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Huang SN, Hu YH, Xu TT, Luan YL, Zeng LX, Zhang ZF, Guo Y. Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in lung cancer patients and their associations with clinical health indicators. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 350:123995. [PMID: 38636840 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have potential carcinogenicity, immunotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity. Research has been conducted on PFAS exposure in people to discuss their potential health effects, excluding lung cancer. In this study, we recruited participants (n = 282) with lung cancer from Heilongjiang Province, northeast China. The PFAS concentrations were measured in their serum to fill the data gap of exposure, and relationships were explored in levels between PFASs and clinical indicators of tumor, immune and liver function. Ten PFASs were found in over 80 % of samples and their total concentrations were 5.27-152 ng/mL, with the highest level for perfluorooctanesulfonate (median: 12.4 ng/mL). Long-chain PFASs were the main congeners and their median concentration (20.5 ng/mL) was nearly three times to that of short-chain PFASs (7.61 ng/mL). Significantly higher concentrations of perfluorobutanoic acid, perfluorononanoic acid and perfluorohexanesulfonate were found in males than in females (p < 0.05). Serum levels of neuro-specific enolase were positively associated with perfluoropentanoic acid in all participants and were negatively associated with perfluorononanesulfonate in females (p < 0.05, multiple linear regression models). Exposure to PFAS mixture was significantly positively associated with the lymphocytic absolute value (difference: 0.224, 95% CI: 0.018, 0.470; p < 0.05, quantile g-computation models) and serum total bilirubin (difference: 2.177, 95% CI: 0.0335, 4.33; p < 0.05). Moreover, PFAS exposure can affect γ-glutamyl transpeptidase through several immune markers (p < 0.05, mediating test). Our results suggest that exposure to certain PFASs could interfere with clinical indicators in lung cancer patients. To our knowledge, this is the first study to detect serum PFAS occurrence and check their associations with clinical indicators in lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Nan Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Ying-Hua Hu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, Heilongjiang Institute of Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, The Second Hospital of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 100028, China
| | - Ting-Ting Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Yu-Ling Luan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Li-Xi Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
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Chen X, Wang C, Gui W, Guo Y, Zhou X, Zhao Y, Dai J. Time-course transcriptome analysis discloses PFDMO2OA (C8 HFPO-TA)-induced developmental malformations and cardiovascular toxicities in zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 347:123729. [PMID: 38462201 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
PFDMO2OA (C8 HFPO-TA), a novel substitute for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), has been frequently detected in surface waters. However, information on its toxicity remains scarce. In the present study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to varying concentrations of PFDMO2OA, ranging from 80 to 800 mg/L, until 120 h post-fertilization (hpf) to explore its potential developmental toxicities. The LC50 value for mortality was 505.9 mg/L, comparable to that of PFOA (over 500 mg/L), suggesting a lack of safety of PFDMO2OA compared to PFOA. At 120 hpf, PFDMO2OA exposure led to various malformations in embryos, including uninflated swim bladder, yolk sac oedema, spinal deformation, and pigmentation changes, with pericardial oedema being prominent. Analysis using O-dianisidine stain indicated a decline in erythrocytes over time. Transcriptome analysis further revealed the cardiovascular toxicity caused by PFDMO2OA at the molecular level. Time-course differential analysis pointed to the apoptosis dependent on disrupted mitochondrial function as a significant contributor to erythrocyte disappearance, as confirmed by the TUNEL stain. Therefore, the present findings suggest that PFDMO2OA induces developmental malformations and cardiovascular toxicities in zebrafish embryos, demonstrating a toxic potency comparable to that of PFOA. The results further highlight the significance of evaluating the health risks associated with PFDMO2OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Congcong Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wanying Gui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanbin Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Jiayin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
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Hamid N, Junaid M, Manzoor R, Sultan M, Chuan OM, Wang J. An integrated assessment of ecological and human health risks of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances through toxicity prediction approaches. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167213. [PMID: 37730032 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are also known as "forever chemicals" due to their persistence and ubiquitous environmental distribution. This review aims to summarize the global PFAS distribution in surface water and identify its ecological and human risks through integrated assessment. Moreover, it provides a holistic insight into the studies highlighting the human biomonitoring and toxicological screening of PFAS in freshwater and marine species using quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) based models. Literature showed that PFOA and PFOS were the most prevalent chemicals found in surface water. The highest PFAS levels were reported in the US, China, and Australia. The TEST model showed relatively low LC50 of PFDA and PFOS for Pimephales promelas (0.36 and 0.91 mg/L) and high bioaccumulation factors (518 and 921), revealing an elevated associated toxicity. The risk quotients (RQs) values for P. promelas and Daphnia magna were found to be 269 and 23.7 for PFOS. Studies confirmed that long-chain PFAS such as PFOS and PFOA undergo bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms and induce toxicological effects such as oxidative stress, transgenerational epigenetic effects, disturbed genetic and enzymatic responses, perturbed immune system, hepatotoxicity, neurobehavioral toxicity, altered genetic and enzymatic responses, and metabolism abnormalities. Human biomonitoring studies found the highest PFOS, PFOA, and PFHxS levels in urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and serum samples. Further, long-chain PFOA and PFOS exposure create severe health implications such as hyperuricemia, reduced birth weight, and immunotoxicity in humans. Molecular docking analysis revealed that short-chain PFBS (-11.84 Kcal/mol) and long-chain PFUnDA (-10.53 Kcal/mol) displayed the strongest binding interactions with human serum albumin protein. Lastly, research challenges and future perspectives for PFAS toxicological implications were also discussed, which helps to mitigate associated pollution and ecological risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naima Hamid
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Ocean Pollution and Ecotoxicology (OPEC) Research Group, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Junaid
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Rakia Manzoor
- State key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Marriya Sultan
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Ong Meng Chuan
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Ocean Pollution and Ecotoxicology (OPEC) Research Group, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510641, China.
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4
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Tan Y, Zeng Z, Liang H, Weng X, Yao H, Fu Y, Li Y, Chen J, Wei X, Jing C. Association between Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Women's Infertility, NHANES 2013-2016. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15348. [PMID: 36430067 PMCID: PMC9692248 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are widely used in consumer products. However, the role of PFAS in infertility is still poorly understood. A total of 788 women from the 2013-2016 nationally representative NHANES were included to explore the association between PFAS exposure and self-reported infertility. Six PFAS, including PFDE, PFNA, PFHxS, n-PFOA, n-PFOS, and Sm-PFOS, were detected by online SPE-HPLC-TIS-MS/MS. We used the generalized linear regression model (GLM), generalized additive models (GAM), and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) to assess the single effects, non-linear relationships, and mixed effects on women's infertility, respectively. The prevalence of self-reported infertility was 15.54% in this study. In GLM, n-PFOA showed a negative association with self-reported infertility in women for the Q3 (OR: 0.396, 95% CI: 0.119, 0.788) and Q4 (OR: 0.380, 95% CI: 0.172-0.842) compared with Q1 (p for trend = 0.013). A negative trend was also observed in n-PFOS and ∑PFOS (p for trend < 0.05). In GAM, a non-linear relationship was revealed in Sm-PFOS, which exhibits a U-shaped relationship. The BKMR model indicated that there might be a joint effect between PFAS and women's infertility, to which PFNA contributed the highest effect (PIP = 0.435). Moreover, age stratification analysis showed a different dose-response curve in under and above 35 years old. Women under the age of 35 have a more noticeable U-shaped relationship with infertility. Therefore, the relatively low level of mixed PFAS exposure was negatively associated with self-reported infertility in women in general, and the impact of PFAS on infertility may vary among women of different age groups. Further studies are needed to determine the etiological relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Tan
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zurui Zeng
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Huanzhu Liang
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xueqiong Weng
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Huojie Yao
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yingyin Fu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yexin Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jingmin Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiangcai Wei
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chunxia Jing
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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5
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Zhang Z, Wang F, Zhang Y, Yao J, Bi J, He J, Zhang S, Wei Y, Guo H, Zhang X, He M. Associations of serum PFOA and PFOS levels with incident hypertension risk and change of blood pressure levels. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113293. [PMID: 35427595 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Evidence on the associations of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) with hypertension or blood pressure (BP) levels was limited and inconsistent. The present prospective study aims to evaluate the longitudinal associations of serum levels of PFOA and PFOS with incident hypertension risk and change of blood pressure levels. At baseline 1080 participants (mean age 62 years, 58.9% females) free of hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer were followed up for nearly 5 years. Baseline serum levels of PFOA and PFOS were measured with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). Hypertension was defined as any of (1) self-reported physician-diagnosed hypertension (2) use of hypotension drugs (3) measured systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg. Change of BP was evaluated as a difference between twice measurements (BP at follow-up visit-BP at baseline). After adjustment for multiple covariates, serum PFOS levels were negatively correlated with risk of hypertension [RR per lg-unit = 0.94 (95% CI: 0.88, 0.99)] and change of systolic BP [β = -1.48 (95% CI: -2.56, -0.41)]. The highest vs lowest quartiles of PFOS concentration was negatively associated with hypertension risk. Compared with Q1, the RRs (95% CIs) for Q2, Q3, and Q4 were 0.83 (0.67-0.98), 0.81 (0.67-0.97), and 0.81(0.67-0.97), respectively (p for trend = 0.016). The negative associations remained in females but not in males (p for interaction = 0.44). No significant association of PFOA with hypertension risk was observed. Further studies are needed to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zefang Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China; Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Jinqiu Yao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Jiao Bi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Jia He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China; Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shiyang Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Yue Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Huan Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Meian He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China.
