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Liao PJ, Lee CH, Wang SL, Chiou HY, Chen CJ, Seak CJ, Wu IW, Hsu KH. Low-to-Moderate Arsenic Exposure and Urothelial Tract Cancers with a Long Latent Period of Follow-Up in an Arseniasis Area. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2023; 13:807-815. [PMID: 37725327 PMCID: PMC10686965 DOI: 10.1007/s44197-023-00152-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arsenic exposure can cause adverse health effects. The effects of long-term low-to-moderate exposure and methylations remain unclear. OBJECTIVE This study aims to examine the association between low-to-moderate arsenic exposure and urothelial tract cancers while considering the effects of methylation capacity. METHODS In this study, 5,811 participants were recruited from an arseniasis area in Taiwan for inorganic arsenic metabolite analysis. This follow-up study was conducted between August 1995 and December 2017. We identified 85 urothelial tract cancers in these participants, including 49 bladder and 36 upper urothelial tract cancer cases. A Cox proportional hazards model was employed. RESULTS The analyses revealed a significant association between concentrations of inorganic arsenic in water > 100 ug/L and bladder cancer occurrence, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 4.88 (95% CI 1.35-17.61). A monotonic trend was observed between concentrations of inorganic arsenic in water (from 0 to > 100 ug/L) and the incidence of urothelial tract cancer, including bladder cancer (p < 0.05) and upper urothelial tract cancers (p < 0.05). Participants with a lower primary methylation index or higher secondary methylation index had a prominent effect. CONCLUSIONS Rigorous regulations and active interventions should be considered for populations with susceptible characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ju Liao
- International Program of Health Informatics and Management, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Master Degree Program in Health and Long-Term Care Industry, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Li Wang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yi Chiou
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
- Master Program in Applied Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Jen Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-June Seak
- Department of Emergency Medicine, New Taipei Municipal Tucheng Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Lin-Kou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - I-Wen Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Hung Hsu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Lin-Kou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Laboratory for Epidemiology, Department of Health Care Management, and Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wen-Hwa 1St Road, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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2
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Folesani G, Galetti M, Petronini PG, Mozzoni P, La Monica S, Cavallo D, Corradi M. Interaction between Occupational and Non-Occupational Arsenic Exposure and Tobacco Smoke on Lung Cancerogenesis: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4167. [PMID: 36901176 PMCID: PMC10001869 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Although a higher lung cancer risk has been already associated with arsenic exposure, the contribution of arsenic and its compounds to the carcinogenic effects of other agents, such as tobacco smoke, is not well characterized. This systematic review examined the relationship between occupational and non-occupational arsenic exposure and tobacco smoking on lung cancer risk using papers published from 2010 to 2022. Two databases, PUBMED and Scifinder, were used for the searches. Among the sixteen human studies included, four were about occupational exposure, and the others were about arsenic in drinking water. Furthermore, only three case-control studies and two cohort studies evaluated an additive or multiplicative interaction. The interaction between arsenic exposure and tobacco smoke seems to be negligible at low arsenic concentrations (<100 μg/L), while there is a synergistic effect at higher concentrations. Finally, it is not yet possible to assess whether a linear no-threshold (LNT) model for lung cancer risk can be applied to the co-exposure to arsenic and tobacco smoke. Although the methodological quality of the included studies is good, these findings suggest that rigorous and accurate prospective studies on this topic are highly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Folesani
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL-Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority, Via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy
| | - Maricla Galetti
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL-Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority, Via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy
| | - Pier Giorgio Petronini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Viale Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Mozzoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Viale Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Center of Excellence for Toxicological Research (CERT), University of Parma, Viale Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Silvia La Monica
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Viale Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Delia Cavallo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL-Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority, Via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Corradi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Viale Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Center of Excellence for Toxicological Research (CERT), University of Parma, Viale Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
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Bruce RM, Crandall PG, Atungulu GG, O'Bryan CA. Uncooked Rice Consumption: Causes, Implications, Regulation, and Interventions. Cereal Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cche.10580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Bruce
- Department of Food ScienceUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleAR72704
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4
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Vences-Alvarez E, Chazaro-Ruiz LF, Rangel-Mendez JR. New bimetallic adsorbent material based on cerium-iron nanoparticles highly selective and affine for arsenic(V). CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 297:134177. [PMID: 35245593 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bimetallic oxy(hydroxides) have gain great interest in water treatment systems based on adsorption processes. Their high OH groups density, in addition to inheriting the oxides properties make them highly promising adsorbents of anions. In this work, highly affine and selective bimetallic oxyhydroxides of cerium and iron (Ce:Fe-P's) for arsenic(V) were synthesized by implementing an assisted microwave methodology. The Ce:Fe-P's were characterized by various techniques (SEM, FTIR, XRD and XPS) and the As(V) adsorption capacity and kinetics as well as the effect of pH and the presence of coexisting anions were determined. The results showed that Ce:Fe-P's have an outstanding As(V) adsorption capacity (179.8 mg g-1 at Ce = 3 mg L-1) even at low concentrations (120 mg g-1 at Ce = 37 μg L-1). Moreover, the adsorption equilibrium was reached very fast, just in 3 min, with an adsorption rate of 0.123 mg min-1, that is, 80% of the initial As(V) concentration of 5 mg L-1 was removed in the first 3 min. The arsenic adsorption capacity decreased only up to 20% at pH above 7, attributed to electrostatic repulsions due to the adsorbent's pHPZC, which was 6.8. On the other hand, the arsenic adsorption capacity of Ce:Fe-P's decreased just 21% in the presence of 10 mg L-1 of each of the following competing anions: F-, Cl-, SO42-, NO3-, PO43- and CO32-, which usually coincide in contaminated water with As(V). Ce:Fe-P's has proven to be one of the most promising As(V) adsorbent materials reported so far in the literature, because it presented an outstanding adsorption capacity and at the same time a very fast adsorption speed. Furthermore, the pH and the concentration of coexisting anions caused little interference in the adsorption processes. Due to the above, the Ce:Fe-P's is already in the process of intellectual protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda Vences-Alvarez
- Environmental Sciences Division, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A. C., San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., 78216, Mexico
| | - Luis F Chazaro-Ruiz
- Environmental Sciences Division, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A. C., San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., 78216, Mexico
| | - J Rene Rangel-Mendez
- Environmental Sciences Division, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A. C., San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., 78216, Mexico.
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5
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Albtoosh A, Karawya F, Al-Naymat W, Al-Qaitat A. Potential Protective Effect of Spirulina Platensis on Sodium Arsenite Induced Cardiotoxicity in Male Rats. Tissue Barriers 2022; 10:1983330. [PMID: 34615441 PMCID: PMC9067523 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2021.1983330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium arsenite is a dangerous bio-accumulative poison affecting a large number of people as well as animals throughout the world. It is used clinically in the treatment of certain medical conditions, but due to its harmful damage to different tissues and mainly the cardiotoxicity, its medical application is limited. AIM This study was conducted to investigate the protective effects of spirulina on cardiotoxicity induced by sodium arsenite biochemically and histologically. METHODS 30 young adult male albino rats were randomly equally divided into three groups 10 animals each. Group I (control), Group II Arsenic intoxicated (10 mg/kg/day/ 4 weeks), Group III spirulina protected animals (concomitant sodium arsenite 10 mg/kg/day/ 4 weeks and spirulina 200 mg/kg/day/ 4 weeks). RESULTS It was evident from the study that arsenic exposure exerted a significant increase in cardiac enzyme levels, serum creatine kinase MB (CKMB) and troponin. Concomitant treatment with spirulina is considerably recovered their serum levels. Histological alterations associated with arsenite treated animals are significantly decreased after using spirulina. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study showed that use of spirulina could alleviate the toxic effects on the heart following exposure to arsenic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fardous Karawya
- College of Medicine, Mutah University, Jordan
- Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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6
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Akhtar A, Kazi TG, Afridi HI, Khan M. Human exposure to toxic elements through facial cosmetic products: Dermal risk assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 131:105145. [PMID: 35219764 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Facial cosmetics are the most commonly consumed product, mainly by the women from all over the world irrespective of their age. The facial cosmetics may be contaminated with several toxic elements, which can get absorb on to the facial skin and migrate to the blood vessels. Hence the absorbed toxic elements can cause further adverse effects on the human body. The present study aims to assess the toxic element contents (arsenic, lead, nickel, mercury, and cadmium) in commonly consumed facial cosmetics (face powder, foundation, lightening creams, moisturizer, eye shadow, lipsticks, eyeliner, blush, mascara, sunscreen) and to carry out the risk assessment through different methods. The dermal risk was evaluated as SED, NOAEL, MoS, HQ and ILCR, which is linked with the exposure of selected toxic elements. The total CDDE for all selected elements in facial cosmetic products was found in increasing order as follow: face powder > foundation > lightening creams > moisturizer > eye shadow > lipsticks > eyeliner > blush > mascara > sunscreen. The HQ and HI values for selected elements were found to be < 1 in all facial cosmetics. Whereas the probable MoS of selected toxic elements in all facial cosmetics except eyeliner were found to be 3-4 folds lower than the minimum value of 100 regulated by the WHO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Akhtar
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan.
