focus on the effects of acute exercise on IHL metabolism, since exercise also might affect hepatic metabolism in the physically active state. This will give insight into whether the effect of exercise training on IHL could be explained by the accumulated effect of acute bouts of exercise, or whether adaptations might occur only after long-term exercise training. The primary focus of this review will be on observations made in humans. Where human data is missing, data obtained from well-accepted animal models will be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Brouwers
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K C Hesselink
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Vera B Schrauwen-Hinderling
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
- Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Medical Center +, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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12
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Archer E. The childhood obesity epidemic as a result of nongenetic evolution: the maternal resources hypothesis. Mayo Clin Proc 2015; 90:77-92. [PMID: 25440888 PMCID: PMC4289440 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the past century, socioenvironmental evolution (eg, reduced pathogenic load, decreased physical activity, and improved nutrition) led to cumulative increments in maternal energy resources (ie, body mass and adiposity) and decrements in energy expenditure and metabolic control. These decrements reduced the competition between maternal and fetal energy demands and increased the availability of energy substrates to the intrauterine milieu. This perturbation of mother-conceptus energy partitioning stimulated fetal pancreatic β-cell and adipocyte hyperplasia, thereby inducing an enduring competitive dominance of adipocytes over other tissues in the acquisition and sequestering of nutrient energy via intensified insulin secretion and hyperplastic adiposity. At menarche, the competitive dominance of adipocytes was further amplified via hormone-induced adipocyte hyperplasia and weight-induced decrements in physical activity. These metabolic and behavioral effects were propagated progressively when obese, inactive, metabolically compromised women produced progressively larger, more inactive, metabolically compromised children. Consequently, the evolution of human energy metabolism was markedly altered. This phenotypic evolution was exacerbated by increments in the use of cesarean sections, which allowed both the larger fetuses and the metabolically compromised mothers who produced them to survive and reproduce. Thus, natural selection was iatrogenically rendered artificial selection, and the frequency of obese, inactive, metabolically compromised phenotypes increased in the global population. By the late 20th century, a metabolic tipping point was reached at which the postprandial insulin response was so intense, the relative number of adipocytes so large, and inactivity so pervasive that the competitive dominance of adipocytes in the sequestering of nutrient energy was inevitable and obesity was unavoidable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Archer
- Office of Energetics, Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham.
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Tuazon MA, McConnell TR, Wilson GJ, Anthony TG, Henderson GC. Intensity-dependent and sex-specific alterations in hepatic triglyceride metabolism in mice following acute exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 118:61-70. [PMID: 25257878 PMCID: PMC6195669 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00440.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise regulation of hepatic triglyceride (TG) metabolism and secretion is critical for health, and exercise could play a significant role. We compared one session of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) vs. continuous exercise (CE) on hepatic TG metabolism. Female and male mice were assigned to CE, HIIE, or sedentary control (CON). HIIE was a 30-min session of 30-s running intervals (30 m/min) interspersed with 60-s walking periods (5 m/min). CE was a distance- and duration-matched run at 13.8 m/min. Hepatic content of TG and TG secretion rates, as well as expression of relevant genes/proteins, were measured at 3 h (day 1) and 28 h (day 2) postexercise. On day 1, hepatic [TG] in CE and HIIE were both elevated vs. CON in both sexes with an approximately twofold greater elevation in HIIE vs. CE in females. In both sexes, hepatic perilipin 2 (PLIN2) protein on day 1 was increased significantly by both exercise types with a significantly greater increase with HIIE than CE, whereas the increase in mRNA reached significance only after HIIE. On day 2 in both sexes the increases in hepatic TG and PLIN2 with exercise declined toward CON levels. Only HIIE on day 2 resulted in reduced hepatic TG secretion by ∼20% in females with no effect in males. Neither exercise modality altered AMPK signaling or microsomal triglyceride transfer protein expression. Females exhibited higher hepatic TG secretion than males in association with different expression levels of related metabolic enzymes. These intensity-dependent and sex-specific alterations following exercise may have implications for sex-based exercise prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Tuazon
- Department of Exercise Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Taylor R McConnell
- Department of Exercise Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Gabriel J Wilson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey; and Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Tracy G Anthony
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey; and Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Gregory C Henderson
- Department of Exercise Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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14
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Exercise and dietary-mediated reductions in postprandial lipemia. J Nutr Metab 2014; 2014:902065. [PMID: 25061524 PMCID: PMC4100364 DOI: 10.1155/2014/902065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Postprandial hyperlipemia produces long-term derangements in lipid/lipoprotein metabolism, vascular endothelial dysfunction, hypercoagulability, and sympathetic hyperactivity which are strongly linked to atherogenesis. The purpose of this review is to (1) provide a qualitative analysis of the available literature examining the dysregulation of postprandial lipid metabolism in the presence of obesity, (2) inspect the role of adiposity distribution and sex on postprandial lipid metabolism, and (3) examine the role of energy deficit (exercise- and/or energy restriction-mediated), isoenergetic low-carbohydrate diets, and omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid supplementation on postprandial lipid metabolism. We conclude from the literature that central adiposity primarily accounts for sex-related differences in postprandial lipemia and that aerobic exercise attenuates this response in obese or lean men and women to a similar extent through potentially unique mechanisms. In contrast, energy restriction produces only mild reductions in postprandial lipemia suggesting that exercise may be superior to energy restriction alone as a strategy for lowering postprandial lipemia. However, isoenergetic very low-carbohydrate diets and n-3 fatty acid supplementation reduce postprandial lipemia indicating that macronutrient manipulations reduce postprandial lipemia in the absence of energy restriction. Therefore, interactions between exercise/energy restriction and alterations in macronutrient content remain top priorities for the field to identify optimal behavioral treatments to reduce postprandial lipemia.