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Manera M, Castaldelli G, Giari L. Perfluorooctanoic Acid Affects Thyroid Follicles in Common Carp ( Cyprinus carpio). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159049. [PMID: 35897426 PMCID: PMC9332161 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Carp kidney is comprised of nephrons, hemopoietic tissue, and also hormonally-active thyroid follicles. Given this anatomical trait, it has been used to assess the thyroid disrupting potential of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a widespread and feared per- poly-fluoroalkyl substance and a persistent organic pollutant capable of interfering with the endocrine system in animals and humans. The occurrence and morphology of thyroid follicles in kidneys of carp experimentally exposed to 200 ng L−1 or 2 mg L−1 waterborne PFOA for 56 days were studied. The abundance of thyroid follicles was significantly higher and vesiculation increased in exposed fish as compared to controls. The number of vesiculated follicles/total number of follicles was positively correlated with PFOA blood concentration in fish exposed to the highest dose (2 mg L−1). The structure and ultrastructure of thyroid follicles were affected by PFOA also at the lower, environmentally relevant, concentration (200 ng L−1). Increased cellular projections, enhanced colloid endocytosis, rough endoplasmic reticulum enlargement and fragmentation and cytoplasm vacuolation were the main features displayed by PFOA-exposed carp. These results show that PFOA affects the occurrence and status of follicles and suggest the utility of fish kidney as a multipurpose biomarker organ in environmental pathology research, according to the One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Manera
- Faculty of Biosciences, Food and Environmental Technologies, University of Teramo, St. R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Giuseppe Castaldelli
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, St. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (G.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Luisa Giari
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, St. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (G.C.); (L.G.)
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Mahoney H, Xie Y, Brinkmann M, Giesy JP. Next generation per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances: Status and trends, aquatic toxicity, and risk assessment. ECO-ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH (ONLINE) 2022; 1:117-131. [PMID: 38075527 PMCID: PMC10702929 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Widespread application of poly- and per-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has resulted in some substances being ubiquitous in environmental matrices. That and their resistance to degradation have allowed them to accumulate in wildlife and humans with potential for toxic effects. While specific substances of concern have been phased-out or banned, other PFAS that are emerging as alternative substances are still produced and are being released into the environment. This review focuses on describing three emerging, replacement PFAS: perfluoroethylcyclohexane sulphonate (PFECHS), 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFAES), and hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA). By summarizing their physicochemical properties, environmental fate and transport, and toxic potencies in comparison to other PFAS compounds, this review offers insight into the viabilities of these chemicals as replacement substances. Using the chemical scoring and ranking assessment model, the relative hazards, uncertainties, and data gaps for each chemical were quantified and related to perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) based on their chemical and uncertainty scores. The substances were ranked PFOS > 6:2 Cl-PFAES > PFOA > HFPO-DA > PFECHS according to their potential toxicity and PFECHS > HFPO-DA > 6:2 Cl-PFAES > PFOS > PFOA according to their need for future research. Since future uses of PFAS remain uncertain in the face of governmental regulations and production bans, replacement PFAS will continue to emerge on the world market and in the environment, raising concerns about their general lack of information on mechanisms and toxic potencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Mahoney
- Toxicology Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Yuwei Xie
- Toxicology Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Markus Brinkmann
- Toxicology Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B3, Canada
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5C8, Canada
- Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 3H5, Canada
- Centre for Hydrology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 1K2, Canada
| | - John P. Giesy
- Toxicology Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B3, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Integrative Biology and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
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8
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Clark KL, George JW, Hua G, Davis JS. Perfluorooctanoic acid promotes proliferation of the human granulosa cell line HGrC1 and alters expression of cell cycle genes and Hippo pathway effector YAP1. Reprod Toxicol 2022; 110:49-59. [PMID: 35346789 PMCID: PMC10364788 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a common environmental contaminant that belongs to a group of manmade fluorinated chemicals called per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Due to the pervasive nature of PFOA, the environmental health risks of PFOA contamination and exposure on reproductive health have increasing concern. In the present study, we exposed HGrC1 cells, an immortalized human granulosa cell line, to environmentally relevant (1-10 μM) concentrations of PFOA. Results indicated that HGrC1 cells treated with PFOA had increased proliferation and migration relative to vehicle treated controls. No differences in cell apoptosis were observed with 1-10 μM PFOA. Gene expression analysis revealed increases in mRNA transcripts for cell cycle regulators CCND1, CCNA2, and CCNB1. Upregulation of YAP1 protein and downstream target CTGF protein was also observed, suggesting that the Hippo pathway is involved in the proliferation and migratory effects of PFOA on HGrC1 cells. Further, the YAP1 inhibitor Verteporfin prevented the stimulatory effects of PFOA on HGrC1 cells. Together, these findings support a role for the Hippo pathway effector YAP1 in response to PFOA exposure in human granulosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra L Clark
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, 68198, USA; Veterans Affairs Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, 4101 Woolworth Ave, Omaha, Nebraska, 68105, USA
| | - Jitu W George
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, 68198, USA; Veterans Affairs Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, 4101 Woolworth Ave, Omaha, Nebraska, 68105, USA
| | - Guohua Hua
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - John S Davis
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, 68198, USA; Veterans Affairs Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, 4101 Woolworth Ave, Omaha, Nebraska, 68105, USA.
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9
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Yang J, Wang H, Du H, Fang H, Han M, Wang Y, Xu L, Liu S, Yi J, Chen Y, Jiang Q, He G. Exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances was associated with estrogen homeostasis in pregnant women. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 805:150360. [PMID: 34818773 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) can act as endocrine disruptors, but few studies have investigated the effects of serum PFASs on estrogen homeostasis during pregnancy. The present study included 557 pregnant women in Tangshan City, North China, and determined 11 serum PFASs in the early term of pregnancy and three typical estrogens (estrone (E1), estradiol (E2) and estriol (E3)) in the early (n = 557), middle (n = 339), and late (n = 286) terms of pregnancy. Sociodemographic factors and diet information were obtained by structured questionnaires. After adjusting for potential confounders, multiple linear regression model demonstrated negative associations of natural logarithmic transformed serum perfluoroundecanoic acid (Ln PFUdA) with Ln E1and Ln E3 in the early term of pregnancy with β coefficients of -0.060 (95% confidence interval (CI): -0.101 to -0.019) and -0.041 (95% CI: -0.070 to -0.011), respectively. Ln perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) was negatively associated with averaged E1 in the early and middle (EM) terms of pregnancy with a β coefficient of -0.205 (95% CI: -0.357 to -0.053). Ln perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) tended to be negatively associated with E2 in the late term of pregnancy with a β coefficient of -0.134 (95% CI: -0.253 to -0.016) although p-value was slightly greater than 0.05 after false discovery rate (FDR) correction. Mixed effect model found that serum PFDA was negatively associated with E1 (β = -0.123, 95% CI: -0.235 to -0.012) during the entire pregnancy. These findings suggested that exposure to PFASs disturbed estrogen homeostasis in pregnant women and the effects varied with the terms of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Yang
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hexing Wang
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyi Du
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hongji Fang
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minghui Han
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanping Wang
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linji Xu
- Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Tangshan Municipality, Hebei province, China
| | - Shuping Liu
- Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Tangshan Municipality, Hebei province, China
| | - Jianping Yi
- Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Tangshan Municipality, Hebei province, China
| | - Yue Chen
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qingwu Jiang
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gengsheng He
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Li F, Yu Y, Guo M, Lin Y, Jiang Y, Qu M, Sun X, Li Z, Zhai Y, Tan Z. Integrated analysis of physiological, transcriptomics and metabolomics provides insights into detoxication disruption of PFOA exposure in Mytilus edulis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 214:112081. [PMID: 33677383 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a persistent environmental contaminant, resists environmental degradation and bioaccumulates in food chains. Lots of literatures have proved that PFOA exposure could disrupt detoxifying function in a variety of organisms, however, it still remained poorly known about this in mollusk. Here, we examined physiological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic responses to PFOA in Mytilus edulis, a model organism frequently used in studies of aquatic pollution. We aimed to characterize PFOA-induced stress responses and detoxification mechanisms. PFOA exposure significantly altered antioxidant enzyme activity levels and the abundances of lipid peroxidation products. In addition, transcriptomic analysis indicated that several genes associated with oxidative stress and detoxication were differentially expressed after PFOA exposure. In combination, transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses showed that PFOA exposure disturbed several metabolic processes in M. edulis, including the lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism etc. Molecular examination and enzymes assay of PFOA-exposed M. edulis after a 7-day depuration period still did not recover to control levels. The Pathway enrichment analysis proved that several pathways related to detoxification, such as c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) pathway etc, were obviously affected. The present work verifies firstly PFOA disruption to molluscan detoxification and identifies the key pathways to understand the molecular mechanisms thereof. This study provides new insights into the detoxication disruption invoked in response to PFOA exposure in M. edulis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengling Li
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Yongxing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Mengmeng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Yao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Yanhua Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Meng Qu
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Xiaojie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Zhaoxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Yuxiu Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
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11
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Fenton SE, Ducatman A, Boobis A, DeWitt JC, Lau C, Ng C, Smith JS, Roberts SM. Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Toxicity and Human Health Review: Current State of Knowledge and Strategies for Informing Future Research. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:606-630. [PMID: 33017053 PMCID: PMC7906952 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 694] [Impact Index Per Article: 231.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Reports of environmental and human health impacts of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have greatly increased in the peer-reviewed literature. The goals of the present review are to assess the state of the science regarding toxicological effects of PFAS and to develop strategies for advancing knowledge on the health effects of this large family of chemicals. Currently, much of the toxicity data available for PFAS are for a handful of chemicals, primarily legacy PFAS such as perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate. Epidemiological studies have revealed associations between exposure to specific PFAS and a variety of health effects, including altered immune and thyroid function, liver disease, lipid and insulin dysregulation, kidney disease, adverse reproductive and developmental outcomes, and cancer. Concordance with experimental animal data exists for many of these effects. However, information on modes of action and adverse outcome pathways must be expanded, and profound differences in PFAS toxicokinetic properties must be considered in understanding differences in responses between the sexes and among species and life stages. With many health effects noted for a relatively few example compounds and hundreds of other PFAS in commerce lacking toxicity data, more contemporary and high-throughput approaches such as read-across, molecular dynamics, and protein modeling are proposed to accelerate the development of toxicity information on emerging and legacy PFAS, individually and as mixtures. In addition, an appropriate degree of precaution, given what is already known from the PFAS examples noted, may be needed to protect human health. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:606-630. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E. Fenton
- National Toxicology Program Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alan Ducatman
- West Virginia University School of Public Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Alan Boobis
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie C. DeWitt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christopher Lau
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Carla Ng
- Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James S. Smith
- Navy and Marine Corps Public Health Center, Portsmouth, Virginia, USA
| | - Stephen M. Roberts
- Center for Environmental & Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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12
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King AC, Gut M, Zenker AK. Shedding new light on early sex determination in zebrafish. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:4143-4158. [PMID: 32975586 PMCID: PMC7655572 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02915-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to established zebrafish gene annotations, the question of sex determination has still not been conclusively clarified for developing zebrafish, Danio rerio, larvae, 28 dpf or earlier. Recent studies indicate polygenic sex determination (PSD), with the genes being distributed throughout the genome. Early genetic markers of sex in zebrafish help unravel co-founding sex-related differences to apply to human health and environmental toxicity studies. A qPCR-based method was developed for six genes: cytochrome P450, family 17, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 (cyp17a1); cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1a (cyp19a1a); cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptides 1b (cyp19a1b); vitellogenin 1 (vtg1); nuclear receptor subfamily 0, group B, member 1 (nr0b1), sry (sex-determining region Y)-box 9b (sox9b) and actin, beta 1 (actb1), the reference gene. Sry-box 9a (Sox9a), insulin-like growth factor 3 (igf3) and double sex and mab-3 related transcription factor 1 (dmrt1), which are also known to be associated with sex determination, were used in gene expression tests. Additionally, Next-Generation-Sequencing (NGS) sequenced the genome of two adult female and male and two juveniles. PCR analysis of adult zebrafish revealed sex-specific expression of cyp17a1, cyp19a1a, vtg1, igf3 and dmrt1, the first four strongly expressed in female zebrafish and the last one highly expressed in male conspecifics. From NGS, nine female and four male-fated genes were selected as novel for assessing zebrafish sex, 28 dpf. Differences in transcriptomes allowed allocation of sex-specific genes also expressed in juvenile zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex C King
- FHNW, University of Applied Sciences and Arts North-Western Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Ecopreneurship, Hofackerstrasse 30, 4132, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Michelle Gut
- FHNW, University of Applied Sciences and Arts North-Western Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Ecopreneurship, Hofackerstrasse 30, 4132, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Armin K Zenker
- FHNW, University of Applied Sciences and Arts North-Western Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Ecopreneurship, Hofackerstrasse 30, 4132, Muttenz, Switzerland.
