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Liang Y, Zhou Y, Xie D, Yin F, Luo X. Hypermethylation and low expression of FANCC involved in multi-walled carbon nanotube-induced toxicity on ARPE-19 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 241:117619. [PMID: 37952855 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) exposure was observed to cause damages on the viability of ocular cells, however, the underlying mechanisms remain not well understood. Epigenetic alterations that regulate gene expression have been identified as a major responsiveness to environmental challenge. Thus, the aim of this study was to screen methylation-regulated genes involved in MWCNT exposure. The Illumina Human Methylation 850 K array was employed to determine the genome-wide DNA methylation profile of human retinal pigment epithelial cell line (ARPE-19) exposed to 50% inhibition concentration of MWCNTs (100 μg/ml) for 24 h or without (n = 3 for each group). Then, the transcriptome data obtained by high-throughput RNA sequencing previously were integrated with DNA methylome to identify the overlapped genes. As a result, the integrative bioinformatics analysis identified that compared with controls, FA complementation group C (FANCC) was hypermethylated and downregulated in MWCNT-exposed ARPE-19 cells. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed the mRNA expression level of FANCC was significantly decreased following MWCNT treatment and the addition of DNA methylation inhibitor 5-Aza-deoxycytidine (10 μM) reversed this decrease. Pyrosequencing analysis further validated the hypermethylation status at the 5'-untranslated promoter region of FANCC (cg14583550) in MWCNT-exposed ARPE-19 cells. Protein-protein interaction network and function analyses predicted that FANCC may contribute to MWCNT-induced cytotoxicity by interacting with heat shock protein 90 beta family member 1 and then upregulating cytokine interleukin-6 and apoptosis biomarker caspase 3. In conclusion, the present study links the epigenetic modification of FANCC with the pathogenesis of MWCNT-induced retinal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Liang
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- School of Textile Science and Engineering/State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technology, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China.
| | - Dongli Xie
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Fei Yin
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiaogang Luo
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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2
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Hautanen V, Morikka J, Saarimäki LA, Bisenberger J, Toimela T, Serra A, Greco D. The in vitro immunomodulatory effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes by multilayer analysis. NANOIMPACT 2023; 31:100476. [PMID: 37437691 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2023.100476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The study of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) induced immunotoxicity is crucial for determining hazards posed to human health. MWCNT exposure most commonly occurs via the airways, where macrophages are first line responders. Here we exploit an in vitro assay, measuring dose-dependent secretion of a wide panel of cytokines, as a measure of immunotoxicity following the non-lethal, multi-dose exposure (IC5, IC10 and IC20) to 7 MWCNTs with different intrinsic properties. We find that a tangled structure, and small aspect ratio are key properties predicting MWCNT induced immunotoxicity, mediated predominantly by IL1B cytokine secretion. To assess the mechanism of action giving rise to MWCNT immunotoxicity, transcriptomics analysis was linked to cytokine secretion in a multilayer model established through correlation analysis across exposure concentrations. This reinforced the finding that tangled MWCNTs have greater immunomodulatory potency, displaying enrichment of immune system, signal transduction and pattern recognition associated pathways. Together our results further elucidate how structure, length and aspect ratio, critical intrinsic properties of MWCNTs, are tied to immunotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veera Hautanen
- Finnish Hub for Development and Validation of Integrated Approaches (FHAIVE), Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, Tampere 33520, Finland; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 56, Helsinki, Uusimaa 00014, Finland
| | - Jack Morikka
- Finnish Hub for Development and Validation of Integrated Approaches (FHAIVE), Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Laura Aliisa Saarimäki
- Finnish Hub for Development and Validation of Integrated Approaches (FHAIVE), Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Jan Bisenberger
- Finnish Hub for Development and Validation of Integrated Approaches (FHAIVE), Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Tarja Toimela
- Finnish Hub for Development and Validation of Integrated Approaches (FHAIVE), Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Angela Serra
- Finnish Hub for Development and Validation of Integrated Approaches (FHAIVE), Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, Tampere 33520, Finland; Tampere Institute for Advanced Study, Tampere University, Kalevantie 4, Tampere 33100, Finland
| | - Dario Greco
- Finnish Hub for Development and Validation of Integrated Approaches (FHAIVE), Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, Tampere 33520, Finland; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 56, Helsinki, Uusimaa 00014, Finland; Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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3
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Déméautis T, Bouyssi A, Geloen A, George C, Menotti J, Glehen O, Devouassoux G, Bentaher A. Weight loss and abnormal lung inflammation in mice chronically exposed to secondary organic aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:382-388. [PMID: 36789908 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00423b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) have emerged recently as a major component of fine particulate matter. Cell culture studies revealed a role for SOAs in cell oxidative stress, toxicity and inflammation and only a few studies investigated short-term SOA exposure in animal models. Here, mice were chronically exposed to naphthalene-derived SOAs for one and two months. Weight monitoring indicated a marked mass loss, especially in females, following chronic exposure to SOAs. Significantly, a cytokine antibody microarray approach revealed SOA-induced abnormal lung inflammation similar to that seen in cigarette smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This in vivo study testifies to the pathogenic role of sub-chronic SOA exposure on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanguy Déméautis
- Inflammation and Immunity of the Respiratory Epithelium, EA3738 (CICLY), South Medical University Hospital, Lyon 1 Claude Bernard University, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69395 Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Alexandra Bouyssi
- Inflammation and Immunity of the Respiratory Epithelium, EA3738 (CICLY), South Medical University Hospital, Lyon 1 Claude Bernard University, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69395 Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Alain Geloen
- University of Lyon, UMR Ecologie Microbienne Lyon (LEM), CNRS 5557, INRAE 1418, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, Research Team "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment" (BPOE), 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christian George
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, 2 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jean Menotti
- Inflammation and Immunity of the Respiratory Epithelium, EA3738 (CICLY), South Medical University Hospital, Lyon 1 Claude Bernard University, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69395 Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Olivier Glehen
- Inflammation and Immunity of the Respiratory Epithelium, EA3738 (CICLY), South Medical University Hospital, Lyon 1 Claude Bernard University, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69395 Pierre-Bénite, France
- Service de chirurgie digestive et endocrinienne, CHU de Lyon HCL - GH Sud, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69495 Pierre-Benite, France
| | - Gilles Devouassoux
- Inflammation and Immunity of the Respiratory Epithelium, EA3738 (CICLY), South Medical University Hospital, Lyon 1 Claude Bernard University, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69395 Pierre-Bénite, France
- Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, 103 Grande Rue de la Croix-Rousse, 69004 Lyon, France
| | - Abderrazzak Bentaher
- Inflammation and Immunity of the Respiratory Epithelium, EA3738 (CICLY), South Medical University Hospital, Lyon 1 Claude Bernard University, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69395 Pierre-Bénite, France
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4
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Meindl C, Absenger-Novak M, Jeitler R, Roblegg E, Fröhlich E. Assessment of Carbon Nanotubes on Barrier Function, Ciliary Beating Frequency and Cytokine Release in In Vitro Models of the Respiratory Tract. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:682. [PMID: 36839050 PMCID: PMC9962067 DOI: 10.3390/nano13040682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The exposure to inhaled carbon nanotubes (CNT) may have adverse effects on workers upon chronic exposure. In order to assess the toxicity of inhaled nanoparticles in a physiologically relevant manner, an air-liquid interface culture of mono and cocultures of respiratory cells and assessment in reconstructed bronchial and alveolar tissues was used. The effect of CNT4003 reference particles applied in simulated lung fluid was studied in bronchial (Calu-3 cells, EpiAirway™ and MucilAir™ tissues) and alveolar (A549 +/-THP-1 and EpiAlveolar™ +/-THP-1) models. Cytotoxicity, transepithelial electrical resistance, interleukin 6 and 8 secretion, mucociliary clearance and ciliary beating frequency were used as readout parameters. With the exception of increased secretion of interleukin 6 in the EpiAlveolar™ tissues, no adverse effects of CNT4003 particles, applied at doses corresponding to the maximum estimated lifetime exposure of workers, in the bronchial and alveolar models were noted, suggesting no marked differences between the models. Since the doses for whole-life exposure were applied over a shorter time, it is not clear if the interleukin 6 increase in the EpiAlveolar™ tissues has physiological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Meindl
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstr. 24, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Absenger-Novak
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstr. 24, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ramona Jeitler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Roblegg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eleonore Fröhlich
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstr. 24, 8010 Graz, Austria
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5
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Moriyama A, Ogura I, Fujita K. Potential issues specific to cytotoxicity tests of cellulose nanofibrils. J Appl Toxicol 2023; 43:195-207. [PMID: 36065078 PMCID: PMC10087788 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanofibrils (also called cellulose nanofibers or nanofibrillated cellulose [CNFs]) are novel polymers derived from biomass with excellent physicochemical properties and various potential applications. However, the introduction of such new materials into the market requires thorough safety studies to be conducted. Recently, toxicity testing using cultured cells has attracted attention as a safety assessment that does not rely on experimental animals. This article reviews recent information regarding the cytotoxicity testing of CNFs and highlights the issues relevant to evaluating tests. In the literature, we found that a variety of cell lines and CNF exposure concentrations was evaluated. Furthermore, the results of cytotoxicity results tests differed and were not necessarily consistent. Numerous reports that we examined had not evaluated endotoxin/microbial contamination or the interaction of CNFs with the culture medium used in the tests. The following potential specific issues involved in CNF in vitro testing, were discussed: (1) endotoxin contamination, (2) microbial contamination, (3) adsorption of culture medium components to CNFs, and (4) changes in aggregation/agglomeration and dispersion states of CNFs resulting from culture medium components. In this review, the available measurement methods and solutions for these issues are also discussed. Addressing these points will lead to a better understanding of the cellular effects of CNFs and the development of safer CNFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Moriyama
- Research Institute of Science and Sustainability (RISS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Isamu Ogura
- Research Institute of Science and Sustainability (RISS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Katsuhide Fujita
- Research Institute of Science and Sustainability (RISS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
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6
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Pantzke J, Offer S, Zimmermann EJ, Kuhn E, Streibel T, Oeder S, Di Bucchianico S, Zimmermann R. An alternative in vitro model considering cell-cell interactions in fiber-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Toxicol Mech Methods 2022:1-16. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2022.2156008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Pantzke
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Svenja Offer
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Elias J. Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Evelyn Kuhn
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Streibel
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sebastian Oeder
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sebastiano Di Bucchianico
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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7
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Lehner R, Zanoni I, Banuscher A, Costa AL, Rothen-Rutishauser B. Fate of engineered nanomaterials at the human epithelial lung tissue barrier in vitro after single and repeated exposures. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:918633. [PMID: 36185318 PMCID: PMC9524228 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.918633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the engineered nanomaterials (NMs) potential interaction with tissue barriers is important to predict their accumulation in cells. Herein, the fate, e.g., cellular uptake/adsorption at the cell membrane and translocation, of NMs with different physico-chemical properties across an A549 lung epithelial tissue barrier, cultured on permeable transwell inserts, were evaluated. We assessed the fate of five different NMs, known to be partially soluble, bio-persistent passive and bio-persistent active. Single exposure measurements using 100 µg/ml were performed for barium sulfate (BaSO4), cerium dioxide (CeO2), titanium dioxide (TiO2), and zinc oxide (ZnO) NMs and non-nanosized crystalline silica (DQ12). Elemental distribution of the materials in different compartments was measured after 24 and 80 h, e.g., apical, apical wash, intracellular and basal, using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. BaSO4, CeO2, and TiO2 were mainly detected in the apical and apical wash fraction, whereas for ZnO a significant fraction was detected in the basal compartment. For DQ12 the major fraction was found intracellularly. The content in the cellular fraction decreased from 24 to 80 h incubation for all materials. Repeated exposure measurements were performed exposing the cells on four subsequent days to 25 µg/ml. After 80 h BaSO4, CeO2, and TiO2 NMs were again mainly detected in the apical fraction, ZnO NMs in the apical and basal fraction, while for DQ12 a significant concentration was measured in the cell fraction. Interestingly the cellular fraction was in a similar range for both exposure scenarios with one exception, i.e., ZnO NMs, suggesting a potential different behavior for this material under single exposure and repeated exposure conditions. However, we observed for all the NMs, a decrease of the amount detected in the cellular fraction within time, indicating NMs loss by cell division, exocytosis and/or possible dissolution in lysosomes. Overall, the distribution of NMs in the compartments investigated depends on their composition, as for inert and stable NMs the major fraction was detected in the apical and apical wash fraction, whereas for partially soluble NMs apical and basal fractions were almost similar and DQ12 could mainly be found in the cellular fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Lehner
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ilaria Zanoni
- CNR-ISTEC-National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics, Faenza, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Anne Banuscher
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Anna Luisa Costa
- CNR-ISTEC-National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics, Faenza, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser,
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Chortarea S, Kuru OC, Netkueakul W, Pelin M, Keshavan S, Song Z, Ma B, Gómes J, Abalos EV, Luna LAVD, Loret T, Fordham A, Drummond M, Kontis N, Anagnostopoulos G, Paterakis G, Cataldi P, Tubaro A, Galiotis C, Kinloch I, Fadeel B, Bussy C, Kostarelos K, Buerki-Thurnherr T, Prato M, Bianco A, Wick P. Hazard assessment of abraded thermoplastic composites reinforced with reduced graphene oxide. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 435:129053. [PMID: 35650742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-related materials (GRMs) are subject to intensive investigations and considerable progress has been made in recent years in terms of safety assessment. However, limited information is available concerning the hazard potential of GRM-containing products such as graphene-reinforced composites. In the present study, we conducted a comprehensive investigation of the potential biological effects of particles released through an abrasion process from reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-reinforced composites of polyamide 6 (PA6), a widely used engineered thermoplastic polymer, in comparison to as-produced rGO. First, a panel of well-established in vitro models, representative of the immune system and possible target organs such as the lungs, the gut, and the skin, was applied. Limited responses to PA6-rGO exposure were found in the different in vitro models. Only as-produced rGO induced substantial adverse effects, in particular in macrophages. Since inhalation of airborne materials is a key occupational concern, we then sought to test whether the in vitro responses noted for these materials would translate into adverse effects in vivo. To this end, the response at 1, 7 and 28 days after a single pulmonary exposure was evaluated in mice. In agreement with the in vitro data, PA6-rGO induced a modest and transient pulmonary inflammation, resolved by day 28. In contrast, rGO induced a longer-lasting, albeit moderate inflammation that did not lead to tissue remodeling within 28 days. Taken together, the present study suggests a negligible impact on human health under acute exposure conditions of GRM fillers such as rGO when released from composites at doses expected at the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savvina Chortarea
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Ogul Can Kuru
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Woranan Netkueakul
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Marco Pelin
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Sandeep Keshavan
