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Cao H, Xie Q, Luo P, Chen J, Xia K, Ma L, Chen D, Deng C, Wan Z. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure induces premature testicular senescence by disrupting mitochondrial respiratory chain through STAT5B-mitoSTAT3 in Leydig cell. GeroScience 2024; 46:4373-4396. [PMID: 38499958 PMCID: PMC11336147 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01119-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a prevalent plasticizer, is known to have endocrine-disrupting effects on males and cause reproductive toxicity. There were causal effects of DEHP on testosterone levels in the real world by Mendelian randomization analysis. Exposure to DEHP during the preadult stage might lead to premature testicular senescence, but the mechanisms responsible for this have yet to be determined. In this study, we administered DEHP (300 mg/kg/day) to male C57BL/6 mice from postnatal days 21 to 49. The mice were kept for 6 months without DEHP. RNA sequencing was conducted on testicular tissue at PNM6. The results indicated that DEHP hindered testicular development, lowered serum testosterone levels in male mice, and induced premature testicular senescence. TM3 Leydig cells were exposed to 300 μM of mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), the bioactive metabolite of DEHP, for 72 h. The results also found that DEHP/MEHP induced senescence in vivo and in vitro. The mitochondrial respiratory chain was disrupted in Leydig cells. The expression and stability of STAT5B were elevated by MEHP treatment in TM3 cells. Furthermore, p-ERK1/2 was significantly decreased by STAT5B, and mitochondria-STAT3 (p-STAT3 ser727) was significantly decreased due to the decrease of p-ERK1/2. Additionally, the senescence level of TM3 cells was decreased and treated with 5 mM NAC for 1 h after MEHP treatment. In conclusion, these findings provided a novel mechanistic understanding of Leydig cells by disrupting the mitochondrial respiratory chain through STAT5B-mitoSTAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Cao
- The Andrology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
- The Reproductive Andrology Clinic, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 628 Zhenyuan Road, 518000, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qigen Xie
- The Andrology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
- The Department of Pediatric Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Peng Luo
- The Andrology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- The Urology Department, Affiliated Sanming First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Sanming, 365000, Fujian, China
| | - Kai Xia
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Ma
- The Reproductive Center, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Demeng Chen
- Translational Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunhua Deng
- The Andrology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Zi Wan
- The Andrology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
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Ri H, Zhu Y, Jo H, Miao X, Ri U, Yin J, Zhou L, Ye L. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and its metabolites research trend: a bibliometric analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:50142-50165. [PMID: 39107640 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34533-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is one of the most widely used plasticizers. Many studies focus on the impact of continuous exposure to DEHP on humans and ecosystems. In this study, the bibliometric analysis of DEHP and its metabolites research was conducted to assess the research performances, hotspot issues, and trends in this field. The data was retrieved from a Web of Science Core Collection online database. VOSviewer 1.6.18 was used to analyze. A total of 4672 publications were collected from 1975 to 2022 October 21. The number of publications and citations increased annually in the last decades. China had the largest number of publications, and the USA had the highest co-authorship score. The most productive and most frequently cited institutions were the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (USA), respectively. The journal with the most publications was the Science of Total Environment, and the most cited one was the Environmental Health Perspectives. The most productive and cited author was Calafat A. M. (USA). The most cited reference was "Phthalates: toxicology and exposure." Four hotspot issues were as follows: influences of DEHP on the organisms and its possible mechanisms, assessment of DEHP exposure to the human and its metabolism, dynamics of DEHP in external environments, and indoor exposure of DEHP and health outcomes. The research trends were DNOP, preterm birth, gut microbiota, microplastics, lycopene, hypertension, and thyroid hormones. This study can provide researchers with new ideas and decision-makers with reference basis to formulate relevant policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyonju Ri
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, Jilin, China
- Pyongyang Medical University, Pyongyang, 999093, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, Jilin, China
| | - Hyonsu Jo
- Pyongyang Medical University, Pyongyang, 999093, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
- Department of Breast Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaohan Miao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, Jilin, China
| | - Unsim Ri
- Department of Epidemiology, Central Hygienic and Anti-Epidemiologic Institute, Ministry of Health, Pyongyang, 999093, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Jianli Yin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, Jilin, China
| | - Liting Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, Jilin, China
| | - Lin Ye
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, Jilin, China.
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Li L, Lu Y, Wang C, Cheng L. Fabrication of Magnetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Selective Extraction of Dibutyl Phthalates in Food Matrices. Foods 2024; 13:1397. [PMID: 38731768 PMCID: PMC11083936 DOI: 10.3390/foods13091397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, a novel magnetic molecularly imprinted polymeric material (Fe3O4@MOF@MIP-160) with a metal-organic backbone (Fe3O4@MOF) carrier was prepared using dibutyl phthalate (DBP) as a template. The material can be used for the efficient, rapid, and selective extraction of trace amounts of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in food and can detect them via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The synthesis conditions of the materials were optimized to prepare the Fe3O4@MOF@MIP160 with the highest adsorption performance. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra (FT-IR), Vibration Sample Magnetic (VSM), and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method were used to characterize the materials. Compared with Fe3O4@MOF and the magnetic non-imprinted polymeric material (Fe3O4@MOF@NIP), Fe3O4@MOF@MIP-160 possesses the advantages of easy and rapid manipulation of magnetic materials, the advantages of high specific surface area and the stability of metal-organic frameworks, and the advantages of high selectivity of molecularly imprinted polymers. Fe3O4@MOF@MIP-160 has good recognition and adsorption capacity for di-butyl phthalate (DBP) and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP): the adsorption capacity for DBP and DEHP is 260 mg·g-1 and 240.2 mg·g-1, and the adsorption rate is fast (reaching equilibrium in about 20 min). Additionally, Fe3O4@MOF@MIP160 could be recycled six times, making it cost-effective, easy to operate, and time-saving as compared to traditional solid-phase extraction materials. The phthalate ester content in drinking water, fruit juice, and white wine was analyzed, with recoveries ranging from 70.3% to 100.7%. This proved that Fe3O4@MOF@MIP160 was suitable for detecting and removing PAEs from food matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lei Cheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China; (L.L.); (Y.L.); (C.W.)
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Guerrelli D, Desai M, Semaan Y, Essa Y, Zurakowski D, Cendali F, Reisz J, D'Alessandro A, Luban N, Posnack NG. Prevalence and clinical implications of heightened plastic chemical exposure in pediatric patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Transfusion 2024; 64:808-823. [PMID: 38590100 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalate chemicals are used to manufacture plastic medical products, including many components of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) circuits. We aimed to quantify iatrogenic phthalate exposure in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery and examine the link between phthalate exposure and postoperative outcomes. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The study included pediatric patients undergoing (n=122) unique cardiac surgeries at Children's National Hospital. For each patient, a single plasma sample was collected preoperatively and two additional samples were collected postoperatively upon return from the operating room and the morning after surgery. Concentrations of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and its metabolites were quantified using ultra high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. RESULTS Patients were subdivided into three groups, according to surgical procedure: (1) cardiac surgery not requiring CPB support, (2) cardiac surgery requiring CPB with a crystalloid prime, and (3) cardiac surgery requiring CPB with red blood cells (RBCs) to prime the circuit. Phthalate metabolites were detected in all patients, and postoperative phthalate levels were highest in patients undergoing CPB with an RBC-based prime. Age-matched (<1 year) CPB patients with elevated phthalate exposure were more likely to experience postoperative complications. RBC washing was an effective strategy to reduce phthalate levels in CPB prime. DISCUSSION Pediatric cardiac surgery patients are exposed to phthalate chemicals from plastic medical products, and the degree of exposure increases in the context of CPB with an RBC-based prime. Additional studies are warranted to measure the direct effect of phthalates on patient health outcomes and investigate mitigation strategies to reduce exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon Guerrelli
- Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University School of Engineering and Applied Science, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Manan Desai
- Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Youssef Semaan
- Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Services - Perfusion, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yasin Essa
- Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - David Zurakowski
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Francesca Cendali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Julie Reisz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Naomi Luban
- Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
- Division of Hematology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Pathology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nikki Gillum Posnack
- Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
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5
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Yang S, Yang S, Luo A. Phthalates and uterine disorders. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2024; 0:reveh-2023-0159. [PMID: 38452364 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2023-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Humans are ubiquitously exposed to environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals such as phthalates. Phthalates can migrate out of products and enter the human body through ingestion, inhalation, or dermal application, can have potential estrogenic/antiestrogenic and/or androgenic/antiandrogenic activity, and are involved in many diseases. As a female reproductive organ that is regulated by hormones such as estrogen, progesterone and androgen, the uterus can develop several disorders such as leiomyoma, endometriosis and abnormal bleeding. In this review, we summarize the hormone-like activities of phthalates, in vitro studies of endometrial cells exposed to phthalates, epigenetic modifications in the uterus induced by phthalate exposure, and associations between phthalate exposure and uterine disorders such as leiomyoma and endometriosis. Moreover, we also discuss the current research gaps in understanding the relationship between phthalate exposure and uterine disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhong Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 10487 National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhao Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 10487 National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiyue Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 10487 National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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Küçük M, Osman B, Tümay Özer E. Dummy molecularly imprinted polymer-based solid-phase extraction method for the determination of some phthalate monoesters in urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1713:464532. [PMID: 38039622 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
A dummy molecularly imprinted polymer-based solid-phase extraction (SPE) sorbent was used for the selective extraction of some phthalate monoesters, monoethyl phthalate (MEP), monobutyl phthalate (MnBP) and mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) in urine prior to gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Diethyl phthalate (DEP), a phthalate ester, was successfully used as a dummy template to prepare selective sorbent for MEP, MnBP, and MEHP extraction. DEP-imprinted poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate N-methacryloyl-l-tryptophan methyl ester) (DPEMT) microbeads were synthesized by suspension polymerization and characterized by Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Brunauer Emmet Teller (BET) analysis. The critical parameters (i.e., pH, sorbent amount, ionic strength, sample volume, elution solvent) affecting the extraction performance of the DPEMT-SPE sorbent were optimized. Under optimum conditions, good linearities were obtained in the concentration range of 4 to 60 ng/mL with determination coefficients (R2) of greater than 0.9959. The developed SPE method provided low limits of detection (LOD) of 0.05-1.20 ng/mL and limits of quantification (LOQ) of 0.18-4.01 ng/mL with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of less than 8.95 % for intra- and inter-day analyses. The proposed SPE method was used to analyze phthalate monoesters in spiked urine samples, and recoveries of 97.45-109.26 % were obtained. DPEMT-SPE sorbent was reused for 15 times without any losses of performance. Consequently, a highly selective and sensitive SPE method based on a dummy molecularly imprinted polymer combined with GC-MS was successfully developed to monitor human phthalate exposure via urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melike Küçük
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Bursa Uludag University, Görükle, Bursa 16059, Turkey
| | - Bilgen Osman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Bursa Uludag University, Görükle, Bursa 16059, Turkey
| | - Elif Tümay Özer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Bursa Uludag University, Görükle, Bursa 16059, Turkey.