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13
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Bonato M, Corrà F, Bellio M, Guidolin L, Tallandini L, Irato P, Santovito G. PFAS Environmental Pollution and Antioxidant Responses: An Overview of the Impact on Human Field. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8020. [PMID: 33143342 PMCID: PMC7663035 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to their unique properties, perfluorinated substances (PFAS) are widely used in multiple industrial and commercial applications, but they are toxic for animals, humans included. This review presents some available data on the PFAS environmental distribution in the world, and in particular in Europe and in the Veneto region of Italy, where it has become a serious problem for human health. The consumption of contaminated food and drinking water is considered one of the major source of exposure for humans. Worldwide epidemiological studies report the negative effects that PFAS have on human health, due to environmental pollution, including infertility, steroid hormone perturbation, thyroid, liver and kidney disorders, and metabolic disfunctions. In vitro and in vivo researches correlated PFAS exposure to oxidative stress effects (in mammals as well as in other vertebrates of human interest), produced by a PFAS-induced increase of reactive oxygen species formation. The cellular antioxidant defense system is activated by PFAS, but it is only partially able to avoid the oxidative damage to biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Paola Irato
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (F.C.); (M.B.); (L.G.); (L.T.)
| | - Gianfranco Santovito
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (F.C.); (M.B.); (L.G.); (L.T.)
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14
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Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of perfluorooctanoic acid administered in feed to Sprague Dawley (Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD) rats (revised). NATIONAL TOXICOLOGY PROGRAM TECHNICAL REPORT SERIES 2020:NTP-TR-598. [PMID: 33556048 PMCID: PMC8039881 DOI: 10.22427/ntp-tr-598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a perfluorinated alkyl substance (PFAS) with widespread exposure in the environment and human population. Lifetime exposure to this chemical is likely, which includes in utero and postnatal development. Previously conducted chronic carcinogenicity studies of PFOA began exposure after these critical periods of development, so it is unknown whether the carcinogenic response is altered if exposure during gestation and lactation is included. The current PFOA chronic studies were designed to assess the contribution of combined gestational and lactational exposure (herein referred to as perinatal exposure) to the chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of PFOA. The hypothesis tested was that including exposure during gestation and lactation (perinatal exposure) with postweaning exposure would change the PFOA carcinogenic response quantitatively (more neoplasms) or qualitatively (different neoplasm types) compared to postweaning exposure alone. (Abstract Abridged).
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15
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Lee JW, Choi K, Park K, Seong C, Yu SD, Kim P. Adverse effects of perfluoroalkyl acids on fish and other aquatic organisms: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 707:135334. [PMID: 31874399 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) have been widely used in many industrial and consumer products. They have been detected ubiquitously in ambient water along with other environmental matrices, and their adverse effects on aquatic organisms have been a subject of active investigation. Here, we intended to summarize and synthesize the existing body of knowledge on PFAA toxicity through an extensive literature review, and shed light on areas where further research is warranted. PFAA toxicity appears to be influenced by the sex and developmental stages of aquatic organisms, but not significantly by exposure route. PFAA-induced aquatic toxicity could be classified as metabolism disturbance, reproduction disruption, oxidative stress, developmental toxicity, thyroid disruption, etc. At the molecular level, these responses can be initiated by key events, such as nuclear receptor activation, reactive oxygen species induction, or interaction with a membrane, followed by a cascade of downstream responses. PFAA-induced toxicity involves diverse metabolic processes, and therefore elucidating crosstalk or interactions among diverse metabolic pathways is a challenging task. In the presence of other chemicals, PFAAs can function as agonists or antagonists, resulting in different directions of combined toxicity. Therefore, mixture toxicity with other groups of chemicals is another research opportunity. Experimental evidence supports the trans-generational toxicity of PFAAs, suggesting that their long-term consequences for aquatic ecosystems should become of concern. A recent global ban of several PFAAs resulted in an increasing dependence on PFAA alternatives. The lack of sufficient toxicological information on this emerging group of chemicals warrant caution and rigorous toxicological assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wuk Lee
- Research Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 404-708, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghwa Park
- Research Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 404-708, Republic of Korea
| | - Changho Seong
- Research Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 404-708, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Do Yu
- Research Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 404-708, Republic of Korea
| | - Pilje Kim
- Research Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 404-708, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Miranda AF, Trestrail C, Lekamge S, Nugegoda D. Effects of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) on the thyroid status, vitellogenin, and oxidant-antioxidant balance in the Murray River rainbowfish. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 29:163-174. [PMID: 31938948 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02161-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid's (PFOA) widespread use, presence and persistence in the aquatic environment has led to an increasing number of studies focusing on its toxicological effects. In Australia, PFOA has been detected in the aquatic environment, however its effects on Australian native fauna are unknown. In this study, male Australian native fish Murray River rainbowfish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis) were exposed to four different concentrations of PFOA (0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 mg L-1). Variations in thyroid hormones (Triiodothyronine (T3)/Thyroxine (T4)) and the presence of vitellogenin were determined in plasma. Oxidative stress responses were evaluated in gills and liver. Exposure of male fish to PFOA resulted in altered T3/T4 ratios and the presence of vitellogenin in the plasma. Activities of catalase (CAT) and glutathione- S-transferase (GST) were significantly increased in the gills and significantly reduced in the liver. Lipid peroxidation was observed in both tissues showing that vital organs could not neutralize the peroxides generated by oxidative stress resulting from exposure to PFOA. In natural populations exposed to PFOA, such hormonal disturbances can have negative effects, notably through altered capacity to respond to changes in environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana F Miranda
- Ecotoxicology Research Group, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, Melbourne, VIC, 3083, Australia.
| | - Charlene Trestrail
- Ecotoxicology Research Group, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, Melbourne, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Sam Lekamge
- Ecotoxicology Research Group, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, Melbourne, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Dayanthi Nugegoda
- Ecotoxicology Research Group, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, Melbourne, VIC, 3083, Australia
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17
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Qiu Z, Qu K, Luan F, Liu Y, Zhu Y, Yuan Y, Li H, Zhang H, Hai Y, Zhao C. Binding specificities of estrogen receptor with perfluorinated compounds: A cross species comparison. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 134:105284. [PMID: 31707300 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were reported to result in the endocrine disruption by activating the estrogen receptor (ER) and inducing ER-mediated transcriptions. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present work was to perform cross-species comparisons on the characteristics of eight PFCs binding to humans ERα and to rats ERα. METHODS In the present work, in vivo tests, including serum estradiol level assay and immunohistochemical staining, fluorescence assay and molecular models were applied. RESULTS Based on the in vivo experiments, the exposure of PFOA and PFOS to female rats was proved to increase the ERα expression in the terus, suggesting that PFCs may act as estrogenic compounds to activate ERα in vivo. The further fluorescence assay presented that these eight PFCs have stronger binding abilities to human ERα than to rat ERα. In addition, the differences in binding specificities between human ERα and rat ERα were identified in the process of molecular dynamics modeling with the term of helix position and the ability of coregulator recruitment. It can be found that more and stronger charge clamps could form between PFCs with human ERα than with rat ERα. Also, the eight PFCs presented lower binding energies in human ERα systems, which proved that eight PFCs presented much stronger binding abilities with human ERα. DISCUSSION In all, it can be concluded that PFCs might be more sensitive to human ERα than to that of rats, which also suggested the greater susceptibility to adverse effects on humans. The present work was a beginning assessment of a cross-species comparison, providing important information on health impacts of PFCs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Kaili Qu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Feng Luan
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Yaquan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Ecology and Environment of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yongna Yuan
- School of Information Science & Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Haixia Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ying Hai
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chunyan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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18
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Cao H, Wang L, Liang Y, Li Z, Feng H, Sun Y, Zhang A, Fu J. Protonation state effects of estrogen receptor α on the recognition mechanisms by perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate: A computational study. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 171:647-656. [PMID: 30658300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) have been reported to cause adverse health effects on wildlife as well as humans. Numerous studies demonstrated that PFOA and PFOS could interfere with the transcriptional activation of estrogen receptor α (ERα) by mimicking the function of endogenous ligand, whereas some reports suggested that the two compounds present non-estrogenic activities. These conflicting results bring a confusion to understand their molecular mechanism on the ERα-mediated signaling pathway. To address this issue, we performed the molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations to elaborate the structural characteristics for the binding of PFOA and PFOS to ERα. Our results indicated that the two opposite binding orientations were modulated by the protonation states of key residue His524. In sub-acidic condition, PFOA and PFOS prefer to form the H-bonding interactions with the protonated His524, whereas Arg394 provided the H-bonding interactions for stable binding in sub-alkaline condition. Conformational analyses implied that the diverse binding modes were closely related to the conformational propensity of ERα for subsequent coactivator recruitment and transcription activation. Generally, our findings provide a flexible strategy to assess the pH impacts of microenvironment on the toxicities of perfluoroalkyl acids by their interactions with proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiming Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Zhunjie Li
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Hongru Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yuzhen Sun
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Aiqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China.