- Nanosafety & Nanomedicine Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 177 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhengmei Song
- CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR3572, University of Strasbourg, ISIS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Baojin Ma
- CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR3572, University of Strasbourg, ISIS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Julio Gómes
- Avanzare Innovacion Tecnologica S.L. 26370 Navarrete, Spain
| | - Elvira Villaro Abalos
- Instituto de Tecnologías Químicas de La Rioja (InterQuímica), 26370 Navarrete, Spain
| | - Luis Augusto Visani de Luna
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom; Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Loret
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom; Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Fordham
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom; Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Drummond
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolaos Kontis
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - George Anagnostopoulos
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - George Paterakis
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Pietro Cataldi
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom; Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Aurelia Tubaro
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Costas Galiotis
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), 26504 Patras, Greece; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Ian Kinloch
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom; Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Bengt Fadeel
- Nanosafety & Nanomedicine Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 177 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cyrill Bussy
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom; Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom; Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), and Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Tina Buerki-Thurnherr
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20014 Donostia San Sebastián, Spain; Basque Foundation for Science (IKERBASQUE), 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Alberto Bianco
- CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR3572, University of Strasbourg, ISIS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Peter Wick
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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9
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Khan F, Jaoui M, Rudziński K, Kwapiszewska K, Martinez-Romero A, Gil-Casanova D, Lewandowski M, Kleindienst TE, Offenberg JH, Krug JD, Surratt JD, Szmigielski R. Cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by atmospheric mono-nitrophenols in human lung cells. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 301:119010. [PMID: 35217136 PMCID: PMC9171836 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nitrophenols (NPs) are hazardous pollutants found in various environmental matrices, including ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5), agricultural residues, rainwater, wildfires, and industrial wastes. This study showed for the first time the effect of three pure nitrophenols and their mixture on human lung cells to provide basic understanding of the NP influence on cell elements and processes. We identified NPs in ambient PM2.5 and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles generated from the photooxidation of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the U.S. EPA smog chamber. We assessed the toxicity of identified NPs and their equimolar mixture in normal bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) and alveolar epithelial cancer (A549) lung cell lines. The inhibitory concentration-50 (IC50) values were highest and lowest in BEAS-2B cells treated with 2-nitrophenol (2NP) and 4-nitrophenol (4NP), respectively, at 24 h of exposure. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay showed that 4NP, the most abundant NP we identified in PM2.5, was the most cytotoxic NP examined in both cell lines. The annexin-V/fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) analysis showed that the populations of late apoptotic/necrotic BEAS-2B and A549 cells exposed to 3NP, 4NP, and NP equimolar mixture increased between 24 and 48 h. Cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) buildup led to cellular death post exposure to 3NP, 4NP and the NP mixtures, while 2NP induced the lowest ROS buildup. An increased mitochondrial ROS signal following NP exposure occurred only in BEAS-2B cells. The tetramethylrhodamine, methyl ester, perchlorate (TMRM) assay showed that exposed cells exhibited collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential. TMRM signals decreased significantly only in BEAS-2B cells, and most strongly with 4NP exposures. Our results suggest that acute atmospheric exposures to NPs may be toxic at high concentrations, but not at ambient PM2.5 concentrations. Further chronic studies with NP and NP-containing PM2.5 are warranted to assess their contribution to lung pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faria Khan
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mohammed Jaoui
- Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, United States
| | - Krzysztof Rudziński
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karina Kwapiszewska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicia Martinez-Romero
- Cytomics Core Facility, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Avda. Eduardo Primo Yúfera, 3, 46012, Valenica, Spain
| | - Domingo Gil-Casanova
- Cytomics Core Facility, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Avda. Eduardo Primo Yúfera, 3, 46012, Valenica, Spain
| | - Michael Lewandowski
- Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, United States
| | - Tadeusz E Kleindienst
- Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, United States
| | - John H Offenberg
- Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, United States
| | - Jonathan D Krug
- Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, United States
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States
| | - Rafal Szmigielski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland.
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10
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Fang Y, Dai M, Ye W, Li F, Sun H, Wei J, Li B. Damaging effects of TiO 2 nanoparticles on the ovarian cells of Bombyx mori. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:1883-1891. [PMID: 34115284 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02760-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As a new type of biologically compatible material, TiO2 NPs are widely used in the industry as additives, drug carriers, and components of skin care products. Due to their wide use, residual TiO2 NPs in the environment are a safety concern that has attracted extensive attention. In this study, the ovarian cell line BmN of the model organism Bombyx mori was used to reveal the damaging effects of TiO2 NPs exposure. The results demonstrated that TiO2 NPs exhibited a dose-dependent effect on the relative cell viability, with significant toxic effects being observed above 20 mg/L. Oxidative damage analysis showed that ROS accumulated significantly in BmN cells after exposure to TiO2 NPs (P ≤ 0.05) and induced DNA damage. Further analysis revealed that the transcriptional levels of key superoxide dismutase genes (SOD) decreased significantly, while the transcriptions of key genes of the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway (P38, MEK, ERK and REL) and the downstream inflammatory factor genes (IL6 and TNFSF5) were all significantly up-regulated (P ≤ 0.05). Overall, our results indicate that exposure to TiO2 NPs leads to reduced transcription of antioxidant genes, accumulation of peroxides, and inflammation. These findings provide valuable data for the safety evaluation of environmental residues of TiO2 NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Fang
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingli Dai
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Wentao Ye
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanchi Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, People's Republic of China
- Sericulture Institute of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Haina Sun
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, People's Republic of China
- Sericulture Institute of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wei
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, People's Republic of China
- Sericulture Institute of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, People's Republic of China.
- Sericulture Institute of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Doak SH, Clift MJD, Costa A, Delmaar C, Gosens I, Halappanavar S, Kelly S, Pejinenburg WJGM, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Schins RPF, Stone V, Tran L, Vijver MG, Vogel U, Wohlleben W, Cassee FR. The Road to Achieving the European Commission's Chemicals Strategy for Nanomaterial Sustainability-A PATROLS Perspective on New Approach Methodologies. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2200231. [PMID: 35324067 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202200231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The European Green Deal outlines ambitions to build a more sustainable, climate neutral, and circular economy by 2050. To achieve this, the European Commission has published the Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability: Towards a Toxic-Free Environment, which provides targets for innovation to better protect human and environmental health, including challenges posed by hazardous chemicals and animal testing. The European project PATROLS (Physiologically Anchored Tools for Realistic nanOmateriaL hazard aSsessment) has addressed multiple aspects of the Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability by establishing a battery of new approach methodologies, including physiologically anchored human and environmental hazard assessment tools to evaluate the safety of engineered nanomaterials. PATROLS has delivered and improved innovative tools to support regulatory decision-making processes. These tools also support the need for reducing regulated vertebrate animal testing; when used at an early stage of the innovation pipeline, the PATROLS tools facilitate the safe and sustainable development of new nano-enabled products before they reach the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shareen H Doak
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Martin J D Clift
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Anna Costa
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics, CNR-ISTEC-National Research Council of Italy, Faenza, Italy
| | - Christiaan Delmaar
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Netherlands, PO box 1, Bilthoven, 3720, the Netherlands
| | - Ilse Gosens
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Netherlands, PO box 1, Bilthoven, 3720, the Netherlands
| | - Sabina Halappanavar
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, K1A0K9, Canada
| | - Sean Kelly
- Nanotechnology Industries Association, Avenue Tervueren 143, Brussels, 1150, Belgium
| | - Willie J G M Pejinenburg
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Netherlands, PO box 1, Bilthoven, 3720, the Netherlands
- Leiden University, PO Box 9518, Leiden, 2300 RA, the Netherlands
| | | | - Roel P F Schins
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vicki Stone
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lang Tran
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, Scotland, EH14 4AP, UK
| | - Martina G Vijver
- Leiden University, PO Box 9518, Leiden, 2300 RA, the Netherlands
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- Advanced Materials Research, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Netherlands, PO box 1, Bilthoven, 3720, the Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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12
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McCarrick S, Karlsson HL, Carlander U. Modelled lung deposition and retention of welding fume particles in occupational scenarios: a comparison to doses used in vitro. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:969-985. [PMID: 35188583 PMCID: PMC8921161 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03247-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Translating particle dose from in vitro systems to relevant human exposure remains a major challenge for the use of in vitro studies in assessing occupational hazard and risk of particle exposure. This study aimed to model the lung deposition and retention of welding fume particles following occupational scenarios and subsequently compare the lung doses to those used in vitro. We reviewed published welding fume concentrations and size distributions to identify input values simulating real-life exposure scenarios in the multiple path particle dosimetry (MPPD) model. The majority of the particles were reported to be below 0.1 μm and mass concentrations ranged between 0.05 and 45 mg/m3. Following 6-h exposure to 5 mg/m3 with a count median diameter of 50 nm, the tracheobronchial lung dose (0.89 µg/cm2) was found to exceed the in vitro cytotoxic cell dose (0.125 µg/cm2) previously assessed by us in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC-3kt). However, the tracheobronchial retention decreased rapidly when no exposure occurred, in contrast to the alveolar retention which builds-up over time and exceeded the in vitro cytotoxic cell dose after 1.5 working week. After 1 year, the tracheobronchial and alveolar retention was estimated to be 1.15 and 2.85 µg/cm2, respectively. Exposure to low-end aerosol concentrations resulted in alveolar retention comparable to cytotoxic in vitro dose in HBEC-3kt after 15-20 years of welding. This study demonstrates the potential of combining real-life exposure data with particle deposition modelling to improve the understanding of in vitro concentrations in the context of human occupational exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah McCarrick
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Hanna L Karlsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Carlander
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Hofer S, Hofstätter N, Punz B, Hasenkopf I, Johnson L, Himly M. Immunotoxicity of nanomaterials in health and disease: Current challenges and emerging approaches for identifying immune modifiers in susceptible populations. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1804. [PMID: 36416020 PMCID: PMC9787548 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nanosafety assessment has experienced an intense era of research during the past decades driven by a vivid interest of regulators, industry, and society. Toxicological assays based on in vitro cellular models have undergone an evolution from experimentation using nanoparticulate systems on singular epithelial cell models to employing advanced complex models more realistically mimicking the respective body barriers for analyzing their capacity to alter the immune state of exposed individuals. During this phase, a number of lessons were learned. We have thus arrived at a state where the next chapters have to be opened, pursuing the following objectives: (1) to elucidate underlying mechanisms, (2) to address effects on vulnerable groups, (3) to test material mixtures, and (4) to use realistic doses on (5) sophisticated models. Moreover, data reproducibility has become a significant demand. In this context, we studied the emerging concept of adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) from the perspective of immune activation and modulation resulting in pro-inflammatory versus tolerogenic responses. When considering the interaction of nanomaterials with biological systems, protein corona formation represents the relevant molecular initiating event (e.g., by potential alterations of nanomaterial-adsorbed proteins). Using this as an example, we illustrate how integrated experimental-computational workflows combining in vitro assays with in silico models aid in data enrichment and upon comprehensive ontology-annotated (meta)data upload to online repositories assure FAIRness (Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, Reusability). Such digital twinning may, in future, assist in early-stage decision-making during therapeutic development, and hence, promote safe-by-design innovation in nanomedicine. Moreover, it may, in combination with in silico-based exposure-relevant dose-finding, serve for risk monitoring in particularly loaded areas, for example, workplaces, taking into account pre-existing health conditions. This article is categorized under: Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Hofer
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical BiologyParis Lodron University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Norbert Hofstätter
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical BiologyParis Lodron University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Benjamin Punz
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical BiologyParis Lodron University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Ingrid Hasenkopf
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical BiologyParis Lodron University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Litty Johnson
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical BiologyParis Lodron University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Martin Himly
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical BiologyParis Lodron University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
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14
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Romeo D, Nowack B, Wick P. Combined in vitro-in vivo dosimetry enables the extrapolation of in vitro doses to human exposure levels: A proof of concept based on a meta-analysis of in vitro and in vivo titanium dioxide toxicity data. NANOIMPACT 2022; 25:100376. [PMID: 35559882 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2021.100376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating the potential risks of nanomaterials on human health is fundamental to assure their safety. To do so, Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA) relies mostly on animal studies to provide information about nanomaterials toxicity. The scarcity of such data, due to the shift of the nanotoxicology field away from a phenomenological, animal-based approach and towards a mechanistic understanding based on in vitro studies, represents a challenge for HHRA. Implementing in vitro data in the HHRA methodology requires an extrapolation strategy; combining in vitro dosimetry and lung dosimetry can be an option to estimate the toxic effects on lung cells caused by inhaled nanomaterials. Since the two dosimetry models have rarely been used together, we developed a combined dosimetry model (CoDo) that estimates the air concentrations corresponding to the in vitro doses, extrapolating in this way in vitro doses to human doses. Applying the model to a data set of in vitro and in vivo toxicity data about titanium dioxide, we demonstrated CoDo's multiple applications. First, we confirmed that most in vitro doses are much higher than realistic human exposures, considering the Swiss Occupational Exposure Limit as benchmark. The comparison of the Benchmark Doses (BMD) extrapolated from in vitro and in vivo data, using the surface area dose metric, showed that despite both types of data had a quite wide range, animal data were overall more precise. The high variability of the results may be due both to the dis-homogeneity of the original data (different cell lines, particle properties, etc.) and to the high level of uncertainty in the extrapolation procedure caused by both model assumptions and experimental conditions. Moreover, while the surface area BMDs from studies on rodents and rodent cells were comparable, human co-cultures showed less susceptibility and had higher BMDs regardless of the titanium dioxide type. Last, a Support Vector Machine classification model built on the in vitro data set was able to predict the BMD-derived human exposure level range for viability effects based on the particle properties and experimental conditions with an accuracy of 85%, while for cytokine release in vitro and neutrophil influx in vivo the model had a lower performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daina Romeo