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Yu Z, Iyer L, Swiercz AP, Paronett E, Ramadan M, Marvar PJ, Posnack NG. The Impact of Chronic Phthalate Exposure on Rodent Anxiety and Cognition. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 4:203-212. [PMID: 38298799 PMCID: PMC10829632 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background There is a growing importance for environmental contributions to psychiatric disorders and understanding the impact of the exposome (i.e., pollutants and toxins). For example, increased biomonitoring and epidemiological studies suggest that daily phthalate chemical exposure contributes to neurological and behavioral abnormalities; however, these mechanisms remain poorly understood. Therefore, the current study was aimed at examining the effects of chronic phthalate exposure on rodent anxiety behaviors and cognition and the impact on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function. Methods Adult male mice (C57BL6/J) were administered MEHP via drinking water (1 mg/mL), and anxiety-like behavior and cognition combined with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and inflammatory assays were assessed after 3 weeks of MEHP exposure. Results MEHP-treated mice exhibited enhanced generalized anxiety-like behaviors, as demonstrated by reduced time spent in the open-arm of the elevated plus maze and center exploration in the open field. Tests of spatial memory and cognition were unchanged. Following MEHP administration, circulating levels of corticosterone and proinflammatory cytokines were significantly increased, while at the tissue level, there were MEHP-dependent reductions in glucocorticoid metabolism genes Hsd11b1 and Hsd11b2. Conclusions These data suggest that chronic MEHP exposure leads to enhanced generalized anxiety behaviors independent of rodent measures of cognition and memory, which may be driven by MEHP-dependent effects on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and peripheral glucocorticoid metabolism function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Laxmi Iyer
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Adam P. Swiercz
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth Paronett
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Manelle Ramadan
- Children’s National Heart Institute, Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - Paul J. Marvar
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Nikki Gillum Posnack
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC
- Children’s National Heart Institute, Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC
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Kuo FC, Tsai ML, Wu ST, Li SS, Wu CF, Wang SL, Chan MWY, Suen JL, Wu MT, Hung CH. Maternal di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure elicits offspring IFN-λ upregulation: Insights from birth cohort, murine model, and in vitro mechanistic analysis. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 179:113993. [PMID: 37611859 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Maternal exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP), an environmental endocrine disruptor, may lead to developmental immunotoxicity in offspring. The causal relationship and underlying mechanism require further study. A subset of Taiwan Maternal and Infant Cohort Study data (n = 283) was analyzed and found a significant association between urinary DEHP metabolite levels from the third trimester of pregnancy and plasma levels of IL-28A and IL-29, named IFNλs, in cord blood. A trans-maternal murine model mimicking human DEHP exposure way showed that bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from maternal DEHP-exposed F1 offspring secreted higher IL-28A levels than control cells, indicating a potential causal relationship. Human bronchial epithelial cell lines treated with DEHP or its primary metabolite, mono-(2-ethyl-5-hexyl) phthalate (MEHP), expressed significantly higher levels of IFNλs mRNA or protein than controls. MEHP's effect on IFNλs expression was blocked by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and PPARγ antagonists, and inhibited by a histone acetyltransferase inhibitor or a histone methyltransferase inhibitor. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that MEHP treatment promoted histone modifications at H3 and H4 proteins at the promoter regions of Il28a and Il29 genes. These results suggest maternal DEHP exposure could result in high IFNλ expression in offspring, and the health risk of early-life exposure requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Chen Kuo
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan; Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Lan Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Shin-Ting Wu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Sih-Syuan Li
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Fang Wu
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; International Master Program of Translational Medicine, National United University, Miaoli 360, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Lin Wang
- National Environmental Health Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350, Taiwan
| | - Michael W Y Chan
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621, Taiwan; Center for Innovative Research on Aging Society (CIRAS), National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Ling Suen
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Tsang Wu
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; PhD Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Hsing Hung
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
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9
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Ye DM, Yang H, Xu TT, Lin ZZ, Zhang YJ, Liu LY, Guo Y. Underlying Degradation of Phthalates via Microbials in Dust from Different Microenvironments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37339114 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate monoesters (me-PAEs) have been used as biomarkers for assessing human exposure to phthalate esters (PAEs) for a long time, and studies on the sources and distribution of me-PAEs in the environment are limited. In this study, dust samples from microenvironments were collected to measure the occurrence of PAEs and me-PAEs, as well as the bacterial diversity. The results indicated that me-PAEs coexisted with PAEs in different microenvironmental dust samples, with concentrations of nine PAEs and 16 me-PAEs ranging from 108 to 1450 μg/g (median range) and 6.00 to 21.6 μg/g, respectively. The concentrations of several low molecular weight me-PAEs (e.g., monomethyl phthalate and monoethyl phthalate) in dust were even significantly higher than those of their parents. The bacteria in the dust were mainly predominant with Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes (total abundance >90%). Bacteria from bus and air conditioning dust samples had the highest species richness and species diversity. Seven genes of suspected enzymes with the ability to degrade PAEs were selected, and the concentration of me-PAEs increased with increasing abundance of enzyme function. Our findings will provide useful information on the profiles of me-PAEs and their potential sources in indoor dusts, which will benefit the accurate estimation of human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Min Ye
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ting-Ting Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ze-Zhao Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ying-Jie Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Liang-Ying Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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10
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Guerrelli D, Desai M, Semaan Y, Essa Y, Zurakowski D, Cendali FI, Reisz JA, D'Alessandro A, Luban NC, Posnack NG. Prevalence and Clinical Implications of Heightened Plastic Chemical Exposure in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Cardiopulmonary Bypass. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.05.02.23289379. [PMID: 37205364 PMCID: PMC10187441 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.02.23289379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Importance Phthalate chemicals are used to manufacture disposable plastic medical products, including blood storage bags and components of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) circuits. During cardiac surgery, patients can be inadvertently exposed to phthalate chemicals that are released from these plastic products. Objective To quantify iatrogenic phthalate chemical exposure in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery, and examine the link between phthalate exposure and post-operative outcomes. Design Setting and Participants The study cohort included 122 pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery at Children's National Hospital. For each patient, a single plasma sample was collected pre-operatively and two additional samples were collected post-operatively upon return from the operating room (post-operative day 0) and the morning after surgery (post-operative day 1). Exposures Concentrations of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and its metabolites were quantified using ultra high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Main Outcomes and Measures Plasma concentrations of phthalates, post-operative blood gas measurements, and post-operative complications. Results Study subjects were subdivided into three groups, according to surgical procedure: 1) cardiac surgery not requiring CPB support, 2) cardiac surgery requiring CPB with crystalloid prime, and 3) cardiac surgery requiring CPB with red blood cells (RBCs) to prime the circuit. Phthalate metabolites were detected in all patients, and postoperative phthalate levels were highest in patients undergoing CPB with RBC-based prime. Age-matched (<1 year) CPB patients with elevated phthalate exposure were more likely to experience post-operative complications, including arrhythmias, low cardiac output syndrome, and additional post-operative interventions. RBC washing was an effective strategy to reduce DEHP levels in CPB prime. Conclusions and Relevance Pediatric cardiac surgery patients are exposed to phthalate chemicals from plastic medical products, and the degree of exposure increases in the context of CPB with RBC-based prime. Additional studies are warranted to measure the direct effect of phthalates on patient health outcomes and investigate mitigation strategies to reduce exposure. Key Points Question: Is cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass a significant source of phthalate chemical exposure in pediatric patients?Findings: In this study of 122 pediatric cardiac surgery patients, phthalate metabolites were quantified from blood samples before and after surgery. Phthalate concentrations were highest in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass with red blood cell-based prime. Heightened phthalate exposure was associated with post-operative complications.Meaning: Cardiopulmonary bypass is a significant source of phthalate chemical exposure, and patients with heightened exposure may be at greater risk for postoperative cardiovascular complications.
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Yu Z, Iyer L, Swiercz AP, Paronett E, Ramadan M, Marvar PJ, Posnack NG. The Impact of Chronic Phthalate Exposure on Rodent Anxiety and Cognition. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.13.536567. [PMID: 37886449 PMCID: PMC10602041 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.13.536567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing importance for environmental contributions to psychiatric disorders and understanding the impact of the exposome (i.e., pollutants and toxins). Increased biomonitoring and epidemiological studies, for example, suggest that daily phthalate chemical exposure contribute to neurological and behavioral abnormalities, however these mechanisms remain poorly understood. The current study therefore aimed to examine the effects of chronic phthalate exposure on rodent anxiety behaviors, cognition, and the impact on hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal (HPA)-axis function. Adult male mice (C57BL6/J) were administered mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) via drinking water (1 mg/ml), and anxiety-like behavior, cognition combined with HPA- axis and inflammatory assays were assessed after 3 weeks of MEHP exposure. MEHP-treated mice exhibited enhanced generalized anxiety-like behaviors, as demonstrated by reduced time spent in the open-arm of the elevated plus maze (EPM) and center exploration in the open field (OF). Tests of spatial, cognition and memory function were unchanged. Following MEHP administration, circulating levels of corticosterone and pro- inflammatory cytokines were significantly increased, while at the tissue level, MEHP-dependent reductions in glucocorticoid metabolism genes 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) 1 and 2. These data suggest that chronic MEHP exposure leads to enhanced generalized-anxiety behaviors independent of rodent measures of cognition and memory, which maybe driven by MEHP-dependent effects on HPA-axis and peripheral glucocorticoid metabolism function.
