1
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Kuhlmann L, Hiller J, Göen T. Comprehensive assessment of the UV-filter 2-ethylhexyl salicylate and its phase I/II metabolites in urine by extended enzymatic hydrolysis and on-line SPE LC-MS/MS. Talanta 2024; 276:126223. [PMID: 38728806 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
2-ethylhexyl salicylate (EHS) is used as a UV filter in personal-care products, such as sunscreen, to prevent skin damage through UV radiation. The application of EHS-containing products leads to systemic EHS absorption, metabolization and excretion. To measure EHS and its corresponding metabolite levels in urine, a comprehensive analytical procedure based on an extended enzymatic hydrolysis, on-line-SPE, and UPLC-MS/MS was developed. The method covers a large profile of seven metabolites (including isomeric structures) as well as EHS itself in a run time only of 18 min. Easy sample preparation, consisting of a 2-h hydrolysis step, followed by on-line enrichment and purification, add to the efficiency of the method. An update, compared to a previous method for the determination of EHS and metabolites in urine, is that, during hydrolysis, both glucuronide and sulfate conjugates are considered. The method was furthermore applied to urine samples after a real-life exposure scenario to EHS-containing sunscreen. The method is highly sensitive with limits of detection ranging from 6 to 65 ng/L. Moreover, it is characterized by good precision data, accuracy, and robustness to matrix influences. Application of the method to urine samples following dermal exposure to an EHS-containing sunscreen revealed EHS as the main biomarker after dermal exposure, followed by the major biomarkers 5OH-EHS, 5cx-EPS, 4OH-EHS and 5oxo-EHS. The expansion and optimization of this method decisively contributes to the research on the dermal metabolism of EHS and can be applied in exposure studies and for human biomonitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kuhlmann
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestr. 9-11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Hiller
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestr. 9-11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Göen
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestr. 9-11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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2
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Guo Q, Deng T, Du Y, Yao W, Tian W, Liao H, Wang Y, Li J, Yan W, Li Y. Impact of DEHP on mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes and reproductive toxicity in ovary. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 282:116679. [PMID: 38981393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a widely recognized environmental endocrine disruptor that potentially impacts female reproductive function, although the specific mechanisms leading to such impairment remain unclear. A growing body of research has revealed that the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial function significantly influence oocyte quality. The structure of mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAMs) is crucial for facilitating the exchange of Ca2+, lipids, and metabolites. This study aimed to investigate the alterations in the composition and function of MAMs after DEHP exposure and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of ovarian toxicity. The female mice were exposed to DEHP at doses of 5 and 500 mg/kg/day for one month. The results revealed that DEHP exposure led to reduced serum anti-Müllerian hormone levels and increased atretic follicles in mice. DEHP induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and disrupted calcium homeostasis in oocytes. Furthermore, DEHP impaired the mitochondrial function of oocytes and reduced their membrane potential, and promoting apoptosis. Similar results were observed in human granulosa cells after exposure to mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP, metabolites of DEHP) in vitro. Proteomic analysis and transmission electron microscopy revealed modifications in the functional proteins and structure of the MAMs, and the suppression of oxidative phosphorylation pathways. The findings of this investigation provide a new perspective on the mechanism underlying the reproductive toxicity of DEHP in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchun Guo
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Taoran Deng
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yaoyao Du
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wen Yao
- General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wenqu Tian
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Hongmei Liao
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yi Wang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Juan Li
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Yufeng Li
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
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3
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Zhu Q, Zhu S, Li Q, Hu C, Pan C, Li H, Zhu Y, Li X, Tang Y, Ge RS. Prenatal diethylhexylphthalate exposure disturbs adult Leydig cell function via epigenetic downregulation of METTL4 expression in male rats. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 277:116391. [PMID: 38678792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) has been linked with a decline in testosterone levels in adult male rats, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. We investigated the potential epigenetic regulation, particularly focusing on N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification, as a possible mechanism. Dams were gavaged with DEHP (0, 10, 100, and 750 mg/kg/day) from gestational day 14 to day 21. The male offspring were examined at the age of 56 days. Prenatal DEHP administration at 750 mg/kg/day caused a decline in testosterone concentrations, an elevation in follicle-stimulating hormone, a downregulated expression of CYP11A1 HSD3B2, without affecting Leydig cell numbers. Interestingly, Methyltransferase Like 4 (METTL4), an m6A methyltransferase, was downregulated, while there were no changes in METTL3 and METTL14. Moreover, CYP11A1 showed m6A reduction in response to prenatal DEHP exposure. Additionally, METTL4 expression increased postnatally, peaking in adulthood. Knockdown of METTL4 resulted in the downregulation of CYP11A1 and HSD3B2 and an increase in SCARB1 expression. Furthermore, the increase in autophagy protection in adult Leydig cells induced by prenatal DEHP exposure was not affected by 3-methyladenosine (3MA) treatment, indicating a potential protective role of autophagy in response to DEHP exposure. In conclusion, prenatal DEHP exposure reduces testosterone by downregulating CYP11A1 and HSD3B2 via m6A epigenetic regulation and induction of autophagy protection in adult Leydig cells as a response to DEHP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, and Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325000, China
| | - Shanshan Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Scientific Research, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Qiyao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Chunnan Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Chengshuang Pan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wenzhou Medicial University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Huitao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, and Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325000, China
| | - Yang Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, and Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325000, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, and Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325000, China
| | - Yunbing Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wenzhou Medicial University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China.
