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Heiling S, Llorca LC, Li J, Gase K, Schmidt A, Schäfer M, Schneider B, Halitschke R, Gaquerel E, Baldwin IT. Specific decorations of 17-hydroxygeranyllinalool diterpene glycosides solve the autotoxicity problem of chemical defense in Nicotiana attenuata. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:1748-1770. [PMID: 33561278 PMCID: PMC8254506 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The native diploid tobacco Nicotiana attenuata produces abundant, potent anti-herbivore defense metabolites known as 17-hydroxygeranyllinalool diterpene glycosides (HGL-DTGs) whose glycosylation and malonylation biosynthetic steps are regulated by jasmonate signaling. To characterize the biosynthetic pathway of HGL-DTGs, we conducted a genome-wide analysis of uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferases (UGTs) and identified 107 family-1 UGT members. The transcript levels of three UGTs were highly correlated with the transcript levels two key HGL-DTG biosynthetic genes: geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (NaGGPPS) and geranyllinalool synthase (NaGLS). NaGLS's role in HGL-DTG biosynthesis was confirmed by virus-induced gene silencing. Silencing the Uridine diphosphate (UDP)-rhamnosyltransferase gene UGT91T1 demonstrated its role in the rhamnosylation of HGL-DTGs. In vitro enzyme assays revealed that UGT74P3 and UGT74P4 use UDP-glucose for the glucosylation of 17-hydroxygeranyllinalool (17-HGL) to lyciumoside I. Plants with stable silencing of UGT74P3 and UGT74P5 were severely developmentally deformed, pointing to a phytotoxic effect of the aglycone. The application of synthetic 17-HGL and silencing of the UGTs in HGL-DTG-free plants confirmed this phytotoxic effect. Feeding assays with tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) larvae revealed the defensive functions of the glucosylation and rhamnosylation steps in HGL-DTG biosynthesis. Glucosylation of 17-HGL is therefore a critical step that contributes to the resulting metabolites' defensive function and solves the autotoxicity problem of this potent chemical defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Heiling
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Lucas Cortes Llorca
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jiancai Li
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Klaus Gase
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Schäfer
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Bernd Schneider
- Research Group Biosynthesis/NMR, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Gaquerel
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS UPR 2357 Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Ian Thomas Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Chien SK, Chen LC, Huang HC, Chen LC, Hsiao JW, Cheng MJ, Chen JJ. A New Flavone and Cytotoxic Constituents of Nicotiana tabacum. Chem Nat Compd 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-018-2551-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Jassbi AR, Zare S, Asadollahi M, Schuman MC. Ecological Roles and Biological Activities of Specialized Metabolites from the Genus Nicotiana. Chem Rev 2017; 117:12227-12280. [PMID: 28960061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Species of Nicotiana grow naturally in different parts of the world and have long been used both medicinally and recreationally by human societies. More recently in our history, Nicotiana tabacum has attracted interest as one of the most economically important industrial crops. Nicotiana species are frequently investigated for their bioactive natural products, and the ecological role of their specialized metabolites in responses to abiotic stress or biotic stress factors like pathogens and herbivores. The interest of tobacco companies in genetic information as well as the success of a few wild tobacco species as experimental model organisms have resulted in growing knowledge about the molecular biology and ecology of these plants and functional studies of the plant's natural products. Although a large number of reviews and books on biologically active natural products already exists, mostly from N. tabacum, we focus our attention on the ecological roles and biological activity of natural products, versus products from cured and processed material, in this Review. The studied compounds include alkaloids, aromatic compounds, flavonoids, volatiles, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenes alcohols, and sugar esters from trichomes of the plants, and recently characterized acyclic hydroxygeranyllinalool diterpene glycosides (HGL-DTGs). In this Review (1800s-2017), we describe the above-mentioned classes of natural products, emphasizing their biological activities and functions as they have been determined either in bioassay-guided purification approaches or in bioassays with plants in which the expression of specific biosynthetic genes has been genetically manipulated. Additionally, a review on the history, taxonomy, ecology, and medicinal application of different Nicotiana species growing around the globe presented in this Review may be of interest for pharmacognosists, natural products, and ecological chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology , Jena 07745, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) , Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig 04103, Germany