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Kim S, Min HS, Lee WJ, Choe SA. Occupational differences in personal care product use and urinary concentration of endocrine disrupting chemicals by gender. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 33:312-318. [PMID: 35414680 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-022-00436-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In most societies, women and men systematically differ in consumption of cosmetics and household products, which are interlinked with gendered norms and occupational segregation. We investigated the differences in personal care product (PCP) use and exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) based on occupation and gender. METHODS We utilized data from the first to third Korean National Environmental Health Survey analyzing 9218 participants aged 20-59 years engaged in their current occupation for ≥3 months. Frequent PCP use (≥once/week) and exposure to EDCs were analyzed by gender and occupation. We used least-square geometric means (LSGMs) of urinary concentrations of the five EDCs adjusted for covariates. RESULTS Manual occupation was most common in men and no paid occupation was most frequent in women. In general, clerical, service, and sales workers showed the highest prevalence of frequent use of hair and body products. Women used body and makeup products more frequently than men. For all five EDCs, similarly, women showed higher urinary levels in all occupation groups. When stratified by gender, the differences in urinary concentration of EDCs across occupation groups were not observed in men. Among women, clerical, service, and sales workers showed higher bisphenol A (BPA) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) levels than manual workers. CONCLUSIONS Differentials in exposure to EDCs by occupation groups were not evident for men. Given the higher urinary concentration of EDCs in women compared to men, interventions to reduce the exposure to EDCs would need to focus on women, especially in clerical, service, and sales occupations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saerom Kim
- People's Health Institute, Seoul, Korea
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Sook Min
- Research Institute of Public Healthcare, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Jin Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Ah Choe
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
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Liang HW, Snyder N, Wang J, Xun X, Yin Q, LeWinn K, Carroll KN, Bush NR, Kannan K, Barrett ES, Mitchell RT, Tylavsky F, Adibi JJ. A study on the association of placental and maternal urinary phthalate metabolites. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 33:264-272. [PMID: 36114292 PMCID: PMC10101560 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-022-00478-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalate exposure in pregnancy is typically estimated using maternal urinary phthalate metabolite levels. Our aim was to evaluate the association of urinary and placental tissue phthalates, and to explore the role of maternal and pregnancy characteristics that may bias estimates. METHODS Fifty pregnancies were selected from the CANDLE Study, recruited from 2006 to 2011 in Tennessee. Linear models were used to estimate associations of urinary phthalates (2nd, 3rd trimesters) and placental tissue phthalates (birth). Potential confounders and modifiers were evaluated in categories: temporality (time between urine and placenta sample), fetal sex, demographics, social advantage, reproductive history, medication use, nutrition and adiposity. Molar and quantile normalized phthalates were calculated to facilitate comparison of placental and urinary levels. RESULTS Metabolites detectable in >80% of both urine and placental samples were MEP, MnBP, MBzP, MECPP, MEOHP, MEHHP, and MEHP. MEP was most abundant in urine (geometric mean [GM] 7.00 ×102 nmol/l) and in placental tissue (GM 2.56 ×104 nmol/l). MEHP was the least abundant in urine (GM 5.32 ×101 nmol/l) and second most abundant in placental tissue (2.04 ×104 nmol/l). In aggregate, MEHP differed the most between urine and placenta (2.21 log units), and MEHHP differed the least (0.07 log units). MECPP was positively associated between urine and placenta (regression coefficient: 0.31 95% CI 0.09, 0.53). Other urine-placenta metabolite associations were modified by measures of social advantage, reproductive history, medication use, and adiposity. CONCLUSION Phthalates were ubiquitous in 50 full-term placental samples, as has already been shown in maternal urine. MEP and MEHP were the most abundant. Measurement and comparison of urinary and placental phthalates can advance knowledge on phthalate toxicity in pregnancy and provide insight into the validity and accuracy of relying on maternal urinary concentrations to estimate placental exposures. IMPACT STATEMENT This is the first report of correlations/associations of urinary and placental tissue phthalates in human pregnancy. Epidemiologists have relied exclusively on maternal urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations to assess exposures in pregnant women and risk to their fetuses. Even though it has not yet been confirmed empirically, it is widely assumed that urinary concentrations are strongly and positively correlated with placental and fetal levels. Our data suggest that may not be the case, and these associations may vary by phthalate metabolite and associations may be modified by measures of social advantage, reproductive history, medication use, and adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Wei Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nathaniel Snyder
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jiebiao Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiaoshuang Xun
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Qing Yin
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kaja LeWinn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kecia N Carroll
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicole R Bush
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emily S Barrett
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Rod T Mitchell
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Fran Tylavsky
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer J Adibi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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14
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Abdo N, Al-Khalaileh H, Alajlouni M, Hamadneh J, Alajlouni AM. Screening for phthalates biomarkers and its potential role in infertility outcomes in Jordan. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 33:273-282. [PMID: 36593351 PMCID: PMC9807094 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-022-00517-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalates are endocrine disrupting chemicals that are used in plastic and personal care products. Phthalate exposure has been linked to reproductive and fertility outcomes. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess the phthalate exposures using both urinary level of two DEHP metabolites in females and questionnaires. It also aimed to investigate the association between phthalate levels and reproductive and fertility outcomes. METHODS 325 females with and without fertility problems at gynaecology clinics filled out a questionnaire and provided a urine sample. Urine samples were analyzed for two DEHP metabolites: MEHHP, mono (2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate; MEOHP, mono (2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate, using an HPLC/MS/MS analytical method. RESULTS We observed a significant difference between cases and controls in terms of heating plastic in the microwave and use of skin and eye make-up, sunscreen, and nail polish. Our findings showed that MEOHP exposure is significantly associated with infertility among Jordanian women (Adjusted OR = 1.66, 95% CI: 1.14, 2.40, p-value = 0.002). SIGNIFICANCE To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first of its kind done in Jordan to screen for phthalate exposure and investigate its association with infertility. Our study demonstrated high exposure of the Jordanian population to DEHP. It confirms the association between DEHP exposure and infertility. IMPACT STATEMENT We measured phthalates in infertile and fertile women, in a community unaware of phthalate sources or its impacts, and with no regulation limits set. We aimed to increase awareness to environmental exposure to phthalates, emphasize the importance of implementation of public health interventions to control and minimize the effects of phthalate exposure and provide a base for further studies and future research to aid in the formation of policies and guidelines for the manufacturing and use of phthalates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Abdo
- Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box, 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | - Hana Al-Khalaileh
- Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box, 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Marwan Alajlouni
- Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box, 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Jehan Hamadneh
- Department of Obstetrics and Genecology, College of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box, 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
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Vandenberg LN, Rayasam SDG, Axelrad DA, Bennett DH, Brown P, Carignan CC, Chartres N, Diamond ML, Joglekar R, Shamasunder B, Shrader-Frechette K, Subra WA, Zarker K, Woodruff TJ. Addressing systemic problems with exposure assessments to protect the public's health. Environ Health 2023; 21:121. [PMID: 36635700 PMCID: PMC9835264 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-022-00917-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding, characterizing, and quantifying human exposures to environmental chemicals is critical to protect public health. Exposure assessments are key to determining risks to the general population and for specific subpopulations given that exposures differ between groups. Exposure data are also important for understanding where interventions, including public policies, should be targeted and the extent to which interventions have been successful. In this review, we aim to show how inadequacies in exposure assessments conducted by polluting industries or regulatory agencies have led to downplaying or disregarding exposure concerns raised by communities; that underestimates of exposure can lead regulatory agencies to conclude that unacceptable risks are, instead, acceptable, allowing pollutants to go unregulated; and that researchers, risk assessors, and policy makers need to better understand the issues that have affected exposure assessments and how appropriate use of exposure data can contribute to health-protective decisions. METHODS We describe current approaches used by regulatory agencies to estimate human exposures to environmental chemicals, including approaches to address limitations in exposure data. We then illustrate how some exposure assessments have been used to reach flawed conclusions about environmental chemicals and make recommendations for improvements. RESULTS Exposure data are important for communities, public health advocates, scientists, policy makers, and other groups to understand the extent of environmental exposures in diverse populations. We identify four areas where exposure assessments need to be improved due to systemic sources of error or uncertainty in exposure assessments and illustrate these areas with examples. These include: (1) an inability of regulatory agencies to keep pace with the increasing number of chemicals registered for use or assess their exposures, as well as complications added by use of 'confidential business information' which reduce available exposure data; (2) the failure to keep assessments up-to-date; (3) how inadequate assumptions about human behaviors and co-exposures contribute to underestimates of exposure; and (4) that insufficient models of toxicokinetics similarly affect exposure estimates. CONCLUSION We identified key issues that impact capacity to conduct scientifically robust exposure assessments. These issues must be addressed with scientific or policy approaches to improve estimates of exposure and protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.
| | - Swati D G Rayasam
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Deborah H Bennett
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Phil Brown
- Social Science Environmental Health Research Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Courtney C Carignan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Nicholas Chartres
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rashmi Joglekar
- Earthjustice, New York, NY, USA
- Earthjustice, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bhavna Shamasunder
- Department of Urban & Environmental Policy and Public Health, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kristin Shrader-Frechette
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
- Department of Philosophy, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Wilma A Subra
- Louisiana Environmental Action Network, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Ken Zarker
- Washington State Department of Ecology, Olympia, WA, USA
| | - Tracey J Woodruff
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Jousma J, Han Z, Yan G, Nukala SB, Kwon Y, Thi Le HH, Li Y, Ong SB, Lee WH, Ong SG. Alteration of the N 6-methyladenosine epitranscriptomic profile in synthetic phthalate-treated human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells. Epigenomics 2022; 14:1139-1155. [PMID: 36314267 PMCID: PMC9710528 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2022-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to characterize the N6-methyladenosine epitranscriptomic profile induced by mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) exposure using a human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cell model. Methods: A multiomic approach was employed by performing RNA sequencing in parallel with an N6-methyladenosine-specific microarray to identify mRNAs, lncRNAs, and miRNAs affected by MEHP exposure. Results: An integrative multiomic analysis identified relevant biological features affected by MEHP, while functional assays provided a phenotypic characterization of these effects. Transcripts regulated by the epitranscriptome were validated with quantitative PCR and methylated RNA immunoprecipitation. Conclusion: The authors' profiling of the epitranscriptome expands the scope of toxicological insights into known environmental toxins to under surveyed cellular contexts and emerging domains of regulation and is, therefore, a valuable resource to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Jousma
- Department of Pharmacology & Regenerative Medicine, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, 909 S Wolcott Ave, COMRB 4100, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Zhenbo Han
- Department of Pharmacology & Regenerative Medicine, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, 909 S Wolcott Ave, COMRB 4100, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Gege Yan
- Department of Pharmacology & Regenerative Medicine, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, 909 S Wolcott Ave, COMRB 4100, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Sarath Babu Nukala
- Department of Pharmacology & Regenerative Medicine, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, 909 S Wolcott Ave, COMRB 4100, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Youjeong Kwon
- Department of Pharmacology & Regenerative Medicine, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, 909 S Wolcott Ave, COMRB 4100, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Hoai Huong Thi Le
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, ABC-1 Building, 425 North 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Ya Li
- Department of Pharmacology & Regenerative Medicine, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, 909 S Wolcott Ave, COMRB 4100, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Sang-Bing Ong
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genomics & Medicine (CCGM), Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, CUHK, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence (HK HOPE), Hong Kong Children's Hospital (HKCH), Kowloon Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Kunming Institute of Zoology – The Chinese University of Hong Kong (KIZ-CUHK) Joint Laboratory of Bioresources & Molecular Research of Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223 Yunnan, China
| | - Won Hee Lee
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, ABC-1 Building, 425 North 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Sang-Ging Ong
- Department of Pharmacology & Regenerative Medicine, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, 909 S Wolcott Ave, COMRB 4100, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), Hong Kong SAR, China
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, 909 S Wolcott Ave, COMRB 4100, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Wu P, Lin S, Cao G, Wu J, Jin H, Wang C, Wong MH, Yang Z, Cai Z. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity of microplastics in the human body and health implications. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 437:129361. [PMID: 35749897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs; <5 mm) in the biosphere draws public concern about their potential health impacts. Humans are potentially exposed to MPs via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. Ingestion and inhalation are the two major exposure pathways. An adult may consume approximately 5.1 × 103 items from table salts and up to 4.1 × 104 items via drinking water annually. Meanwhile, MP inhalation intake ranges from 0.9 × 104 to 7.9 × 104 items per year. The intake of MPs would be further distributed in different tissues and organs of humans depending on their sizes. The excretion has been discussed with the possible clearance ways (e.g., urine and feces). The review summarized the absorption, distribution, metabolic toxicity and excretion of MPs together with the attached chemicals. Moreover, the potential implications on humans are also discussed from in vitro and in vivo studies, and connecting the relationship between the physicochemical properties and the potential risks. This review will contribute to a better understanding of MPs as culprits and/or vectors linking to potential human health hazards, which will help outline the promising areas for further revealing the possible toxicity pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Siyi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Guodong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiabin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hangbiao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, PR China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Ming Hung Wong
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education, and Research (CHEER), and Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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Guo X, Sheng Y, Liu B, Tang P, Liu R, Wu L, Chen J, Huang D, Liu S, Qiu X. Exposure to phthalates in early pregnancy and the risk of fetal growth restriction: a nested case-control study in a Zhuang Chinese population. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:57318-57329. [PMID: 35352222 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19919-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates (PAEs) are common endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that disrupt fetal development. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of single and coexposure to phthalates in early pregnancy on fetal growth restriction (FGR) by a nested case-control study based on the Guangxi Zhuang Birth Cohort (GZBC). Maternal serum concentrations of seven phthalates in 97 neonates with FGR and 291 matched controls were detected through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The associations between phthalates and FGR were analyzed using multiple logistic regression, weight quantile sum (WQS) regression, and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models. We found that exposures to butyl-benzyl phthalate (BBP, ORadj = 1.849, 95% CI: 1.080-3.177, Padj = 0.025, Ptrend = 0.046), di (2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate (DEHP, ORadj = 3.893, 95% CI: 1.305-11.910, Padj = 0.015, Ptrend = 0.098) and dimethyl phthalate (DMP, ORadj = 1.722, 95% CI: 1.089-2.725, Padj = 0.020, Ptrend = 0.002) were significantly positively associated with the risk of FGR, while mono-butyl phthalate (MBP) showed a significant negative association with FGR (ORhigh = 0.192, 95% CI: 0.036-0.795, Padj = 0.033, Ptrend = 0.035) only among girls. The WQS model identified that BBP, di(2-ethyl)phthalate (DEP), DMP, DEHP, di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), and MBP were highly weighted in the association with FGR. The BKMR model supported the positive association between joint exposure to phthalates and the risk of FGR and identified no significant interaction between the seven phthalates. Overall, maternal exposure to BBP, DEHP, and DMP may cause adverse effects on FGR, especially with combined effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yonghong Sheng
- Department of Teaching and Research, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Bihu Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Peng Tang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Runfeng Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Li Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiehua Chen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Dongping Huang
- Department of Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Shun Liu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Qiu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
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19
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Combined Toxicological Effects of Di (2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate and UV-B Irradiation through Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Tight Junction Disruption in Human HaCaT Keratinocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147860. [PMID: 35887207 PMCID: PMC9318540 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is widely used as a plasticizer, and human exposure to DEHP is widespread and frequent. However, information about the combined effect of DEHP and ultraviolet (UV)-B on the skin are still limited. We investigated the cytotoxic effects of DEHP and UV-B on HaCaT keratinocytes and evaluated the related underlying mechanisms involving endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signals and the disruption of junction complexes as an effective target for skin inflammation. Our results revealed that co-treatment with DEHP and UV-B irradiation alleviated the cell cytotoxicity and markedly decreased X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1), endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductase 1 alpha (Ero1α), and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) whereas a single dose of 40 mJ/cm2 UV-B generated mild ER stress to slightly less or similar levels as that seen with DEHP. DEHP was also shown to inhibit tight junctions (TJs) after UV-B irradiation, increased apoptosis by altering apoptotic gene Bax and stress kinases, JNK, and p38 MAPK. Furthermore, exposure of HaCaT cells to DEHP and UV-B irradiation resulted in the marked suppression of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)/p65 signaling pathway. Taken together, our data suggest that nontoxic DEHP and UV-B irradiation regulated ER stress and epidermal TJ disruption with the induction of apoptosis activation and the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and IL-6 in human keratinocytes. Further investigation is needed to confirm the mechanisms implicated in its toxicity and determine the effects of exposure to DEHP and UV-B irradiation on markers involved in this study.