| | - Tasneem Gul Kazi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Hassan Imran Afridi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Mustafa Khan
- School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Hefei, China
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7
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Powell K. Critical thinking and diagnostic reasoning when assessing problems with the genitourinary system. BRITISH JOURNAL OF NURSING (MARK ALLEN PUBLISHING) 2022; 31:28-32. [PMID: 35019737 DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2022.31.1.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Urological conditions have become increasingly common and early diagnosis is key to achieving better outcomes. This article discusses the importance of having a comprehensive understanding of urological disorders, having the skills to interpret relevant information, and recognising the relationships among given elements to make an appropriate clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Powell
- Clinical Nurse Manager, Clinisupplies Limited and Visiting Lecturer, Birmingham City University
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8
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Kim C, Chen J, Ceresa BP. Chronic arsenic increases cell migration in BEAS-2B cells by increasing cell speed, cell persistence, and cell protrusion length. Exp Cell Res 2021; 408:112852. [PMID: 34599931 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
There is a strong association between arsenic exposure and lung cancer development, however, the mechanism by which arsenic exposure leads to carcinogenesis is not clear. In our previous study, we observed that when BEAS-2B cells are chronically exposed to arsenic, there is an increase in secreted TGFα, as well as an increase in EGFR expression and activity. Further, these changes were broadly accompanied with an increase in cell migration. The overarching goal of this study was to acquire finer resolution of the arsenic-dependent changes in cell migration, as well as to understand the role of increased EGFR expression and activity levels in the underlying mechanisms of cell migration. To do this, we used a combination of biochemical and single cell assays, and observed chronic arsenic treatment enhancing cell migration by increasing cell speed, cell persistence and cell protrusion length. All three parameters were further increased by the addition of TGFα, indicating EGFR activity is sufficient to enhance those aspects of cell migration. In contrast, EGFR activity was necessary for the increase in cell speed, as it was reversed with an EGFR inhibitor, AG1478, but was not necessary to enhance persistence and protrusion length. From these data, we were able to isolate both EGFR-dependent and -independent features of cell migration that were enhanced by chronic arsenic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, USA
| | - Joseph Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, USA
| | - Brian P Ceresa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, USA.
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9
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Girard L, Reix N, Mathelin C. [Impact of endocrine disrupting pesticides on breast cancer]. GYNECOLOGIE, OBSTETRIQUE, FERTILITE & SENOLOGIE 2020; 48:187-195. [PMID: 31634589 DOI: 10.1016/j.gofs.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Of the 800 pesticides used worldwide, about 650 can affect the functioning of the endocrine system: endocrine disrupting pesticides (EDPs). Dietary or environmental exposure to EDPs is a concern, as their presence is currently demonstrated in most biological fluids. Some EDPs are prohibited, classified as carcinogenic, others are "probable" or "possible" carcinogens when there is limited evidence of their tumor effect. The impact of EDPs on breasts is not well known to date. However, since most EDPs have a long half-life and are lipophilic, breasts, composed mainly of adipose tissue, are a suitable site for their concentration. The objective of our review was to analyze the impact of EDPs related to our environmental exposure on breast cancer risk, through an analysis of recent literature, including epidemiological and biological data. Our review showed a positive association between the presence of EDPs and breast cancer, especially among women farmers or EDPs users but also in the general population. Studies on breast tumors have found a higher concentration of EDPs in estrogen-sensitive tumors. As for mortality, studies are contradictory, but confirm the dangerousness of some EDPs. The different series analyzed have several limitations, such as the low number of EDPs evaluated, small numbers and insufficient follow up. The potentiating effect of different EDPs used concomitantly and the window of exposure to these substances are parameters to be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Girard
- Unité de sénologie, pôle de gynécologie-obstétrique, hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, hôpital de Hautepierre, avenue Molière, 67200 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - N Reix
- Laboratoire de biochimie et biologie moléculaire, hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, 1, place de l'Hôpital, 67091 Strasbourg, France; ICube UMR 7357, université de Strasbourg/CNRS, fédération de médecine translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France.
| | - C Mathelin
- Unité de sénologie, pôle de gynécologie-obstétrique, hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, hôpital de Hautepierre, avenue Molière, 67200 Strasbourg cedex, France; Institut de génétique et de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire, biologie du cancer (IGBMC), 1, rue Laurent-Fries, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
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10
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Ahmad A, van der Wens P, Baken K, de Waal L, Bhattacharya P, Stuyfzand P. Arsenic reduction to <1 µg/L in Dutch drinking water. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 134:105253. [PMID: 31810053 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is a highly toxic element which naturally occurs in drinking water. In spite of substantial evidence on the association between many illnesses and chronic consumption of As, there is still a considerable uncertainty about the health risks due to low As concentrations in drinking water. In the Netherlands, drinking water companies aim to supply water with As concentration of <1 μg/L - a water quality goal which is tenfold more stringent than the current WHO guideline. This paper provides (i) an account on the assessed lung cancer risk for the Dutch population due to pertinent low-level As in drinking water and cost-comparison between health care provision and As removal from water, (ii) an overview of As occurrence and mobility in drinking water sources and water treatment systems in the Netherlands and (iii) insights into As removal methods that have been employed or under investigation to achieve As reduction to <1 µg/L at Dutch water treatment plants. Lowering of the average As concentration to <1μg/L in the Netherlands is shown to result in an annual benefit of 7.2-14 M€. This study has a global significance for setting drinking water As limits and provision of safe drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arslan Ahmad
- KWR Water Cycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; KTH-International Groundwater Arsenic Research Group, Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research (WUR), Wageningen, the Netherlands; Evides Water Company N.V. Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Kirsten Baken
- KWR Water Cycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Luuk de Waal
- KWR Water Cycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Prosun Bhattacharya
- KTH-International Groundwater Arsenic Research Group, Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Pieter Stuyfzand
- KWR Water Cycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Department of Geoscience and Engineering, Technical University Delft, the Netherlands
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Mitra A, Chatterjee S, Gupta DK. Environmental Arsenic Exposure and Human Health Risk. ADVANCES IN WATER SECURITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21258-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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12
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Sinha D, Prasad P. Health effects inflicted by chronic low-level arsenic contamination in groundwater: A global public health challenge. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 40:87-131. [PMID: 31273810 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater arsenic (As) contamination is a global public health concern. The high level of As exposure (100-1000 μg/L or even higher) through groundwater has been frequently associated with serious public health hazards, e.g., skin disorders, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory problems, complications of gastrointestinal tract, liver and splenic ailments, kidney and bladder disorders, reproductive failure, neurotoxicity and cancer. However, reviews on low-level As exposure and the imperative health effects are far less documented. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has set the permissible standard of As in drinking water at 10 μg/L. Considering the WHO and USEPA guidelines, most of the developed countries have established standards at or below this guideline. Worldwide many countries including India have millions of aquifers with low-level As contamination (≤50 μg/L). The exposed population of these areas might not show any As-related skin lesions (hallmark of As toxicity particularly in a population consuming As contaminated groundwater >300 μg/L) but might be subclinically affected. This review has attempted to encompass the wide range of health effects associated with chronic low-level As exposure ≤50 μg/L and the probable mechanisms that might provide a better insight regarding the underlying cause of these clinical manifestations. Therefore, there is an urgent need to create mass awareness about the health effects of chronic low-level As exposure and planning of proper mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dona Sinha