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Klubicová K, Uvácková L, Danchenko M, Nemecek P, Skultéty L, Salaj J, Salaj T. Insights into the early stage of Pinus nigra Arn. somatic embryogenesis using discovery proteomics. J Proteomics 2017; 169:99-111. [PMID: 28526530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The somatic embryogenesis in conifers represents a suitable model of plant regeneration system facilitating studies of fundamental aspects of an early development as well as in vitro micropropagation. The aim of our study was to deeper understand the somatic embryogenesis in the conifer tree Pinus nigra Arn. Comparative proteomic analysis based on 2D-PAGE in 1) proliferating embryogenic tissues (E) initiated from immature zygotic embryos, 2) non-embryogenic calli (NEC) initiated from cotyledons of somatic seedlings of the same genotypes, 3) embryogenic tissues that lost the maturation capacity (E-L) of two cell lines (E362, E366). Investigated pine tissues showed distinct structural features. The 24 protein spots were altered in both cell lines in comparison of embryogenic and non-embryogenic tissues. These proteins are involved in disease and defence mechanism, energy metabolism and biosynthesis of cell wall components. Two of three protein spots detected only in embryogenic form of both cell lines are similar to water deficit inducible protein LP3, the third remains uncharacterised. The loss of the maturation capacity was accompanied by changes in 35 and 38 protein spots in 362 and 366 cell lines, respectively. Only two of them were altered in both cell lines, suggesting non-uniform process of ageing. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Somatic embryogenesis in conifers represents an experimental system for the study of early plant development as well as a biotechnological tool for large-scale micropropagation. The obtained results give a new insight into the process of somatic embryogenesis of a conifer Pinus nigra Arn. by revealing differences at proteomic levels among in vitro cultured tissues characterised by different embryogenic potential. Microscopic investigations have also shown differences in the structural organisation of studied tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Klubicová
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Plant Science and Biodiversity Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademická 2, P.O. Box 39A, 950 07 Nitra, Slovakia.
| | - Lubica Uvácková
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Plant Science and Biodiversity Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademická 2, P.O. Box 39A, 950 07 Nitra, Slovakia; Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of SS. Cyril and Methodius, Nám. J. Herdu 2, 917 01 Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Maksym Danchenko
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Nemecek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of SS. Cyril and Methodius, Nám. J. Herdu 2, 917 01 Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Ludovít Skultéty
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ján Salaj
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Plant Science and Biodiversity Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademická 2, P.O. Box 39A, 950 07 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Terézia Salaj
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Plant Science and Biodiversity Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademická 2, P.O. Box 39A, 950 07 Nitra, Slovakia
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Vaziri S, Mojarrab M, Farzaei MH, Najafi F, Ghobadi A. Evaluation of anti-aphthous activity of decoction of Nicotiana tabacum leaves as a mouthwash: a placebo-controlled clinical study. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2016; 36:160-4. [PMID: 27400469 DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(16)30022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of decoction derived from the leaves of Nicotiana tabacum (L.) as a mouthwash on minor recurrent aphthous. METHODS A randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted on 60 patients with minor recurrent aphthous. Treatment comprised of application of tobacco or placebo mouthwash (10 mL 3 times a day) for 5 days. Clinical evaluation included pain level using a visual analog scale and ulcer size on days 1, 3, and 5 were measured. Adverse effects after mouthwash application were recorded, and the oral mucosa was examined by the investigator at each visit. RESULTS A total of 54 subjects with the mean age (38 ± 10) years fulfilled the study. No minor and major adverse effects were observed. In the treatment group, ulcer pain score was decreased by 79.2% and 93.8% and ulcer size was reduced by 69.1% and 92.2% (days 3 and 5, respectively), which was significantly greater than the control group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The decoction prepared with of Nicotiana tabacum leaves, used as mouthwash are well-tolerated and safe, and can be used for the management of recurrent aphthous.