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20
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Li Z, Wu D, Guo Y, Mao W, Zhao N, Zhao M, Jin H. Phthalate metabolites in paired human serum and whole blood. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 824:153792. [PMID: 35150672 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Presence of phthalate metabolites (PMs) in human serum has been well documented. However, the distribution pattern of PMs in different human blood matrixes remains not well known. To investigate this, paired serum and whole blood samples were collected from 145 adults (76 males and 69 females) in Quzhou, China, and analyzed for nine PMs in this study. All PMs had high detection frequencies (> 70%) in human serum and whole blood, except mono benzyl phthalate. Total concentrations of detected PMs in serum and whole blood were 0.70-61 ng/mL (mean 12 ng/mL) and 1.6-33 ng/mL (7.5 ng/mL), respectively. Mono methyl phthalate (MMP), mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and mono butyl phthalate were consistently the predominant PMs in human serum and whole blood, with the mean concentrations of 3.4 and 2.0 ng/mL, 3.3 and 2.1 ng/mL, and 2.8 and 1.8 ng/mL, respectively. Females had higher mean serum concentrations of PMs, except MBP, than males. Youngest age group (20-30 years) consistently had the lowest mean whole blood levels of all PMs. For the first time, the distribution pattern of PMs in human blood was evaluated based on the calculated partitioning coefficient (Kp) between serum and whole blood. MMP had the highest mean Kp value (1.6; 10th-90th percentile: 1.0-2.2), while mono (2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate had the lowest mean Kp value (0.63; 10th-90th percentile: 0.25-1.3). These results help better understand the occurrence of PMs in human blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenming Li
- College of Chemical and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Dexin Wu
- Hangzhou Xinjing Environmental Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310007, PR China
| | - Yu Guo
- Focused Photonics (Hangzhou) Inc., 459 Qianmo Road, Hangzhou 311000, PR China
| | - Weili Mao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou 324000, PR China
| | - Nan Zhao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Hangbiao Jin
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
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21
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Tseng HH, Li CY, Wu ST, Su HH, Wong TH, Wu HE, Chang YW, Huang SK, Tsai EM, Suen JL. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate Promotes Allergic Lung Inflammation by Modulating CD8α + Dendritic Cell Differentiation via Metabolite MEHP-PPARγ Axis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:581854. [PMID: 35663974 PMCID: PMC9160748 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.581854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a common plasticizer, is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant that can disrupt endocrine function. Epidemiological studies suggest that chronic exposure to DEHP in the environment is associated with the prevalence of childhood allergic diseases; however, the underlying causal relationship and immunological mechanism remain unclear. This study explored the immunomodulatory effect of DEHP on allergic lung inflammation, while particularly focusing on the impact of DEHP and its metabolite on dendritic cell differentiation and activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). The results showed that exposure to DEHP at a human tolerable daily intake dose exacerbated allergic lung inflammation in mice. Ex vivo flow cytometric analysis revealed that DEHP-exposed mice displayed a significantly decreased number of CD8α+ dendritic cells (DCs) in spleens and DC progenitors in the bone marrow, as well as, less interleukin-12 production in splenic DCs and increased T helper 2 polarization. Pharmacological experiments showed that mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), the main metabolite of DEHP, significantly hampered the differentiation of CD8α+ DCs from Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand-differentiated bone marrow culture, by modulating PPARγ activity. These results suggested that chronic exposure to DEHP at environmentally relevant levels, promotes allergic lung inflammation, at least in part, by altering DC differentiation through the MEHP-PPARγ axis. This study has crucial implications for the interaction(s) between environmental pollutants and innate immunity, with respect to the development of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Han Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yang Li
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Ting Wu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Han Su
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hsuan Wong
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-En Wu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wei Chang
- Department of Laboratory, Taitung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taitung, Taiwan
| | - Shau-Ku Huang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Eing Mei Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Ling Suen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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22
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Zeng G, Zhang Q, Wang X, Wu KH. Low-level plasticizer exposure and all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in the general population. Environ Health 2022; 21:32. [PMID: 35264146 PMCID: PMC8905760 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-022-00841-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasticizers, also called phthalates, are a group of chemicals widely used in daily life. A previous report showed no significant association between phthalate metabolite concentrations and mortality. We investigated the association of urinary phthalate levels and individual phthalate metabolite levels with all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality after standardizing the phthalate concentration. METHODS A total of 6,625 participants were recruited from a nationally representative sample of adults aged 40 years or older who were enrolled in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2003 and 2014 and were followed up through December 31, 2015. Data were analyzed from January 2021 to June 2021. NHANES-linked updated National Death Index public access files were used to acquire information on mortality status and cause of death. The present study conducted extended follow-up of an earlier analysis. Cox proportional hazard models were performed to calculate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of covariate-adjusted creatinine standardization urinary phthalate concentrations with all-cause and CVD mortality after adjusting for demographics, lifestyle factors and comorbidity variables. RESULTS The mean ± standard deviation age of all participants in the final study was 59.9±12.6 years old, and 49.6% of the participants were male. The median follow-up time was 73 months (range 1-157 months). At the censoring date of December 31, 2015, 3,023 participants were identified as deceased (13.4%). A fully adjusted Cox model showed that a urinary di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) concentration >= 83.4 ng/mL was associated with a slight increase in all-cause mortality (HR 1.27, 95% CI 1.03, 1.57, P for trend= 0.014) and CVD mortality (HR 2.19, 95% CI 1.35, 3.54, P for trend= 0.002). Similarly, urinary mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate (MECPP) levels >= 39.2 ng/mL were associated with increased CVD mortality (HR 2.33, 95% CI 1.45, 3.73, P for trend < 0.001). Restricted cubic spline analyses suggested linear associations of DEHP and MECPP levels with all-cause and CVD mortality. CONCLUSION In this large nationally representative sample of American adults, high urinary DEHP and MECPP were significantly associated with all-cause and CVD mortality after adjusting for demographics, lifestyle factors and comorbidity variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Zeng
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Kai-Hong Wu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
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23
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Zhang YJ, Guo JL, Xue JC, Bai CL, Guo Y. Phthalate metabolites: Characterization, toxicities, global distribution, and exposure assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118106. [PMID: 34520948 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are plasticizers in various products and regarded as endocrine disruptors due to their anti-androgen effects. Environmental occurrence and toxicities of parent phthalates have been widely reported, while the current state of knowledge on their metabolites is rarely summarized. Based on the available literature, the present review mainly aims to 1) characterize the potential metabolites of phthalates (mPAEs) using the pharmacokinetics evidences acquired via animal or human models; 2) examine the molecular and cellular mechanism involved in toxicity for mPAEs; 3) investigate the exposure levels of mPAEs in different human specimens (e.g., urine, blood, seminal fluid, breast milk, amniotic fluid and others) across the globe; 4) discuss the models and related parameters for phthalate exposure assessment. We suggest there is subtle difference in toxic mechanisms for mPAEs compared to their parent phthalates due to their alternative chemical structures. Human monitoring studies performed in Asia, America and Europe have provided the population exposure baseline levels for typical phthalates in different regions. Urine is the preferred matrix than other specimens for phthalate exposure study. Among ten urinary mPAEs, the largest proportions of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolites (40%), monoethyl phthalate (mEP) (43%) and DEHP metabolites/mEP (both 29%) were observed in Asia, America and Europe respectively, and mono-5-carboxy-2-ethypentyl phthalate was the most abundant compounds among DEHP metabolites. Daily intakes of phthalates can be accurately calculated via urinary mPAEs if the proper exposure parameters were determined. Further work should focus on combining epidemiological and biological evidences to establish links between phthalates exposure and biological phenotypes. More accurate molar fractions (FUE) of the urinary excreted monoester related to the ingested diesters should be collected in epidemiological or pharmacokinetic studies for different population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jie Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jia-Liang Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jing-Chuan Xue
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Cui-Lan Bai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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24
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Association between Levels of Urine Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate Metabolites and Heart Rate Variability in Young Adults. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9120351. [PMID: 34941785 PMCID: PMC8709404 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9120351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Phthalate exposure is associated with cardiovascular risk. Among the various phthalates, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a deleterious plasticizer in our daily lives. This study investigated the association between DEHP exposure and the alteration of heart rate variability (HRV). During 2017–2019, we recruited 974 young adults to investigate the effects of living environments and dietary habits on cardiometabolic disorders in Taiwan. We quantitatively analyzed urinary metabolites of DHEP. A continuous electrocardiogram was recorded to obtain a 5-min ECG. Time-domain and frequency-domain HRV analyses were performed. Multiple linear regression showed that urinary oxidized DEHP metabolites MEHHP and MEOHP were associated with decreased HRV after controlling for associated cardiovascular risk factors. A higher MEHHP level was associated with a lower triangular interpolation of NN interval histogram (TINN), very low frequency (VLF), and low frequency/high frequency (LF/HF) ratio. A higher MEOHP level was associated with a decreased LF/HF ratio. In addition, trend analysis showed that higher MEHHP and MEOHP quantiles were significantly associated with a decreased LF/HF ratio. DEHP is a potentially harmful and invisible chemical. The urinary DEHP metabolites MEHHP and MEOHP are associated with decreased HRV, indicating an adverse effect on autonomic balance in young adults in Taiwan.