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Particles-Biology Interactions Laboratory, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Bernd Nowack
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Peter Wick
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Particles-Biology Interactions Laboratory, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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15
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Ispanixtlahuatl-Meráz O, Delgado-Buenrostro NL, Déciga-Alcaraz A, Ramos-Godinez MDP, Oliva-Rico D, López-Villegas EO, Vázquez-Zapién GJ, Mata-Miranda MM, Ilhuicatzi-Alvarado D, Moreno-Fierros L, García Cuellar CM, Sánchez-Pérez Y, Chirino YI. Differential response of immobile (pneumocytes) and mobile (monocytes) barriers against 2 types of metal oxide nanoparticles. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 347:109596. [PMID: 34329616 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhaled nanoparticles (NPs) challenges mobile and immobile barriers in the respiratory tract, which can be represented by type II pneumocytes (immobile) and monocytes (mobile) but what is more important for biological effects, the cell linage, or the type of nanoparticle? Here, we addressed these questions and we demonstrated that the type of NPs exerts a higher influence on biological effects, but cell linages also respond differently against similar type of NPs. DESIGN Type II pneumocytes and monocytes were exposed to tin dioxide (SnO2) NPs and titanium dioxide (TiO2) NPs (1, 10 and 50 μg/cm2) for 24 h and cell viability, ultrastructure, cell granularity, molecular spectra of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids and cytoskeleton architecture were evaluated. RESULTS SnO2 NPs and TiO2 NPs are metal oxides with similar physicochemical properties. However, in the absence of cytotoxicity, SnO2 NPs uptake was low in monocytes and higher in type II pneumocytes, while TiO2 NPs were highly internalized by both types of cells. Monocytes exposed to both types of NPs displayed higher number of alterations in the molecular patterns of proteins and nuclei acids analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) than type II pneumocytes. In addition, cells exposed to TiO2 NPs showed more displacements in FTIR spectra of biomolecules than cells exposed to SnO2 NPs. Regarding cell architecture, microtubules were stable in type II pneumocytes exposed to both types of NPs but actin filaments displayed a higher number of alterations in type II pneumocytes and monocytes exposed to SnO2 NPs and TiO2 NPs. NPs exposure induced the formation of large vacuoles only in monocytes, which were not seen in type II pneumocytes. CONCLUSIONS Most of the cellular effects are influenced by the NPs exposure rather than by the cell type. However, mobile, and immobile barriers in the respiratory tract displayed differential response against SnO2 NPs and TiO2 NPs in absence of cytotoxicity, in which monocytes were more susceptible than type II pneumocytes to NPs exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio Ispanixtlahuatl-Meráz
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla de Baz, CP, 54090, Estado de México, Mexico; Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Unidad de Posgrado Edificio B Primer Piso Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, CP, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Norma L Delgado-Buenrostro
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla de Baz, CP, 54090, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Déciga-Alcaraz
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla de Baz, CP, 54090, Estado de México, Mexico; Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Unidad de Posgrado Edificio B Primer Piso Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, CP, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Diego Oliva-Rico
- Unidad de Microscopía Avanzada, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, RAI, UNAM, Mexico
| | - Edgar O López-Villegas
- Departamento de Graduados e Investigación en Alimentos, Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CP, 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gustavo J Vázquez-Zapién
- Escuela Militar de Medicina, Centro Militar de Ciencias de la Salud, Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, Cerrada de Palomas S/N, Lomas de San Isidro, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, CP, 11200, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Mónica M Mata-Miranda
- Escuela Militar de Medicina, Centro Militar de Ciencias de la Salud, Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, Cerrada de Palomas S/N, Lomas de San Isidro, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, CP, 11200, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Damaris Ilhuicatzi-Alvarado
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla de Baz, CP, 54090, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Leticia Moreno-Fierros
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla de Baz, CP, 54090, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Claudia M García Cuellar
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan, CP, 14080, Cuidad de México, Mexico
| | - Yesennia Sánchez-Pérez
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan, CP, 14080, Cuidad de México, Mexico
| | - Yolanda I Chirino
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla de Baz, CP, 54090, Estado de México, Mexico.
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16
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Møller P, Wils RS, Di Ianni E, Gutierrez CAT, Roursgaard M, Jacobsen NR. Genotoxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotube reference materials in mammalian cells and animals. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2021; 788:108393. [PMID: 34893158 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were the first nanomaterials to be evaluated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The categorization as possibly carcinogenic agent to humans was only applicable to multi-walled carbon nanotubes called MWCNT-7. Other types of CNTs were not classifiable because of missing data and it was not possible to pinpoint unique CNT characteristics that cause cancer. Importantly, the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) has established a repository of industrially manufactured nanomaterials that encompasses at least four well-characterized MWCNTs called NM-400 to NM-403 (original JRC code). This review summarizes the genotoxic effects of these JRC materials and MWCNT-7. The review consists of 36 publications with results on cell culture experiments (22 publications), animal models (9 publications) or both (5 publications). As compared to the publications in the IARC monograph on CNTs, the current database represents a significant increase as there is only an overlap of 8 publications. However, the results come mainly from cell cultures and/or measurements of DNA strand breaks by the comet assay and the micronucleus assay (82 out of 97 outcomes). A meta-analysis of cell culture studies on DNA strand breaks showed a genotoxic response by MWCNT-7, less consistent effect by NM-400 and NM-402, and least consistent effect by NM-401 and NM-403. Results from other in vitro tests indicate strongest evidence of genotoxicity for MWCNT-7. There are too few observations from animal models and humans to make general conclusions about genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Regitze Sølling Wils
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark; The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Emilio Di Ianni
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Claudia Andrea Torero Gutierrez
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark; The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Martin Roursgaard
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Nicklas Raun Jacobsen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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17
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Rafieepour A, Azari MR, Khodagholi F, Jaktaji JP, Mehrabi Y, Peirovi H. Interactive toxicity effect of combined exposure to hematite and amorphous silicon dioxide nanoparticles in human A 549 cell line. Toxicol Ind Health 2021; 37:289-302. [PMID: 34078188 DOI: 10.1177/07482337211002373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The study on the health effects of combined exposure to various contaminants has been recommended by many authors. The objective of the present study was to examine the effects of the co-exposure to hematite and amorphous silicon dioxide (A-SiO2) nanoparticles on the human lung A549 cell line. The A549 cell line was exposed to 10, 50, 100, and 250 µg/ml concentrations of hematite and A-SiO2 nanoparticles both independently and in combination. Their toxicity in both circumstances was investigated by MTT, intracellular reactive oxygen species, cell glutathione content, and mitochondrial membrane potential tests, and the type of interaction was investigated by statistical analysis using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, v. 21). Results showed that the independent exposure to either hematite or A-SiO2 compared with the control group produced more toxic effects on the A549 cell line. The toxicity of combined exposure of the nanoparticles was lower compared with independent exposure, and antagonistic interactive effects were detected. The findings of this study could be useful in clarifying the present debate on the health effects of combined exposure of hematite and A-SiO2 nanoparticles. Because of the complexities of combined exposures, further studies of this kind are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena Rafieepour
- School of Public Health and Safety, Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansour Rezazadeh Azari
- Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Yadollah Mehrabi
- School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Habibollah Peirovi
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Zhang X, Luo M, Zhang J, Yao Z, Zhu J, Yang S, Zhu Q, Shen T. Carbon nanotubes promote alveolar macrophages toward M2 polarization mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition and fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transdifferentiation. Nanotoxicology 2021; 15:588-604. [PMID: 33840345 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2021.1905098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
With substantial progress of nanotechnology, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are widely used in a variety of industrial and commercial applications. There is rising concern about potential adverse health effects, such as pulmonary fibrosis, related to inhalation of CNTs. The detailed cellular and molecular mechanisms of pulmonary fibrosis induced by CNTs are still not clear. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transdifferentiation (FMT) are considered as critical events in pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) polarization plays a key role of regulating EMT and FMT in pulmonary fibrosis. In this study, we applied CNTs to stimulate primary mouse AMs under M1 or M2 polarization conditions, then analyzed the proportion of F4/80+CD11c+ or F4/80+CD206+ AMs, mRNA expression and activities of iNOS or Arg-1, as well as mRNA expression and content of TNF-α and IL-6 or TGF-β and IL-10 to evaluate dynamic phenotypic and functional changes of AMs. Single-walled CNT (SWCNT), short-type multi-walled CNT (MWCNT), and long-type MWCNT exposure at dose of 50 µg/ml promote AMs polarization toward M1 phenotype at early stage, while promote AMs polarization toward M2 phenotype at late stage. The roles of AMs polarization during development of EMT and FMT were further investigated by conditioned medium (CM) experiments. CNTs-activated M2 AMs promote progression of EMT and FMT via secreting TGF-β. Furthermore, up-regulating IRF4 may be involved in CNTs-induced M2 AMs polarization. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a new insight that CNTs exposure promotes AMs polarization toward M2 phenotype which facilitate EMT and FMT through secreting TGF-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Min Luo
- Department of Occupational Health and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Jiaxiang Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Zhuomeng Yao
- Department of Occupational Health and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Jiaojiao Zhu
- Department of Occupational Health and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Shuxin Yang
- Department of Medical Aspects of Specific Environments, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Qixing Zhu
- Department of Occupational Health and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Tong Shen
- Department of Occupational Health and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
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19
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Khan F, Kwapiszewska K, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Lambe AT, Kołodziejczyk A, Jalal N, Rudzinski K, Martínez-Romero A, Fry RC, Surratt JD, Szmigielski R. Toxicological Responses of α-Pinene-Derived Secondary Organic Aerosol and Its Molecular Tracers in Human Lung Cell Lines. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:817-832. [PMID: 33653028 PMCID: PMC7967287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is a major component of airborne fine particulate matter (PM2.5) that contributes to adverse human health effects upon inhalation. Atmospheric ozonolysis of α-pinene, an abundantly emitted monoterpene from terrestrial vegetation, leads to significant global SOA formation; however, its impact on pulmonary pathophysiology remains uncertain. In this study, we quantified an increasing concentration response of three well-established α-pinene SOA tracers (pinic, pinonic, and 3-methyl-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylic acids) and a full mixture of α-pinene SOA in A549 (alveolar epithelial carcinoma) and BEAS-2B (bronchial epithelial normal) lung cell lines. The three aforementioned tracers contributed ∼57% of the α-pinene SOA mass under our experimental conditions. Cellular proliferation, cell viability, and oxidative stress were assessed as toxicological end points. The three α-pinene SOA molecular tracers had insignificant responses in both cell types when compared with the α-pinene SOA (up to 200 μg mL-1). BEAS-2B cells exposed to 200 μg mL-1 of α-pinene SOA decreased cellular proliferation to ∼70% and 44% at 24- and 48-h post exposure, respectively; no changes in A549 cells were observed. The inhibitory concentration-50 (IC50) in BEAS-2B cells was found to be 912 and 230 μg mL-1 at 24 and 48 h, respectively. An approximate 4-fold increase in cellular oxidative stress was observed in BEAS-2B cells when compared with untreated cells, suggesting that reactive oxygen species (ROS) buildup resulted in the downstream cytotoxicity following 24 h of exposure to α-pinene SOA. Organic hydroperoxides that were identified in the α-pinene SOA samples likely contributed to the ROS and cytotoxicity. This study identifies the potential components of α-pinene SOA that likely modulate the oxidative stress response within lung cells and highlights the need to carry out chronic exposure studies on α-pinene SOA to elucidate its long-term inhalation exposure effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faria Khan
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of
Sciences, 00Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karina Kwapiszewska
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of
Sciences, 00Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global
Public Health, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Aerodyne
Research Inc, Billerica, Masachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Yuzhi Chen
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global
Public Health, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Andrew T. Lambe
- Aerodyne
Research Inc, Billerica, Masachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Agata Kołodziejczyk
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of
Sciences, 00Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- TROPOS,
Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nasir Jalal
- Department
of Interdisciplinary Science, Nanjing University
of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, P. R. China
| | - Krzysztof Rudzinski
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of
Sciences, 00Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicia Martínez-Romero
- Cytomics
Core Facility, Príncipe Felipe Research
Center, Avenida Eduardo
Primo Yúfera, 3, Valenica 46012, Spain
| | - Rebecca C. Fry
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global
Public Health, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jason D. Surratt
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global
Public Health, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Rafal Szmigielski
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of
Sciences, 00Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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20
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Majewska M, Khan F, Pieta IS, Wróblewska A, Szmigielski R, Pieta P. Toxicity of selected airborne nitrophenols on eukaryotic cell membrane models. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 266:128996. [PMID: 33288286 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitroaromatics belong to the group of toxic components of aerosol particles and atmospheric hydrometeors that enter the atmosphere through biomass burning and fuel combustion. In the present work, we report on the cytotoxic effects of a 2-, 3- and 4-nitrophenol mixture on a model eukaryotic-like cell membrane and compared it with in vitro cellular models BEAS-2B (immortalized bronchial epithelial cells) and A549 (cancerous alveolar epithelial cells). A selected model biomembrane comprised of DMPC (1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine), DPPC (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) and POPC (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) was studied. The electrochemical-based method, combined with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and phase-contrast microscopy imaging, allowed to get insights into the mechanism of cellular function disruption caused by airborne nitrophenols. The efficacy of the method is supported by the data obtained from in vitro experiments performed on cell models. The nitrophenol mixture exhibited cytotoxic effects at concentrations above 100 μg mL-1, as demonstrated by phase-contrast microscopy in real lung cell lines. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) revealed the formation of membrane defects at a nitrophenol concentration of 200 μg mL-1. AFM imaging confirmed the model membrane disintegration and phospholipids rearrangement in the presence of nitrophenols. These observations indicate that particle-bound nitrophenols induce substantial changes in cell membranes and make them more permeable to aerosol, resulting in major cellular damage in the lungs when inhaled. The study provides initial evidence of cellular membrane damage induced by three important nitrated phenols present in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Majewska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Faria Khan
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabela S Pieta
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Wróblewska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafal Szmigielski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Piotr Pieta
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland.