- Receptor Biology and Tumor Metastasis, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Priyanka Prasad
- Receptor Biology and Tumor Metastasis, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India
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13
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Oberoi S, Devleesschauwer B, Gibb HJ, Barchowsky A. Global burden of cancer and coronary heart disease resulting from dietary exposure to arsenic, 2015. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 171:185-192. [PMID: 30665120 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is a ubiquitous, naturally occurring metalloid that poses a significant risk for human cancer and non-cancer diseases. It is now evident that arsenic contamination in food, especially rice and grains, presents a significant exposure to hundreds of millions of individuals worldwide. However, the disease risk from chronic exposure to the low amounts of arsenic found in food remains to be established. Thus, this research estimates the global burdens of disease expressed as Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) for lung, skin and bladder cancers, as well as coronary heart disease (CHD) attributable to inorganic arsenic in food. To determine foodborne inorganic arsenic exposures worldwide, we used the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates of food consumption in 17 country clusters, in conjunction with the reported measurements of total and inorganic arsenic in different foods. We estimated cancer potency factors for arsenic related bladder and lung cancers, and from US Environmental Protection Agency risk estimates for skin cancer to calculate the cancer incidence in males and females within each of the WHO member states. Summary relative risk estimates and population attributable fractions were developed to estimate the YLD, YLL, and DALYs for arsenic-induced CHD. The findings indicate that, globally, each year the combined DALYs for all cancers attributable to inorganic arsenic in food are approximately 1.4 million with variation in global distribution based on population and food consumption patterns. The global burden of CHD attributable to foodborne inorganic arsenic also varied with WHO region and may contribute as much as 49 million DALYs. However, in contrast to cancer burden, there is a threshold effect for arsenic-associated CHD with no increased risk of heart disease at the expected lower bound of arsenic consumption in food. These estimates indicate that foodborne arsenic exposure causes a significant yet avoidable global burden of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Oberoi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Herman J Gibb
- Gibb Epidemiology Consulting LLC, Arlington, VA, USA; George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Aaron Barchowsky
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Rahman MA, Rahman A, Khan MZK, Renzaho AMN. Human health risks and socio-economic perspectives of arsenic exposure in Bangladesh: A scoping review. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 150:335-343. [PMID: 29304476 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic contamination of drinking water, which can occur naturally or because of human activities such as mining, is the single most important public health issue in Bangladesh. Fifty out of the 64 districts in the country have arsenic concentration of groundwater exceeding 50µgL-1, the Bangladeshi threshold, affecting 35-77 million people or 21-48% of the total population. Chronic arsenic exposure through drinking water and other dietary sources is an important public health issue worldwide affecting hundreds of millions of people. Consequently, arsenic poisoning has attracted the attention of researchers and has been profiled extensively in the literature. Most of the literature has focused on characterising arsenic poisoning and factors associated with it. However, studies examining the socio-economic aspects of chronic exposure of arsenic through either drinking water or foods remain underexplored. The objectives of this paper are (i) to review arsenic exposure pathways to humans; (ii) to summarise public health impacts of chronic arsenic exposure; and (iii) to examine socio-economic implications and consequences of arsenicosis with a focus on Bangladesh. This scoping review evaluates the contributions of different exposure pathways by analysing arsenic concentrations in dietary and non-dietary sources. The socio-economic consequences of arsenicosis disease in Bangladesh are discussed in this review by considering food habits, nutritional status, socio-economic conditions, and socio-cultural behaviours of the people of the country. The pathways of arsenic exposure in Bangladesh include drinking water, various plant foods and non-dietary sources such as soil. Arsenic affected people are often abandoned by the society, lose their jobs and get divorced and are forced to live a sub-standard life. The fragile public health system in Bangladesh has been burdened by the management of thousands of arsenicosis victims in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Azizur Rahman
- Center for Infrastructure Engineering, Western Sydney University, Australia; Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia.
| | - A Rahman
- Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, Western Sydney University, Australia
| | - M Zaved Kaiser Khan
- Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, Western Sydney University, Australia
| | - Andre M N Renzaho
- Humanitarian and Development Research Initiative, School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Australia
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15
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Thymoquinone alleviates arsenic induced hippocampal toxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction by modulating mPTP in Wistar rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 102:1152-1160. [PMID: 29710533 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is a pervasive environmental pollutant that is found in ground waters globally and is related to numerous morbidities in the high-risk population areas in countries including Bangladesh, India, and the USA. Arsenic exposure has been ubiquitously reported for exacerbating free radical generation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis by interfering with the mPTP functioning. Over the past decades, nutraceuticals with antioxidant properties have shown promising efficacy in arsenic poisoning. In the present study, we have examined, the protective efficacy of thymoquinone (TQ), an active component of seed oil of Nigella sativa with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity on arsenic-induced toxicity in hippocampi of Wistar rats. In our results, arsenic conditioning (10 mg/kg b.wt.; p.o.) for 8 days has caused a significant increase in intracellular ROS generation, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptotic events. On the contrary pretreatment with TQ (2.5 and 5 mg/kg b.wt.; p.o.) inhibited arsenic-induced mitochondrial dysfunction such as lowering of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm). Our results indicated that the neuroprotective efficacy of TQ in arsenic-induced stress is mediated through or in part by inhibition of mPTP opening. Demonstration of neuroprotective action of TQ provides insight into the pathogenesis of arsenic-related neuropathological morbidities.
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16
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Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) Pollution at a Rural Industrial Wasteland in an Abandoned Metallurgy Factory in North China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15010085. [PMID: 29316642 PMCID: PMC5800184 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The potential toxic elements (PTEs) pollution problems in many rural industrial wastelands have been observed to be conspicuous. Therefore, 40 top soil samples were collected from the wasteland of a typical rural metallurgy factory in Baoding, China. The total concentrations of six key PTEs were measured. The soil properties and speciation of the PTEs were also identified. Extremely high concentrations of As, Cd, Pb, and Zn were observed in the surface soils. Using the PTEs concentration in the top soils of the rural industrial wasteland, the following indices of pollution were calculated: the pollution load index (PLI), the geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), the risk assessment code (RAC), and the health risk assessment (HRA). The analysis of the PLI and Igeo indicated that site #1 was relatively clean, while sites #2 and #3 were heavily polluted. The results of the RAC showed that PTEs in top soils at sites #2 and #3 were significantly increased (p < 0.05) for Cd and Zn. The HRA indicated that both As and Pb presented non-carcinogenic risks to children and adults at sites #2 and #3. Our findings can be a reference for risk prevention of industrially abandoned land in rural China.