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25
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Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate administered in feed to Sprague Dawley (Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD) rats. NATIONAL TOXICOLOGY PROGRAM TECHNICAL REPORT SERIES 2021:NTP-TR-601. [PMID: 35073286 PMCID: PMC8996106 DOI: 10.22427/ntp-tr-601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a member of the phthalate ester chemical class that occurs commonly in the environment and to which humans are widely exposed. Lifetime exposure to DEHP is likely to occur, including during the in utero and early postnatal windows of development. To date, no carcinogenicity assessments of DEHP have used a lifetime exposure paradigm that includes the perinatal period (gestation and lactation). The National Toxicology Program (NTP) tested the hypothesis that exposure during the perinatal period would alter the DEHP carcinogenic response quantitatively (more neoplasms) or qualitatively (different neoplasm types). Two chronic carcinogenicity assessments of DEHP were conducted in which Sprague Dawley (Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD) rats were exposed to dosed feed containing 0, 300, 1,000, 3,000, or 10,000 ppm DEHP for 2 years using different exposure paradigms. In Study 1, groups of 45 F0 time-mated females were provided dosed feed beginning on gestation day (GD) 6 through lactation. On postnatal day (PND) 21, groups of 50 F1 rats per sex continued on the study and were provided dosed feed containing the same DEHP concentration as their respective dam for 2 years. In Study 2, groups of 50 rats per sex, aged 6 to 7 weeks at study start, were provided dosed feed containing DEHP for 2 years. (Abstract Abridged).
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26
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Donat-Vargas C, Perez-Carrascosa F, Gomez-Peña C, Mustieles V, Salcedo-Bellido I, Frederiksen H, Åkesson A, Arrebola JP. Associations of serum phthalate metabolites with thyroid hormones in GraMo cohort, Southern Spain. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 287:117606. [PMID: 34426375 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The general population is continuously exposed to phthalates via various consumer products. Epidemiological research relating phthalate exposure to thyroid function during non-developmental periods is limited. This study aimed to investigate the associations between specific serum phthalate metabolites and indicators of thyroid function in adults. We measured 10 serum phthalate metabolites and thyroid hormones - total triiodothyronine (TT3), free thyroxine (FT4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) - in a subsample of 207 adults from the GraMo cohort. This subsample was made up of men and women (in equal proportions) of middle age (49 ± 17 years) and from Southern Spain (province of Granada). Data on age, sex, body mass index, residence area, tobacco use, alcohol consumption and attained education were obtained from a questionnaire. Phthalate metabolites were log-transformed and categorized into tertiles. Cross-sectional associations of each metabolite with thyroid hormones were analyzed using multivariable-adjusted linear regression models. The mixture effect of metabolite phthalates was assessed using weighted quantile sum regression. After multivariable-adjustment, the following phthalate metabolites were significantly associated with TT3 in a dose-response manner: MMP (β = 0.90: 95% confidence interval 0.68,1.12), MEP (β = 0.67: 0.44, 0.90), MiBP (β = 0.49: 0.21, 0.77), MiDP (β = 0.27: 0.03, 0.52), MBzP (β = 0.51: 0.28, 0.73), MEHP (β = -0.59: -0.82, -0.35) and MiNP (β = -0.43: -0.71, -0.14), when comparing highest vs. lowest exposed. The sum of all metabolites was also linked to FT4 levels. No significant associations were observed for TSH except for MiNP. Although phthalate metabolites with different molecular weight showed opposite associations, overall metabolite concentrations seem to associate with increased TT3 and FT4 serum levels. The cross-sectional nature of this analysis limits causal inference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Donat-Vargas
- IMDEA-Food Institute. CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Francisco Perez-Carrascosa
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain; Radiation Oncology Department, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Vicente Mustieles
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Salcedo-Bellido
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Hanne Frederiksen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Agneta Åkesson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juan Pedro Arrebola
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; University of Granada, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), Granada, Spain.
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27
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Liu X, Yang J, Gan Z, Wang H, Hu Z, Liu J, Ran D. Effects of Mono-2-ethylhexyl Phthalate on the Neural Transmission of PNs in Drosophila Antennal Lobe. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1430-1439. [PMID: 34191265 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00386-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Long-term exposure to different types of chemicals is hazardous to human health. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) could exert pleiotropic deleterious effects on nervous systems. Mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), as one of the most toxic metabolites of DEHP, may have similar effects on nervous systems. However, no effects of MEHP on neural circuits have been reported. To uncover the regulation of MEHP on neural transmission, the functional changes of neural excitability and synaptic plasticity of projection neurons (PNs) have been assessed. In the current study, we recorded the action potentials (APs), stimulate action potentials (sti-APs), mini excitement postsynaptic current (mEPSC), calcium currents, and sodium currents from PNs of isolated whole brain of Drosophila model utilizing patch clamp recordings. We found that MEHP-300 (at the concentration of 300 μM), but not MHEP-100 (at the concentration of 100 μM), significantly decreased the frequency and amplitude of APs. Besides, the amplitude and anti-amplitude of sti-APs were reduced with the application of MEHP-300. Meanwhile, MEHP-300 reduced the frequency of mEPSC, but not the amplitude. Furthermore, MEHP-300 reduced the peak current densities of sodium and calcium channels. Therefore, our results indicated that MEHP could alter the neural excitability and synaptic plasticity of PNs by inhibiting the ion channels activities, revealing the potential modulation of MEHP on neural transmission of PNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Junqing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongjie Gan
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuqin Hu
- Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Southwest University Public Health Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Liu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongzhi Ran
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.
- The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China.
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28
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On J, Kim SH, Lee J, Park MJ, Lee SW, Pyo H. Urinary di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate metabolite ratios in obese children of South Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:29590-29600. [PMID: 33559826 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12823-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate exposure has been reported to be more associated with obesity in children than in adults. The concentration of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) was high temporal variability in spot urine, so additional tools of assessing DEHP exposure were required. Therefore, we used relative metabolite ratios (RMRs) as well as concentrations, and RMRs did not need to be corrected to the creatinine concentration. We aimed to evaluate the levels of urinary DEHP metabolites and their RMRs in obese children in South Korea, and to investigate the potential of RMRs for assessing the risks for childhood obesity. We analyzed the four urinary DEHP metabolites (mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), and mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP)) in 240 children aged 5-16 years, using isotope dilution GC-MS/MS. The children were placed into three groups ("normal weight," "overweight," and "obese") according to body mass index (BMI) percentiles. We statistically compared the concentrations and RMRs of DEHP metabolites among these groups. The obese group had lower MEHP levels, and higher secondary metabolite (MEHHP, MEOHP, and MECPP) levels, than the normal weight group. DEHP metabolite levels did not differ significantly between the normal weight and obese groups, whereas RMRA2 (as the ratio of the molar concentrations of MEOHP to MEHHP) was found to be negatively associated with BMI percentile (β= -0.236, p <0.01) and weight percentile (β= -0.282, p<0.001). Therefore, we suggest that RMRs are an additional tool for assessing the health risks of DEHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon On
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5,Hwarang-ro 14 gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Shin-Hye Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Dongil-ro 1342, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01757, Korea
| | - Jeongae Lee
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5,Hwarang-ro 14 gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Korea
| | - Mi Jung Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Dongil-ro 1342, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01757, Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Heesoo Pyo
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5,Hwarang-ro 14 gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Korea.
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Ovarian Toxicity and Epigenetic Mechanisms of Phthalates and Their Metabolites. Curr Med Sci 2021; 41:236-249. [PMID: 33877540 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-021-2342-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ovary plays an important role in the female reproductive system. The maintenance and regulation of ovarian function are affected by various physical and chemical factors. With the development of industrialization, environmental pollutants have caused great harm to public health. Phthalates, as a class of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), are synthesized and used in large quantities as plasticizers due to their chemical properties. They are easily released into environment because of their noncovalent interactions with substances, causing human exposure and possibly impairing ovary. In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the role of epigenetics in the occurrence and development of diseases. And it is urgent to study the role of methylation, gene imprinting, miRNA, and other epigenetic mechanisms in reproductive toxicology.
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Mengozzi A, Carli F, Guiducci L, Parolini F, Biancalana E, Gastaldelli A, Solini A. SGLT2 inhibitors and thiazide enhance excretion of DEHP toxic metabolites in subjects with type 2 diabetes: A randomized clinical trial. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 192:110316. [PMID: 33065070 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Phthalates are non-persistent pollutants related to impaired metabolism and high cardiovascular risk. Their toxic metabolites are eliminated through urine and feces. Prevention policies are considered by the governments, although no therapeutic strategy to facilitate their elimination from the human body has been proposed so far. Aim of the present study was to verify, for the first time in humans, whether diuretics might be able to enhance phthalates' toxic metabolites urinary output. DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted a two-armed, parallel-design, randomized clinical trial. Thirty patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension received a four week-treatment with Dapagliflozin 10 mg or Hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg. 24-hours urine were collected to measure urinary excretion of three major 2-ethylhexyl-phthalate (DEHP) metabolites, i.e. mono 2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate (MEOHP) and mono 2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate (MEHHP). RESULTS 24-h urinary excretion of DEHP and MEHP was increased (+44%, p = 0.036; +49%, p = 0.0016) while MEOHP e MEHHP showed only a positive trend (+25%, p = 0.016; +36%, p = 0.062). Irrespective of the specific treatment, induced variations of daily urinary eliminations of MEHP metabolites were related with the 24-h urinary sodium (r = 0.42, p = 0.0226) and potassium (r = 0.54, p = 0.0026) excretion. Also, DEHP and MEOHP were related to sodium (r = 0·43, p = 0.0205; r = 0·44, p = 0.0168 respectively) but not to potassium. CONCLUSIONS Urinary phthalates excretion seems to occur mainly through sodium- and potassium-related mechanisms, apparently independent from the different diuretic effect. Both thiazide diuretics and SLGT2 inhibitors are effective into the removal of phthalates metabolites from the human body, reducing the human tissues' exposure to their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Mengozzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Carli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Letizia Guiducci
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Parolini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Edoardo Biancalana
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Amalia Gastaldelli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Anna Solini
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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31
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Erkekoglu P, Özyurt A, Yirün A, Çakır D. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome and phthalate exposure: A review of literature. ARHIV ZA FARMACIJU 2021. [DOI: 10.5937/arhfarm71-34438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine disruptors are chemicals that interfere with the body's endocrine system and cause adverse effects in biological systems. Phthalates are a group of man-made chemicals which are mainly used as plasticizers and classified as endocrine disruptors. They are also used in cosmetic and personal care products as color or smell fixators. Moreover, phthalates are present in inks, adhesives, sealants, automobile parts, tools, toys, carpets, medical tubing and blood storage bags, and food packages. Pathological condition known as "testicular dysgenesis syndrome" (TDS) or "phthalate syndrome" is usually linked to phthalate exposure and is coined to describe the rise in alterations in reproductive health in men, such as reduced semen quality (decrease in sperm counts, sperm motility and increase in abnormal sperms), hypospadias, cryptorchidism, reduced anogenital distance and early-life testicular cancer. Phthalates are suggested to cause direct effect on gonadal and non-gonadal tissues, impair the differentiation and morphogenesis of seminiferous tubules and accessory sex organs and testicular cells (both Sertoli and Leydig cells), alter estradiol and/or testosterone levels, decrease insulin-like 3 (INSL3) peptide production, impair spermatogenesis and lead to epigenetic alterations, all of which may lead to TDS. This review will mainly focus on phthalates as causes of TDS and their mechanisms of action.