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19
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Qu K, Song J, Zhu Y, Liu Y, Zhao C. Perfluorinated compounds binding to estrogen receptor of different species: a molecular dynamic modeling. J Mol Model 2018; 25:1. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-018-3878-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Salihovic S, Stubleski J, Kärrman A, Larsson A, Fall T, Lind L, Lind PM. Changes in markers of liver function in relation to changes in perfluoroalkyl substances - A longitudinal study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 117:196-203. [PMID: 29754000 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While it is known that perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) induce liver toxicity in experimental studies, the evidence of an association in humans is inconsistent. OBJECTIVE The main aim of the present study was to examine the association of PFAS concentrations and markers of liver function using panel data. METHODS We investigated 1002 individuals from Sweden (50% women) at ages 70, 75 and 80 in 2001-2014. Eight PFASs were measured in plasma using isotope dilution ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Bilirubin and hepatic enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) were determined in serum using an immunoassay methodology. Mixed-effects linear regression models were used to examine the relationship between the changes in markers of liver function and changes in PFAS levels. RESULTS The changes in majority of PFAS concentrations were positively associated with the changes in activity of ALT, ALP, and GGT and inversely associated with the changes in circulating bilirubin after adjustment for gender and the time-updated covariates LDL- and HDL-cholesterol, serum triglycerides, BMI, statin use, smoking, fasting glucose levels and correction for multiple testing. For example, changes in perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) were associated with the changes liver function markers βBILIRUBIN = -1.56, 95% confidence interval (CI) -1.93 to -1.19, βALT = 0.04, 95% CI 0.03-0.06, and βALP = 0.11, 95% CI 0.06-0.15. CONCLUSION Our longitudinal assessment established associations between changes in markers of liver function and changes in plasma PFAS concentrations. These findings suggest a relationship between low-dose background PFAS exposure and altered liver function in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Salihovic
- Department of Medical Sciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Jordan Stubleski
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Anna Kärrman
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Anders Larsson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tove Fall
- Department of Medical Sciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P Monica Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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Rotondo JC, Giari L, Guerranti C, Tognon M, Castaldelli G, Fano EA, Martini F. Environmental doses of perfluorooctanoic acid change the expression of genes in target tissues of common carp. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:942-948. [PMID: 29105837 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the effects of environmental doses of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) on bioconcentration and gene expression in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Adult male and female carp were exposed to environmental (200 ng/L) and experimental (2 mg/L) doses of PFOA for 56 d. Carp exposed to 200 ng/L had levels of PFOA below the level of detection in all tissue samples analyzed, whereas variable concentrations were measurable in various tissues from carp exposed to 2 mg/L. The expression level of the glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene, coding for a detoxifying enzyme, increased in a PFOA dose-dependent manner in liver tissues from 200 ng/L to 2 mg/L exposure (p < 0.05). The expression levels of CYP19A gene, coding for the enzyme that converts testosterone into estrogen, were altered in gonadal tissues from male and female carp exposed to either 200 ng/L or 2 mg/L; expression increased in male gonads and decreased in female gonads. Unexpectedly, the expression levels of CYP19A in male and female gonads from carp exposed to 200 ng/L or 2 mg/L were similar (p > 0.05). Therefore, even though environmental doses of PFOA did not accumulate in tissues of the common carp, they did affect the gene expression levels of GST in the liver and CYP19A in the gonads. These observations raise concerns that exposure to environmental doses of PFOA may affect gene expression in animals and possibly in humans, with important health consequences. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:942-948. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Charles Rotondo
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luisa Giari
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cristiana Guerranti
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- BRC Bioscience Research Center, Orbetello (GR), Italy
| | - Mauro Tognon
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Castaldelli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisa Anna Fano
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fernanda Martini
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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22
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Pi N, Ng JZ, Kelly BC. Uptake and elimination kinetics of perfluoroalkyl substances in submerged and free-floating aquatic macrophytes: Results of mesocosm experiments with Echinodorus horemanii and Eichhornia crassipes. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 117:167-174. [PMID: 28391121 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies investigating the bioaccumulation behavior of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in aquatic macrophytes are limited. The present study involved controlled mesocosm experiments to assess uptake and elimination rate constants (ku,ke), bioconcentration factors (BCFs) and translocation factors (TFs) of several perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs) in two aquatic plant species, including one submerged species (Echinodorus horemanii) and one free-floating species (Eichhornia crassipes). The results indicated all PFASs were readily accumulated in these aquatic macrophytes. ku and BCFs increased with increasing perfluoroalkyl chain length. For PFCAs and PFSAs with identical perfluoroalkyl chain length, the corresponding PFSA exhibited higher bioaccumulation potential. On a whole-plant basis, the bioaccumulation potential of PFASs in submerged and free-floating macrophytes were comparable, indicating sorption to plant biomass is similar in the different species. Conversely, when considering accumulation in foliage, BCFs in the free-floating macrophyte were substantially lower compared to submerged species, especially for longer-chain PFASs. Compounds with shorter perfluoroalkyl chain length (PFBS, PFPeA and PFHxA) exhibited preferential translocation to leaf tissue (TFs >1). BCFs exhibited a sigmoidal relationship with pefluoroalkyl chain length, membrane-water distribution coefficients (Dmw), protein-water distribution coefficients (Dpw) and organic-water partition coefficients (Koc). For these trends, maximum BCF values were exhibited by long-chain PFCAs, with a log Dmw, log Dpw and log Koc of 6.47, 5.72 and 5.04, respectively. These findings are useful for future design and implementation of phytoremediation systems, as well for future develop of mechanistic models for predicting the environmental fate and distribution of these contaminants of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - J Z Ng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - B C Kelly
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore.