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wenzhou Medicial University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, and Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325000, China.
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4
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Pérez-Díaz C, Pérez-Carrascosa FM, Riquelme-Gallego B, Villegas-Arana E, Armendariz AJ, Galindo-Ángel J, Frederiksen H, León J, Requena P, Arrebola JP. Serum Phthalate Concentrations and Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Adipose Tissue in a Spanish Adult Cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:7719-7730. [PMID: 38651840 PMCID: PMC11080070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The relationship between phthalates, a group of chemical pollutants classified as endocrine disruptors, and oxidative stress is not fully understood. The aim of the present hospital-based study was to explore the associations between circulating levels of 10 phthalate metabolites and 8 biomarkers of oxidative stress in adipose tissue. The study population (n = 143) was recruited in two hospitals in the province of Granada (Spain). Phthalate metabolite concentrations were analyzed by isotope diluted online-TurboFlow-LC-MS/MS in serum samples, while oxidative stress markers were measured by commercially available kits in adipose tissue collected during routine surgery. Statistical analyses were performed by MM estimators' robust linear regression and weighted quantile sum regression. Mainly, positive associations were observed of monomethyl phthalate (MMP), monoiso-butyl phthalate (MiBP), and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) (all low molecular weight phthalates) with glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), while an inverse association was found between monoiso-nonyl phthalate (MiNP) (high molecular weight phthalate) and the same biomarkers. WQS analyses showed significant effects of the phthalate mixture on GSH (β = -30.089; p-value = 0.025) and GSSG levels (β = -19.591; p-value = 0.030). Despite the limitations inherent to the cross-sectional design, our novel study underlines the potential influence of phthalate exposure on redox homeostasis, which warrants confirmation in further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Pérez-Díaz
- Department
of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Pharmacy School, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto
de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Avda. de Madrid, 15. Pabellón de Consultas
Externas 2, 2a Planta, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco M. Pérez-Carrascosa
- Department
of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Pharmacy School, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Blanca Riquelme-Gallego
- Department
of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Pharmacy School, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Department
of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, C/ Cortadura del Valle Sn, 51001 Ceuta, Spain
| | - Elena Villegas-Arana
- Department
of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Pharmacy School, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro Joaquín Armendariz
- Department
of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Pharmacy School, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Galindo-Ángel
- Department
of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Pharmacy School, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Hanne Frederiksen
- Department
of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University
Hospital, Rigshospitalet,
Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- International
Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption
of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Josefa León
- Instituto
de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Avda. de Madrid, 15. Pabellón de Consultas
Externas 2, 2a Planta, 18012 Granada, Spain
- CIBER
en
Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón
11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Unidad
de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio de Granada, Av. del Conocimiento, s/n, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Pilar Requena
- Department
of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Pharmacy School, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto
de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Avda. de Madrid, 15. Pabellón de Consultas
Externas 2, 2a Planta, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Consortium
for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11. Planta
0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Pedro Arrebola
- Department
of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Pharmacy School, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto
de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Avda. de Madrid, 15. Pabellón de Consultas
Externas 2, 2a Planta, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Consortium
for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11. Planta
0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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5
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Chen S, Shi Z, Zhang Q. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of diethyl phthalates in humans. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 340:122849. [PMID: 37926418 PMCID: PMC10841618 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are a family of industrial and consumer product chemicals, among which diethyl phthalate (DEP) has been widely used. DEP is metabolized into the active metabolite monoethyl phthalate (MEP) and exposure to DEP may induce male reproductive toxicity, developmental toxicity and hepatotoxicity. To better assess the toxicity of DEP and MEP, it is important to understand and predict their internal concentrations, especially in reproductive organs. Here we present a human physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of DEP. Implemented in R, the PBPK model consists of seven tissue compartments, including blood, gut, liver, fat, skin, gonad, and rest of body (RB). In the blood both DEP and MEP partition into free and bound forms, and tissue distribution is considered as blood flow-limited. DEP is metabolized in the gut and liver into MEP which is further glucuronidated and cleared through the urine. The chemical-specific parameters of the model were predicted in silico or estimated based on published human urinary MEP data after exposure to DEP in the air at 250 or 300 μg/m3 for 3 or 6 h through inhalation and dermal absorption. Sensitivity analysis identified important parameters including partition coefficients of DEP for fat, RB, and skin compartments, and the rate constants for glucuronidation of MEP and urinary excretion, with regard to Cmax, area under the curve (AUC), and clearance half-lives of DEP and MEP. A subset of the sensitive parameters was then included in hierarchical population Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulations to characterize the uncertainty and variability of these parameters. The model is consistent with the notion that dermal absorption represents a significant route of exposure to DEP in ambient air and clothing can be an effective barrier. The developed human PBPK model can be utilized upon further refinement as a quantitative tool for DEP risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zhenzhen Shi
- The Program for Experimental and Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, GA 30322, USA.