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Liu S, Wang K, Svoboda LK, Rygiel CA, Neier K, Jones TR, Cavalcante RG, Colacino JA, Dolinoy DC, Sartor MA. Perinatal DEHP exposure induces sex- and tissue-specific DNA methylation changes in both juvenile and adult mice. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2021; 7:dvab004. [PMID: 33986952 PMCID: PMC8107644 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvab004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a type of phthalate plasticizer found in a variety of consumer products and poses a public health concern due to its metabolic and endocrine disruption activities. Dysregulation of epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, has been shown to be an important mechanism for the pathogenic effects of prenatal exposures, including phthalates. In this study, we used an established mouse model to study the effect of perinatal DEHP exposure on the DNA methylation profile in liver (a primary target tissue of DEHP) and blood (a common surrogate tissue) of both juvenile and adult mice. Despite exposure ceasing at 3 weeks of age (PND21), we identified thousands of sex-specific differential DNA methylation events in 5-month old mice, more than identified at PND21, both in blood and liver. Only a small number of these differentially methylated cytosines (DMCs) overlapped between the time points, or between tissues (i.e. liver and blood), indicating blood may not be an appropriate surrogate tissue to estimate the effects of DEHP exposure on liver DNA methylation. We detected sex-specific DMCs common between 3-week and 5-month samples, pointing to specific DNA methylation alterations that are consistent between weanling and adult mice. In summary, this is the first study to assess the genome-wide DNA methylation profiles in liver and blood at two different aged cohorts in response to perinatal DEHP exposure. Our findings cast light on the implications of using surrogate tissue instead of target tissue in human population-based studies and identify epigenetic biomarkers for DEHP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Liu
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 500 S State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 500 S State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Laurie K Svoboda
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, 500 S State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Christine A Rygiel
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, 500 S State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kari Neier
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, 500 S State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tamara R Jones
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, 500 S State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Raymond G Cavalcante
- Epigenomics Core, University of Michigan, 500 S State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Justin A Colacino
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, 500 S State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan, 500 S State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Dana C Dolinoy
- Correspondence address. Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA. Tel: +734-647-3155; Fax: +734-936-7283; E-mail: (D.C.D.); Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2218, USA . Tel: +734-763-8013; Fax: +734-615-6553; E-mail: (M.A.S.)
| | - Maureen A Sartor
- Correspondence address. Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA. Tel: +734-647-3155; Fax: +734-936-7283; E-mail: (D.C.D.); Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2218, USA . Tel: +734-763-8013; Fax: +734-615-6553; E-mail: (M.A.S.)
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Chen Y, Zhang W, Chen J, Wang N, Chen C, Wang Y, Wan H, Chen B, Lu Y. Association of Phthalate Exposure with Thyroid Function and Thyroid Homeostasis Parameters in Type 2 Diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2021; 2021:4027380. [PMID: 34746318 PMCID: PMC8566079 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4027380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Phthalates, which are recognized environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals, are associated with thyroid hormone disruption. We aimed to evaluate the relationship of phthalate metabolites with thyroid function and thyroid homeostasis parameters in type 2 diabetes and to explore whether thyroid autoimmunity status and metformin, the most common antidiabetic drug, may influence such associations. METHODS Concurrent urine and blood samples were collected from 639 participants with type 2 diabetes in the METAL (Environmental Pollutant Exposure and Metabolic Diseases in Shanghai) study. We measured urinary concentrations of thirteen phthalate metabolites along with serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total T4 and T3, free T4 (FT4) and T3 (FT3), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), and thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb). Four parameters of thyroid homeostasis, including the sum activity of step-up deiodinases (SPINA-GD), thyroid secretory capacity (SPINA-GT), Jostel's TSH index (TSHI), and thyrotroph thyroid hormone resistance index (TTSI), were also calculated. RESULTS Among all participants, after full adjustment, multivariable regression analysis showed that some urine phthalate metabolites were negatively associated with TSH, TSHI, and TTSI levels and positively associated with FT3, T3, SPINA-GD, and SPINA-GT levels. None of the urine phthalate metabolites exhibited a significant association with thyroid autoimmunity. The associations of phthalate metabolites with thyroid function and thyroid homeostasis parameters differed based on thyroid autoantibody and metformin treatment status. CONCLUSIONS Urinary phthalate metabolites may be associated with thyroid function and thyroid homeostasis parameters among participants with type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, our present study suggested that thyroid autoantibody status and metformin treatment status are potential mediators of such associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - JingSi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningjian Wang
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chi Chen
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuying Wang
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Heng Wan
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingli Lu
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Environmental Chemicals Altered in Association With Deployment for High Risk Areas. J Occup Environ Med 2020; 61 Suppl 12:S15-S24. [PMID: 31800447 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A study was conducted using serum samples and high-resolution metabolomics (HRM) to test for changes in abundance of environmental chemicals in deployment in high-risk areas (Balad, Iraq; Bagram, Afghanistan). METHODS Pre and Post-deployment serum samples for deployment (cases) and matched controls stationed domestically were analyzed by HRM and bioinformatics for the relative abundance of 271 environmental chemicals. RESULTS Of the 271 chemicals, 153 were measurable in at least 80% of the samples in one of the pre- or post-deployment groups. Several pesticides and other chemicals were modestly elevated post-deployment in the Control as well as the Bagram and Balad samples. Similarly, small decreases were seen for some chemicals. CONCLUSION These results using serum samples show that for the 271 environmental chemicals studied, 56% were detected and small differences occurred with deployment to high-risk areas.
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35
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Ramadan M, Cooper B, Posnack NG. Bisphenols and phthalates: Plastic chemical exposures can contribute to adverse cardiovascular health outcomes. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:1362-1385. [PMID: 32691967 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates and bisphenols are high production volume chemicals that are used in the manufacturing of consumer and medical products. Given the ubiquity of bisphenol and phthalate chemicals in the environment, biomonitoring studies routinely detect these chemicals in 75-90% of the general population. Accumulating evidence suggests that such chemical exposures may influence human health outcomes, including cardiovascular health. These associations are particularly worrisome for sensitive populations, including fetal, infant and pediatric groups-with underdeveloped metabolic capabilities and developing organ systems. In the presented article, we aimed to review the literature on environmental and clinical exposures to bisphenols and phthalates, highlight experimental work that suggests that these chemicals may exert a negative influence on cardiovascular health, and emphasize areas of concern that relate to vulnerable pediatric groups. Gaps in our current knowledge are also discussed, so that future endeavors may resolve the relationship between chemical exposures and the impact on pediatric cardiovascular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manelle Ramadan
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Blake Cooper
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Nikki Gillum Posnack
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University, School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, George Washington University, School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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36
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Kim JH, Kim SH. Exposure to Phthalate Esters and the Risk of Endometriosis. Dev Reprod 2020; 24:71-78. [PMID: 32734124 PMCID: PMC7375982 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2020.24.2.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis is a common gynecologic disease, worldwide, whose true prevalence
is uncertain because it is a difficult disease to diagnose. Endometriosis is a
common cause of chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, and infertility, and is also
associated with ovarian cancer. Although the risk factors for endometriosis are
unclear, there is increasing evidence that exposure to environmental
contaminants, especially phthalates, could affect the pathogenesis of
endometriosis. Phthalates are industrial chemicals, used to make flexible
plastics, and are present in numerous common plastic products, including medical
devices and materials. Several in vitro studies have suggested
a positive association between exposure to phthalate, or phthalate metabolites,
and the risk of endometriosis. Since the 2000s, studies based on human plasma
and urinary concentrations of various phthalate metabolites have been published,
but there are still limitations to our understanding of the pathophysiology of
phthalates and endometriosis. This report aims to review the current state of
knowledge about a possible role of phthalates in the pathogenesis of
endometriosis based on cell culture, animal models, and human data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hee Kim
- Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Kim
- Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
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Dutta S, Haggerty DK, Rappolee DA, Ruden DM. Phthalate Exposure and Long-Term Epigenomic Consequences: A Review. Front Genet 2020; 11:405. [PMID: 32435260 PMCID: PMC7218126 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthalates are esters of phthalic acid which are used in cosmetics and other daily personal care products. They are also used in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastics to increase durability and plasticity. Phthalates are not present in plastics by covalent bonds and thus can easily leach into the environment and enter the human body by dermal absorption, ingestion, or inhalation. Several in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that phthalates can act as endocrine disruptors and cause moderate reproductive and developmental toxicities. Furthermore, phthalates can pass through the placental barrier and affect the developing fetus. Thus, phthalates have ubiquitous presence in food and environment with potential adverse health effects in humans. This review focusses on studies conducted in the field of toxicogenomics of phthalates and discusses possible transgenerational and multigenerational effects caused by phthalate exposure during any point of the life-cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Dutta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Diana K Haggerty
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Daniel A Rappolee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States.,Reproductive Stress, Inc., Grosse Pointe Farms, MI, United States
| | - Douglas M Ruden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States.,Institutes for Environmental Health Science, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
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38
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Vu THV, Lim H, Shin H. Determination of 15 Biomarkers of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Human Saliva by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thi Hoang Van Vu
- Department of Environmental ScienceKongju National University Kongju 314‐701 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun‐Hee Lim
- Drug Abuse Research CenterKongju National University Kongju 314‐701 Republic of Korea
| | - Ho‐Sang Shin
- Department of Environmental EducationKongju National University Kongju 314‐701 Republic of Korea