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23
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Marjan P, Bragg LM, MacLatchy DL, Servos MR, Martyniuk CJ. How Does Reference Site Selection Influence Interpretation of Omics Data?: Evaluating Liver Transcriptome Responses in Male Rainbow Darter (Etheostoma caeruleum) across an Urban Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:6470-6479. [PMID: 28489360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies quantifying the influence of reference site selection on transcriptomic profiles in aquatic organisms exposed to complex mixtures are lacking in the literature, despite the significant implications of such research for the interpretation of omics data sets. We measured hepatic transcriptomic responses in fish across an urban environment in the central Grand River watershed (Ontario, Canada). Adult male rainbow darter (RBD) (Etheostoma caeruleum) were collected from nine sites at varying distances from two major municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTPs) (Waterloo, Kitchener), including three upstream reference sites. The transcriptomic response in RBD was independently compared with that of fish from each of the three reference sites. Data collected in fish downstream of the Waterloo MWWTP (poorest effluent quality) suggested that ∼15.5% of the transcriptome response was influenced by reference site selection. In contrast, at sites where the impact of MWWTPs was less-pronounced and fish showed less of a transcriptome response, reference site selection had a greater influence (i.e., ∼56.9% of transcripts were different depending on the site used). This study highlights the importance of conducting transcriptomics studies that leverage more than one reference site, and it broadens our understanding of the molecular responses in fish in dynamic natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricija Marjan
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, N2L 3G1 Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leslie M Bragg
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, N2L 3G1 Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deborah L MacLatchy
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University , 75 University Avenue West, N2L 3C5 Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark R Servos
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, N2L 3G1 Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cristopher J Martyniuk
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology & Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida , 2187 Mowry Road, Building 471, PO Box 110885, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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24
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Madureira TV, Pinheiro I, Malhão F, Lopes C, Urbatzka R, Castro LFC, Rocha E. Cross-interference of two model peroxisome proliferators in peroxisomal and estrogenic pathways in brown trout hepatocytes. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 187:153-162. [PMID: 28415051 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferators cause species-specific effects, which seem to be primarily transduced by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). Interestingly, PPARα has a close interrelationship with estrogenic signaling, and this latter has already been promptly activated in brown trout primary hepatocytes. Thus, and further exploring this model, we assess here the reactivity of two PPARα agonists in direct peroxisomal routes and, in parallel the cross-interferences in estrogen receptor (ER) mediated paths. To achieve these goals, three independent in vitro studies were performed using single exposures to clofibrate - CLF (50, 500 and 1000μM), Wy-14,643 - Wy (50 and 150μM), GW6471 - GW (1 and 10μM), and mixtures, including PPARα agonist or antagonist plus an ER agonist or antagonist. Endpoints included gene expression analysis of peroxisome/lipidic related genes (encoding apolipoprotein AI - ApoAI, fatty acid binding protein 1 - Fabp1, catalase - Cat, 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 4 - 17β-HSD4, peroxin 11 alpha - Pex11α, PPARαBb, PPARαBa and urate oxidase - Uox) and those encoding estrogenic targets (ERα, ERβ-1 and vitellogenin A - VtgA). A quantitative morphological approach by using a pre-validated catalase immunofluorescence technique allowed checking possible changes in peroxisomes. Our results show a low responsiveness of trout hepatocytes to model PPARα agonists in direct target receptor pathways. Additionally, we unveiled interferences in estrogenic signaling caused by Wy, leading to an up-regulation VtgA and ERα at 150μM; these effects seem counteracted with a co-exposure to an ER antagonist. The present data stress the potential of this in vitro model for further exploring the physiological/toxicological implications related with this nuclear receptor cross-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Vieira Madureira
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U. Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (U. Porto), Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ivone Pinheiro
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U. Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (U. Porto), Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Malhão
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U. Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (U. Porto), Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Célia Lopes
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U. Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (U. Porto), Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ralph Urbatzka
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U. Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - L Filipe C Castro
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U. Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Faculty of Sciences (FCUP), University of Porto (U. Porto), Department of Biology, Rua do Campo Alegre, P 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Rocha
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U. Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (U. Porto), Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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25
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PPARα-independent transcriptional targets of perfluoroalkyl acids revealed by transcript profiling. Toxicology 2017; 387:95-107. [PMID: 28558994 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are ubiquitous and persistent environmental contaminants. Compounds such as perfluoroocanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) are readily found in the tissues of humans and wildlife. While PFOA and PFOS have been the subject of numerous studies since they were first described over a decade ago, less is known about the biological activity of PFHxS and PFNA. Most PFAAs are activators of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), although the biological effects of these compounds are likely mediated by other factors in addition to PPARα. To evaluate the effects of PFHxS and PFNA, male wild-type and Pparα-null mice were dosed by oral gavage with PFHxS (3 or 10mg/kg/day), PFNA (1 or 3mg/kg/day), or vehicle for 7days, and liver gene expression was evaluated by full-genome microarrays. Gene expression patterns were then compared to historical in-house data for PFOA and PFOS in addition to the experimental hypolipidemic agent, WY-14,643. While WY-14,643 altered most genes in a PPARα-dependent manner, approximately 11-24% of regulated genes in PFAA-treated mice were independent of PPARα. The possibility that PFAAs regulate gene expression through other molecular pathways was evaluated. Using data available through a microarray database, PFAA gene expression profiles were found to exhibit significant similarity to profiles from mouse tissues exposed to agonists of the constitutive activated receptor (CAR), estrogen receptor α (ERα), and PPARγ. Human PPARγ and ERα were activated by all four PFAAs in trans-activation assays from the ToxCast screening program. Predictive gene expression biomarkers showed that PFAAs activate CAR in both genotypes and cause feminization of the liver transcriptome through suppression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5B (STAT5B). These results indicate that, in addition to activating PPARα as a primary target, PFAAs also have the potential to activate CAR, PPARγ, and ERα as well as suppress STAT5B.
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26
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Zhang YM, Dong XY, Fan LJ, Zhang ZL, Wang Q, Jiang N, Yang XS. Poly- and perfluorinated compounds activate human pregnane X receptor. Toxicology 2017; 380:23-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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27
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Lee JW, Lee JW, Shin YJ, Kim JE, Ryu TK, Ryu J, Lee J, Kim P, Choi K, Park K. Multi-generational xenoestrogenic effects of Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) mixture on Oryzias latipes using a flow-through exposure system. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 169:212-223. [PMID: 27875720 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the multi-generational estrogenic potential of Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) mixture, vitellogenin (VTG) expression, growth indices, histological alteration, fecundity, hatching rate, larval survival rate, and sex ratio of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) were investigated by exposing the fish to a mixture of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluroroctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) for three generations (238 days). Mixture composition is in the ratio of 1:1:1:1. In addition, whole body burden for each PFAA was analyzed. According to the results, concentrated levels of the PFAAs in both F1 and F2 generation O. latipes were ordered PFOS > PFNA > PFOA > PFBS at both low concentration (0.5 μg/L) and high concentration (5 μg/L), whereas a significant difference in whole body burden based on sex or generation was not detected. Significant induction of VTG expression in F2 and the decline of the gonad somatic index (GSI) in F1 were observed following PFAAs mixture exposure (p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA). Furthermore, suppression level of reproduction rate relative to the control increased as generation was transferred to the next in response to PFAAs mixture or 17 β-estradiol exposure, with the inhibition of hatchability observed in the F1 generation. The PFAA high concentration caused significant alteration of F1 generation sex ratio, suggesting the adverse effect of PFAA in population level (Chi-square test, P > 0.05). Overall, this study demonstrated that PFAA mixture could have the potential of multi-generational endocrine disruptors in O. latipes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wuk Lee
- Risk Assessment Division, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Incheon 404-708, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Woo Lee
- Risk Assessment Division, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Incheon 404-708, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Shin
- Risk Assessment Division, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Incheon 404-708, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Kim
- Risk Assessment Division, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Incheon 404-708, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Kwon Ryu
- Accident Prevention and Assessment Division, National Institute of Chemical Safety, Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisung Ryu
- Accident Prevention and Assessment Division, National Institute of Chemical Safety, Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaean Lee
- Watershed Ecology Research Team, Water Environment Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Incheon 404-708, Republic of Korea
| | - Pilje Kim
- Risk Assessment Division, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Incheon 404-708, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghee Choi
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Incheon 404-708, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghwa Park
- Risk Assessment Division, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Incheon 404-708, Republic of Korea.
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Giari L, Vincenzi F, Badini S, Guerranti C, Dezfuli BS, Fano EA, Castaldelli G. Common carp Cyprinus carpio responses to sub-chronic exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:15321-15330. [PMID: 27107988 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6706-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is an important and diffuse perfluorinated alkylated substance, but knowledge of the toxicological effects of this endocrine disrupter in fish is limited. Adult common carp Cyprinus carpio, L. were exposed to 200 ng/l (a concentration reported in impacted aquatic ecosystems) and 2 mg/l PFOA solutions in a flow-through system for 56 days to determine tissue accumulation and histological alterations of the primary target organs. PFOA was extracted from blood, gill, liver, muscle, kidney, gonad, and brain by an ion-pairing liquid extraction procedure and quantified using high performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.4 ng/g wet weight (ww). PFOA was not detectable in unexposed fish or in fish exposed to 200 ng/l, but was >LOD in most samples of carp exposed to 2 mg/l. Mean PFOA concentration ranged from 0.5 to 65 ng/g ww, depending on the tissue, with highest levels in the blood and liver. There were no significant differences in condition factor, hepato-somatic index, or gonado-somatic index among the fish of the three groups. Histological, histochemical, and immunohistochemical staining was performed on sections of liver and gonad. Occurrence of atretic oocytes and a paucity of spermatozoa were documented in carp treated with 2 mg/l PFOA. Exposed fish did not show gross hepatic anomalies, but there was enhancement of hepatocytes in proliferation (positive to anti-PCNA antibody) compared to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Giari
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, St. L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Fabio Vincenzi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, St. L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Simone Badini
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, St. P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Cristiana Guerranti
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, St. P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
- BRC Bioscience Research Center, St. Aurelia Vecchia, 32, 58015, Orbetello, GR, Italy
| | - Bahram S Dezfuli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, St. L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisa A Fano
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, St. L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Castaldelli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, St. L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
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Bach CC, Vested A, Jørgensen KT, Bonde JPE, Henriksen TB, Toft G. Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances and measures of human fertility: a systematic review. Crit Rev Toxicol 2016; 46:735-55. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2016.1182117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cathrine Carlsen Bach
- Perinatal Epidemiology Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark
- Horsens Regional Hospital, Horsens, Denmark
| | - Anne Vested
- Danish Ramazzini Center, Department of Occupational Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Section for Environment, Occupation and Health, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kristian Tore Jørgensen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Peter Ellekilde Bonde
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tine Brink Henriksen
- Perinatal Epidemiology Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark
| | - Gunnar Toft
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
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Molecular impacts of perfluorinated chemicals (PFASs) in the liver and testis of male largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) in Minnesota Lakes. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2016; 19:129-139. [PMID: 26907229 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorinated chemicals (PFASs) stem from a wide range of sources and have been detected in aquatic ecosystems worldwide, including the upper Midwest and the state of Minnesota in the USA. This study investigated whether fish with high body burden levels of PFASs in the Twin Cities Metro Areas showed any evidence of adverse effects at the level of the transcriptome. We hypothesized that fish with higher body burden levels of PFASs would exhibit molecular responses in the liver and testis that were suggestive of oxidative and general stress, as well as impaired reproduction. Concentrations of PFASs in largemouth bass varied significantly across the sampled lakes, with the lowest concentrations of PFASs found in fish from Steiger and Upper Prior Lakes and the highest concentrations found in fish from Calhoun and Twin Lakes. Largemouth bass with high PFAS concentrations exhibited changes in the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism, energy production, RNA processing, protein production/degradation and contaminant detoxification, all of which are consistent with biomarker responses observed in other studies with PFASs. However, given the wide range of genes that were differentially expressed across the lakes and the variability observed in the mechanisms through which biological processes were affected, it is unlikely that PFASs are the only stressors affecting largemouth bass in the Twin Cities Metro Areas lakes. Indeed, Twin Lake is affected by the Joslyn superfund site which contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pentachlorophenol, polychlorinated biphenyls, and dioxins. These compounds are also expected to drive the transcriptomics responses observed, but to what degree is difficult to ascertain at this time.