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21
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Screening for Effects of Inhaled Nanoparticles in Cell Culture Models for Prolonged Exposure. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11030606. [PMID: 33671010 PMCID: PMC7997552 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory exposure of humans to environmental and therapeutic nanoparticles repeatedly occurs at relatively low concentrations. To identify adverse effects of particle accumulation under realistic conditions, monocultures of Calu-3 and A549 cells and co-cultures of A549 and THP-1 macrophages in the air–liquid interphase culture were exposed repeatedly to 2 µg/cm2 20 nm and 200 nm polystyrene particles with different functionalization. Particle accumulation, transepithelial electrical resistance, dextran (3–70 kDa) uptake and proinflammatory cytokine secretion were determined over 28 days. Calu-3 cells showed constant particle uptake without any change in barrier function and cytokine release. A549 cells preferentially ingested amino- and not-functionalized particles combined with decreased endocytosis. Cytokine release was transiently increased upon exposure to all particles. Carboxyl-functionalized demonstrated higher uptake and higher cytokine release than the other particles in the A549/THP-1 co-cultures. The evaluated respiratory cells and co-cultures ingested different amounts and types of particles and caused small (partly transient) effects. The data suggest that the healthy cells can adapt to low doses of non-cytotoxic particles.
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22
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Lison D, Ibouraadaten S, van den Brule S, Todea M, Vulpoi A, Turcu F, Ziemann C, Creutzenberg O, Bonner JC, Ameloot M, Bové H. Femtosecond pulsed laser microscopy: a new tool to assess the in vitro delivered dose of carbon nanotubes in cell culture experiments. Part Fibre Toxicol 2021; 18:9. [PMID: 33602232 PMCID: PMC7890618 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-021-00402-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In vitro models are widely used in nanotoxicology. In these assays, a careful documentation of the fraction of nanomaterials that reaches the cells, i.e. the in vitro delivered dose, is a critical element for the interpretation of the data. The in vitro delivered dose can be measured by quantifying the amount of material in contact with the cells, or can be estimated by applying particokinetic models. For carbon nanotubes (CNTs), the determination of the in vitro delivered dose is not evident because their quantification in biological matrices is difficult, and particokinetic models are not adapted to high aspect ratio materials. Here, we applied a rapid and direct approach, based on femtosecond pulsed laser microscopy (FPLM), to assess the in vitro delivered dose of multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs). Methods and results We incubated mouse lung fibroblasts (MLg) and differentiated human monocytic cells (THP-1) in 96-well plates for 24 h with a set of different MWCNTs. The cytotoxic response to the MWCNTs was evaluated using the WST-1 assay in both cell lines, and the pro-inflammatory response was determined by measuring the release of IL-1β by THP-1 cells. Contrasting cell responses were observed across the MWCNTs. The sedimentation rate of the different MWCNTs was assessed by monitoring turbidity decay with time in cell culture medium. These turbidity measurements revealed some differences among the MWCNT samples which, however, did not parallel the contrasting cell responses. FPLM measurements in cell culture wells revealed that the in vitro delivered MWCNT dose did not parallel sedimentation data, and suggested that cultured cells contributed to set up the delivered dose. The FPLM data allowed, for each MWCNT sample, an adjustment of the measured cytotoxicity and IL-1β responses to the delivered doses. This adjusted in vitro activity led to another toxicity ranking of the MWCNT samples as compared to the unadjusted activities. In macrophages, this adjusted ranking was consistent with existing knowledge on the impact of surface MWCNT functionalization on cytotoxicity, and might better reflect the intrinsic activity of the MWCNT samples. Conclusion The present study further highlights the need to estimate the in vitro delivered dose in cell culture experiments with nanomaterials. The FPLM measurement of the in vitro delivered dose of MWCNTs can enrich experimental results, and may refine our understanding of their interactions with cells. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12989-021-00402-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Lison
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Saloua Ibouraadaten
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sybille van den Brule
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Milica Todea
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute in Bio- Nano- Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University (BBU), Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Germany
| | - Adriana Vulpoi
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute in Bio- Nano- Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University (BBU), Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Flaviu Turcu
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute in Bio- Nano- Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University (BBU), Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Christina Ziemann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Hannover, Germany
| | - Otto Creutzenberg
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Hannover, Germany
| | - James C Bonner
- Toxicology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marcel Ameloot
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Hannelore Bové
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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23
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Han B, Pei Z, Shi L, Wang Q, Li C, Zhang B, Su X, Zhang N, Zhou L, Zhao B, Niu Y, Zhang R. TiO 2 Nanoparticles Caused DNA Damage in Lung and Extra-Pulmonary Organs Through ROS-Activated FOXO3a Signaling Pathway After Intratracheal Administration in Rats. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:6279-6294. [PMID: 32904047 PMCID: PMC7449758 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s254969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Because of the increased production and application of manufactured Nano-TiO2 in the past several years, it is important to investigate its potential hazards. TiO2 is classified by IARC as a possible human carcinogen; however, the potential mechanism of carcinogenesis has not been studied clearly. The present study aimed to investigate the mechanism of DNA damage in rat lung and extra-pulmonary organs caused by TiO2nanoparticles. Methods In the present study, SD rats were exposed to Nano-TiO2 by intratracheal injection at a dose of 0, 0.2, or 1 g/kg body weight. The titanium levels in tissues were detected by ICP-MS. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression levels. The DNA damage and oxidative stress were detected by comet assay and ROS, MDA, SOD, and GSH-Px levels, respectively. Results The titanium levels of the 1 g/kg group on day-3 and day-7 were significantly increased in liver and kidney as well as significantly decreased in lung compared to day-1. ROS and MDA levels were statistically increased, whereas SOD and GSH-Px levels were statistically decreased in tissues of rats in dose-dependent manners after Nano-TiO2 treatment. PI3K, p-AKT/AKT, and p-FOXO3a/FOXO3a in lung, liver, and kidney activated in dose-dependent manners. The levels of DNA damage in liver, kidney, and lung in each Nano-TiO2 treatment group were significantly increased and could not recover within 7 days. GADD45α, ChK2, and XRCC1 in liver, kidney, and lung of rats exposed to Nano-TiO2 statistically increased, which triggered DNA repair. Conclusion This work demonstrated that Ti could deposit in lung and enter extra-pulmonary organs of rats and cause oxidative stress, then trigger DNA damage through activating the PI3K-AKT-FOXO3a pathway and then promoting GADD45α, ChK2, and XRCC1 to process the DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Han
- Department of Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijie Pei
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, China Three Gorge University, Yichang 443002, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Shi
- Occupational Health and Environmental Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- Experimental Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Boyuan Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Su
- Department of Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixiao Zhou
- Department of Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujie Niu
- Occupational Health and Environmental Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
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24
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Manigrasso M, Protano C, Vitali M, Avino P. Where Do Ultrafine Particles and Nano-Sized Particles Come From? J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 68:1371-1390. [PMID: 31006689 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents an overview of the literature studies on the sources of ultrafine particles (UFPs), nanomaterials (NMs), and nanoparticles (NPs) occurring in indoor (occupational and residential) and outdoor environments. Information on the relevant emission factors, particle concentrations, size, and compositions is provided, and health relevance of UFPs and NPs is discussed. Particular attention is focused on the fraction of particles that upon inhalation deposit on the olfactory bulb, because these particles can possibly translocate to brain and their possible role in neurodegenerative diseases is an important issue emerging in the recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmela Protano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Vitali
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Avino
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences (DiAAA), University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
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25
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Déciga-Alcaraz A, Medina-Reyes EI, Delgado-Buenrostro NL, Rodríguez-Ibarra C, Ganem-Rondero A, Vázquez-Zapién GJ, Mata-Miranda MM, Limón-Pacheco JH, García-Cuéllar CM, Sánchez-Pérez Y, Chirino YI. Toxicity of engineered nanomaterials with different physicochemical properties and the role of protein corona on cellular uptake and intrinsic ROS production. Toxicology 2020; 442:152545. [PMID: 32755642 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development has listed thirteen engineered nanomaterials (ENM) in order to investigate their toxicity on human health. Silicon dioxide (SiO2) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) are included on that list and we added indium tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticles (NPs) to our study, which is not listed on OECD suggested ENM to be investigated, however ITO NPs has a high potential of industrial production. We evaluate the physicochemical properties of SiO2 NPs (10-20 nm), TiO2 nanofibers (NFs; 3 μm length) and ITO NPs (<50 nm) and the impact of protein-corona formation on cell internalization. Then, we evaluated the toxicity of uncoated ENM on human lung epithelial cells exposed to 10 and 50 μg/cm2 for 24 h. TiO2 NFs showed the highest capability to adsorb proteins onto the particle surface followed by SiO2 NPs and ITO NPs after acellular incubation with fetal bovine serum. The protein adsorption had no impact on Alizarin Red S conjugation, intrinsic properties for reactive oxygen (ROS) formation or cell uptake for all types of ENM. Moreover, TiO2 NFs induced highest cell alterations in human lung epithelial cells exposed to 10 and 50 μg/cm2 while ITO NPs induced moderated cytotoxicity and SiO2 NPs caused even lower cytotoxicity under the same conditions. DNA, proteins and lipids were mainly affected by TiO2 NFs followed by SiO2 NPs with toxic effects in protein and lipids while limited variations were detected after exposure to ITO NPs on spectra analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Déciga-Alcaraz
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz, CP 54090, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Estefany I Medina-Reyes
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, CDMX, 04510, Programa de becas posdoctorales en la UNAM, DGAPA, Mexico
| | - Norma L Delgado-Buenrostro
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz, CP 54090, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Carolina Rodríguez-Ibarra
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz, CP 54090, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Adriana Ganem-Rondero
- División de Estudios de Posgrado (Tecnología Farmacéutica), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Av. 1° de Mayo s/n, Cuautitlán Izcalli, CP 54740, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Gustavo J Vázquez-Zapién
- Laboratorio de Embriología, Escuela Militar de Medicina, Centro Militar de Ciencias de la Salud, Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, Cerrada de Palomas S/N, Lomas de San Isidro, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, C.P. 11200, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Mónica M Mata-Miranda
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Tisular, Escuela Militar de Medicina, Centro Militar de Ciencias de la Salud, Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, Cerrada de Palomas S/N, Lomas de San Isidro, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, C.P. 11200, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Jorge H Limón-Pacheco
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Tisular, Escuela Militar de Medicina, Centro Militar de Ciencias de la Salud, Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, Cerrada de Palomas S/N, Lomas de San Isidro, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, C.P. 11200, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Claudia M García-Cuéllar
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan, CP 14080, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Yesennia Sánchez-Pérez
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan, CP 14080, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Yolanda I Chirino
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz, CP 54090, Estado de Mexico, Mexico.
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Barosova H, Karakocak BB, Septiadi D, Petri-Fink A, Stone V, Rothen-Rutishauser B. An In Vitro Lung System to Assess the Proinflammatory Hazard of Carbon Nanotube Aerosols. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155335. [PMID: 32727099 PMCID: PMC7432093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro three-dimensional (3D) lung cell models have been thoroughly investigated in recent years and provide a reliable tool to assess the hazard associated with nanomaterials (NMs) released into the air. In this study, a 3D lung co-culture model was optimized to assess the hazard potential of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), which is known to provoke inflammation and fibrosis, critical adverse outcomes linked to acute and prolonged NM exposure. The lung co-cultures were exposed to MWCNTs at the air-liquid interface (ALI) using the VITROCELL® Cloud system while considering realistic occupational exposure doses. The co-culture model was composed of three human cell lines: alveolar epithelial cells (A549), fibroblasts (MRC-5), and macrophages (differentiated THP-1). The model was exposed to two types of MWCNTs (Mitsui-7 and Nanocyl) at different concentrations (2–10 μg/cm2) to assess the proinflammatory as well as the profibrotic responses after acute (24 h, one exposure) and prolonged (96 h, repeated exposures) exposure cycles. The results showed that acute or prolonged exposure to different concentrations of the tested MWCNTs did not induce cytotoxicity or apparent profibrotic response; however, suggested the onset of proinflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Barosova
- BioNanomaterials Group, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (H.B.); (B.B.K.); (D.S.); (A.P.-F.)
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bedia Begum Karakocak
- BioNanomaterials Group, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (H.B.); (B.B.K.); (D.S.); (A.P.-F.)
| | - Dedy Septiadi
- BioNanomaterials Group, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (H.B.); (B.B.K.); (D.S.); (A.P.-F.)
| | - Alke Petri-Fink
- BioNanomaterials Group, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (H.B.); (B.B.K.); (D.S.); (A.P.-F.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Vicki Stone
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK;
| | - Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser
- BioNanomaterials Group, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (H.B.); (B.B.K.); (D.S.); (A.P.-F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-26-300-9502
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Nelissen I, Haase A, Anguissola S, Rocks L, Jacobs A, Willems H, Riebeling C, Luch A, Piret JP, Toussaint O, Trouiller B, Lacroix G, Gutleb AC, Contal S, Diabaté S, Weiss C, Lozano-Fernández T, González-Fernández Á, Dusinska M, Huk A, Stone V, Kanase N, Nocuń M, Stępnik M, Meschini S, Ammendolia MG, Lewinski N, Riediker M, Venturini M, Benetti F, Topinka J, Brzicova T, Milani S, Rädler J, Salvati A, Dawson KA. Improving Quality in Nanoparticle-Induced Cytotoxicity Testing by a Tiered Inter-Laboratory Comparison Study. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10081430. [PMID: 32707981 PMCID: PMC7466672 DOI: 10.3390/nano10081430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The quality and relevance of nanosafety studies constitute major challenges to ensure their key role as a supporting tool in sustainable innovation, and subsequent competitive economic advantage. However, the number of apparently contradictory and inconclusive research results has increased in the past few years, indicating the need to introduce harmonized protocols and good practices in the nanosafety research community. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate if best-practice training and inter-laboratory comparison (ILC) of performance of the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay for the cytotoxicity assessment of nanomaterials among 15 European laboratories can improve quality in nanosafety testing. We used two well-described model nanoparticles, 40-nm carboxylated polystyrene (PS-COOH) and 50-nm amino-modified polystyrene (PS-NH2). We followed a tiered approach using well-developed standard operating procedures (SOPs) and sharing the same cells, serum and nanoparticles. We started with determination of the cell growth rate (tier 1), followed by a method transfer phase, in which all laboratories performed the first ILC on the MTS assay (tier 2). Based on the outcome of tier 2 and a survey of laboratory practices, specific training was organized, and the MTS assay SOP was refined. This led to largely improved intra- and inter-laboratory reproducibility in tier 3. In addition, we confirmed that PS-COOH and PS-NH2 are suitable negative and positive control nanoparticles, respectively, to evaluate impact of nanomaterials on cell viability using the MTS assay. Overall, we have demonstrated that the tiered process followed here, with the use of SOPs and representative control nanomaterials, is necessary and makes it possible to achieve good inter-laboratory reproducibility, and therefore high-quality nanotoxicological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Nelissen
- Health Department, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; (A.J.); (H.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-14-335107
| | - Andrea Haase
- Department of Chemicals and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (A.H.); (C.R.); (A.L.)
| | - Sergio Anguissola
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; (S.A.); (L.R.); (A.S.); (K.A.D.)