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15
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Henderson GC. Sexual dimorphism in the effects of exercise on metabolism of lipids to support resting metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:162. [PMID: 25339941 PMCID: PMC4188128 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise training is generally a healthful activity and an effective intervention for reducing the risk of numerous chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease and diabetes. This is likely both a result of prevention of weight gain over time and direct effects of exercise on metabolism of lipids and the other macronutrient classes. Importantly, a single bout of exercise can alter lipid metabolism and metabolic rate for hours and even into the day following exercise, so individuals who regularly exercise, even if not performed every single day, overall could experience a substantial change in their resting metabolism that would reduce risk for metabolic diseases. However, resting metabolism does not respond similarly in all individuals to exercise participation, and indeed gender or sex is a major determinant of the response of resting lipid metabolism to prior exercise. In order to fully appreciate the metabolic effects and health benefits of exercise, the differences between men and women must be considered. In this article, the differences in the effects of exercise on resting metabolic rate, fuel selection after exercise, as well as the shuttling of triglyceride and fatty acids between tissues are discussed. Furthermore, concepts related to sex differences in the precision of homeostatic control and sex differences in the integration of metabolism between various organs are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C. Henderson
- Department of Exercise Science, Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- *Correspondence: Gregory C. Henderson, Department of Exercise Science, Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, 70 Lipman Drive, Loree Building, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA e-mail:
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Smith GI, Magkos F, Reeds DN, Okunade AL, Patterson BW, Mittendorfer B. One day of mixed meal overfeeding reduces hepatic insulin sensitivity and increases VLDL particle but not VLDL-triglyceride secretion in overweight and obese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:3454-62. [PMID: 23750033 PMCID: PMC3733854 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-1786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The exact mechanisms responsible for increased plasma triglyceride (TG) concentration in obese people are unclear, and it is not known whether excess energy intake per se is involved in the pathophysiology of this abnormality. OBJECTIVE The purpose of our study was to examine how excess energy intake from a balanced diet for 1 day affects very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-TG kinetics and its putative regulators hepatic insulin sensitivity and plasma free fatty acid availability. SUBJECTS AND DESIGN We used stable isotope-labeled tracer methods to evaluate glucose and lipid kinetics in 8 overweight and obese men (age, 38 ± 3 years; body mass index, 33.7 ± 1.7 kg/m(2); means ± SEM) on 2 occasions (randomized crossover design): once, the day after they consumed a balanced diet that provided an amount of energy that matched their energy expenditure, and another time, the day after they consumed a balanced diet that provided 30% excess calories. Eight healthy, lean men (34 ± 1 years; 22.5 ± 0.6 kg/m(2)) were studied under isocaloric conditions only to provide a reference for normal lipid kinetics. RESULTS VLDL-TG and VLDL-apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100) concentrations and secretion rates were significantly greater (P < .01) in overweight/obese compared with lean men. Hypercaloric, compared with isocaloric, feeding in overweight/obese men increased glucose rate of appearance in plasma (904 ± 21 vs 873 ± 26 μmol/min), the hepatic insulin resistance index (10.9 ± 2.2 vs 8.3 ± 1.8), and VLDL-apoB-100 concentration and secretion rate (1.91 ± 0.24 vs. 1.53 ± 0.13 nmol/min), whereas VLDL-apoB-100 plasma clearance rate, VLDL-TG secretion and plasma clearance rates, and free fatty acid rate of appearance in plasma were not affected by overfeeding. CONCLUSION One day of moderate overfeeding (30% excess energy intake) stimulates hepatic glucose and VLDL-apo B-100 secretion rates but has no effect on hepatic and adipose tissue fatty acid metabolism in overweight/obese men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon I Smith
- Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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17
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Abstract