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Giménez-Bastida JA, Surma M, Zieliński H. In vitro evaluation of the cytotoxicity and modulation of mechanisms associated with inflammation induced by perfluorooctanesulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid in human colon myofibroblasts CCD-18Co. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1683-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Urbatzka R, Galante-Oliveira S, Rocha E, Lobo-da-Cunha A, Castro LFC, Cunha I. Effects of the PPARα agonist WY-14,643 on plasma lipids, enzymatic activities and mRNA expression of lipid metabolism genes in a marine flatfish, Scophthalmus maximus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 164:155-162. [PMID: 25974001 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Fibrates and other lipid regulator drugs are widespread in the aquatic environment including estuaries and coastal zones, but little is known on their chronic effects on non-target organisms as marine fish. In the present study, turbot juveniles were exposed to the PPARα model agonist WY-14,643 for 21 days by repeated injections at the concentrations of 5mg/kg (lo-WY) and 50mg/kg (hi-WY), and samples taken after 7 and 21 days. Enzyme activity and mRNA expression of palmitoyl-CoA oxidase and catalase in the liver were analyzed as first response, which validated the experiment by demonstrating interactions with the peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation and oxidative stress pathways in the hi-WY treatment. In order to get mechanistic insights, alterations of plasma lipids (free cholesterol, FC; HDL associated cholesterol, C-HDL; triglycerides, TG; non-esterified fatty acids, NEFA) and hepatic mRNA expression of 17 genes involved in fatty acid and lipid metabolism were studied. The exposure to hi-WY reduced the quantity of plasma FC, C-HDL, and NEFA. Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein and apolipoprotein E mRNA expression were higher in hi-WY, and indicated an increased formation of VLDL particles and energy mobilization from liver. It is speculated that energy depletion by PPARα agonists may contribute to a higher susceptibility to environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Urbatzka
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), CIMAR Associated Laboratory (CIMAR LA), University of Porto (U.Porto), Portugal.
| | - S Galante-Oliveira
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), CIMAR Associated Laboratory (CIMAR LA), University of Porto (U.Porto), Portugal; Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - E Rocha
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), CIMAR Associated Laboratory (CIMAR LA), University of Porto (U.Porto), Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (U.Porto), Portugal
| | - A Lobo-da-Cunha
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), CIMAR Associated Laboratory (CIMAR LA), University of Porto (U.Porto), Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (U.Porto), Portugal
| | - L F C Castro
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), CIMAR Associated Laboratory (CIMAR LA), University of Porto (U.Porto), Portugal
| | - I Cunha
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), CIMAR Associated Laboratory (CIMAR LA), University of Porto (U.Porto), Portugal
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Bach CC, Bech BH, Brix N, Nohr EA, Bonde JPE, Henriksen TB. Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances and human fetal growth: a systematic review. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 45:53-67. [PMID: 25372700 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2014.952400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) is ubiquitous in most regions of the world. The most commonly studied PFASs are perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA). Animal studies indicate that maternal PFAS exposure is associated with reduced fetal growth. However, the results of human studies are inconsistent. OBJECTIVES To summarize the evidence of an association between exposure to PFASs, particularly PFOS and PFOA, and human fetal growth. METHODS Systematic literature searches were performed in MEDLINE and EMBASE. We included original studies on pregnant women with measurements of PFOA or PFOS in maternal blood during pregnancy or the umbilical cord and associations with birth weight or related outcomes according to the PFAS level. Citations and references from the included articles were investigated to locate more relevant articles. Study characteristics and results were extracted to structured tables. The completeness of reporting as well as the risk of bias and confounding were assessed. RESULTS Fourteen studies were eligible. In utero PFOA exposure was associated with decreased measures of continuous birth weight in all studies, even though the magnitude of the association differed and many results were statistically insignificant. PFOS exposure and birth weight were associated in some studies, while others found no association. CONCLUSIONS Higher PFOS and PFOA concentrations were associated with decreased average birth weight in most studies, but only some results were statistically significant. The impact on public health is unclear, but the global exposure to PFASs warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrine Carlsen Bach
- Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal Epidemiology Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus N , Denmark
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Rhee JS, Lee JS. Whole genome data for omics-based research on the self-fertilizing fish Kryptolebias marmoratus. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 85:532-541. [PMID: 24759509 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Genome resources have advantages for understanding diverse areas such as biological patterns and functioning of organisms. Omics platforms are useful approaches for the study of organs and organisms. These approaches can be powerful screening tools for whole genome, proteome, and metabolome profiling, and can be used to understand molecular changes in response to internal and external stimuli. This methodology has been applied successfully in freshwater model fish such as the zebrafish Danio rerio and the Japanese medaka Oryzias latipes in research areas such as basic physiology, developmental biology, genetics, and environmental biology. However, information is still scarce about model fish that inhabit brackish water or seawater. To develop the self-fertilizing killifish Kryptolebias marmoratus as a potential model species with unique characteristics and research merits, we obtained genomic information about K. marmoratus. We address ways to use these data for genome-based molecular mechanistic studies. We review the current state of genome information on K. marmoratus to initiate omics approaches. We evaluate the potential applications of integrated omics platforms for future studies in environmental science, developmental biology, and biomedical research. We conclude that information about the K. marmoratus genome will provide a better understanding of the molecular functions of genes, proteins, and metabolites that are involved in the biological functions of this species. Omics platforms, particularly combined technologies that make effective use of bioinformatics, will provide powerful tools for hypothesis-driven investigations and discovery-driven discussions on diverse aspects of this species and on fish and vertebrates in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Sung Rhee
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Science, Incheon National University, Incheon 406-772, South Korea
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, South Korea.
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Klaunig JE, Shinohara M, Iwai H, Chengelis CP, Kirkpatrick JB, Wang Z, Bruner RH. Evaluation of the Chronic Toxicity and Carcinogenicity of Perfluorohexanoic Acid (PFHxA) in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 43:209-20. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623314530532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), a 6-carbon perfluoroalkyl (C6; CAS # 307-24-4), has been proposed as a replacement for the commonly used 8-carbon perfluoroalkyls: perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate. PFHxA is not currently a commercial product but rather the ultimate degradation product of C6 fluorotelomer used to make C6 fluorotelomer acrylate polymers. It can be expected that, to a greater or lesser extent, the environmental loading of PFHxA will increase, as C6 fluorotelomer acrylate treatments are used and waste is generated. This article reports on a chronic study (duration 104 weeks) that was performed to evaluate the possible toxicologic and carcinogenic effects of PFHxA in gavage (daily gavage, 7 days per week) treated male and female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. In the current study, dosage levels of 0, 2.5, 15, and 100 mg/kg/day of PFHxA (males) and 5, 30, and 200 mg/kg/day of PFHxA (females) were selected based on a previous subchronic investigation. No effects on body weights, food consumption, a functional observational battery, or motor activity were observed after exposure to PFHxA. While no difference in survival rates in males was seen, a dose-dependent decrease in survival in PFHxA-treated female rats was observed. Hematology and serum chemistry were unaffected by PFHxA. PFHxA-related histologic changes were noted in the kidneys of the 200-mg/kg/day group females. Finally, there was no evidence that PFHxA was tumorigenic in male or female SD rats at any of the dosage levels examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Klaunig
- Department of Environmental Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Motoki Shinohara
- AGC Chemicals, Asahi Glass Com., Ltd., Ichihara-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Iwai
- Daikin Industries, Ltd. Chemicals Division EHS Department, Settsu, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | - Zemin Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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Manzetti S, van der Spoel ER, van der Spoel D. Chemical Properties, Environmental Fate, and Degradation of Seven Classes of Pollutants. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:713-37. [DOI: 10.1021/tx500014w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Manzetti
- Uppsala
Center for Computational Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, Department
of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Uppsala, Box 596, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
- Fjordforsk A.S., Midtun, 6894 Vangsnes, Norway
| | - E. Roos van der Spoel
- Uppsala
Center for Computational Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, Department
of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Uppsala, Box 596, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David van der Spoel
- Uppsala
Center for Computational Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, Department
of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Uppsala, Box 596, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
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Kjeldsen LS, Bonefeld-Jørgensen EC. Perfluorinated compounds affect the function of sex hormone receptors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:8031-44. [PMID: 23764977 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1753-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are a large group of chemicals used in different industrial and commercial applications. Studies have suggested the potential of some PFCs to disrupt endocrine homeostasis, increasing the risk of adverse health effects. This study aimed to elucidate mechanisms behind PFC interference with steroid hormone receptor functions. Seven PFCs [perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorononanoate (PFNA), perfluorodecanoate (PFDA), perfluoroundecanoate (PFUnA), and perfluorododecanoate (PFDoA)] were analyzed in vitro for their potential to affect estrogen receptor (ER) and androgen receptor (AR) transactivity as well as aromatase enzyme activity. The PFCs were assessed as single compounds and in an equimolar mixture. PFHxS, PFOS and PFOA significantly induced the ER transactivity, whereas PFHxS, PFOS, PFOA, PFNA and PFDA significantly antagonized the AR activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, PFDA weakly decreased the aromatase activity at a high test concentration. A mixture effect more than additive was observed on AR function. We conclude that five of the seven PFCs possess the potential in vitro to interfere with the function of the ER and/or the AR. The observed mixture effect emphasizes the importance of considering the combined action of PFCs in future studies to assess related health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Stigaard Kjeldsen
- Centre for Arctic Health and Unit of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Building 1260, Bartholins Allé 2, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
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Zhang L, Ren XM, Guo LH. Structure-based investigation on the interaction of perfluorinated compounds with human liver fatty acid binding protein. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:11293-301. [PMID: 24006842 DOI: 10.1021/es4026722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are known to accumulate in liver and induce hepatotoxicity on experimental animals. Liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) is expressed highly in hepatocytes and binds fatty acids. PFCs may bind with FABP and change their ADME and toxicity profile. In the present study, the binding interaction of 17 structurally diverse PFCs with human L-FABP was investigated to assess their potential disruption effect on fatty acid binding. The binding affinity of twelve perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs), as determined by fluorescence displacement assay, increased significantly with their carbon number from 4 to 11, and decreased slightly when the number was over 11. The three perfluorinated sulfonic acids (PFSAs) displayed comparable affinity, but no binding was detected for the two fluorotelomer alcohols. Circular dichroism results showed that PFC binding induced distinctive structural changes of the protein. Molecular docking revealed that the driving forces for the binding of PFCs with FABP were predominantly hydrophobic and hydrogen-bonding interactions, and the binding geometry was dependent on both the size and rigidity of the PFCs. Based on the binding constant obtained in this work, the possibility of in vivo competitive displacement of fatty acids from FABP by PFCs was estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China
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Gao Y, Li X, Guo LH. Assessment of estrogenic activity of perfluoroalkyl acids based on ligand-induced conformation state of human estrogen receptor. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:634-41. [PMID: 23214429 DOI: 10.1021/es304030x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Culture-dependent and -independent methods were employed to determine the impact of carboxyl-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) on fungal and bacterial soil microbial communities. Soil samples were exposed to 0 (control), 250, and 500 μg of SWNTs per gram of soil. Aliquots of soil were sampled for up to 14 days for culture-dependent analyses, namely, plate count agar and bacterial community level physiological profiles, and culture-independent analyses, namely, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), mutliplex-terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (M-TRFLP), and clone libraries. Results from culture-independent and -dependent methods show that the bacterial soil community is transiently affected by the presence of SWNTs. The major impact of SWNTs on bacterial community was observed after 3 days of exposure, but the bacterial community completely recovered after 14 days. However, no recovery of the fungal community was observed for the duration of the experiment. Physiological and DNA microbial community analyses suggest that fungi and bacteria involved in carbon and phosphorus biogeochemical cycles can be adversely affected by the presence of SWNTs. This study suggests that high concentrations of SWNTs can have widely varying effects on microbial communities and biogeochemical cycling of nutrients in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States.