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17
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Mendez WM, Eftim S, Cohen J, Warren I, Cowden J, Lee JS, Sams R. Relationships between arsenic concentrations in drinking water and lung and bladder cancer incidence in U.S. counties. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2017; 27:235-243. [PMID: 27901016 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2016.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Increased risks of lung and bladder cancer have been observed in populations exposed to high levels of inorganic arsenic. However, studies at lower exposures (i.e., less than 100 μg/l in water) have shown inconsistent results. We therefore conducted an ecological analysis of the association between historical drinking water arsenic concentrations and lung and bladder cancer incidence in U.S. counties. We used drinking water arsenic concentrations measured by the U.S. Geological Survey and state agencies in the 1980s and 1990s as proxies for historical exposures in counties where public groundwater systems and private wells are important sources of drinking water. Relationships between arsenic levels and cancer incidence in 2006-2010 were explored by Poisson regression analyses, adjusted for groundwater dependence and important demographic covariates. The median and 95th percentile county mean arsenic concentrations were 1.5 and 15.4 μg/l, respectively. Water arsenic concentrations were significant and positively associated with female and male bladder cancer, and with female lung cancer. Our findings support an association between low water arsenic concentrations and lung and bladder cancer incidence in the United States. However, the limitations of the ecological study design suggest caution in interpreting these results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - John Cowden
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Janice S Lee
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Reeder Sams
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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18
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Srivastava RK, Li C, Wang Y, Weng Z, Elmets CA, Harrod KS, Deshane JS, Athar M. Activating transcription factor 4 underlies the pathogenesis of arsenic trioxide-mediated impairment of macrophage innate immune functions. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 308:46-58. [PMID: 27461142 PMCID: PMC5978774 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic arsenic exposure to humans is considered immunosuppressive with augmented susceptibility to several infectious diseases. The exact molecular mechanisms, however, remain unknown. Earlier, we showed the involvement of unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling in arsenic-mediated impairment of macrophage functions. Here, we show that activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), a UPR transcription factor, regulates arsenic trioxide (ATO)-mediated dysregulation of macrophage functions. In ATO-treated ATF4(+/+) wild-type mice, a significant down-regulation of CD11b expression was associated with the reduced phagocytic functions of peritoneal and lung macrophages. This severe immuno-toxicity phenotype was not observed in ATO-treated ATF4(+/-) heterozygous mice. To confirm these observations, we demonstrated in Raw 264.7 cells that ATF4 knock-down rescues ATO-mediated impairment of macrophage functions including cytokine production, bacterial engulfment and clearance of engulfed bacteria. Sustained activation of ATF4 by ATO in macrophages induces apoptosis, while diminution of ATF4 expression protects against ATO-induced apoptotic cell death. Raw 264.7 cells treated with ATO also manifest dysregulated Ca(++) homeostasis. ATO induces Ca(++)-dependent calpain-1 and caspase-12 expression which together regulated macrophage apoptosis. Additionally, apoptosis was also induced by mitochondria-regulated pathway. Restoring ATO-impaired Ca(++) homeostasis in ER/mitochondria by treatments with the inhibitors of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) and voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) attenuate innate immune functions of macrophages. These studies identify a novel role for ATF4 in underlying pathogenesis of macrophage dysregulation and immuno-toxicity of arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh K Srivastava
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Changzhao Li
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Zhiping Weng
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Craig A Elmets
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kevin S Harrod
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jessy S Deshane
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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19
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Chen AYY, Olsen T. Chromated copper arsenate-treated wood: a potential source of arsenic exposure and toxicity in dermatology. Int J Womens Dermatol 2016; 2:28-30. [PMID: 28491998 PMCID: PMC5412102 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijwd.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic-contaminated drinking water presents a serious health hazard in certain geographic locations around the world. Chromated copper arsenate, a pesticide and preservative that was used to pressure treat residential lumber in the United States beginning in the 1940s and was banned by the Environmental Protection Agency in 2003, poses a potential source of arsenic exposure and toxicity. In this study, we review the clinical manifestations of arsenic intoxication with the focus on dermatologic manifestations. Dermatologists should be aware that although chromated copper arsenate-treated wood for residential use was banned in 2003, the exposure risk remains. Long-term follow up is necessary to detect arsenic induced cutaneous and visceral malignancy in patients with history of arsenic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Yuntzu-Yen Chen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Canton, CT
| | - Thomas Olsen
- Dermatopathology Laboratory of Central States, Dayton, OH
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20
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A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis of Lung Cancer Risk and Inorganic Arsenic in Drinking Water. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:15498-515. [PMID: 26690190 PMCID: PMC4690926 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph121214990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
High levels (> 200 µg/L) of inorganic arsenic in drinking water are known to be a cause of human lung cancer, but the evidence at lower levels is uncertain. We have sought the epidemiological studies that have examined the dose-response relationship between arsenic levels in drinking water and the risk of lung cancer over a range that includes both high and low levels of arsenic. Regression analysis, based on six studies identified from an electronic search, examined the relationship between the log of the relative risk and the log of the arsenic exposure over a range of 1–1000 µg/L. The best-fitting continuous meta-regression model was sought and found to be a no-constant linear-quadratic analysis where both the risk and the exposure had been logarithmically transformed. This yielded both a statistically significant positive coefficient for the quadratic term and a statistically significant negative coefficient for the linear term. Sub-analyses by study design yielded results that were similar for both ecological studies and non-ecological studies. Statistically significant X-intercepts consistently found no increased level of risk at approximately 100–150 µg/L arsenic.
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21
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Abdul KSM, Jayasinghe SS, Chandana EPS, Jayasumana C, De Silva PMCS. Arsenic and human health effects: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 40:828-46. [PMID: 26476885 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is ubiquitous in nature and humans being exposed to arsenic via atmospheric air, ground water and food sources are certain. Major sources of arsenic contamination could be either through geological or via anthropogenic activities. In physiological individuals, organ system is described as group of organs that transact collectively and associate with other systems for conventional body functions. Arsenic has been associated with persuading a variety of complications in body organ systems: integumentary, nervous, respiratory, cardiovascular, hematopoietic, immune, endocrine, hepatic, renal, reproductive system and development. In this review, we outline the effects of arsenic on the human body with a main focus on assorted organ systems with respective disease conditions. Additionally, underlying mechanisms of disease development in each organ system due to arsenic have also been explored. Strikingly, arsenic has been able to induce epigenetic changes (in utero) and genetic mutations (a leading cause of cancer) in the body. Occurrence of various arsenic induced health effects involving emerging areas such as epigenetics and cancer along with their respective mechanisms are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Channa Jayasumana
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Rajarata University, Anuradhapura 50008, Sri Lanka
| | - P Mangala C S De Silva
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Ruhuna, Matara 81000, Sri Lanka
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22
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Lai PY, Cottingham KL, Steinmaus C, Karagas MR, Miller MD. Arsenic and Rice: Translating Research to Address Health Care Providers' Needs. J Pediatr 2015; 167:797-803. [PMID: 26253210 PMCID: PMC4779445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pui Y. Lai
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI,Department of Pediatrics, UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland, Oakland, CA,Western States Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kathryn L. Cottingham
- Children’s Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH,Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
| | - Craig Steinmaus
- Arsenic Health Effects Research Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Margaret R. Karagas
- Children’s Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH,Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
| | - Mark D. Miller
- Western States Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit, University of California, San Francisco, CA
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23
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Thakur C, Chen F. Current understanding of mdig/MINA in human cancers. Genes Cancer 2015; 6:288-302. [PMID: 26413213 PMCID: PMC4575916 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mineral dust-induced gene, mdig has recently been identified and is known to be overexpressed in a majority of human cancers and holds predictive power in the poor prognosis of the disease. Mdig is an environmentally expressed gene that is involved in cell proliferation, neoplastic transformation and immune regulation. With the advancement in deciphering the prognostic role of mdig in human cancers, our understanding on how mdig renders a normal cell to undergo malignant transformation is still very limited. This article reviews the current knowledge of the mdig gene in context to human neoplasias and its relation to the clinico-pathologic factors predicting the outcome of the disease in patients. It also emphasizes on the promising role of mdig that can serve as a potential candidate for biomarker discovery and as a therapeutic target in inflammation and cancers. Considering the recent advances in understanding the underlying mechanisms of tumor formation, more preclinical and clinical research is required to validate the potential of using mdig as a novel biological target of therapeutic and diagnostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Thakur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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24
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Muenyi CS, Ljungman M, States JC. Arsenic Disruption of DNA Damage Responses-Potential Role in Carcinogenesis and Chemotherapy. Biomolecules 2015; 5:2184-93. [PMID: 26404387 PMCID: PMC4693233 DOI: 10.3390/biom5042184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is a Class I human carcinogen and is widespread in the environment. Chronic arsenic exposure causes cancer in skin, lung and bladder, as well as in other organs. Paradoxically, arsenic also is a potent chemotherapeutic against acute promyelocytic leukemia and can potentiate the cytotoxic effects of DNA damaging chemotherapeutics, such as cisplatin, in vitro. Arsenic has long been implicated in DNA repair inhibition, cell cycle disruption, and ubiquitination dysregulation, all negatively impacting the DNA damage response and potentially contributing to both the carcinogenic and chemotherapeutic potential of arsenic. Recent studies have provided mechanistic insights into how arsenic interferes with these processes including disruption of zinc fingers and suppression of gene expression. This review discusses these effects of arsenic with a view toward understanding the impact on the DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisse S Muenyi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
| | - Mats Ljungman
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2800, USA.