- Charles River Laboratories, Carrowntreila, Ballina, Co. Mayo, Ireland
| | - Louise Rocks
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; (S.A.); (L.R.); (A.S.); (K.A.D.)
- Science Foundation Ireland, Three Park Place, Hatch Street Upper, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - An Jacobs
- Health Department, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; (A.J.); (H.W.)
| | - Hanny Willems
- Health Department, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; (A.J.); (H.W.)
| | - Christian Riebeling
- Department of Chemicals and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (A.H.); (C.R.); (A.L.)
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemicals and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (A.H.); (C.R.); (A.L.)
| | - Jean-Pascal Piret
- Research Unit in Cellular Biology (URBC), Namur Nanosafety Center (NNC), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium;
| | - Olivier Toussaint
- Research Unit in Cellular Biology (URBC), Namur Nanosafety Center (NNC), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium;
| | - Bénédicte Trouiller
- Experimental Toxicology Unit, Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Alata, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; (B.T.); (G.L.)
| | - Ghislaine Lacroix
- Experimental Toxicology Unit, Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Alata, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; (B.T.); (G.L.)
| | - Arno C. Gutleb
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg; (A.C.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Servane Contal
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg; (A.C.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Silvia Diabaté
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (S.D.); (C.W.)
| | - Carsten Weiss
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (S.D.); (C.W.)
| | - Tamara Lozano-Fernández
- Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (T.L.-F.); (Ã.G.-F.)
- Nanoimmunotech SL, Edificio CITEXVI Fonte das Abelleiras s/n, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - África González-Fernández
- Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (T.L.-F.); (Ã.G.-F.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IISGS), Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Estrada Clara Campoamor 341, Babio – Beade, 36312 Vigo, Spain
| | - Maria Dusinska
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Instituttveien 18, 2007 Kjeller, Norway; (M.D.); (A.H.)
| | - Anna Huk
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Instituttveien 18, 2007 Kjeller, Norway; (M.D.); (A.H.)
- Gentian Diagnostics AS, Bjørnåsveien 5, 1596 Moss, Norway
| | - Vicki Stone
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University (HWU), Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; (V.S.); (N.K.)
| | - Nilesh Kanase
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University (HWU), Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; (V.S.); (N.K.)
| | - Marek Nocuń
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine (NIOM), 91-348 Łódź, Poland; (M.N.); (M.S.)
- SEQme s.r.o., Dlouha 176, 26301 Dobris, Czech Republic
| | - Maciej Stępnik
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine (NIOM), 91-348 Łódź, Poland; (M.N.); (M.S.)
| | - Stefania Meschini
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation and National Center of Innovative Technologies for Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena, 299 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Maria Grazia Ammendolia
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation and National Center of Innovative Technologies for Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena, 299 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Nastassja Lewinski
- Institute for Work and Health (IST), University of Lausanne and University of Geneva, Route de la Corniche 2, 1066 Epalinges-Lausanne, Switzerland; (N.L.); (M.R.)
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Michael Riediker
- Institute for Work and Health (IST), University of Lausanne and University of Geneva, Route de la Corniche 2, 1066 Epalinges-Lausanne, Switzerland; (N.L.); (M.R.)
- Swiss Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health (SCOEH), Binzhofstrasse 87, 8404 Winterthur, Switzerland
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block N4.1, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Marco Venturini
- ECAMRICERT SRL, European Center for the Sustainable Impact of Nanotechnology (ECSIN), Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy; (M.V.); (F.B.)
| | - Federico Benetti
- ECAMRICERT SRL, European Center for the Sustainable Impact of Nanotechnology (ECSIN), Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy; (M.V.); (F.B.)
| | - Jan Topinka
- Institute of Experimental Medicine (IEM), Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (J.T.); (T.B.)
| | - Tana Brzicova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine (IEM), Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (J.T.); (T.B.)
- Faculty of Safety Engineering, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Lumirova 13, 70030 Ostrava-Vyskovice, Czech Republic
| | - Silvia Milani
- Faculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Geshwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 Munich, Germany; (S.M.); (J.R.)
| | - Joachim Rädler
- Faculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Geshwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 Munich, Germany; (S.M.); (J.R.)
| | - Anna Salvati
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; (S.A.); (L.R.); (A.S.); (K.A.D.)
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kenneth A. Dawson
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; (S.A.); (L.R.); (A.S.); (K.A.D.)
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Lin J, Jiang Y, Luo Y, Guo H, Huang C, Peng J, Cao Y. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) transformed THP-1 macrophages into foam cells: Impact of pulmonary surfactant component dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 392:122286. [PMID: 32086094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary surfactant or its components can function as barriers toward nanomaterials (NMs) entering pulmonary systems. However, since pulmonary surfactant mainly consists of lipids, it may be necessary to investigate the effects of co-exposure to NMs and pulmonary surfactant or its components on lipid metabolism and related signaling pathways. Recently we found that multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) transformed THP-1 macrophages into lipid-laden foam cells via ER stress pathway. Here this study further investigated the impact of pulmonary surfactant component dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) on this process. Up to 64 μg/mL hydroxylated or carboxylated MWCNTs induced lipid accumulation and IL-6 release in THP-1 macrophages, accompanying with increased oxidative stress and p-chop proteins (biomarker for ER stress). Incubation with 100 μg/mL DPPC led to MWCNT surface coating but did not significantly alter MWCNT internalization, lipid burden or IL-6 release. However, lipidomics indicated that DPPC altered lipid profliles in MWCNT-exposed cells. DPPC also led to a higher level of de novo lipogenesis regulator FASN in cells exposed to hydroxylated MWCNTs, as well as a higher level of p-chop and scavenger receptor MSR1 in cells exposed to carboxylated MWCNTs. Combined, DPPC did not significantly affect MWCNT-induced lipid accumulation but altered lipid components and ER stress in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinru Lin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Yingmei Luo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Hao Guo
- Chongqing Institute of Forensic Science, Chongqing 400021, China
| | - Chaobo Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University (NFU), Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jinfeng Peng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China.
| | - Yi Cao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China.
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29
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Netkueakul W, Korejwo D, Hammer T, Chortarea S, Rupper P, Braun O, Calame M, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Buerki-Thurnherr T, Wick P, Wang J. Release of graphene-related materials from epoxy-based composites: characterization, quantification and hazard assessment in vitro. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:10703-10722. [PMID: 32374300 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr10245k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to their mechanical strength, thermal stability and electrical conductivity, graphene-related materials (GRMs) have been extensively explored for various applications. Moreover, GRMs have been studied and applied as fillers in polymer composite manufacturing to enhance the polymer performance. With the foreseen growth in GRM production, occupational and consumer exposure is inevitable, thus raising concerns for potential health risks. Therefore, this study aims (1) to characterize aerosol particles released after mechanical abrasion on GRM-reinforced epoxy composites, (2) to quantify the amounts of protruding and free-standing GRMs in the abraded particles and (3) to assess the potential effects of the pristine GRMs as well as the abraded particles on human macrophages differentiated from the THP-1 cell line in vitro. GRMs used in this study included graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), graphene oxide (GO), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO). All types of pristine GRMs tested induced a dose-dependent increase in reactive oxygen species formation, but a decrease in cell viability was only detected for large GNPs at high concentrations (20 and 40 μg mL-1). The particle modes measured using a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) were 300-400 nm and using an aerodynamic particle sizer (APS) were between 2-3 μm, indicating the release of respirable particles. A significant fraction (51% to 92%) of the GRMs embedded in the epoxy composites was released in the form of free-standing or protruding GRMs in the abraded particles. The abraded particles did not induce any acute cytotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woranan Netkueakul
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
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30
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Rafieepour A, Azari MR, Peirovi H, Khodagholi F, Jaktaji JP, Mehrabi Y, Naserzadeh P, Mohammadian Y. Investigation of the effect of magnetite iron oxide particles size on cytotoxicity in A 549 cell line. Toxicol Ind Health 2020; 35:703-713. [PMID: 31818242 DOI: 10.1177/0748233719888077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Magnetite as iron oxide is widely used in various industries, in the pharmaceutical industry in particular where it is used for its magnetic properties. The environmental and occupational exposure to airborne nanoparticles and microparticles of iron oxide compounds have been reported. Since authors have reported contradictory results, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of particles' size in their toxicities. METHODS The human cell line A549 was exposed with magnetite iron oxide in two size categories of micro (≥5 µm) and nano (<100 nm), with four concentrations of 10, 50, 100, and 250 µg/ml at two time periods of 24 and 72 h. The cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS), changes in mitochondrial membrane potential, and incidence of apoptosis were studied. RESULTS Nano and micro magnetite particles demonstrated diverse toxicity effects on the A549 cell line at the 24- and 72-h exposure periods; however, the effects produced were time- and concentration-dependent. Nano magnetite particles produced greater cellular toxicities in forms of decreased viabilities at concentration exposures greater than 50 µg/ml (p < 0.05), along with increased ROS (p < 0.05), decreased cellular membrane potential (p < 0.05), and reduced rate of apoptosis (p < 0.05). DISCUSSION The results of this study demonstrated that magnetite iron in nano-range sizes had a greater absorbability for the A549 cell line compared to micro sizes, and at the same time, nanoparticles were more toxic than microparticles, demonstrating higher production of ROS and decreased viabilities. Considering the greater toxicity of nanoparticles of magnetite iron in this study, thorough precautionary control measures must be taken before they can be used in various industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena Rafieepour
- School of Public Health and Safety, Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansour R Azari
- Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering Research Center, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Habibollah Peirovi
- Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Yadollah Mehrabi
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Naserzadeh
- School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Mohammadian
- Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering Research Center, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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31
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Nazarparvar-Noshadi M, Ezzati Nazhad Dolatabadi J, Rasoulzadeh Y, Mohammadian Y, Shanehbandi D. Apoptosis and DNA damage induced by silica nanoparticles and formaldehyde in human lung epithelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:18592-18601. [PMID: 32198691 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08191-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to silica nanoparticles (SNPs) and formaldehyde (FA) is increasing and this has raised some concerns over their possible toxic effects on the exposed working populations. Notwithstanding several studies in this area, the combined toxicological effects of these contaminants have not been yet studied. Therefore, this in vitro study was designed to evaluate the SNPs and FA combined toxicity on human lung epithelial cells (A549 cells). The cells were exposed to SNPs and FA separately and in combined form and the single and combined toxicity of SNPs and FA were evaluated by focusing on cellular viability, DNA damage, and apoptosis via MTT, DAPI staining, DNA ladder, and Annexin V-FITC apoptosis assays. The results showed a significant increase in cytotoxicity, DNA damage, and chromatin fragmentation and late apoptotic\necrotic rates in combined treated cells compared with SNPs and FA-treated cells (P value < 0.05). Two-factorial analysis showed an additive toxic interaction between SNPs and FA. Eventually, this can be deduced that workers exposed simultaneously to SNPs and FA may be at high risk compared with exposure to each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Nazarparvar-Noshadi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Yahya Rasoulzadeh
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Yousef Mohammadian