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39
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Meling DD, Warner GR, Szumski JR, Gao L, Gonsioroski AV, Rattan S, Flaws JA. The effects of a phthalate metabolite mixture on antral follicle growth and sex steroid synthesis in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 388:114875. [PMID: 31884101 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are used as solvents and plasticizers in a wide variety of consumer products. Most people are exposed to phthalates as parent compounds through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. However, these parent compounds are quickly metabolized to more active compounds in several tissues. Although studies indicate that phthalate metabolites reach the ovary, little is known about whether they are ovarian toxicants. Thus, this study tested the hypothesis that phthalate metabolites influence the expression of genes involved in sex steroid synthesis, cell cycle regulation, cell death, oxidative stress, and key receptors, as well as production of sex steroid hormones by mouse antral follicles. The selected metabolite mixture consisted of 36.7% monoethyl phthalate (MEP), 19.4% mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), 15.3% monobutyl phthalate (MBP), 10.2% monoisobutyl phthalate (MiBP), 10.2% monoisononyl phthalate (MiNP), and 8.2% monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP). Antral follicles from adult CD-1 mice were cultured for 96 h with vehicle control (DMSO) or metabolite mixture (0.065-325 μg/mL). Growth of follicles in culture was monitored every 24 h. Total RNA was isolated after 24 and 96 h and used for gene expression analysis. Media were collected and subjected to hormone analysis. Exposure to the phthalate mixture inhibited follicle growth, decreased expression of steroidogenic enzymes, and altered the levels of sex steroids relative to control. The mixture, primarily at the two highest doses, also altered expression of cell cycle regulators, apoptotic factors, oxidative stress genes, and some receptors. Collectively, these data suggest that mixtures of phthalate metabolites can directly impact follicle health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl D Meling
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 S. Lincoln Ave., Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
| | - Genoa R Warner
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 S. Lincoln Ave., Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
| | - Jason R Szumski
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 S. Lincoln Ave., Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
| | - Liying Gao
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 S. Lincoln Ave., Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
| | - Andressa V Gonsioroski
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 S. Lincoln Ave., Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
| | - Saniya Rattan
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 S. Lincoln Ave., Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
| | - Jodi A Flaws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 S. Lincoln Ave., Urbana, IL 61802, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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40
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Bastiaensen M, Malarvannan G, Been F, Yin S, Yao Y, Huygh J, Clotman K, Schepens T, Jorens PG, Covaci A. Metabolites of phosphate flame retardants and alternative plasticizers in urine from intensive care patients. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 233:590-596. [PMID: 31200129 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Several regulatory offices called for the phase-out of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in medical devices if safer alternatives are available. In medical devices, the occurrence of alternative plasticizers (APs) is widely variable among types of devices. However, plasticizer use is constantly evolving, as there is no reference to guide manufacturers in the choice and amount to be integrated into their products. As intensive care unit (ICU) patients need numerous indwelling plastic devices during their treatment, we hypothesized that these patients are exposed to APs and phosphate flame retardants and plasticizers (PFRs). Urinary metabolites of APs and PFRs were analyzed in the urine of adult ICU patients (n = 24) over a time period of four days. Our results show that adult ICU patients are exposed to PFRs as well as to APs concentrations were much lower compared to the levels of DEHP metabolites in the same samples. However, significantly higher than in controls (n = 15) this exposure resulted in detectable urinary levels in almost every patient and at every studied time point. Increasing temporal trends were observed for several metabolites from admission until day 3 at ICU. The use of specific medical devices, such as continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), was associated with an increase in urinary concentrations for several PFR metabolites, despite the lack of information on the presence of these plasticizer chemicals in such medical devices. Further research into the possibly toxic effects of these chemicals released from medical devices is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Bastiaensen
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Govindan Malarvannan
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Frederic Been
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Shanshan Yin
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Yiming Yao
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium; MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Johan Huygh
- GZA, Campus Sint-Vincentius, Sint-Vincentiusstraat 20, 2018, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Katrien Clotman
- KLINA Hospital, Departement of Endocrinology, 2930, Brasschaat, Belgium
| | - Tom Schepens
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Philippe G Jorens
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Pednekar PP, Gajbhiye RK, Patil AD, Surve SV, Datar AG, Balsarkar GD, Chuahan AR, Vanage GR. Estimation of plasma levels of bisphenol-A & phthalates in fertile & infertile women by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Indian J Med Res 2019; 148:734-742. [PMID: 30778008 PMCID: PMC6396564 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2077_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Bisphenol-A (BPA) and phthalates are utilized widely in consumer products. Due to their ubiquitous presence in the environment, a concern is expressed worldwide about their possible effect on human reproductive health. This study was conducted to compare the internal exposure of BPA and phthalates (using their metabolites as biomarkers) in plasma samples of infertile and fertile women. Methods: A sensitive gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) method was developed to simultaneously quantify BPA and four phthalate monoester metabolites [namely mono-methyl phthalate (MMP), mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) and mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP)] in human plasma. The method was validated using charcoal-stripped human plasma. Activated charcoal was also utilized to reduce contamination from reagents. The method was designed to account for and/or eliminate background contamination from all sources. Results: The limit of quantification for the method was 5 ng/ml for MMP and MBzP, while 1 ng/ml for BPA, MEHP and MEHHP, respectively. The precision and accuracy were well within the acceptable range. BPA was detectable in 77 per cent of plasma samples of infertile women and 29 per cent of fertile women. All the four phthalate metabolites were detected in plasma samples of both fertile and infertile women. Interpretation & conclusions: A GC-MS was developed and validated to estimate the BPA and four phthalate monoester metabolites in human plasma. It was utilised to analyse the plasma samples from fertile and infertile women. The infertile women showed significantly higher plasma concentrations of MBzP, BPA and MEHHP as compared to fertile women. The levels of MMP and MEHP were not significantly different between the two groups. Further studies need to be done to confirm these preliminary findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajakta Parag Pednekar
- National Center for Preclinical Reproductive & Genetic Toxicology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Rahul Krishnaji Gajbhiye
- Department of Clinical Research-I, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Anushree D Patil
- Department of Clinical Research-I, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Suchitra Vishwambhar Surve
- Department of Clinical Research-I, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | | | | | - Anahita R Chuahan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College & King Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Geeta Ramesh Vanage
- National Center for Preclinical Reproductive & Genetic Toxicology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
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Encircling granulosa cells protects against di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate-induced apoptosis in rat oocytes cultured in vitro. ZYGOTE 2019; 27:203-213. [DOI: 10.1017/s0967199419000121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThe present study investigated if the presence of encircling granulosa cells protected against di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP)-induced oxidative stress in rat oocytes cultured in vitro. Denuded oocytes and cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) were treated with or without various doses of DEHP (0.0, 25.0, 50.0, 100, 200, 400 and 800 μM) in vitro. Morphological apoptotic changes, levels of oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential, and expression levels of apoptotic markers (Bcl2, Bax, cytochrome c) were analyzed. Our results showed that DEHP induced morphological apoptotic changes in a dose-dependent manner in denuded oocytes cultured in vitro. The effective dose of DEHP (400 µg) significantly (P>0.05) increased oxidative stress by elevating ROS levels and the mitochondrial membrane potential with higher mRNA expression and protein levels of apoptotic markers (Bax, cytochrome c). Encircling granulosa cells protected oocytes from DEHP-induced morphological changes, increased oxidative stress and ROS levels, as well as increased expression of apoptotic markers. Taken together our data suggested that encircling granulosa cells protected oocytes against DEHP-induced apoptosis and that the presence of granulosa cells could act positively towards the survival of oocytes under in vitro culture conditions and may be helpful during assisted reproductive technique programmes.
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Rattan S, Beers HK, Kannan A, Ramakrishnan A, Brehm E, Bagchi I, Irudayaraj JMK, Flaws JA. Prenatal and ancestral exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate alters gene expression and DNA methylation in mouse ovaries. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 379:114629. [PMID: 31211961 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a commonly used plasticizer and known endocrine disrupting chemical, which causes transgenerational reproductive toxicity in female rodents. However, the mechanisms of action underlying the transgenerational toxicity of DEHP are not understood. Therefore, this study determined the effects of prenatal and ancestral DEHP exposure on various ovarian pathways in the F1, F2, and F3 generations of mice. Pregnant CD-1 dams were orally exposed to corn oil (vehicle control) or DEHP (20 μg/kg/day-750 mg/kg/day) from gestation day 10.5 until birth. At postnatal day 21 for all generations, ovaries were removed for gene expression analysis of various ovarian pathways and for 5-methyl cytosine (5-mC) quantification. In the F1 generation, prenatal DEHP exposure disrupted the expression of cell cycle regulators, the expression of peroxisome-proliferator activating receptors, and the percentage of 5-mC compared to control. In the F2 generation, exposure to DEHP decreased the expression of steroidogenic enzymes, apoptosis factors, and ten-eleven translocation compared to controls. It also dysregulated the expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) factors. In the F3 generation, ancestral DEHP exposure decreased the expression of steroidogenic enzymes, PI3K factors, cell cycle regulators, apoptosis factors, Esr2, DNA methylation mediators, and the percentage of 5-mC compared to controls. Overall, the data show that prenatal and ancestral DEHP exposure greatly suppress gene expression of pathways required for folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis in the ovary in a transgenerational manner and that gene expression may be influenced by DNA methylation. These results provide insight into some of the mechanisms of DEHP-mediated toxicity in the ovary across generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saniya Rattan
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Hannah K Beers
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Athilakshmi Kannan
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Anujaianthi Ramakrishnan
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Emily Brehm
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Indrani Bagchi
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Joseph M K Irudayaraj
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Jodi A Flaws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America.