| | - J Christopher States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
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25
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D’Ippoliti D, Santelli E, De Sario M, Scortichini M, Davoli M, Michelozzi P. Arsenic in Drinking Water and Mortality for Cancer and Chronic Diseases in Central Italy, 1990-2010. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138182. [PMID: 26383851 PMCID: PMC4575137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In several volcanic areas of Italy, arsenic levels exceed European regulatory limits (10 μg/L in drinking water). There is still uncertainty about health risks from arsenic at low-medium doses (<100 μg/L). OBJECTIVES A large population-based study using an administrative cohort of residents in the Viterbo province (Central Italy), chronically exposed to low-medium arsenic levels via drinking water, was investigated to evaluate the effects of a lifetime exposure to arsenic on mortality from cancers and chronic diseases. METHODS The study population consisted of 165,609 residents of 17 municipalities, followed from 1990 until 2010. Average individual arsenic exposure at the first residence (AsI) was estimated through a space-time modeling approach using residential history and arsenic concentrations from water supply. A time-dependent Cumulative Arsenic dose Indicator (CAI) was calculated, accounting for daily water intake and exposure duration. Mortality Hazard Ratios (HR) were estimated by gender for different diseases using Cox proportional models, adjusting for individual and area-level confounders. A flexible non-parametric approach was used to investigate dose-response relationships. RESULTS Mean AsI exposure was 19.3 μg/L, and average exposure duration was 39.5 years. Associations of AsI and CAI indicators with several diseases were found, with greatest risks found for lung cancer in both sexes (HR = 2.61 males; HR = 2.09 females), myocardial infarction, peripheral arterial disease and COPD in males (HR = 2.94; HR = 2.44; HR = 2.54 respectively) and diabetes in females (HR = 2.56). For lung cancer and cardiovascular diseases dose-response relationship is modelled by piecewise linear functions revealing effects even for doses lower than 10 μg/L, and no threshold dose value was identified as safe for health. CONCLUSIONS Results provide new evidence for risk assessment of low-medium concentrations of arsenic and contribute to the ongoing debate about the threshold-dose of effect, suggesting that even concentrations below 10 μg/L carry a mortality risk. Policy actions are urgently needed in areas exposed to arsenic like in the Viterbo province, to comply with current EU regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrica Santelli
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela De Sario
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marina Davoli
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Michelozzi
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Rome, Italy
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26
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Steinmaus C, Ferreccio C, Yuan Y, Acevedo J, González F, Perez L, Cortés S, Balmes JR, Liaw J, Smith AH. Elevated lung cancer in younger adults and low concentrations of arsenic in water. Am J Epidemiol 2014; 180:1082-7. [PMID: 25371173 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwu238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic concentrations greater than 100 µg/L in drinking water are a known cause of cancer, but the risks associated with lower concentrations are less well understood. The unusual geology and good information on past exposure found in northern Chile are key advantages for investigating the potential long-term effects of arsenic. We performed a case-control study of lung cancer from 2007 to 2010 in areas of northern Chile that had a wide range of arsenic concentrations in drinking water. Previously, we reported evidence of elevated cancer risks at arsenic concentrations greater than 100 µg/L. In the present study, we restricted analyses to the 92 cases and 288 population-based controls who were exposed to concentrations less than 100 µg/L. After adjustment for age, sex, and smoking behavior, these exposures from 40 or more years ago resulted in odds ratios for lung cancer of 1.00, 1.43 (90% confidence interval: 0.82, 2.52), and 2.01 (90% confidence interval: 1.14, 3.52) for increasing tertiles of arsenic exposure, respectively (P for trend = 0.02). Mean arsenic water concentrations in these tertiles were 6.5, 23.0, and 58.6 µg/L. For subjects younger than 65 years of age, the corresponding odds ratios were 1.00, 1.62 (90% confidence interval: 0.67, 3.90), and 3.41 (90% confidence interval: 1.51, 7.70). Adjustments for occupation, fruit and vegetable intake, and socioeconomic status had little impact on the results. These findings provide new evidence that arsenic water concentrations less than 100 µg/L are associated with higher risks of lung cancer.
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27
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Chung JY, Lim HJ, Kim YJ, Song KH, Kim BG, Hong YS. The separation of arsenic metabolites in urine by high performance liquid chromatographyinductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 29:e2014018. [PMID: 25384385 PMCID: PMC4271672 DOI: 10.5620/eht.e2014018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine a separation method for each arsenic metabolite in urine by using a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)- inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). METHODS Separation of the arsenic metabolites was conducted in urine by using a polymeric anion-exchange (Hamilton PRP X-100, 4.6 mm×150 mm, 5 μm) column on Agilent Technologies 1260 Infinity LC system coupled to Agilent Technologies 7700 series ICP/MS equipment using argon as the plasma gas. RESULTS All five important arsenic metabolites in urine were separated within 16 minutes in the order of arsenobetaine, arsenite, dimethylarsinate, monomethylarsonate and arsenate with detection limits ranging from 0.15 to 0.27 μg/L (40 μL injection). We used GEQUAS No. 52, the German external quality assessment scheme and standard reference material 2669, National Institute of Standard and Technology, to validate our analyses. CONCLUSIONS The method for separation of arsenic metabolites in urine was established by using HPLC-ICP-MS. This method contributes to the evaluation of arsenic exposure, health effect assessment and other bio-monitoring studies for arsenic exposure in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yong Chung
- Heavy Metal Exposure Environmental Health Center, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | - Hyoun-Ju Lim
- Heavy Metal Exposure Environmental Health Center, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | | | - Ki-Hoon Song
- Department of Dermatology, Dong-A University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Byoung-Gwon Kim
- Heavy Metal Exposure Environmental Health Center, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Young-Seoub Hong
- Heavy Metal Exposure Environmental Health Center, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
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28
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Welling R, Beaumont JJ, Petersen SJ, Alexeeff GV, Steinmaus C. Chromium VI and stomach cancer: a meta-analysis of the current epidemiological evidence. Occup Environ Med 2014; 72:151-9. [PMID: 25231674 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2014-102178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chromium VI (hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI)) is an established cause of lung cancer, but its association with gastrointestinal cancer is less clear. The goal of this study was to examine whether the current human epidemiological research on occupationally inhaled Cr(VI) supports the hypothesis that Cr(VI) is associated with human stomach cancer. METHODS Following a thorough literature search and review of individual studies, we used meta-analysis to summarise the current epidemiological literature on inhaled Cr(VI) and stomach cancer, explore major sources of heterogeneity, and assess other elements of causal inference. RESULTS We identified 56 cohort and case-control studies and 74 individual relative risk (RR) estimates on stomach cancer and Cr(VI) exposure or work in an occupation associated with high Cr(VI) exposure including chromium production, chrome plating, leather work and work with Portland cement. The summary RR for all studies combined was 1.27 (95% CI 1.18 to 1.38). In analyses limited to only those studies identifying increased risks of lung cancer, the summary RR for stomach cancer was higher (RR=1.41, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.69). CONCLUSIONS Overall, these results suggest that Cr(VI) is a stomach carcinogen in humans, which is consistent with the tumour results reported in rodent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Welling
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, California, USA
| | - James J Beaumont
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Scott J Petersen
- Occupational Medicine, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California, USA
| | - George V Alexeeff
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Craig Steinmaus
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, California, USA
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Chung JY, Yu SD, Hong YS. Environmental source of arsenic exposure. J Prev Med Public Health 2014; 47:253-7. [PMID: 25284196 PMCID: PMC4186553 DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.14.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is a ubiquitous, naturally occurring metalloid that may be a significant risk factor for cancer after exposure to contaminated drinking water, cigarettes, foods, industry, occupational environment, and air. Among the various routes of arsenic exposure, drinking water is the largest source of arsenic poisoning worldwide. Arsenic exposure from ingested foods usually comes from food crops grown in arsenic-contaminated soil and/or irrigated with arsenic-contaminated water. According to a recent World Health Organization report, arsenic from contaminated water can be quickly and easily absorbed and depending on its metabolic form, may adversely affect human health. Recently, the US Food and Drug Administration regulations for metals found in cosmetics to protect consumers against contaminations deemed deleterious to health; some cosmetics were found to contain a variety of chemicals including heavy metals, which are sometimes used as preservatives. Moreover, developing countries tend to have a growing number of industrial factories that unfortunately, harm the environment, especially in cities where industrial and vehicle emissions, as well as household activities, cause serious air pollution. Air is also an important source of arsenic exposure in areas with industrial activity. The presence of arsenic in airborne particulate matter is considered a risk for certain diseases. Taken together, various potential pathways of arsenic exposure seem to affect humans adversely, and future efforts to reduce arsenic exposure caused by environmental factors should be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yong Chung
- Heavy Metal Exposure Environmental Health Center, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | - Seung-Do Yu
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Korea
| | - Young-Seoub Hong
- Heavy Metal Exposure Environmental Health Center, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea ; Department of Preventive Medicine, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
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30
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Xi Y, Chen M, Liu X, Lu Z, Ding Y, Li D. CP-673451, a platelet-derived growth-factor receptor inhibitor, suppresses lung cancer cell proliferation and migration. Onco Targets Ther 2014; 7:1215-21. [PMID: 25050066 PMCID: PMC4090130 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s62946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in the world. Although some advances in lung cancer therapy have been made, patient survival is still poor. The platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs) and their ligands play critical roles in the regulation of many cancer cell processes, including cell survival and cell motility. Herein, we investigate the anticancer activities of CP-673451, a potent selective inhibitor of PDGFR kinase, in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) therapy. We found that CP-673451 is effective at suppressing cell viability, inducing cell apoptosis, and inhibiting cell migration and invasion by suppressing the PDGFR downstream signaling pathway in NSCLC cells. Furthermore, CP-673451 is effective at suppressing NSCLC tumor growth in vivo. In summary, our studies suggest that CP-673451 might be a promising therapeutic compound for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Xi
- First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Chen
- First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinmin Liu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongmin Lu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Ding