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Dariush Shanehbandi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Kinaret PAS, Scala G, Federico A, Sund J, Greco D. Carbon Nanomaterials Promote M1/M2 Macrophage Activation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1907609. [PMID: 32250056 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201907609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Toxic effects of certain carbon nanomaterials (CNM) have been observed in several exposure scenarios both in vivo and in vitro. However, most of the data currently available has been generated in a high-dose/acute exposure setup, limiting the understanding of their immunomodulatory mechanisms. Here, macrophage-like THP-1 cells, exposed to ten different CNM for 48 h in low-cytotoxic concentration of 10 µg mL-1 , are characterized by secretion of different cytokines and global transcriptional changes. Subsequently, the relationships between cytokine secretion and transcriptional patterns are modeled, highlighting specific pathways related to alternative macrophage activation. Finally, time- and dose-dependent activation of transcription and secretion of M1 marker genes IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor, and M2 marker genes IL-10 and CSF1 is confirmed among the three most responsive CNM, with concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 µg mL-1 at 24, 48, and 72 h of exposure. These results underline CNM effects on the formation of cell microenvironment and gene expression leading to specific patterns of macrophage polarization. Taken together, these findings imply that, instead of a high and toxic CNM dose, a sub-lethal dose in controlled exposure setup can be utilized to alter the cell microenvironment and program antigen presenting cells, with fascinating implications for novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Anneli Sofia Kinaret
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00790, Finland
| | - Giovanni Scala
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Naples, Naples, 80100, Italy
| | - Antonio Federico
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, 33520, Finland
| | - Jukka Sund
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, 33520, Finland
| | - Dario Greco
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00790, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, 33520, Finland
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Rezazadeh Azari M, Mohammadian Y. Comparing in vitro cytotoxicity of graphite, short multi-walled carbon nanotubes, and long multi-walled carbon nanotubes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:15401-15406. [PMID: 32077025 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08036-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Occupational and environmental exposures to carbon-based materials in nano- and micro-size have been reported. There is incomplete information on the impact of size on the toxicity of carbon-based materials. The objective of this study is to compare the toxicity of graphite, short multi-walled carbon nanotubes (S-MWCNTs), and long multi-walled carbon nanotubes (L-MWCNTs) in lung cells (A 549). The physicochemical properties of MWCNTs were determined using analytical instruments. The fibers of MWCNTs were dispersed in the sterile-filtered 0.05% bovine serum albumin in MilliQ water. Cytotoxicity of graphite and MWCNTs were assessed using the cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and lipid peroxidation experiments. Results showed that MWCNTs induced cytotoxicity through the generation of oxidative stress in the exposed lung cells. Mean cytotoxicity of S-MWCNTs was statistically more than that of L-MWCNTs. The graphite induced cytotoxicity only at high concentrations. The mean cytotoxicity of both S-MWCNTs and L-MWCNTs was statistically more than that of graphite. The results also indicated that oxidative stress was the probable toxicity mechanism of carbon-based materials. The decreasing size of carbon-based materials could increase their toxicity. Because of the toxicity of MWCNTs, it is imperative to consider health and safety issues in working with nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Rezazadeh Azari
- School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Mohammadian
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Himly M, Geppert M, Hofer S, Hofstätter N, Horejs-Höck J, Duschl A. When Would Immunologists Consider a Nanomaterial to be Safe? Recommendations for Planning Studies on Nanosafety. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1907483. [PMID: 32239645 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201907483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is professional in recognizing and responding to non-self, including nanomaterials. Immune responses by professional and nonprofessional immune cells are thus nearly inevitable upon exposure of cells and organisms to such materials. The state of research into taking the immune system into account in nanosafety studies is reviewed and three aspects in which further improvements are desirable are identified: 1) Due to technical limitations, more stringent testing for endotoxin contamination should be made. 2) Since under overdose conditions immunity shows unphysiological responses, all doses used should be justified by being equivalent to tissue-delivered doses. 3) When markers of acute inflammation or cell stress are observed, functional assays are necessary to distinguish between homeostatic fluctuation and genuine defensive or tolerogenic responses. Since immune activation can also indicate that the immune system considers a stimulus to be harmless and induces tolerance, activation markers by themselves do not necessarily imply a danger to the body. Guidelines such as these are necessary to approach the point where specific nanomaterials are classified as safe based on reliable testing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Himly
- Department for Biosciences & Allergy Cancer BioNano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Mark Geppert
- Department for Biosciences & Allergy Cancer BioNano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Sabine Hofer
- Department for Biosciences & Allergy Cancer BioNano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Norbert Hofstätter
- Department for Biosciences & Allergy Cancer BioNano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Jutta Horejs-Höck
- Department for Biosciences & Allergy Cancer BioNano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Albert Duschl
- Department for Biosciences & Allergy Cancer BioNano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
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Barosova H, Maione AG, Septiadi D, Sharma M, Haeni L, Balog S, O'Connell O, Jackson GR, Brown D, Clippinger AJ, Hayden P, Petri-Fink A, Stone V, Rothen-Rutishauser B. Use of EpiAlveolar Lung Model to Predict Fibrotic Potential of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes. ACS NANO 2020; 14:3941-3956. [PMID: 32167743 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b06860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Expansion in production and commercial use of nanomaterials increases the potential human exposure during the lifecycle of these materials (production, use, and disposal). Inhalation is a primary route of exposure to nanomaterials; therefore it is critical to assess their potential respiratory hazard. Herein, we developed a three-dimensional alveolar model (EpiAlveolar) consisting of human primary alveolar epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells, with or without macrophages for predicting long-term responses to aerosols. Following thorough characterization of the model, proinflammatory and profibrotic responses based on the adverse outcome pathway concept for lung fibrosis were assessed upon repeated subchronic exposures (up to 21 days) to two types of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and silica quartz particles. We simulate occupational exposure doses for the MWCNTs (1-30 μg/cm2) using an air-liquid interface exposure device (VITROCELL Cloud) with repeated exposures over 3 weeks. Specific key events leading to lung fibrosis, such as barrier integrity and release of proinflammatory and profibrotic markers, show the responsiveness of the model. Nanocyl induced, in general, a less pronounced reaction than Mitsui-7, and the cultures with human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) showed the proinflammatory response at later time points than those without MDMs. In conclusion, we present a robust alveolar model to predict inflammatory and fibrotic responses upon exposure to MWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Barosova
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Anna G Maione
- MatTek Corporation, 200 Homer Avenue, Ashland, Massachusetts 01721, United States
| | - Dedy Septiadi
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Monita Sharma
- PETA International Science Consortium Ltd., 8 All Saints Street, London N1 9RL, U.K
| | - Laetitia Haeni
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Sandor Balog
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Olivia O'Connell
- MatTek Corporation, 200 Homer Avenue, Ashland, Massachusetts 01721, United States
| | - George R Jackson
- MatTek Corporation, 200 Homer Avenue, Ashland, Massachusetts 01721, United States
| | - David Brown
- Nano-Safety Research Group, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Amy J Clippinger
- PETA International Science Consortium Ltd., 8 All Saints Street, London N1 9RL, U.K
| | - Patrick Hayden
- MatTek Corporation, 200 Homer Avenue, Ashland, Massachusetts 01721, United States
- BioSurfaces, Inc., 200 Homer Ave, Ashland, Massachusetts 01721, United States
| | - Alke Petri-Fink
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Vicki Stone
- Nano-Safety Research Group, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
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Jalink K, Cheng SSY, Ben Ireland S, Louise Meunier MAF. Silver nanoparticle uptake in the human lung assessed through in-vitro and in-silico methods. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 259:113880. [PMID: 32040986 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are commonly used in medical, cosmetics, clothing, and industrial applications for their antibacterial and catalytic properties. As AgNP become more prevalent, the doses to which humans are exposed may increase and pose health risks, particularly through incidental inhalation. This exposure was evaluated through in-vitro methods simulating lung fluids and lung epithelium, and through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods of AgNP transport. A high-dose scenario simulated a short-term inhalation of 10 μg AgNP/m3, based on an exposure limit recommended by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health for the case of a health-care worker who handles AgNP-infused wound dressings, and regularly wears AgNP-imbedded clothing. Bioaccessibility tests were followed by a Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay (PAMPA) and supported by CFD models of the lung alveoli, membrane, pores, and blood capillaries. Results indicate that such exposure produces an average and maximum AgNP flux of approximately 4.7 × 10-21 and 6.5 × 10-19 mol m-2·s-1 through lung tissue, respectively, yielding a blood-silver accumulation of 0.46-64 mg per year, which may exceed the lowest adverse effect level of 25 mg for an adult male. Results from in-silico simulations were consistent with values estimated in vitro (within an order of magnitude), which suggest that CFD models may be used effectively to predict silver exposure from inhaled AgNP. Although the average short-term exposure concentrations are 3 orders of magnitude smaller than the reported threshold for mammalian cytotoxicity effects (observed at 5000 ppb), cumulative effects resulting from constant exposure to AgNP may pose risks to human health in the long-term, with predicted bioaccumulation reaching potential toxic effects after only five months of exposure, based on maximum flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Jalink
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, 19 Division Street Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Sammi Sham Yin Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, 19 Division Street Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - S Ben Ireland
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, 19 Division Street Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - M A F Louise Meunier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, 19 Division Street Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada.
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Azari MR, Mohammadian Y, Pourahmad J, Khodagholi F, Mehrabi Y. Additive toxicity of Co-exposure to pristine multi-walled carbon nanotubes and benzo α pyrene in lung cells. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 183:109219. [PMID: 32085994 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Mixture exposure to pristine multi-walled carbon nanotubes (P-MWCNTs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as benzo α pyrene (BaP) in the environment is inevitable. Assessment toxicity of P-MWCNTs and BaP individually may not provide sufficient toxicological information. The objective of this work is to investigate the combined toxicity of P-MWCNTs and BaP in human epithelial lung cells (A549). The physico-chemical properties of P-MWCNTs were determined suing analytical instruments. The toxicity of P-MWCNTs and BaP on A549 lung cells individually or combined were assessed. For toxicity assessment, cell viability, ROS generation, oxidative DNA damage, and apoptosis experiments were conducted. The results of this study demonstrated that P-MWCNTs and BaP individually reduced cell viability in A549 lung cells, and oxidative stress was as the possible mechanism of cytotoxicity. The co-exposure to P-MWCNTs and BaP enhanced the cytotoxicity compared to exposure to P-MWCNTs and BaP individually, but not statistically significant. The two-factorial analysis demonstrated an additive toxicity interaction for co-exposure to P-MWCNTs and BaP. The complicated toxicity interaction among BaP with fibers and metal impurities of P-MWCNTS could be probable reasons for additive toxicity interaction. Results of this study could be helpful as the basis for future studies and risk assessment of co-exposure to MWCNTs and PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Rezazadeh Azari
- School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Mohammadian
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Jalal Pourahmad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yadollah Mehrabi
- School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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38
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Irreversible disruption of the cytoskeleton as induced by non-cytotoxic exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles in lung epithelial cells. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 323:109063. [PMID: 32224134 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to TiO2 NPs induces several cellular alterations after NPs uptake including disruption of cytoskeleton that is crucial for lung physiology but is not considered as a footprint of cell damage. We aimed to investigate cytoskeleton disturbances and the impact on cell migration induced by an acute TiO2 NPs exposure (24 h) and the recovery capability after 6 days of NPs-free treatment, which allowed investigating if cytoskeleton damage was reversible. Exposure to TiO2 NPs (10 μg/cm2) for 24 h induced a decrease 20.2% and 25.1% in tubulin and actin polymerization. Exposure to TiO2 NPs (10 μg/cm2) for 24 h followed by 6 days of NPs-free had a decrease of 26.6% and 21.3% in tubulin and actin polymerization, respectively. The sustained exposure for 7 days to 1 μg/cm2 and 10 μg/cm2 induced a decrease of 22.4% and 30.7% of tubulin polymerization respectively, and 28.7% and 46.2% in actin polymerization. In addition, 24 h followed 6 days of NPs-free exposure of TiO2 NPs (1 μg/cm2 and 10 μg/cm2) decreased cell migration 40.7% and 59.2%, respectively. Cells exposed (10 μg/cm2) for 7 days had a decrease of 65.5% in cell migration. Ki67, protein surfactant B (SFTPB) and matrix metalloprotease 2 (MMP2) were analyzed as genes related to lung epithelial function. The results showed a 20% of Ki67 upregulation in cells exposed for 24 h to 10 μg/cm2 TiO2 NPs while a downregulation of 20% and 25.8% in cells exposed to 1 μg/cm2 and 10 μg/cm2 for 24 h followed by 6 days of NPs-free exposure. Exposure to 1 μg/cm2 and 10 μg/cm2 for 24 h and 7 days upregulates SFTPB expression in 53% and 59% respectively, MMP2 expression remain unchanged. In conclusion, exposure of TiO2 NPs affected cytoskeleton of lung epithelial cells irreversibly but this damage was not cumulative.