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Heiling S, Khanal S, Barsch A, Zurek G, Baldwin IT, Gaquerel E. Using the knowns to discover the unknowns: MS-based dereplication uncovers structural diversity in 17-hydroxygeranyllinalool diterpene glycoside production in the Solanaceae. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 85:561-77. [PMID: 26749139 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Exploring the diversity of plant secondary metabolism requires efficient methods to obtain sufficient structural insights to discriminate previously known from unknown metabolites. De novo structure elucidation and confirmation of known metabolites (dereplication) remain a major bottleneck for mass spectrometry-based metabolomic workflows, and few systematic dereplication strategies have been developed for the analysis of entire compound classes across plant families, partly due to the complexity of plant metabolic profiles that complicates cross-species comparisons. 17-hydroxygeranyllinalool diterpene glycosides (HGL-DTGs) are abundant defensive secondary metabolites whose malonyl and glycosyl decorations are induced by jasmonate signaling in the ecological model plant Nicotiana attenuata. The multiple labile glycosidic bonds of HGL-DTGs result in extensive in-source fragmentation (IS-CID) during ionization. To reconstruct these IS-CID clusters from profiling data and identify precursor ions, we applied a deconvolution algorithm and created an MS/MS library from positive-ion spectra of purified HGL-DTGs. From this library, 251 non-redundant fragments were annotated, and a workflow to characterize leaf, flower and fruit extracts of 35 solanaceous species was established. These analyses predicted 105 novel HGL-DTGs that were restricted to Nicotiana, Capsicum and Lycium species. Interestingly, malonylation is a highly conserved step in HGL-DTG metabolism, but is differentially affected by jasmonate signaling among Nicotiana species. This MS-based workflow is readily applicable for cross-species re-identification/annotation of other compound classes with sufficient fragmentation knowledge, and therefore has the potential to support hypotheses regarding secondary metabolism diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Heiling
- Molecular Ecology Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Santosh Khanal
- Molecular Ecology Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Aiko Barsch
- Bruker Daltonics, Fahrenheitstraße 4, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Zurek
- Bruker Daltonics, Fahrenheitstraße 4, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Molecular Ecology Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Gaquerel
- Plant Defense Metabolism Research Group, Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Gadetskaya AV, Tarawneh AH, Zhusupova GE, Gemejiyeva NG, Cantrell CL, Cutler SJ, Ross SA. Sulfated phenolic compounds from Limonium caspium: Isolation, structural elucidation, and biological evaluation. Fitoterapia 2015; 104:80-5. [PMID: 26025854 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Three new compounds, (2S,3S)-5-methyldihydromyricetin (1), (2S,3S)-5-methyldihydromyricetin-3'-O-sulfate (2) and β-d-glucopyranoside, 3-methyl, but-3-en-1-yl 4-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl (3) have been isolated from the Limonium caspium, together with dihydromyricetin (4), dihydromyricetin-3'-O-sulfate (5), myricetin-3'-O-sulfate (6), 5-methylmyricetin (7), myricetin (8), myricetin-3-O-β-glucoside (9), as well as phloridzin (10), and tyramine (11). Compounds 5 and 6 were isolated for the first time as acids. This is the first report of all these compounds from this plant. Their structures were established by extensive NMR studies ((1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, DEPT, (1)H-(1)H COSY, HSQC, HMBC) as well as HRESIMS. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial and antileishmanial activities. Compounds 7, 8 and 9 exhibited good antifungal activity against Candida glabrata with IC50 values of 6.79, 15.37 and 8.53μg/mL, respectively. Compound 8 displayed significant antimalarial activity against resistant and sensitive strains of Plasmodium falciparum with IC50 values of 1.82 and 1.51μg/mL, respectively. Compounds 1, 4, 6, 8 and 9 showed excellent activity against Trypanosoma brucei with IC50 values of 6.93, 9.65, 8.52, 7.67 and 6.31μg/mL, respectively. To date, this is the first report on the phytochemical and biological activity of secondary metabolites from L. caspium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastassiya V Gadetskaya
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; School of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Amer H Tarawneh
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Galiya E Zhusupova
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Nadezhda G Gemejiyeva
- Botanical Garden, the Institute of Botany and Phytointrodaction, Almaty, 480070, Kazakhstan
| | - Charles L Cantrell
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, USDA-ARS, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Stephen J Cutler
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Samir A Ross