- First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Datong Li
- Hualan Vaccine, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China
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31
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Oberoi S, Barchowsky A, Wu F. The global burden of disease for skin, lung, and bladder cancer caused by arsenic in food. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 23:1187-94. [PMID: 24793955 PMCID: PMC4082465 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-1317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arsenic is a ubiquitous, naturally occurring metalloid that poses a significant human cancer risk. While water consumption provides the majority of human exposure, millions of individuals worldwide are significantly exposed to arsenic through naturally occurring levels of arsenic in grains, vegetables, meats and fish, as well as through food processed with water containing arsenic. Thus, we estimated the global burdens of disease for bladder, lung, and skin cancers attributable to inorganic arsenic in food. METHODS To determine foodborne inorganic arsenic exposures worldwide, we used World Health Organization estimates of food consumption in thirteen country clusters, in conjunction with reported measurements of total and inorganic arsenic in different foods. We estimated slope factors for arsenic-related bladder and lung cancers, and used the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency skin cancer slope factor, to calculate the annual risk of the cancer incidence in males and females within each country cluster. RESULTS We estimated that each year 9,129 to 119,176 additional cases of bladder cancer, 11,844 to 121,442 of lung cancer, and 10,729 to 110,015 of skin cancer worldwide are attributable to inorganic arsenic in food. CONCLUSIONS These estimates indicate that foodborne arsenic exposure causes a significant global burden of human disease. IMPACT Estimating the global cancer burden caused by arsenic exposure in food will support policies that reduce exposure to disease-promoting environmental hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Oberoi
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health and
| | - Aaron Barchowsky
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health and Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Felicia Wu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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32
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Sauvé S. Time to revisit arsenic regulations: comparing drinking water and rice. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:465. [PMID: 24884827 PMCID: PMC4049411 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Current arsenic regulations focus on drinking water without due consideration for dietary uptake and thus seem incoherent with respect to the risks arising from rice consumption. Existing arsenic guidelines are a cost-benefit compromise and, as such, they should be periodically re-evaluated. Discussion Literature data was used to compare arsenic exposure from rice consumption relative to exposure arising from drinking water. Standard risk assessment paradigms show that arsenic regulations for drinking water should target a maximum concentration of nearly zero to prevent excessive lung and bladder cancer risks (among others). A feasibility threshold of 3 μg As l-1 was determined, but a cost-benefit analysis concluded that it would be too expensive to target a threshold below 10 μg As l-1. Data from the literature was used to compare exposure to arsenic from rice and rice product consumption relative to drinking water consumption. The exposure to arsenic from rice consumption can easily be equivalent to or greater than drinking water exposure that already exceeds standard risks and is based on feasibility and cost-benefit compromises. It must also be emphasized that many may disagree with the implications for their own health given the abnormally high cancer odds expected at the cost-benefit arsenic threshold. Summary Tighter drinking water quality criteria should be implemented to properly protect people from excessive cancer risks. Food safety regulations must be put in place to prevent higher concentrations of arsenic in various drinks than those allowed in drinking water. Arsenic concentrations in rice should be regulated so as to roughly equate the risks and exposure levels observed from drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Sauvé
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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33
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Schmidt CW. Low-dose arsenic: in search of a risk threshold. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2014; 122:A130-4. [PMID: 24784018 PMCID: PMC4014411 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.122-a130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
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Gong G, Mattevada S, O'Bryant SE. Comparison of the accuracy of kriging and IDW interpolations in estimating groundwater arsenic concentrations in Texas. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 130:59-69. [PMID: 24559533 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to arsenic causes many diseases. Most Americans in rural areas use groundwater for drinking, which may contain arsenic above the currently allowable level, 10µg/L. It is cost-effective to estimate groundwater arsenic levels based on data from wells with known arsenic concentrations. We compared the accuracy of several commonly used interpolation methods in estimating arsenic concentrations in >8000 wells in Texas by the leave-one-out-cross-validation technique. Correlation coefficient between measured and estimated arsenic levels was greater with inverse distance weighted (IDW) than kriging Gaussian, kriging spherical or cokriging interpolations when analyzing data from wells in the entire Texas (p<0.0001). Correlation coefficient was significantly lower with cokriging than any other methods (p<0.006) for wells in Texas, east Texas or the Edwards aquifer. Correlation coefficient was significantly greater for wells in southwestern Texas Panhandle than in east Texas, and was higher for wells in Ogallala aquifer than in Edwards aquifer (p<0.0001) regardless of interpolation methods. In regression analysis, the best models are when well depth and/or elevation were entered into the model as covariates regardless of area/aquifer or interpolation methods, and models with IDW are better than kriging in any area/aquifer. In conclusion, the accuracy in estimating groundwater arsenic level depends on both interpolation methods and wells' geographic distributions and characteristics in Texas. Taking well depth and elevation into regression analysis as covariates significantly increases the accuracy in estimating groundwater arsenic level in Texas with IDW in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Gong
- F. Marie Hall Institute for Rural and Community Health, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.
| | - Sravan Mattevada
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Sid E O'Bryant
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center Fort Worth, TX, USA
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35
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Ali I, Al-Othman ZA, Alwarthan A, Asim M, Khan TA. Removal of arsenic species from water by batch and column operations on bagasse fly ash. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:3218-3229. [PMID: 24203255 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2235-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Bagasse fly ash (BFA, a sugar industrial waste) was used as low-cost adsorbent for the uptake of arsenate and arsenite species from water. The optimum conditions for the removal of both species of arsenic were as follows: pH 7.0, concentration 50.0 μg/L, contact time 50.0 min, adsorbent dose 3.0 g/L, and temperature 20.0 °C, with 95.0 and 89.5 % removal of arsenate and arsenite, respectively. The Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich adsorption isotherms were used to analyze the results. The results of these models indicated single-layer uniform adsorption on heterogeneous surface. Thermodynamic parameters, i.e., ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS°, were also calculated. At 20.0 to 30.0 °C, the values of ΔG° lie in the range of -4,722.75 to -4,878.82 and -4,308.80 to -4,451.73 while the values of ΔH° and ΔS° were -149.90 and -121.07, and 15.61 and 14.29 for arsenate and arsenite, respectively, indicating that adsorption is spontaneous and exothermic. Pseudo-first-order kinetics was followed. In column experiments, the adsorption decreased as the flow rate increased with the maximum removal of 98.9 and 95.6 % for arsenate and arsenite, respectively. The bed depth service time and Yoon and Nelson models were used to analyze the experimental data. The adsorption capacity (N o) of BFA on column was 3.65 and 2.98 mg/cm(3) for arsenate and arsenite, respectively. The developed system for the removal of arsenate and arsenite species is economic, rapid, and capable of working under natural conditions. It may be used for the removal of arsenic species from any contaminated water resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, 110025, India,
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36
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Banerjee M, Banerjee N, Bhattacharjee P, Mondal D, Lythgoe PR, Martínez M, Pan J, Polya DA, Giri AK. High arsenic in rice is associated with elevated genotoxic effects in humans. Sci Rep 2014; 3:2195. [PMID: 23873074 PMCID: PMC6505394 DOI: 10.1038/srep02195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic in drinking water may cause major deleterious health impacts including death. Although arsenic in rice has recently been demonstrated to be a potential exposure route for humans, there has been to date no direct evidence for the impact of such exposure on human health. Here we show for the first time, through a cohort study in West Bengal, India, involving over 400 human subjects not otherwise significantly exposed to arsenic through drinking water, elevated genotoxic effects, as measured by micronuclei (MN) in urothelial cells, associated with the staple consumption of cooked rice with >200 μg/kg arsenic. Further work is required to determine the applicability to populations with different dietary and genetic characteristics, but with over 3 billion people in the world consuming rice as a staple food and several percent of this rice containing such elevated arsenic concentrations, this study raises considerable concerns over the threat to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayukh Banerjee
- Molecular and Human Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata - 700 032, India
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37
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Tsuji JS, Alexander DD, Perez V, Mink PJ. Arsenic exposure and bladder cancer: quantitative assessment of studies in human populations to detect risks at low doses. Toxicology 2014; 317:17-30. [PMID: 24462659 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
While exposures to high levels of arsenic in drinking water are associated with excess cancer risk (e.g., skin, bladder, and lung), exposures at lower levels (e.g., <100-200 µg/L) generally are not. Lack of significant associations may result from methodological issues (e.g., inadequate statistical power, exposure misclassification), or a different dose-response relationship at low exposures, possibly associated with a toxicological mode of action that requires a sufficient dose for increased tumor formation. The extent to which bladder cancer risk for low-level arsenic exposure can be statistically measured by epidemiological studies was examined using an updated meta-analysis of bladder cancer risk with data from two new publications. The summary relative risk estimate (SRRE) for all nine studies was elevated slightly, but not significantly (1.07; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.95-1.21, p-Heterogeneity [p-H]=0.543). The SRRE among never smokers was 0.85 (95% CI: 0.66-1.08, p-H=0.915), whereas the SRRE was positive and more heterogeneous among ever smokers (1.18; 95% CI: 0.97-1.44, p-H=0.034). The SRRE was statistically significantly lower than relative risks predicted for never smokers in the United States based on linear extrapolation of risks from higher doses in southwest Taiwan to arsenic water exposures >10 µg/L for more than one-third of a lifetime. By contrast, for all study subjects, relative risks predicted for one-half of lifetime exposure to 50 µg/L were just above the upper 95% CI on the SRRE. Thus, results from low-exposure studies, particularly for never smokers, were statistically inconsistent with predicted risk based on high-dose extrapolation. Additional studies that better characterize tobacco use and stratify analyses of arsenic and bladder cancer by smoking status are necessary to further examine risks of arsenic exposure for smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce S Tsuji
- Exponent, Inc., 15375 SE 30th Place, Suite 250, Bellevue, WA 98007, United States.