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Kratochvil I, Hofmann T, Rother S, Schlichting R, Moretti R, Scharnweber D, Hintze V, Escher BI, Meiler J, Kalkhof S, von Bergen M. Mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) and mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) but not di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) bind productively to the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33 Suppl 1:75-85. [PMID: 30085373 PMCID: PMC6367069 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The most frequently occurring phthalate, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), causes adverse effects on glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in several cell models and epidemiological studies. However, thus far, there is no information available on the molecular interaction of phthalates and one of the key regulators of the metabolism, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Since the endogenous ligand of PPARγ, 15-deoxy-delta-12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15Δ-PGJ2 ), features structural similarity to DEHP and its main metabolites produced in human hepatic metabolism, mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) and mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), we tested the hypothesis of direct interactions between PPARγ and DEHP or its transformation products. METHODS Hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) and docking were conducted to obtain structural insights into the interactions and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis to reveal information about binding levels. To confirm the activation of PPARγ upon ligand binding on the cellular level, the GeneBLAzer® bioassay was performed. RESULTS HDX-MS and SPR analyses demonstrated that the metabolites MEHP and MEOHP, but not DEHP itself, bind to the ligand binding pocket of PPARγ. This binding leads to typical activation-associated conformational changes, as observed with its endogenous ligand 15Δ-PGJ2 . Furthermore, the reporter gene assay confirmed productive interaction. DEHP was inactive up to a concentration of 14 μM, while the metabolites MEHP and MEOHP were active at low micromolar concentrations. CONCLUSIONS In summary, this study gives structural insights into the direct interaction of PPARγ with MEHP and MEOHP and shows that the DEHP transformation products may modulate the lipid metabolism through PPARγ pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Kratochvil
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, UFZ, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tommy Hofmann
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, UFZ, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sandra Rother
- Institute of Materials Science, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, TU Dresden, Budapester Straße 27, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Rita Schlichting
- Department of Cell Toxicology, UFZ, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rocco Moretti
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Dieter Scharnweber
- Institute of Materials Science, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, TU Dresden, Budapester Straße 27, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Vera Hintze
- Institute of Materials Science, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, TU Dresden, Budapester Straße 27, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Beate I. Escher
- Department of Cell Toxicology, UFZ, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jens Meiler
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Stefan Kalkhof
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, UFZ, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, UFZ, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Mengozzi A, Carli F, Biancalana E, Della Latta V, Seghieri M, Gastaldelli A, Solini A. Phthalates Exposure as Determinant of Albuminuria in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:1491-1499. [PMID: 30462244 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Recent epidemiological observations have reported an association among phthalates exposure and insulin resistance, obesity, and diabetes but have not related exposure to these environmental pollutants with microvascular complications of diabetes. OBJECTIVE To explore the relationship between phthalates and renal function in subjects with diabetes. DESIGN Cross-sectional, case-only study. Concentrations of three urinary metabolites of di-2-ethylhexylphthalate were quantified in a spot morning urine sample, normalized for creatinine urinary excretion, and related to clinical parameters and phenotype, adjusting for confounders. PATIENTS Two hundred and nine patients with diabetes consecutively referred to our clinic. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Relationship between phthalates and renal function [evaluated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albuminuria]. RESULTS Creatinine-adjusted urinary concentrations of mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate (MEOHP), and mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate were 7.53 µg/g (range, 4.84 to 12.60), 3.04 µg/g (range, 1.03 to 5.14), and 10.70 µg/g (7.02 to 17.40), respectively. Age, sex, body mass index, diabetes duration, smoking, blood pressure, glycated Hb, and eGFR did not influence their levels. Exposure to MEHP and MEOHP was greater in individuals with microalbuminuria/macroalbuminuria (MEHP, P = 0.0173; MEOHP, P = 0.0306). The fourth vs first quartile showed a greater risk of albuminuria (MEHP: OR, 4.83; 95% CI, 1.45 to 16.06; P = 0.0297; MEOHP: OR, 3.29; 95% CI, 1.08 to 10.04); P = 0.0352). MEOHP was greater (P = 0.034) in subjects with cardiovascular events; MEHP showed a positive trend (P = 0.061). CONCLUSION Our findings have revealed an association between exposure to di-2-ethylhexylphthalate metabolites and the degree of albuminuria in subjects with diabetes; the lack of a relationship with eGFR suggests their urinary levels are independent of renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Mengozzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Carli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Edoardo Biancalana
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Marta Seghieri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Amalia Gastaldelli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Solini
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Balalian AA, Whyatt RM, Liu X, Insel BJ, Rauh VA, Herbstman J, Factor-Litvak P. Prenatal and childhood exposure to phthalates and motor skills at age 11 years. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 171:416-427. [PMID: 30731329 PMCID: PMC6814270 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous reports suggest that prenatal phthalate exposure is associated with lower scores on measures of motor skills in infants and toddlers. Whether these associations persist into later childhood or preadolescence has not been studied. METHODS In a follow up study of 209 inner-city mothers and their children the concentrations of mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), monoisobutyl phthalate (MiBP), monomethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-carboxy-isooctyl phthalate (MCOP), and four di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate metabolites (ΣDEHP) were measured in spot urine sample collected from the women in late pregnancy and from their children at ages 3, 5, and 7 years. The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency short form (BOT-2) was administered at child age 11 to assess gross and fine motor skills. RESULTS The total number of children included in the study was 209. Of the 209 children, 116(55.5%) were girls and 93 were (45%) boys. Among girls, prenatal MnBP(b=-2.09; 95%CI: [-3.43, -0.75]), MBzP (b=-1.14; [95%CI: -2.13, -0.14]), and MiBP(b=-1.36; 95%CI: [-2.51, -0.21] and MEP(b=-1.23 [95%CI: -2.36, -0.11]) were associated with lower total BOT-2 composite score. MnBP (b= -1.43; 95% CI: [-2.44, -0.42]) was associated with lower fine motor scores and MiBP(b = -0.56; 95% CI: [-1.12, -0.01]) and MEP (b = -0.60; 95% CI: [-1.14, -0.06])was associated with lower gross motor scores. Among boys, prenatal MBzP (b = -0.79; 95% CI: [-1.40, -0.19]) was associated with lower fine motor composite score. The associations between MEP measured at age 3 and the BOT-2 gross motor, fine motor and total motor score differed by sex. In boys, there was an inverse association between ΣDEHP metabolites measured in childhood at ages 3 (b = -1.30; 95% CI: [-2.34, -0.26]) and 7 years (b = -0.96; 95% CI: [-1.79, -0.13]), and BOT-2 fine motor composite scores. CONCLUSIONS Higher prenatal exposure to specific phthalates was associated with lower motor function among 11- year old girls while higher postnatal exposure to ΣDEHP metabolites was associated with lower scores among boys. As lower scores on measures of motor development have been associated with more problems in cognitive, socioemotional functioning and behavior, the findings of this study have implications related to overall child development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arin A Balalian
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Robin M Whyatt
- Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Xinhua Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Beverly J Insel
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Virginia A Rauh
- Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Julie Herbstman
- Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Pam Factor-Litvak
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Zhao F, Kang Q, Zhang X, Liu J, Hu J. Urinary biomarkers for assessment of human exposure to monomeric aryl phosphate flame retardants. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 124:259-264. [PMID: 30660026 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
While monomeric aryl organophosphate flame retardants (m-aryl-OPFRs) are used worldwide in a variety of consumer products, specific biomarkers for epidemiologic studies are lacking. To explore the potential of urinary hydroxylated metabolites of m-aryl-OPFRs as the biomarkers, we detected triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP), and tricresyl phosphate (TCrP) in 259 whole blood samples and their 5 hydroxylated and 2 diester metabolites in the paired urine samples from the general population. 2-Ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl diphenyl phosphate (5-OH-EHDPP), 4-hydroxyphenyl diphenyl phosphate (4-OH-TPHP), and 3-hydroxy-4-methylphenyl di-p-tolyl phosphate (3-OH-MDTP) were detected in >80% of urine samples after enzymatic hydrolysis of conjugates, and their concentrations showed significant positive correlations with the blood concentrations of their corresponding parent compounds, respectively. To characterize the temporal reliability, the m-aryl-OPFRs metabolites were also determined in urine samples repeated nine times from six volunteers over 3 months. Urinary 5-OH-EHDPP showed strong temporal reliability (creatinine-corrected intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.58 to 0.90), and urinary 3-OH-MDTP (creatinine-corrected ICC, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.37 to 0.87) and 4-OH-TPHP (0.56; 95% CI, 0.32 to 0.80) showed moderate-to-strong temporal reliability, while relatively weak temporal reliability was found for urinary DPHP (creatinine-corrected ICC, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.12 to 0.62). This study confirmed specific, reliable, and frequently detected biomarkers for TPHP and EHDPP and developed new biomarker of TCrP for future epidemiological research on health effects of m-aryl-OPFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanrong Zhao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qiyue Kang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jiaying Liu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianying Hu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Krais AM, Andersen C, Eriksson AC, Johnsson E, Nielsen J, Pagels J, Gudmundsson A, Lindh CH, Wierzbicka A. Excretion of Urinary Metabolites of the Phthalate Esters DEP and DEHP in 16 Volunteers after Inhalation and Dermal Exposure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15112514. [PMID: 30423997 PMCID: PMC6266104 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Phthalate esters are suspected endocrine disruptors that are found in a wide range of applications. The aim of this study was to determine the excretion of urinary metabolites in 16 individuals after inhalation and/or dermal exposure to 100–300 µg/m3 of deuterium-labelled diethyl phthalate (D4-DEP) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (D4-DEHP). Dermal exposure in this study represents a case with clean clothing acting as a barrier. After inhalation, D4-DEP and D4-DEHP metabolites were excreted rapidly, though inter-individual variation was high. D4-DEP excretion peaked 3.3 h (T½ of 2.1 h) after combined inhalation and dermal exposure, with total excreted metabolite levels ranging from 0.055 to 2.351 nmol/nmol/m3 (nmol of urinary metabolites per phthalates air concentration in (nmol/m3)). After dermal exposure to D4-DEP, metabolite excretion peaked 4.6 h (T½ of 2.7 h) after exposure, with excreted metabolite levels in between 0.017 and 0.223 nmol/nmol/m3. After combined inhalation and dermal exposure to D4-DEHP, the excretion of all five analysed metabolites peaked after 4.7 h on average (T½ of 4.8 h), and metabolite levels ranged from 0.072 to 1.105 nmol/nmol/m3 between participants. No dermal uptake of particle phase D4-DEHP was observed. In conclusion, the average excreted levels of metabolites after combined inhalation and dermal exposure to D4-DEP was three times higher than after combined exposure to D4-DEHP; and nine times higher than after dermal exposure of D4-DEP. This study was made possible due to the use of novel approaches, i.e., the use of labelled phthalate esters to avoid the background concentration, and innovative technique of phthalate generation, both in the particle and the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette M Krais
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22363 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Christina Andersen
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Axel C Eriksson
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.
| | | | - Jörn Nielsen
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22363 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Joakim Pagels
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Anders Gudmundsson
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Christian H Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22363 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Aneta Wierzbicka
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.
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49
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Jiang J, Mu D, Ding M, Zhang S, Zhang H, Hu J. Simultaneous determination of primary and secondary phthalate monoesters in the Taihu Lake: Exploration of sources. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 202:17-24. [PMID: 29554503 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
While phthalates monoesters have been recognized as the bioactive metabolites of phthalates, the knowledge on their environmental occurrence and sources is limited. In this study, monomethyl phthalate (MMP), monoethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-iso-butyl phthalate (MiBP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), and mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) were frequently detected in water samples from the Taihu Lake in China using an improved SPE-LC-MS-MS method. The mean concentrations for MMP, MEP, MiBP, MnBP, and MEHP were 51.7 ± 25.2, 6.0 ± 4.8, 19.6 ± 14.6, 42.2 ± 64.7, and 33.0 ± 37.4 ng/L, respectively, while those of their corresponding parent chemicals, DMP, DEP, DiBP, and DnBP and DEHP, were 36.54 ± 43.22, 42.64 ± 66.66, 246.8 ± 311.1, 524.7 ± 586.9, and 208.1 ± 223.5 ng/L, respectively. Three secondary monoesters of DEHP, mono (2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono (2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), and mono (2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP) were for the first time detected with mean concentration of 1.27 ± 1.33, 1.33 ± 1.54, and 0.73 ± 0.79 ng/L, respectively. The percentage of the sum concentration of MEOHP, MEHHP, and MECPP relative to total concentration of DEHP metabolites was 5.3-12.4%. DEHP was identified to be biodegraded into secondary phthalate monoesters in water from the Taihu Lake, but their contribution to the total concentration of DEHP metabolites was 1.2-3.6%, lower than those in the Taihu Lake. Primary and secondary DEHP monoesters were also detected in influents and effluents of two sewage treatment plants adjacent to the Taihu Lake, the percentages of secondary DEHP monoesters in influents were 5.8% and 11.3%, similar with those in the Taihu Lake. Taken together with their relatively high concentrations in influents, the discharging of domestic wastewater may be an important contributor to the occurrence of phthalate monoesters in the Taihu Lake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieqiong Jiang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Di Mu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mengyu Ding
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shiyi Zhang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianying Hu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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50
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Li X, Sun H, Yao Y, Zhao Z, Qin X, Duan Y, Wang L. Distribution of Phthalate Metabolites between Paired Maternal-Fetal Samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:6626-6635. [PMID: 29754483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are readily metabolized to phthalate metabolites (mPAEs) in the human body. The occurrence of mPAEs in adult human samples is well documented; however, the maternal-fetal transmission of mPAEs has seldom been studied. In this study, 78 paired maternal-fetal samples, including maternal urine (MU), maternal serum (MS), cord serum (CS), and amniotic fluid (AF), were collected from pregnant women in Tianjin, China. Seven mPAEs were detected in MS, CS, and AF, whereas all 11 investigated mPAEs were found in MU. The median concentration of ∑mPAEs was the highest in MU (128 ng/mL, with a range of 20.2-973 ng/mL), and proceeded in the order of CS (44.9, 13.9-315 ng/mL), MS (24.6, 3.75-156 ng/mL), and AF (10.4, 7.69-79.8 ng/mL). The values of ∑mPAEs and several individual mPAEs were significantly correlated between MU and MS, with generally higher concentrations in MU, which indicated that urinary mPAEs is a good indicator of PAEs' exposure in adults. Notably, the median CS:MS ratios of ∑mPAEs (1.58) were higher than 1, indicating that fetuses were exposed to mPAEs before birth. Significant correlations were also observed between MS and CS, which suggested that mPAEs in MS provide an indication of the fetal exposure. This study presents the first systematic analysis of the distribution and transmission of various mPAEs between mothers and fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Yiming Yao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Xiaolei Qin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Yishuang Duan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Lei Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
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