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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Coumarins from the Roots and Stems of Nicotiana tabacum and their Anti-Tobacco Mosaic Virus Activity. Chem Nat Compd 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-015-1199-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Wang Z, Li Y, Zhao Y, Xiang N, Yang L, Wang F. Flavonoids from the Leaves of Nicotiana tabacum and Their Anti-Tobacco Mosaic Virus Activity. HETEROCYCLES 2014. [DOI: 10.3987/com-14-13108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Chen YK, Li XS, Yang GY, Chen ZY, Hu QF, Miao MM. Phenolic compounds from Nicotiana tabacum and their biological activities. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2012; 14:450-6. [PMID: 22428563 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2012.669578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Three new phenolic compounds, nicotphenols A-C (1-3), together with 14 known phenols (4-17), were isolated from the leaves of Nicotiana tabacum. Their structures were established by means of spectroscopic methods, including extensive 1D and 2D NMR techniques. Compounds 1-3 were tested for their anti-HIV-1 activities and cytotoxicities. They all showed significant cytotoxic abilities and modest anti-HIV-1 activities, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Kuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Science, Kunming, 650106, China
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Hu QF, Yang G, Li X, Yang X, Mu H, Chen Y, Gao XM. Lignan Derivatives from the Leaves Nicotiana tabacum and Their Activities. HETEROCYCLES 2012. [DOI: 10.3987/com-11-12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Chen Y, Li T, Chen ZY, Yang G, Miao M, Tan J. Two New Benzofuranylpropanoids from Nicotiana tabacum and Their Anti-Tobacco Mosaic Virus Activities. HETEROCYCLES 2011. [DOI: 10.3987/com-11-12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Jassbi AR, Zamanizadehnajari S, Baldwin IT. 17-Hydroxygeranyllinalool glycosides are major resistance traits of Nicotiana obtusifolia against attack from tobacco hornworm larvae. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2010; 71:1115-21. [PMID: 20452633 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In the Great Basin Desert, Nicotiana obtusifolia (synonymous with Nicotiana trigonophylla) and Nicotiana attenuata co-occur, but the former is frequently less attacked by larvae of the tobacco hornworm than the latter, despite having lower nicotine and trypsin protease inhibitor defenses. Glycosides of the diterpene, 17-hydroxygeranyllinalool (HGL-DTGs) have recently been found to be important defenses of N. attenuata. Total HGL-DTG levels are 5-fold higher in N. obtusifolia than in N. attenuata, and we characterize the three major HGL-DTGs purified from N. obtusifolia leaves as: 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-17-hydroxygeranyllinalool-17-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-glucopyranoside; nicotinoside III and its malonic acid conjugates. Using APCI- and ESI-LC-MS, we also identified mono- and diacetyl-nicotinoside III and quercetin glycosides. To evaluate the defensive value of these HGL-DTGs, we used virus-induced-gene silencing to reduce the transcript levels of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase and total HGL-DTG levels in both species. When fed on silenced plants, larvae gained up to about two times more mass than those that fed on empty vector control plants of both species. We conclude that HGL-DTGs function as the most important direct defenses for both N. attenuata and N. obtusifolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Reza Jassbi
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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Heiling S, Schuman MC, Schoettner M, Mukerjee P, Berger B, Schneider B, Jassbi AR, Baldwin IT. Jasmonate and ppHsystemin regulate key Malonylation steps in the biosynthesis of 17-Hydroxygeranyllinalool Diterpene Glycosides, an abundant and effective direct defense against herbivores in Nicotiana attenuata. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:273-92. [PMID: 20081114 PMCID: PMC2828710 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.071449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Revised: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We identified 11 17-hydroxygeranyllinalool diterpene glycosides (HGL-DTGs) that occur in concentrations equivalent to starch (mg/g fresh mass) in aboveground tissues of coyote tobacco (Nicotiana attenuata) and differ in their sugar moieties and malonyl sugar esters (0-2). Concentrations of HGL-DTGs, particularly malonylated compounds, are highest in young and reproductive tissues. Within a tissue, herbivore elicitation changes concentrations and biosynthetic kinetics of individual compounds. Using stably transformed N. attenuata plants silenced in jasmonate production and perception, or production of N. attenuata Hyp-rich glycopeptide systemin precursor by RNA interference, we identified malonylation as the key biosynthetic step regulated by herbivory and jasmonate signaling. We stably silenced N. attenuata geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (ggpps) to reduce precursors for the HGL-DTG skeleton, resulting in reduced total HGL-DTGs and greater vulnerability to native herbivores in the field. Larvae of the specialist tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) grew up to 10 times as large on ggpps silenced plants, and silenced plants suffered significantly more damage from herbivores in N. attenuata's native habitat than did wild-type plants. We propose that high concentrations of HGL-DTGs effectively defend valuable tissues against herbivores and that malonylation may play an important role in regulating the distribution and storage of HGL-DTGs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Heiling