| | - Dominik D Alexander
- Exponent, Inc., 2595 Canyon Boulevard, Suite 440, Boulder, CO 80302, United States
| | - Vanessa Perez
- Exponent, Inc., 525 West Monroe Street, Suite 1050, Chicago, IL 60661, United States
| | - Pamela J Mink
- Allina Health, Division of Applied Research, Mail Route 10105, 2925 Chicago Avenue S, Minneapolis, MN 55407, United States
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38
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Melak D, Ferreccio C, Kalman D, Parra R, Acevedo J, Pérez L, Cortés S, Smith AH, Yuan Y, Liaw J, Steinmaus C. Arsenic methylation and lung and bladder cancer in a case-control study in northern Chile. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 274:225-31. [PMID: 24296302 PMCID: PMC4344188 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In humans, ingested inorganic arsenic is metabolized to monomethylarsenic (MMA) then to dimethylarsenic (DMA), although this process is not complete in most people. The trivalent form of MMA is highly toxic in vitro and previous studies have identified associations between the proportion of urinary arsenic as MMA (%MMA) and several arsenic-related diseases. To date, however, relatively little is known about its role in lung cancer, the most common cause of arsenic-related death, or about its impacts on people drinking water with lower arsenic concentrations (e.g., <200μg/L). In this study, urinary arsenic metabolites were measured in 94 lung and 117 bladder cancer cases and 347 population-based controls from areas in northern Chile with a wide range of drinking water arsenic concentrations. Lung cancer odds ratios adjusted for age, sex, and smoking by increasing tertiles of %MMA were 1.00, 1.91 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.99-3.67), and 3.26 (1.76-6.04) (p-trend <0.001). Corresponding odds ratios for bladder cancer were 1.00, 1.81 (1.06-3.11), and 2.02 (1.15-3.54) (p-trend <0.001). In analyses confined to subjects only with arsenic water concentrations <200μg/L (median=60μg/L), lung and bladder cancer odds ratios for subjects in the upper tertile of %MMA compared to subjects in the lower two tertiles were 2.48 (1.08-5.68) and 2.37 (1.01-5.57), respectively. Overall, these findings provide evidence that inter-individual differences in arsenic metabolism may be an important risk factor for arsenic-related lung cancer, and may play a role in cancer risks among people exposed to relatively low arsenic water concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawit Melak
- Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Catterina Ferreccio
- Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - David Kalman
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Roxana Parra
- Hospital Regional de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Johanna Acevedo
- Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Liliana Pérez
- Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sandra Cortés
- Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Allan H Smith
- Arsenic Health Effects Research Group, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yan Yuan
- Arsenic Health Effects Research Group, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jane Liaw
- Arsenic Health Effects Research Group, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Craig Steinmaus
- Arsenic Health Effects Research Group, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, CA, USA.
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Srivastava RK, Li C, Chaudhary SC, Ballestas ME, Elmets CA, Robbins DJ, Matalon S, Deshane JS, Afaq F, Bickers DR, Athar M. Unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling regulates arsenic trioxide-mediated macrophage innate immune function disruption. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 272:879-87. [PMID: 23954561 PMCID: PMC6028020 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic exposure is known to disrupt innate immune functions in humans and in experimental animals. In this study, we provide a mechanism by which arsenic trioxide (ATO) disrupts macrophage functions. ATO treatment of murine macrophage cells diminished internalization of FITC-labeled latex beads, impaired clearance of phagocytosed fluorescent bacteria and reduced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These impairments in macrophage functions are associated with ATO-induced unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling pathway characterized by the enhancement in proteins such as GRP78, p-PERK, p-eIF2α, ATF4 and CHOP. The expression of these proteins is altered both at transcriptional and translational levels. Pretreatment with chemical chaperon, 4-phenylbutyric acid (PBA) attenuated the ATO-induced activation in UPR signaling and afforded protection against ATO-induced disruption of macrophage functions. This treatment also reduced ATO-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Interestingly, treatment with antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) prior to ATO exposure, not only reduced ROS production and UPR signaling but also improved macrophage functions. These data demonstrate that UPR signaling and ROS generation are interdependent and are involved in the arsenic-induced pathobiology of macrophage. These data also provide a novel strategy to block the ATO-dependent impairment in innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh K. Srivastava
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Changzhao Li
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sandeep C. Chaudhary
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mary E. Ballestas
- Department of Pediatrics Infectious Disease, Children’s of Alabama, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Craig A. Elmets
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - David J. Robbins
- Department of Surgery, Molecular Oncology Program, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, USA
| | - Sadis Matalon
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jessy S. Deshane
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Farrukh Afaq
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - David R. Bickers
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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40
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Dauphiné DC, Smith AH, Yuan Y, Balmes JR, Bates MN, Steinmaus C. Case-control study of arsenic in drinking water and lung cancer in California and Nevada. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:3310-24. [PMID: 23917816 PMCID: PMC3774440 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10083310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Millions of people are exposed to arsenic in drinking water, which at high concentrations is known to cause lung cancer in humans. At lower concentrations, the risks are unknown. We enrolled 196 lung cancer cases and 359 controls matched on age and gender from western Nevada and Kings County, California in 2002–2005. After adjusting for age, sex, education, smoking and occupational exposures, odds ratios for arsenic concentrations ≥85 µg/L (median = 110 µg/L, mean = 173 µg/L, maximum = 1,460 µg/L) more than 40 years before enrollment were 1.39 (95% CI = 0.55–3.53) in all subjects and 1.61 (95% CI = 0.59–4.38) in smokers. Although odds ratios were greater than 1.0, these increases may have been due to chance given the small number of subjects exposed more than 40 years before enrollment. This study, designed before research in Chile suggested arsenic-related cancer latencies of 40 years or more, illustrates the enormous sample sizes needed to identify arsenic-related health effects in low-exposure countries with mobile populations like the U.S. Nonetheless, our findings suggest that concentrations near 100 µg/L are not associated with markedly high relative risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Dauphiné
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; E-Mails: (D.C.D.); (A.H.S.); (Y.Y.); (J.R.B.); (M.N.B.)
| | - Allan H. Smith
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; E-Mails: (D.C.D.); (A.H.S.); (Y.Y.); (J.R.B.); (M.N.B.)
| | - Yan Yuan
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; E-Mails: (D.C.D.); (A.H.S.); (Y.Y.); (J.R.B.); (M.N.B.)
| | - John R. Balmes
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; E-Mails: (D.C.D.); (A.H.S.); (Y.Y.); (J.R.B.); (M.N.B.)