This review examines the effect of prior exercise on postprandial triacylglycerol (pTAG) concentrations, an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Numerous studies have shown that a single bout of exercise reduces pTAG concentrations; however, several modulators such as exercise energy expenditure/deficit, mode of exercise (aerobic/resistance/high intensity/intermittent exercise or combinations), type of meal (moderate or high fat), time frame between exercise and meal and target group may individually or in conjunction influence this effect. On the other hand, at least for aerobic exercise, training reduces pTAG concentrations transiently (~2 days); therefore, exercise sessions should be frequent enough to maintain this clinically significant improvement. For the healthy population, it seems that a subject's preference and ability determine which type of exercise to undertake to attenuate pTAG concentrations; an energy expenditure of ~30 kJ/kg of body mass (or ~2-2.5 MJ) not combined with a corresponding increase in energy intake is required; for resistance or intermittent exercise, for those following a moderate rather than a high-fat diet, and for those with obesity (expressed as kJ/kg of body mass), a smaller energy expenditure is probably sufficient. More studies are needed to investigate dose-response/plateau effects, as well as the threshold of energy expenditure in those with diabetes mellitus and other high-risk populations. Finally, investigation of the underlying mechanisms may be clinically helpful in individualizing the appropriate intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I. Maraki
- Laboratory of Nutrition & Clinical Dietetics, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Labros S. Sidossis
- Laboratory of Nutrition & Clinical Dietetics, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sealy Center on Aging, Institute for Translational Sciences and Shriners Hospital for Children, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX, USA
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Davitt PM, Arent SM, Tuazon MA, Golem DL, Henderson GC. Postprandial triglyceride and free fatty acid metabolism in obese women after either endurance or resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 114:1743-54. [PMID: 23580597 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00095.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of two exercise modalities on postprandial triglyceride (TG) and free fatty acid (FFA) metabolism. Sedentary, obese women were studied on three occasions in randomized order: endurance exercise for 60 min at 60-65% aerobic capacity (E), ~60 min high-intensity resistance exercise (R), and a sedentary control trial (C). After exercise, a liquid-mixed meal containing [U-(13)C]palmitate was consumed, and subjects were studied over 7 h. Isotopic enrichment (IE) of plasma TG, plasma FFA, and breath carbon dioxide compared with meal IE indicated the contribution of dietary fat to each pool. Total and endogenously derived plasma TG content was reduced significantly in both E and R compared with C (P < 0.05), with no effect of exercise on circulating exogenous (meal-derived) TG content. Exogenous plasma FFA content was increased significantly following both E and R compared with C (P < 0.05), whereas total and endogenous FFA concentrations were elevated only in E (P < 0.05) compared with C. Fatty acid (FA) oxidation rates were increased significantly after E and R compared with C (P < 0.05), with no difference between exercise modalities. The present results indicate that E and R may be equally effective in reducing postprandial plasma TG concentration and enhancing lipid oxidation when the exercise sessions are matched for duration rather than for energy expenditure. Importantly, tracer results indicated that the reduction in postprandial lipemia after E and R exercise bouts is not achieved by enhanced clearance of dietary fat but rather, is achieved by reduced abundance of endogenous FA in plasma TG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Davitt
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
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Effect of acute negative and positive energy balance on basal very-low density lipoprotein triglyceride metabolism in women. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60251. [PMID: 23533676 PMCID: PMC3606217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute reduction in dietary energy intake reduces very low-density lipoprotein triglyceride (VLDL-TG) concentration. Although chronic dietary energy surplus and obesity are associated with hypertriglyceridemia, the effect of acute overfeeding on VLDL-TG metabolism is not known. Objective The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of acute negative and positive energy balance on VLDL-TG metabolism in healthy women. Design Ten healthy women (age: 22.0±2.9 years, BMI: 21.2±1.3 kg/m2) underwent a stable isotopically labeled tracer infusion study to determine basal VLDL-TG kinetics after performing, in random order, three experimental trials on the previous day: i) isocaloric feeding (control) ii) hypocaloric feeding with a dietary energy restriction of 2.89±0.42 MJ and iii) hypercaloric feeding with a dietary energy surplus of 2.91±0.32 MJ. The three diets had the same macronutrient composition. Results Fasting plasma VLDL-TG concentrations decreased by ∼26% after hypocaloric feeding relative to the control trial (P = 0.037), owing to decreased hepatic VLDL-TG secretion rate (by 21%, P = 0.023) and increased VLDL-TG plasma clearance rate (by ∼12%, P = 0.016). Hypercaloric feeding increased plasma glucose concentration (P = 0.042) but had no effect on VLDL-TG concentration and kinetics compared to the control trial. Conclusion Acute dietary energy deficit (∼3MJ) leads to hypotriglyceridemia via a combination of decreased hepatic VLDL-TG secretion and increased VLDL-TG clearance. On the other hand, acute dietary energy surplus (∼3MJ) does not affect basal VLDL-TG metabolism but disrupts glucose homeostasis in healthy women.
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