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40
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Post GB, Cohn PD, Cooper KR. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), an emerging drinking water contaminant: a critical review of recent literature. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2012; 116:93-117. [PMID: 22560884 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is an anthropogenic contaminant that differs in several ways from most other well-studied organic chemicals found in drinking water. PFOA is extremely resistant to environmental degradation processes and thus persists indefinitely. Unlike most other persistent and bioaccumulative organic pollutants, PFOA is water-soluble, does not bind well to soil or sediments, and bioaccumulates in serum rather than in fat. It has been detected in finished drinking water and drinking water sources impacted by releases from industrial facilities and waste water treatment plants, as well as in waters with no known point sources. However, the overall occurrence and population exposure from drinking water is not known. PFOA persists in humans with a half-life of several years and is found in the serum of almost all U.S. residents and in populations worldwide. Exposure sources include food, food packaging, consumer products, house dust, and drinking water. Continued exposure to even relatively low concentrations in drinking water can substantially increase total human exposure, with a serum:drinking water ratio of about 100:1. For example, ongoing exposures to drinking water concentrations of 10 ng/L, 40 ng/L, 100 ng/L, or 400 ng/L are expected to increase mean serum levels by about 25%, 100%, 250%, and 1000%, respectively, from the general population background serum level of about 4 ng/mL. Infants are potentially a sensitive subpopulation for PFOA's developmental effects, and their exposure through breast milk from mothers who use contaminated drinking water and/or from formula prepared with contaminated drinking water is higher than in adults exposed to the same drinking water concentration. Numerous health endpoints are associated with human PFOA exposure in the general population, communities with contaminated drinking water, and workers. As is the case for most such epidemiology studies, causality for these effects is not proven. Unlike most other well-studied drinking water contaminants, the human dose-response curve for several effects appears to be steepest at the lower exposure levels, including the general population range, with no apparent threshold for some endpoints. There is concordance in animals and humans for some effects, while humans and animals appear to react differently for other effects such as lipid metabolism. PFOA was classified as "likely to be carcinogenic in humans" by the USEPA Science Advisory Board. In animal studies, developmental effects have been identified as more sensitive endpoints for toxicity than carcinogenicity or the long-established hepatic effects. Notably, exposure to an environmentally relevant drinking water concentration caused adverse effects on mammary gland development in mice. This paper reviews current information relevant to the assessment of PFOA as an emerging drinking water contaminant. This information suggests that continued human exposure to even relatively low concentrations of PFOA in drinking water results in elevated body burdens that may increase the risk of health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria B Post
- Office of Science, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Trenton, NJ 08625, USA.
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Williams DE. The rainbow trout liver cancer model: response to environmental chemicals and studies on promotion and chemoprevention. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 155:121-7. [PMID: 21704190 PMCID: PMC3219792 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are an outstanding model of liver cancer induction by environmental chemicals and development of strategies for chemoprevention. Trout have critical and unique advantages allowing for cancer studies with 40,000 animals to determine dose-response at levels orders of magnitude lower than possible in rodents. Examples of two promoters in this model, the dietary supplement dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and industrial chemical perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), are presented. In addition, indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and chlorophyllin (CHL) inhibit initiation following exposure to potent human chemical carcinogens (e.g., aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1))). Two "ED(001)" cancer studies have been conducted, utilizing approximately 40,000 trout, by dietary exposure to AFB(1) and dibenzo[d,e,f,p]chrysene (DBC). These studies represent the two largest cancer studies ever performed and expand the dose-response dataset generated by the 25,000 mouse "ED(01)" study over an order of magnitude. With DBC, the liver tumor response fell well below the LED(10) line, often used for risk assessment, even though the biomarker (liver DBC-DNA adducts) remained linear. Conversely, the response with AFB(1) remained relatively linear throughout the entire dose range. These contributions to elucidation of mechanisms of liver cancer, induced by environmental chemicals and the remarkable datasets generated with ED(001) studies, make important contributions to carcinogenesis and chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Williams
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, The Superfund Center and The Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Weniger 435, Corvallis, OR 97331-6503, USA.
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Dixon D, Reed CE, Moore AB, Gibbs-Flournoy EA, Hines EP, Wallace EA, Stanko JP, Lu Y, Jefferson WN, Newbold RR, Fenton SE. Histopathologic changes in the uterus, cervix and vagina of immature CD-1 mice exposed to low doses of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in a uterotrophic assay. Reprod Toxicol 2011; 33:506-512. [PMID: 22146484 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The estrogenic and antiestrogenic potential of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was assessed using an immature mouse uterotrophic assay and by histologic evaluation of the uterus, cervix and vagina following treatment. Female offspring of CD-1 dams were weaned at 18days old and assigned to groups of equal weight, and received 0, 0.01, 0.1, or 1mg PFOA/kg BW/d by gavage with or without 17-β estradiol (E(2), 500μg/kg/d) from PND 18-20 (n=8/treatment/block). At 24h after the third dose (PND 21), uteri were removed and weighed. Absolute and relative uterine weights were significantly increased in the 0.01mg/kg PFOA only group. Characteristic estrogenic changes were present in all E(2)-treated mice; however, they were minimally visible in the 0.01 PFOA only mice. These data suggest that at a low dose PFOA produces minimal histopathologic changes in the reproductive tract of immature female mice, and does not antagonize the histopathologic effects of E(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Darlene Dixon
- National Toxicology Program (NTP) Laboratories Branch, Division of the NTP, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Casey E Reed
- National Toxicology Program (NTP) Laboratories Branch, Division of the NTP, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Alicia B Moore
- National Toxicology Program (NTP) Laboratories Branch, Division of the NTP, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | | | - Erin P Hines
- Environmental Media Assessment Group, National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA), Office of Research and Development (ORD), U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Wallace
- National Toxicology Program (NTP) Laboratories Branch, Division of the NTP, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jason P Stanko
- National Toxicology Program (NTP) Laboratories Branch, Division of the NTP, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Yi Lu
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., Durham, NC 27703, USA
| | - Wendy N Jefferson
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Retha R Newbold
- NTP (retired), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Suzanne E Fenton
- National Toxicology Program (NTP) Laboratories Branch, Division of the NTP, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Benninghoff AD, Orner GA, Buchner CH, Hendricks JD, Duffy AM, Williams DE. Promotion of hepatocarcinogenesis by perfluoroalkyl acids in rainbow trout. Toxicol Sci 2011; 125:69-78. [PMID: 21984479 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported that perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) promotes liver cancer in a manner similar to that of 17β-estradiol (E2) in rainbow trout. Also, other perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are weakly estrogenic in trout and bind the trout liver estrogen receptor. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether multiple PFAAs enhance hepatic tumorigenesis in trout, an animal model that represents human insensitivity to peroxisome proliferation. A two-stage chemical carcinogenesis model was employed in trout to evaluate PFOA, perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), and 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (8:2FtOH) as complete carcinogens or promoters of aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1))- and/or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)-induced liver cancer. A custom trout DNA microarray was used to assess hepatic transcriptional response to these dietary treatments in comparison with E2 and the classic peroxisome proliferator, clofibrate (CLOF). Incidence, multiplicity, and size of liver tumors in trout fed diets containing E2, PFOA, PFNA, and PFDA were significantly higher compared with AFB(1)-initiated animals fed control diet, whereas PFOS caused a minor increase in liver tumor incidence. E2 and PFOA also enhanced MNNG-initiated hepatocarcinogenesis. Pearson correlation analyses, unsupervised hierarchical clustering, and principal components analyses showed that the hepatic gene expression profiles for E2 and PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, and PFOS were overall highly similar, though distinct patterns of gene expression were evident for each treatment, particularly for PFNA. Overall, these data suggest that multiple PFAAs can promote liver cancer and that the mechanism of promotion may be similar to that of E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby D Benninghoff
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences and Graduate Program in Toxicology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA.