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michael N. Bates
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; E-Mails: (D.C.D.); (A.H.S.); (Y.Y.); (J.R.B.); (M.N.B.)
| | - Craig Steinmaus
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; E-Mails: (D.C.D.); (A.H.S.); (Y.Y.); (J.R.B.); (M.N.B.)
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, CA 94720, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-510-843-1736
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Naujokas MF, Anderson B, Ahsan H, Aposhian HV, Graziano JH, Thompson C, Suk WA. The broad scope of health effects from chronic arsenic exposure: update on a worldwide public health problem. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2013; 121:295-302. [PMID: 23458756 PMCID: PMC3621177 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1205875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 827] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concerns for arsenic exposure are not limited to toxic waste sites and massive poisoning events. Chronic exposure continues to be a major public health problem worldwide, affecting hundreds of millions of persons. OBJECTIVES We reviewed recent information on worldwide concerns for arsenic exposures and public health to heighten awareness of the current scope of arsenic exposure and health outcomes and the importance of reducing exposure, particularly during pregnancy and early life. METHODS We synthesized the large body of current research pertaining to arsenic exposure and health outcomes with an emphasis on recent publications. DISCUSSION Locations of high arsenic exposure via drinking water span from Bangladesh, Chile, and Taiwan to the United States. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level (MCL) in drinking water is 10 µg/L; however, concentrations of > 3,000 µg/L have been found in wells in the United States. In addition, exposure through diet is of growing concern. Knowledge of the scope of arsenic-associated health effects has broadened; arsenic leaves essentially no bodily system untouched. Arsenic is a known carcinogen associated with skin, lung, bladder, kidney, and liver cancer. Dermatological, developmental, neurological, respiratory, cardiovascular, immunological, and endocrine effects are also evident. Most remarkably, early-life exposure may be related to increased risks for several types of cancer and other diseases during adulthood. CONCLUSIONS These data call for heightened awareness of arsenic-related pathologies in broader contexts than previously perceived. Testing foods and drinking water for arsenic, including individual private wells, should be a top priority to reduce exposure, particularly for pregnant women and children, given the potential for life-long effects of developmental exposure.
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Arsenic induced neuronal apoptosis in guinea pigs is Ca2+ dependent and abrogated by chelation therapy: role of voltage gated calcium channels. Neurotoxicology 2013; 35:137-45. [PMID: 23376091 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic contaminated drinking water has affected more than 200 million people globally. Chronic arsenicism has also been associated with numerous neurological diseases. One of the prime mechanisms postulated for arsenic toxicity is reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated oxidative stress. In this study, we explored the kinetic relationship of ROS with calcium and attempted to dissect the calcium ion channels responsible for calcium imbalance after arsenic exposure. We also explored if mono- or combinational chelation therapy prevents arsenic-induced (25ppm in drinking water for 4 months) neuronal apoptosis in a guinea pig animal model. Results indicate that chronic arsenic exposure caused a significant increase in ROS followed by NO and calcium influx. This calcium influx is mainly dependent on L-type voltage gated channels that disrupt mitochondrial membrane potential, increase bax/bcl2 levels and caspase 3 activity leading to apoptosis. Interestingly, blocking of ROS could completely reduce calcium influx whereas calcium blockage partially reduced ROS increase. While in general mono- and combinational chelation therapies were effective in reversing arsenic induced alteration, combinational therapy of DMSA and MiADMSA was most effective. Our results provide evidence for the role of L-type calcium channels in regulating arsenic-induced calcium influx and DMSA+MiADMSA combinational therapy may be a better protocol than monotherapy in mitigating chronic arsenicosis.
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Chen B, Liu J, Chang Q, Beezhold K, Lu Y, Chen F. JNK and STAT3 signaling pathways converge on Akt-mediated phosphorylation of EZH2 in bronchial epithelial cells induced by arsenic. Cell Cycle 2012; 12:112-21. [PMID: 23255093 DOI: 10.4161/cc.23030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms by which arsenic (As ( 3+) ) causes human cancers remain to be fully elucidated. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is the catalytic subunit of polycomb-repressive complexes 2 (PRC2) that promotes trimethylation of lysine 27 of histone H3, leading to altered expression of tumor suppressors or oncogenes. In the present study, we determined the effect of As ( 3+) on EZH2 phosphorylation and the signaling pathways important for As ( 3+) -induced EZH2 phosphorylation in human bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B. The involvement of kinases in As ( 3+) -induced EZH2 phosphorylation was validated by siRNA-based gene silencing. The data showed that As ( 3+) can induce phosphorylation of EZH2 at serine 21 in human bronchial epithelial cells and that the phosphorylation of EZH2 requires an As ( 3+) -activated signaling cascade from JNK and STAT3 to Akt. Transfection of the cells with siRNA specific for JNK1 revealed that JNK silencing reduced serine727 phosphorylation of STAT3, Akt activation and EZH2 phosphorylation, suggesting that JNK is the upstream kinase involved in As ( 3+) -induced EZH2 phosphorylation. Because As ( 3+) is capable of inducing miRNA-21 (miR-21), a STAT3-regulated miRNA that represses protein translation of PTEN or Spry2, we also tested the role of STAT3 and miR-21 in As ( 3+) -induced EZH2 phosphorylation. Ectopic overexpression of miR-21 promoted Akt activation and phosphorylation of EZH2, whereas inhibiting miR-21 by transfecting the cells with anti-miR-21 inhibited Akt activation and EZH2 phosphorylation. Taken together, these results demonstrate a contribution of the JNK, STAT3 and Akt signaling axis to As ( 3+) -induced EZH2 phosphorylation. Importantly, these findings may reveal new molecular mechanisms underlying As ( 3+) -induced carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailing Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Makris KC, Christophi CA, Paisi M, Ettinger AS. A preliminary assessment of low level arsenic exposure and diabetes mellitus in Cyprus. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:334. [PMID: 22569201 PMCID: PMC3390279 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A preliminary study was undertaken in a community of Cyprus where low-level arsenic (As) concentrations were recently detected in the groundwater that was chronically used to satisfy potable needs of the community. The main objective of the study was to assess the degree of association between orally-ingested As and self-reported type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in 317 adult (≥18 years old) volunteers. Methods Cumulative lifetime As exposure (CLAEX) (mg As) was calculated using the median As concentrations in water, individual reported daily water consumption rates, and lifetime exposure duration. Logistic regression models were used to model the probability of self-reported DM and calculate odds ratios (OR) in univariate and multivariate models. Results Significantly higher (p < 0.02) CLAEX values were reported for the diabetics (median = 999 mg As) versus non-diabetics (median = 573 mg As), suggesting that As exposure could perhaps be related to the prevalence of DM in the study area, which was 6.6%. The OR for DM, comparing participants in the 80th versus the 20th percentiles of low-level As CLAEX index values, was 5.0 (1.03, 24.17), but after adjusting for age, sex, smoking, education, and fish consumption, the As exposure effect on DM was not significant. Conclusions Further research is needed to improve As exposure assessment for the entire Cypriot population while assessing the exact relationship between low-level As exposure and DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos C Makris
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Irenes 95, Limassol, 3041, Cyprus.
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Martinez VD, Vucic EA, Becker-Santos DD, Gil L, Lam WL. Arsenic exposure and the induction of human cancers. J Toxicol 2011; 2011:431287. [PMID: 22174709 PMCID: PMC3235889 DOI: 10.1155/2011/431287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is a metalloid, that is, considered to be a human carcinogen. Millions of individuals worldwide are chronically exposed through drinking water, with consequences ranging from acute toxicities to development of malignancies, such as skin and lung cancer. Despite well-known arsenic-related health effects, the molecular mechanisms involved are not fully understood; however, the arsenic biotransformation process, which includes methylation changes, is thought to play a key role. This paper explores the relationship of arsenic exposure with cancer development and summarizes current knowledge of the potential mechanisms that may contribute to the neoplastic processes observed in arsenic exposed human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor D. Martinez
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L3
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, 8380453 Santiago, Chile
| | - Emily A. Vucic
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L3
| | - Daiana D. Becker-Santos
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L3
| | - Lionel Gil
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, 8380453 Santiago, Chile
| | - Wan L. Lam
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L3
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