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39
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Di Cristo L, Grimaldi B, Catelani T, Vázquez E, Pompa PP, Sabella S. Repeated exposure to aerosolized graphene oxide mediates autophagy inhibition and inflammation in a three-dimensional human airway model. Mater Today Bio 2020; 6:100050. [PMID: 32322818 PMCID: PMC7171197 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2020.100050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hazard evaluation of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) using real-world exposure scenario could provide better interpretation of toxicity end points for their use in the assessment of human safety and for their implications in many fields such as toxicology, nanomedicine, and so forth. However, most of the current studies, both in vivo and in vitro, do not reflect realistic conditions of human exposure to ENMs, due to the high doses implemented. Moreover, the use of cellular models cultured under submerged conditions limits their physiological relevance for lung exposure, where cells are primarily cultured at the air-liquid interface. Addressing such issues is even more challenging for emergent nanomaterials, such as graphene oxide (GO), for which little or no information on exposure is available. In this work, we studied the impact of repeated exposure of GO on a three-dimensional (3D) reconstruct of human bronchial tissue, using a nebulizer system focusing on short-term effects. The selected doses (reaching a maximum of ca. 20 μg/cm2 for a period of 4 weeks of exposure) were extrapolated from alveolar mass deposition values of a broader class of carbon-based nanomaterials, reflecting a full working lifetime of human exposure. Experimental results did not show strong toxic effects of GO in terms of viability and integrity of the lung tissue. However, since 2 weeks of treatment, repeated GO exposure elicited a proinflammatory response, moderate barrier impairment, and autophagosome accumulation, a process resulting from blockade of autophagy flux. Interestingly, the 3D airway model could recover such an effect by restoring autophagy flux at longer exposure (30 days). These findings indicate that prolonged exposure to GO produces a time window (during the 30 days of treatment set for this study) for which GO-mediated autophagy inhibition along with inflammation may potentially increase the susceptibility of exposed humans to pulmonary infections and/or lung diseases. This study also highlights the importance of using physiologically relevant in vitro models and doses derived from real-world exposure to obtain focused data for the assessment of human safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Di Cristo
- Drug Discovery and Development Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16136, Italy
| | - B Grimaldi
- Drug Discovery and Development Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16136, Italy
| | - T Catelani
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - E Vázquez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas-IRICA, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, 13071, Spain
| | - P P Pompa
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - S Sabella
- Drug Discovery and Development Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16136, Italy
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Nymark P, Bakker M, Dekkers S, Franken R, Fransman W, García-Bilbao A, Greco D, Gulumian M, Hadrup N, Halappanavar S, Hongisto V, Hougaard KS, Jensen KA, Kohonen P, Koivisto AJ, Dal Maso M, Oosterwijk T, Poikkimäki M, Rodriguez-Llopis I, Stierum R, Sørli JB, Grafström R. Toward Rigorous Materials Production: New Approach Methodologies Have Extensive Potential to Improve Current Safety Assessment Practices. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1904749. [PMID: 31913582 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201904749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Advanced material development, including at the nanoscale, comprises costly and complex challenges coupled to ensuring human and environmental safety. Governmental agencies regulating safety have announced interest toward acceptance of safety data generated under the collective term New Approach Methodologies (NAMs), as such technologies/approaches offer marked potential to progress the integration of safety testing measures during innovation from idea to product launch of nanomaterials. Divided in overall eight main categories, searchable databases for grouping and read across purposes, exposure assessment and modeling, in silico modeling of physicochemical structure and hazard data, in vitro high-throughput and high-content screening assays, dose-response assessments and modeling, analyses of biological processes and toxicity pathways, kinetics and dose extrapolation, consideration of relevant exposure levels and biomarker endpoints typify such useful NAMs. Their application generally agrees with articulated stakeholder needs for improvement of safety testing procedures. They further fit for inclusion and add value in nanomaterials risk assessment tools. Overall 37 of 50 evaluated NAMs and tiered workflows applying NAMs are recommended for considering safer-by-design innovation, including guidance to the selection of specific NAMs in the eight categories. An innovation funnel enriched with safety methods is ultimately proposed under the central aim of promoting rigorous nanomaterials innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny Nymark
- Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nobels väg 13, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Toxicology, Misvik Biology, Karjakatu 35 B, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Martine Bakker
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Dekkers
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Remy Franken
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, TNO, P.O. Box 96800, NL-2509 JE, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Fransman
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, TNO, P.O. Box 96800, NL-2509 JE, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Amaia García-Bilbao
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Parque Tecnológico, Ed. 202, 48170, Zamudio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Dario Greco
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 6, 33720, Tampere, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mary Gulumian
- National Institute for Occupational Health, 25 Hospital St, Constitution Hill, 2000, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Haematology and Molecular Medicine Department, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Niels Hadrup
- National Research Center for the Work Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sabina Halappanavar
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, 50 Colombine Driveway, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Vesa Hongisto
- Department of Toxicology, Misvik Biology, Karjakatu 35 B, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Karin Sørig Hougaard
- National Research Center for the Work Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Keld Alstrup Jensen
- National Research Center for the Work Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pekka Kohonen
- Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nobels väg 13, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Toxicology, Misvik Biology, Karjakatu 35 B, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Antti Joonas Koivisto
- National Research Center for the Work Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Miikka Dal Maso
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 6, 33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - Thies Oosterwijk
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, TNO, P.O. Box 96800, NL-2509 JE, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Mikko Poikkimäki
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 6, 33720, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Rob Stierum
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, TNO, P.O. Box 96800, NL-2509 JE, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Jorid Birkelund Sørli
- National Research Center for the Work Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roland Grafström
- Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nobels väg 13, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Toxicology, Misvik Biology, Karjakatu 35 B, 20520, Turku, Finland
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TiO 2 Nanomaterials Non-Controlled Contamination Could Be Hazardous for Normal Cells Located in the Field of Radiotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030940. [PMID: 32023866 PMCID: PMC7037422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Among nanomaterials (NMs), titanium dioxide (TiO2) is one of the most manufactured NMs and can be found in many consumers' products such as skin care products, textiles and food (as E171 additive). Moreover, due to its most attractive property, a photoactivation upon non-ionizing UVA radiation, TiO2 NMs is widely used as a decontaminating agent. Uncontrolled contaminations by TiO2 NMs during their production (professional exposure) or by using products (consumer exposure) are rather frequent. So far, TiO2 NMs cytotoxicity is still a matter of controversy depending on biological models, types of TiO2 NMs, suspension preparation and biological endpoints. TiO2 NMs photoactivation has been widely described for UV light radiation exposure, it could lead to reactive oxygen species production, known to be both cyto- and genotoxic on human cells. After higher photon energy exposition, such as X-rays used for radiotherapy and for medical imaging, TiO2 NMs photoactivation still occurs. Importantly, the question of its hazard in the case of body contamination of persons receiving radiotherapy was never addressed, knowing that healthy tissues surrounding the tumor are indeed exposed. The present work focuses on the analysis of human normal bronchiolar cell response after co-exposition TiO2 NMs (with different coatings) and ionizing radiation. Our results show a clear synergistic effect, in terms of cell viability, cell death and oxidative stress, between TiO2 NMS and radiation.
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Biola-Clier M, Gaillard JC, Rabilloud T, Armengaud J, Carriere M. Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Alter the Cellular Phosphoproteome in A549 Cells. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10020185. [PMID: 31973118 PMCID: PMC7074930 DOI: 10.3390/nano10020185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) are one of the most produced NPs worldwide and are used in many consumer products. Their impact on human health, especially through inhalation, has been studied for more than two decades. TiO2 is known for its strong affinity towards phosphates, and consequently interaction with cellular phosphates may be one of the mechanisms driving its toxicity. In the present study, we used a phosphoproteomics approach to document the interaction of TiO2-NP with phosphoproteins from A549 human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells. Cells were exposed to 21 nm anatase/rutile TiO2-NPs, then their phosphopeptides were extracted and analyzed using shotgun proteomics. By comparing the phosphoprotein content, phosphorylation status and phosphorylation sites of exposed cells with that of control cells, our results show that by affecting the phosphoproteome, TiO2-NPs affect cellular processes such as apoptosis, linked with cell cycle and the DNA damage response, TP53 being central to these pathways. Other pathways including inflammation and molecular transport are also affected. These molecular mechanisms of TiO2-NP toxicity have been reported previously, our study shows for the first time that they may derive from phosphoproteome modulation, which could be one of their upstream regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Charles Gaillard
- Laboratoire Innovations technologiques pour la Détection et le Diagnostic (Li2D), Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), CEA, INRA, F-30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France;
| | - Thierry Rabilloud
- Chemistry and Biology of Metals, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR5249, CEA, IRIG-DIESE-LCBM-ProMD, F-38054 Grenoble, France;
| | - Jean Armengaud
- Laboratoire Innovations technologiques pour la Détection et le Diagnostic (Li2D), Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), CEA, INRA, F-30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France;
- Correspondence: (J.A.); (M.C.)
| | - Marie Carriere
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, IRIG, SyMMES, CIBEST, F-38000 Grenoble, France;
- Correspondence: (J.A.); (M.C.)
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Stueckle TA, White A, Wagner A, Gupta RK, Rojanasakul Y, Dinu CZ. Impacts of Organomodified Nanoclays and Their Incinerated Byproducts on Bronchial Cell Monolayer Integrity. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:2445-2458. [PMID: 31698904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Incorporation of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) into nanocomposites using advanced manufacturing strategies is set to revolutionize diverse technologies. Of these, organomodified nanoclays (ONCs; i.e., smectite clays with different organic coatings) act as nanofillers in applications ranging from automotive to aerospace and biomedical systems. Recent toxicological evaluations increased awareness that exposure to ONC can occur along their entire life cycle, namely, during synthesis, handling, use, manipulation, and disposal. Compared to other ENMs, however, little information exists describing which physicochemical properties contribute to induced health risk. This study conducted high content screening on bronchial epithelial cell monolayers for coupled high-throughput in vitro assessment strategies aimed to evaluate acute toxicity of a library of ONCs (all of prevalent use) prior to and after simulated disposal by incineration. Coating-, incineration status-, and time-dependent effects were considered to determine changes in the pulmonary monolayer integrity, cell transepithelial resistance, apoptosis, and cell metabolism. Results showed that after exposure to each ONC at its half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) there is a material-induced toxicity effect with pristine nanoclay, for instance, displaying acute loss of monolayer coverage, resistance, and metabolism, coupled with increased number of apoptotic cells. Conversely, the other three ONCs tested displayed little loss of monolayer integrity; however, they exhibited differential coating-dependent increased apoptosis and up to 40-45% initial reduction in cell metabolism. Moreover, incinerated byproducts of ONCs exhibited significant loss of monolayer coverage and integrity, increased necrosis, with little evidence of monolayer re-establishment. These findings indicate that characteristics of organic coating type largely determine the mechanism of cytotoxicity and the ability of the monolayer to recover. Use of high content screening coupled with traditional in vitro assays proves to serve as a rapid pulmonary toxicity assessment tool to help define prevention by targeted physicochemical material properties design strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Stueckle
- Health Effects Laboratory Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , West Virginia 26505 , United States
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Beyeler S, Steiner S, Wotzkow C, Tschanz SA, Adhanom Sengal A, Wick P, Haenni B, Alves MP, von Garnier C, Blank F. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes activate and shift polarization of pulmonary macrophages and dendritic cells in an in vivo model of chronic obstructive lung disease. Nanotoxicology 2019; 14:77-96. [PMID: 31556347 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2019.1663954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
With substantial progress of nanotechnology, there is rising concern about possible adverse health effects related to inhalation of nanomaterials, such as multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). In particular, individuals with chronic respiratory disorders, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), may potentially be more susceptible to adverse health effects related to inhaled MWCNT. Hazard assessment of such inhaled nanomaterials therefore requires timely clarification. This was assessed in this study using a mouse model of COPD by exposing animals to 0.08 µg/cm2 of MWCNT administered by intratracheal instillation. Treatment with MWCNT induced an accumulation of alveolar macrophages (AMφ) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in COPD mice that increased from 24 h to 7 d. In COPD mice, MWCNT induced a dynamic shift in macrophage polarization as measured by expression of CD38 and CD206, and increased AMφ and lung parenchyma macrophage (LPMΦ) activation with upregulation of co-stimulatory markers CD40 and CD80. Moreover, MWCNT treatment increased the frequencies of pulmonary dendritic cells (DC), leading to an expansion of the CD11b+CD103- DC subset. Although MWCNT did not trigger lung functional or structural changes, they induced an increased expression of the muc5AC transcript in mice with COPD. Our data provide initial evidence that inhaled MWCNT affect the pulmonary mucosal immune system by altering the numbers, phenotype, and activation status of antigen-presenting cell populations. Extrapolating these in vivo mouse findings to human pulmonary MWCNT exposure, caution is warranted in limiting exposure when handling inhalable nanofibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seraina Beyeler
- Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Selina Steiner
- Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carlos Wotzkow
- Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Amanuel Adhanom Sengal
- Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Wick
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Beat Haenni
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marco P Alves
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christophe von Garnier
- Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Blank
- Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Bengalli R, Ortelli S, Blosi M, Costa A, Mantecca P, Fiandra L. In Vitro Toxicity of TiO 2:SiO 2 Nanocomposites with Different Photocatalytic Properties. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E1041. [PMID: 31330895 PMCID: PMC6669742 DOI: 10.3390/nano9071041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The enormous technological relevance of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) and the consequent concerns regarding potentially hazardous effects that exposure during production, use, and disposal can generate, encourage material scientists to develop and validate intrinsically safe design solution (safe-by-design). Under this perspective, the encapsulation in a silica dioxide (SiO2) matrix could be an effective strategy to improve TiO2 NPs safety, preserving photocatalytic and antibacterial properties. In this work, A549 cells were used to investigate the toxic effects of silica-encapsulated TiO2 having different ratios of TiO2 and SiO2 (1:1, 1:3, and 3:1). NPs were characterized by electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering, and cell viability, oxidative stress, morphological changes, and cell cycle alteration were evaluated. Resulting data demonstrated that NPs with lower content of SiO2 are able to induce cytotoxic effects, triggered by oxidative stress and resulting in cell necrosis and cell cycle alteration. The physicochemical properties of NPs are responsible for their toxicity. Particles with small size and high stability interact with pulmonary cells more effectively, and the different ratio among silica and titania plays a crucial role in the induced cytotoxicity. These results strengthen the need to take into account a safe(r)-by-design approach in the development of new nanomaterials for research and manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Bengalli
- POLARIS Research Centre, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, MI, Italy.
| | - Simona Ortelli
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (CNR-ISTEC), National Research Council of Italy, Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, RA, Italy
| | - Magda Blosi
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (CNR-ISTEC), National Research Council of Italy, Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, RA, Italy
| | - Anna Costa
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (CNR-ISTEC), National Research Council of Italy, Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, RA, Italy
| | - Paride Mantecca
- POLARIS Research Centre, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, MI, Italy
| | - Luisa Fiandra
- POLARIS Research Centre, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, MI, Italy
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Özkan Vardar D, Aydin S, Hocaoğlu İ, Yağci Acar H, Başaran N. An In Vitro Study on the Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Silver Sulfide Quantum Dots Coated with Meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic Acid. Turk J Pharm Sci 2019; 16:282-291. [PMID: 32454726 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2018.85619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Silver sulfide (Ag2S) quantum dots (QDs) are highly promising nanomaterials in bioimaging systems due to their high activities for both imaging and drug/gene delivery. There is insufficient research on the toxicity of Ag2S QDs coated with meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA). In this study, we aimed to determine the cytotoxicity of Ag2S QDs coated with DMSA in Chinese hamster lung fibroblast (V79) cells over a wide range of concentrations (5-2000 μg/mL). Materials and Methods Cell viability was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and neutral red uptake (NRU) assays. The genotoxic and apoptotic effects of DMSA/Ag2S QDs were also assessed by comet assay and real-time polymerase chain reaction technique, respectively. Results Cell viability was 54.0±4.8% and 65.7±4.1% at the highest dose (2000 μg/mL) of Ag2S QDs using the MTT and NRU assays, respectively. Although cell viability decreased above 400 μg/mL (MTT assay) and 800 μg/mL (NRU assay), DNA damage was not induced by DMSA/Ag2S QDs at the studied concentrations. The mRNA expression levels of p53, caspase-3, caspase-9, Bax, Bcl-2, and survivin genes were altered in the cells exposed to 500 and 1000 μg/mL DMSA/Ag2S QDs. Conclusion The cytotoxic effects of DMSA/Ag2S QDs may occur at high doses through the apoptotic pathways. However, DMSA/Ag2S QDs appear to be biocompatible at low doses, making them well suited for cell labeling applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Özkan Vardar
- Hitit University, Sungurlu Vocational High School, Health Programs, Çorum, Turkey
| | - Sevtap Aydin
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Hocaoğlu
- Koç University, Graduate School of Materials Science and Engineering, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Havva Yağci Acar
- Koç University, College of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Nursen Başaran
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Ankara, Turkey
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Comparative in Vitro Cytotoxicity of Realistic Doses of Benchmark Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes towards Macrophages and Airway Epithelial Cells. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9070982. [PMID: 31284615 PMCID: PMC6669589 DOI: 10.3390/nano9070982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) have many outstanding physical and chemical properties that make them useful in many applications in nanotechnology. However, these properties are reported to be potentially harmful for the human body. The effects of low and realistic doses of three well-characterized preparations of MWCNT, obtained from the Joint Research Centre (JRC) (NM-400, NM-401, and NM-402), were assessed in two murine macrophage lines, Raw264.7, of peritoneal origin, and MH-S, derived from alveolar macrophages. Macrophage viability, evaluated with two distinct methods, was significantly lowered by NM-401 (needle-like, average length 4 μm, diameter 67 nm) with IC50 values of 10 μg/cm2, whereas NM-400 and NM-402 (tangled, average lengths 846–1372 nm, diameter 11 nm) had much smaller effects. In contrast, at 10 μg/cm2, NM-400 and NM-402 induced the M1 marker Nos2 and, consistently, a sizable accumulation of nitrites in the medium, whereas NM-401 had no significant effect. None of the MWCNT preparations induced the M2 marker Arg1. Phagocytic activity, assessed in Raw264.7 macrophages, was significantly reduced in cells exposed to NM-401, but not to NM-400 or NM-402. When tested on Calu-3 bronchial epithelial cell monolayers, the three MWCNT preparations did not affect cell viability, but decreased the trans-epithelial electrical resistance at the maximal dose tested (80 μg/cm2), with the most evident effect detected for NM-401, even at 10 μg/cm2. In conclusion, among the possible structural determinants of the toxic effects exerted by MWCNT towards macrophages and airway epithelial cells, shape and length appear the most relevant at low, realistic doses.