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Fent K, Sumpter JP. Progress and promises in toxicogenomics in aquatic toxicology: is technical innovation driving scientific innovation? AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 105:25-39. [PMID: 22099342 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, new technologies have been invented to analyze large amounts of information such as gene transcripts (transcriptomics), proteins (proteomics) and small cellular molecules (metabolomics). Many studies have been performed in the last few years applying these technologies to aquatic toxicology, mainly in fish. In this article, we summarize the current state of knowledge and question whether the application of modern technology for descriptive purposes truly represents scientific advancement in aquatic toxicology. We critically discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these technologies and emphasize the importance of these critical aspects. To date, these techniques have been used mainly as a proof of principle, demonstrating effects of model compounds. The potential to use these techniques to better analyze the mode-of-action of a toxicant or the effects of a compound within organisms has rarely been met. This is partly due to a lack of baseline data and the fact that the expression of mRNA and protein profiles is rarely linked to physiology or toxicologically meaningful outcomes. It seems premature to analyze mixtures or environmental samples until more is known about the expression profiles of individual toxicants. Gene transcription, protein, or metabolic data give only a partial view of these effects. Thus, we emphasize that data obtained by these technologies must be linked to physiological changes to fully understand their significance. The use of these techniques in aquatic toxicology is still in its infancy, data cannot yet be applied to environmental risk assessment or regulation until more emphasis is placed on interpreting the data within their physiological and toxicological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Fent
- University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland.
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Henry ND, Fair PA. Comparison of in vitro cytotoxicity, estrogenicity and anti-estrogenicity of triclosan, perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 33:265-72. [PMID: 21935973 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Concern with increasing levels of emerging contaminants exists on a global scale. Three commonly observed emerging environmental contaminants: triclosan (2,4,4-trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether), a synthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial agent, and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), used in stain- and water-resistant treatments, have become distributed ubiquitously across ecosystems and have been detected in wildlife and humans. MCF-7 BOS human breast cancer cells were used to investigate the potential for cytotoxicity, estrogenicity and anti-estrogenicity of these three compounds at environmentally relevant concentrations using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt assay (MTS) and the E-SCREEN bioassay. The doses used were 0.002-200 µg ml(-1) for triclosan and 0.03-30 µg ml(-1) for PFOS and PFOA. Quantitative results from the MTS assay revealed no significant cytotoxicity at lower concentrations for any of the test compounds; however, both triclosan and PFOA were cytotoxic at the highest concentrations examined (100-200 and 30 µg ml(-1), respectively), while PFOS showed no significant cytotoxicity at any of the concentrations tested. Positive estrogenic responses (P < 0.05) were elicited from the E-SCREEN at all concentrations examined for triclosan and PFOA and at 30 µg ml(-1) for PFOS. Further, significant anti-estrogenic activity (P < 0.05) was detected for all compounds tested at all concentrations when cells were co-exposed with 10(-9) m 17-β estradiol (E(2)). The overall results demonstrated that triclosan, PFOS and PFOA have estrogenic activities and that co-exposure to contaminants and E(2) produced anti-estrogenic effects. Each of these compounds could provide a source of xenoestrogens to humans and wildlife in the environment. Published 2011. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha D Henry
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Ocean Service Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412–9110, USA.
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Jacquet N, Maire MA, Rast C, Bonnard M, Vasseur P. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) acts as a tumor promoter on Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 19:2537-2549. [PMID: 22828883 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-0968-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) (C(8)F(17)SO(3)) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (C(8)HF(15)O(2)) are synthetic chemicals widely used in industrial applications for their hydrophobic and oleophobic properties. They are persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic to mammalian species. Their widespread distribution on earth and contamination of human serum raised concerns about long-term side effects. They are suspected to be carcinogenic through a nongenotoxic mode of action, a mechanism supported by recent findings that PFOS induced cell transformation but no genotoxicity in Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells. In the present study, we evaluated carcinogenic potential of PFOA using the cell transformation assay on SHE cells. The chemical was applied alone or in combination with a nontransformant concentration of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP, 0.4 μM) in order to detect PFOA ability to act as tumor initiator or tumor promoter. The results showed that PFOA tested alone in the range 3.7 × 10(-5) to 300 μM did not induce SHE cell transformation frequency in a 7-day treatment. On the other side, the combination BaP/PFOA induced cell transformation at all PFOA concentrations tested, which revealed synergistic effects. No genotoxicity of PFOA on SHE cells was detected using the comet assay after 5 and 24 h of exposure. No significant increase in DNA breakage was found in BaP-initiated cells exposed to PFOA in a 7-day treatment. The whole results showed that PFOA acts as a tumor promoter and a nongenotoxic carcinogen. Cell transformation in initiated cells was observed at concentrations equivalent to the ones found in human serum of nonoccupationally and occupationally exposed populations. An involvement of PFOA in increased incidence of cancer recorded in occupationally exposed population cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jacquet
- Laboratory Interactions Ecotoxicology Biodiversity Ecosystems, University Paul Verlaine, CNRS UMR 7146, Rue du General Delestraint, 57070, Metz, France.
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Bijland S, Rensen PCN, Pieterman EJ, Maas ACE, van der Hoorn JW, van Erk MJ, Havekes LM, Willems van Dijk K, Chang SC, Ehresman DJ, Butenhoff JL, Princen HMG. Perfluoroalkyl sulfonates cause alkyl chain length-dependent hepatic steatosis and hypolipidemia mainly by impairing lipoprotein production in APOE*3-Leiden CETP mice. Toxicol Sci 2011; 123:290-303. [PMID: 21705711 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are stable perfluoroalkyl sulfonate (PFAS) surfactants, and PFHxS and PFOS are frequently detected in human biomonitoring studies. Some epidemiological studies have shown modest positive correlations of serum PFOS with non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (C). This study investigated the mechanism underlying the effect of PFAS surfactants on lipoprotein metabolism. APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice were fed a Western-type diet with PFBS, PFHxS, or PFOS (30, 6, and 3 mg/kg/day, respectively) for 4-6 weeks. Whereas PFBS modestly reduced only plasma triglycerides (TG), PFHxS and PFOS markedly reduced TG, non-HDL-C, and HDL-C. The decrease in very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) was caused by enhanced lipoprotein lipase-mediated VLDL-TG clearance and by decreased production of VLDL-TG and VLDL-apolipoprotein B. Reduced HDL production, related to decreased apolipoprotein AI synthesis, resulted in decreased HDL. PFHxS and PFOS increased liver weight and hepatic TG content. Hepatic gene expression profiling data indicated that these effects were the combined result of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and pregnane X receptor activation. In conclusion, the potency of PFAS to affect lipoprotein metabolism increased with increasing alkyl chain length. PFHxS and PFOS reduce plasma TG and total cholesterol mainly by impairing lipoprotein production, implying that the reported positive correlations of serum PFOS and non-HDL-C are associative rather than causal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bijland
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Although genetics determines endocrine phenotypes, it cannot fully explain the great variability and reversibility of the system in response to environmental changes. Evidence now suggests that epigenetics, i.e. heritable but reversible changes in gene function without changes in nucleotide sequence, links genetics and environment in shaping endocrine function. Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA, partition the genome into active and inactive domains based on endogenous and exogenous environmental changes and developmental stages, creating phenotype plasticity that can explain interindividual and population endocrine variability. We will review the current understanding of epigenetics in endocrinology, specifically, the regulation by epigenetics of the three levels of hormone action (synthesis and release, circulating and target tissue levels, and target-organ responsiveness) and the epigenetic action of endocrine disruptors. We will also discuss the impacts of hormones on epigenetics. We propose a three-dimensional model (genetics, environment, and developmental stage) to explain the phenomena related to progressive changes in endocrine functions with age, the early origin of endocrine disorders, phenotype discordance between monozygotic twins, rapid shifts in disease patterns among populations experiencing major lifestyle changes such as immigration, and the many endocrine disruptions in contemporary life. We emphasize that the key for understanding epigenetics in endocrinology is the identification, through advanced high-throughput screening technologies, of plasticity genes or loci that respond directly to a specific environmental stimulus. Investigations to determine whether epigenetic changes induced by today's lifestyles or environmental 'exposures' can be inherited and are reversible should open doors for applying epigenetics to the prevention and treatment of endocrine disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3223 Eden Avenue, Kettering Complex Suite 130, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
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Christensen KY, Maisonet M, Rubin C, Holmes A, Calafat AM, Kato K, Flanders WD, Heron J, McGeehin MA, Marcus M. Exposure to polyfluoroalkyl chemicals during pregnancy is not associated with offspring age at menarche in a contemporary British cohort. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2011; 37:129-35. [PMID: 20843552 PMCID: PMC5578464 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Polyfluoroalkyl chemicals (PFCs) are commercially synthesized chemicals used in consumer products. Exposure to certain PFCs is widespread, and some PFCs may act as endocrine disruptors. We used data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) in the United Kingdom to conduct a nested case-control study examining the association between age at menarche, and exposure to PFCs during pregnancy. METHODS Cases were selected from female offspring in the ALSPAC who reported menarche before the age of 11.5 years (n = 218), and controls were a random sample of remaining girls (n = 230). Serum samples taken from the girls' mothers during pregnancy (1991-1992) were analyzed using on-line solid-phase extraction coupled to isotope dilution high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for 8 PFCs. Logistic regression was used to determine association between maternal serum PFC concentrations, and odds of earlier age at menarche. RESULTS PFOS and PFOA were the predominant PFCs (median serum concentrations of 19.8 ng/mL and 3.7 ng/mL). All but one PFC were detectable in most samples. Total PFC concentration varied by number of births (inverse association with birth order; p-value < 0.0001) and race of the child (higher among whites; p-value = 0.03). The serum concentrations of carboxylates were associated with increased odds of earlier age at menarche; concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonamide, the sulfonamide esters and sulfonates were all associated with decreased odds of earlier age at menarche. However, all confidence intervals included the null value of 1.0. CONCLUSIONS ALSPAC study participants had nearly ubiquitous exposure to most PFCs examined, but PFC exposure did not appear to be associated with altered age at menarche of their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Yorita Christensen
- Epidemiology Department, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Mildred Maisonet
- Epidemiology Department, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Carol Rubin
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Adrianne Holmes
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Antonia M. Calafat
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Kayoko Kato
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - W. Dana Flanders
- Epidemiology Department, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Jon Heron
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A. McGeehin
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Michele Marcus
- Epidemiology Department, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
- Corresponding author. Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States. Tel.: +1 404 727 8010; fax: +1 404 727 8737. (M. Marcus)
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