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany 07745
| | - Meredith C. Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany 07745
| | - Matthias Schoettner
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany 07745
| | - Purba Mukerjee
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany 07745
| | - Beatrice Berger
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany 07745
| | - Bernd Schneider
- Department of Biosynthesis/Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany 07745
| | - Amir R. Jassbi
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany 07745
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany 07745
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Jassbi AR, Gase K, Hettenhausen C, Schmidt A, Baldwin IT. Silencing geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase in Nicotiana attenuata dramatically impairs resistance to tobacco hornworm. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 146:974-86. [PMID: 17965175 PMCID: PMC2259063 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.108811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/21/2007] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In bioassays with artificial diets, the 17-hydroxygeranyllinalool diterpenoid glycosides (HGL-DTGs) of Nicotiana attenuata function as antifeedants for the plant's adapted herbivore, tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta). To determine whether HGL-DTGs have a defensive function in planta, we suppressed HGL-DTG production by silencing the source of the geranylgeranyl diphosphates (GGPPs) required for geranyllinalool biosynthesis, a key intermediate. We used virus-induced gene silencing to suppress transcript levels of GGPP synthase gene (Naggpps) and farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) synthase gene (Nafpps), northern blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction to quantify transcript accumulations, and radio gas chromatography to analyze prenyltransferase specificity. Silencing Nafpps had no effect on the accumulation of HGL-DTGs but decreased leaf steroid content, demonstrating that DTG-synthesizing enzymes do not use GGPP derived from FPP and confirming FPP's role as a steroid precursor. Unlike plants silenced in the phytoene desaturase gene (Napds), which rapidly bleached, Naggpps-silenced plants had reduced HGL-DTG but not carotenoids or chlorophyll contents, demonstrating that Naggpps supplies substrates for GGPP biosynthesis for HGL-DTGs, but not for phytoene or phytol. Expression of Naggpps in Escherichia coli revealed that the recombinant protein catalyzes the GGPP synthesis from isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate. When fed on silenced plants, hornworm larvae gained up to 3 times more mass than those that fed on empty vector control plants or plants silenced in Nafpps, the trypsin protease inhibitor gene, or the putrescine N-methyltransferase gene. We conclude that HGL-DTGs or other minor undetected diterpenoids derived from GGPP function as direct defenses for N. attenuata and are more potent than nicotine or trypsin protease inhibitors against attack by hornworm larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Reza Jassbi
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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Watt G, Leoff C, Harper AD, Bar-Peled M. A bifunctional 3,5-epimerase/4-keto reductase for nucleotide-rhamnose synthesis in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 134:1337-46. [PMID: 15020741 PMCID: PMC419811 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.037192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2003] [Revised: 12/23/2003] [Accepted: 12/23/2003] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
l-Rhamnose is a component of plant cell wall pectic polysaccharides, diverse secondary metabolites, and some glycoproteins. The biosynthesis of the activated nucleotide-sugar form(s) of rhamnose utilized by the various rhamnosyltransferases is still elusive, and no plant enzymes involved in their synthesis have been purified. In contrast, two genes (rmlC and rmlD) have been identified in bacteria and shown to encode a 3,5-epimerase and a 4-keto reductase that together convert dTDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-Glc to dTDP-beta-l-rhamnose. We have identified an Arabidopsis cDNA that contains domains that share similarity to both reductase and epimerase. The Arabidopsis gene encodes a protein with a predicated molecular mass of approximately 33.5 kD that is transcribed in all tissue examined. The Arabidopsis protein expressed in, and purified from, Escherichia coli converts dTDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-Glc to dTDP-beta-l-rhamnose in the presence of NADPH. These results suggest that a single plant enzyme has both the 3,5-epimerase and 4-keto reductase activities. The enzyme has maximum activity between pH 5.5 and 7.5 at 30 degrees C. The apparent K(m) for NADPH is 90 microm and 16.9 microm for dTDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-Glc. The Arabidopsis enzyme can also form UDP-beta-l-rhamnose. To our knowledge, this is the first example of a bifunctional plant enzyme involved in sugar nucleotide synthesis where a single polypeptide exhibits the same activities as two separate prokaryotic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Watt
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-4712, USA
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