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Long J, Ma W, Yu Z, Liu H, Cao Y. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) promoted lipid accumulation in THP-1 macrophages through modulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Nanotoxicology 2019; 13:938-951. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2019.1597204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Long
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongwen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, People’s Republic of China
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Othman M, Latif MT, Matsumi Y. The exposure of children to PM 2.5 and dust in indoor and outdoor school classrooms in Kuala Lumpur City Centre. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 170:739-749. [PMID: 30583285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
It is important to assess indoor air quality in school classrooms where the air quality may significantly influence school children's health and performance. This study aims to determine the concentrations of PM2.5 and dust chemical compositions in indoor and outdoor school classroom located in Kuala Lumpur City Centre. The PM2.5 concentration was measured from 19th September 2017-16th February 2018 using an optical PM2.5 sensor. Indoor and outdoor dust was also collected from the school classrooms and ion and trace metal concentrations were analysed using ion chromatography (IC) and inductively couple plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) respectively. This study showed that the average indoor and outdoor 24 h PM2.5 was 11.2 ± 0.45 µg m-3 and 11.4 ± 0.44 µg m-3 respectively. The 8 h PM2.5 concentration ranged between 3.2 and 28 µg m-3 for indoor and 3.2 and 19 µg m-3 for outdoor classrooms. The highest ion concentration in indoor dust was Ca2+ with an average concentration of 38.5 ± 35.0 µg g-1 while for outdoor dust SO42- recorded the highest ion concentration with an average concentration of 30.6 ± 9.37 µg g-1. Dominant trace metals in both indoor and outdoor dust were Al, Fe and Zn. Principle component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR) demonstrated that the major source of indoor dust was road dust (69%), while soil dominated the outdoor dust (74%). Health risk assessment showed that the hazard quotient (HQ) value for non-carcinogenic trace metals was < 1 while the total cancer risk (CR) value for carcinogenic elements was below the acceptable limit for both indoor and outdoor dust through dermal and inhalation pathways, but not the ingestion pathway. This study suggests indoor contributions of PM2.5 concentrations are due to the activities of the school children while the compositions of indoor and outdoor dust are greatly influenced by the soil/earth source plus industrial and traffic contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murnira Othman
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Talib Latif
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yutaka Matsumi
- Institute for Space-Earth Environment Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Surratt JD, Lin YH, Arashiro M, Vizuete WG, Zhang Z, Gold A, Jaspers I, Fry RC. Understanding the Early Biological Effects of Isoprene-Derived Particulate Matter Enhanced by Anthropogenic Pollutants. Res Rep Health Eff Inst 2019; 2019:1-54. [PMID: 31872748 PMCID: PMC7271660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Airborne fine particulate matter (PM2.5; particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter) plays a key role in air quality, climate, and public health. Globally, the largest mass fraction of PM2.5 is organic, dominated by secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed from atmospheric oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Isoprene from vegetation is the most abundant nonmethane VOC emitted into Earth's atmosphere. Isoprene has been recently recognized as one of the major sources of global SOA production that is enhanced by the presence of anthropogenic pollutants, such as acidic sulfate derived from sulfur dioxide (SO2), through multiphase chemistry of its oxidation products. Considering the abundance of isoprene-derived SOA in the atmosphere, understanding mechanisms of adverse health effects through inhalation exposure is critical to mitigating its potential impact on public health. Although previous studies have examined the toxicological effects of certain isoprene-derived gas-phase oxidation products, to date, no systematic studies have examined the potential toxicological effects of isoprene-derived SOA, its constituents, or its SOA precursors on human lung cells. SPECIFIC AIMS The overall objective of this study was to investigate the early biological effects of isoprene-derived SOA and its subtypes on BEAS-2B cells (a human bronchial epithelial cell line), with a particular focus on the alteration of oxidative stress- and inflammation-related genes. To achieve this objective, there were two specific aims. 1. Examine toxicity and early biological effects of SOA derived from the photochemical oxidation of isoprene, considering both urban and downwind-urban types of chemistry. 2. Examine toxicity and early biological effects of SOA derived directly from downstream oxidation products of isoprene (i.e., epoxides and hydroperoxides). METHODS Isoprene-derived SOA was first generated by photooxidation of isoprene under natural sunlight in the presence of nitric oxide (NO) and acidified sulfate aerosols. Experiments were conducted in a 120-m3 outdoor Teflon-film chamber located on the roof of the Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-Chapel Hill). BEAS-2B cells were exposed to chamber- generated isoprene-derived SOA using the Electrostatic Aerosol in Vitro Exposure System (EAVES). This approach allowed us to generate atmospherically relevant compositions of isoprene-derived SOA and to examine its toxicity through in vitro exposures at an air-liquid interface, providing a more biologically relevant exposure model. Isoprene-derived SOA samples were also collected, concurrently with EAVES sampling, onto Teflon membrane filters for in vitro resuspension exposures and for analysis of aerosol chemical composition by gas chromatography/electron ionization-quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC/EI-MS) with prior trimethylsilylation and ultra-performance liquid-chromatography coupled to high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry equipped with electrospray ionization (UPLC/ESI-HR-QTOFMS). Isoprene-derived SOA samples were also analyzed by the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay in order to characterize their reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generation potential. Organic synthesis of known isoprene-derived SOA precursors, which included isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX), methacrylic acid epoxide (MAE), and isoprene-derived hydroxyhydroperoxides (ISOPOOH), was conducted in order to isolate major isoprene-derived SOA formation pathways from each other and to determine which of these pathways (or SOA types) is potentially more toxic. Since IEPOX and MAE produce SOA through multiphase chemistry onto acidic sulfate aerosol, dark reactive uptake experiments of IEPOX and MAE in the presence of acidic sulfate aerosol were performed in a 10-m3 flexible Teflon indoor chamber at UNC-Chapel Hill. Since the generation of SOA from ISOPOOH (through a non-IEPOX route) requires a hydroxyl radical (•OH)-initiated oxidation, ozonolysis of tetramethylethylene (TME) was used to form the needed •OH radicals in the indoor chamber. The resultant low-volatility multifunctional hydroperoxides condensed onto nonacidified sulfate aerosol, yielding the ISOPOOH-derived SOA needed for exposures. Similar to the outdoor chamber SOAs, IEPOX, MAE- and ISOPOOH-derived SOAs were collected onto Teflon membrane filters and were subsequently chemically characterized by GC/EI-MS and UPLC/ESI-HR-QTOFMS as well as for ROS-generation potential using the DTT assay. These filters were also used for resuspension in vitro exposures. By conducting gene expression profiling, we provided mechanistic insights into the potential health effects of isoprene-derived SOA. First, gene expression profiling of 84 oxidative stress- and 249 inflammation-associated human genes was performed for cells exposed to isoprene-derived SOA generated in our outdoor chamber experiments in EAVES or by resuspension. Two pathway-focused panels were utilized for this purpose: (1) nCounter GX Human Inflammation Kit comprised of 249 human genes (NanoString), and (2) Human Oxidative Stress Plus RT2 Profiler PCR Array (Qiagen) comprised of 84 oxidative stress-associated genes. We compared the gene expression levels in cells exposed to SOA generated in an outdoor chamber from photochemical oxidation of isoprene in the presence of NO and acidified sulfate seed aerosol to cells exposed to a dark control mixture of isoprene, NO, and acidified sulfate seed aerosol to isolate the effects of the isoprene-derived SOA on the cells using the EAVES and resuspension exposure methods. Pathway-based analysis was performed for significantly altered genes using the ConsensusPathDB database, which is a database system for the integration of human gene functional interactions to provide biological pathway information for a gene set of interest. Pathway annotation was performed to provide biological pathway information for each gene set. The gene-gene interaction networks were constructed and visualized using the GeneMANIA Cytoscape app (version 3.4.1) to predict the putative function of altered genes. Lastly, isoprene-derived SOA collected onto filters was used in resuspension exposures to measure select inflammatory biomarkers, including interleukin 8 (IL-8) and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) genes, in BEAS-2B cells to ensure that effects observed from EAVES exposures were attributable to particle-phase organic products. Since EAVES and resuspension exposures compared well, gene expression profiling for IEPOX-, MAE- and ISOPOOH-derived SOA were conducted using only resuspension exposures. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Chemical characterization coupled with biological analyses show that atmospherically relevant compositions of isoprene-derived SOA alter the levels of 41 oxidative stress-related genes. Of the different composition types of isoprene-derived SOA, MAE- and ISOPOOH-derived SOA altered the greatest number of genes, suggesting that carbonyl and hydroperoxide functional groups are oxidative stress promoters. Taken together, the different composition types accounted for 34 of the genes altered by the total isoprene-derived SOA mixture, while 7 remained unique to the total mixture exposures, indicating that there is either a synergistic effect of the different isoprene-derived SOA components or an unaccounted component in the mixture. The high-oxides of nitrogen (NOx) regime, which yielded MAE- and methacrolein (MACR)-derived SOA, had a higher ROS-generation potential (as measured by the DTT assay) than the low- NOx regime, which included IEPOX- and isoprene-derived SOA. However, ISOPOOH-derived SOA, which also formed in the low- NOx regime, had the highest ROS-generation potential, similar to 1,4-naphthoquinone (1,4-NQ). This suggests that aerosol-phase organic peroxides contribute significantly to particulate matter (PM) oxidative potential. MAE- and MACR- derived SOA showed equal or greater ROS-generation potential than was reported in prior UNC-Chapel Hill studies on diesel exhaust PM, highlighting the importance of a comprehensive investigation of the toxicity of isoprene-derived SOA. Notably, ISOPOOH-derived SOA was one order of magnitude higher in ROS-generation potential than diesel exhaust particles previously examined at UNC-Chapel Hill. As an acellular assay, the DTT assay may not be predictive of oxidative stress; therefore, we also focused on the gene expression results from the cellular exposures. We have demonstrated that the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and the redox-sensitive activation protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor networks have been significantly altered upon exposure to isoprene-derived SOA. The identification of Nrf2 pathway in cells exposed to isoprene-derived SOA is in accordance with our findings using the DTT assay, which measures the thiol reactivity of PM samples as a surrogate for their ROS-generation potential. Specifically, our results point to the cysteine-thiol modifications within cells that lead to activation of Nrf2-related gene expression. However, based on our gene expression results showing no clear relationship between DTT activity and the number of altered oxidative stress-related genes, the DTT activity of isoprene-derived SOA may not be directly indicative of toxicity relative to other SOA types. While activation of Nrf2-associated genes has been identified with responses to oxidative stress and linked to traffic related air pollution exposure in both toxicological and epidemiological studies, their implicit involvement in this study suggests that activation of Nrf2-related gene expression may occur with exposures to all sorts of PM types. By controlling the exposure time, method, and dose we demonstrated that among the SOA derived from previously identified individual precursors of isoprene-derived SOA, ISOPOOH-derived SOA alters more oxidative stress related genes than does IEPOX-derived SOA, but fewer than MAE-derived SOA. This suggests that the composition of MAE-derived SOA may be the greatest contributor to alterations of oxidative stress-related gene expression observed due to isoprene-derived SOA exposure. Further study on induced levels of protein expression and specific toxicological endpoints is necessary to determine if the observed gene expression changes lead to adverse health effects. In addition, such studies have implications for pollution-control strategies because NOx and SO2 are controllable pollutants that can alter the composition of SOA, and in turn alter its effects on gene expression. The mass fraction of different components of atmospheric isoprene derived SOA should be considered, but altering the fraction of high- NOx isoprene-derived SOA (e.g., MAE derived SOA) may yield greater changes in gene expression than altering the fraction of low- NOx isoprene derived SOA types (ISOPOOH- or IEPOX-derived SOA). Finally, this study confirms that total isoprene-derived SOA alters the expression of a greater number of genes than does SOA derived from the tested precursors. This warrants further work to determine the underlying explanation for this observation, which may be uncharacterized components of isoprene-derived SOA or the potential for synergism between the studied components.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Y-H Lin
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - M Arashiro
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - W G Vizuete
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Z Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - A Gold
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - I Jaspers
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - R C Fry
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
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