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6
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Hu YN, Zhan JT, Bai PR, An N, Tan JJ, Wang YZ, Zhu QF, Feng YQ. In-depth profiling of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolic footprints in rats using click chemistry-mass spectrometry probes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131190. [PMID: 36965353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), the most widely used plasticizers in the world, has been regarded as an endocrine disrupting chemical with serious adverse health outcomes. Accumulating evidence strongly suggests that the undesirable biological effects of DEHP are meditated by its metabolites rather than itself. However, the metabolic footprints of DEHP in vivo are still unclear. Here we developed a click chemistry-assisted mass spectrometry (CC-MS) strategy for in-depth profiling DEHP metabolites in rats. An alkyne-modified DEHP analogue (alkyne-DEHP) was synthesized as a tracer for in vivo tracing, and a pair of MS probes (4-azido-nphenylbenzamide, 4-ANPA, and its deuterated reagent d5-4-ANPA) were prepared to specifically label the alkyne-DEHP metabolites, and prominently improve their detection sensitivity and selectivity. Using the CC-MS strategy, we successfully screened 247 alkyne-DEHP metabolites from rat urine, feces, and serum, including many unrevealed metabolites, such as oxidized phthalate diester metabolites and glucuronides of phthalate monoester metabolites. The discovery of new DEHP metabolites provides additional insights for understanding the metabolism of DEHP, which may be beneficial in exploring the mechanism underlying DEHP induced-toxicity in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ning Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jin-Tao Zhan
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Pei-Rong Bai
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Na An
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jun-Jie Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yan-Zhen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Quan-Fei Zhu
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Yu-Qi Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
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7
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Yu Z, Iyer L, Swiercz AP, Paronett E, Ramadan M, Marvar PJ, Posnack NG. The Impact of Chronic Phthalate Exposure on Rodent Anxiety and Cognition. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.13.536567. [PMID: 37886449 PMCID: PMC10602041 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.13.536567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing importance for environmental contributions to psychiatric disorders and understanding the impact of the exposome (i.e., pollutants and toxins). Increased biomonitoring and epidemiological studies, for example, suggest that daily phthalate chemical exposure contribute to neurological and behavioral abnormalities, however these mechanisms remain poorly understood. The current study therefore aimed to examine the effects of chronic phthalate exposure on rodent anxiety behaviors, cognition, and the impact on hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal (HPA)-axis function. Adult male mice (C57BL6/J) were administered mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) via drinking water (1 mg/ml), and anxiety-like behavior, cognition combined with HPA- axis and inflammatory assays were assessed after 3 weeks of MEHP exposure. MEHP-treated mice exhibited enhanced generalized anxiety-like behaviors, as demonstrated by reduced time spent in the open-arm of the elevated plus maze (EPM) and center exploration in the open field (OF). Tests of spatial, cognition and memory function were unchanged. Following MEHP administration, circulating levels of corticosterone and pro- inflammatory cytokines were significantly increased, while at the tissue level, MEHP-dependent reductions in glucocorticoid metabolism genes 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) 1 and 2. These data suggest that chronic MEHP exposure leads to enhanced generalized-anxiety behaviors independent of rodent measures of cognition and memory, which maybe driven by MEHP-dependent effects on HPA-axis and peripheral glucocorticoid metabolism function.
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8
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Liu H, Xu L, Zhou L, Han W, Li Z, Liu C. DBP induced autophagy and necrotic apoptosis in HepG2 cells via the mitochondrial damage pathway. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 176:113782. [PMID: 37059380 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are widely present in human tissues and pose significant health risks. In this study, HepG2 cells were treated with 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mM Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) for 48 h to investigate mitochondrial toxicity. The results showed that DBP caused mitochondrial damage, autophagy, apoptosis and necroptosis; Transcriptomics analysis identified that MAPK and PI3K were significant factors in the cytotoxic changes induced by DBP; N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), SIRT1 activator, ERK inhibitor, p38 inhibitor and ERK siRNA treatments counteracted the changes of SIRT1/PGC-1α and Nrf2 pathway-related proteins, autophagy and necroptotic apoptosis proteins induced by DBP. While PI3K and Nrf2 inhibitors exacerbated the changes in SIRT1/PGC-1α, Nrf2-associated proteins and autophagy and necroptosis proteins induced by DBP. In addition, the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA alleviated the increase in DBP-induced necroptosis proteins. These results suggested that DBP-induced oxidative stress activated the MAPK pathway, inhibited the PI3K pathway, which in turn inhibited the SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway and Nrf2 pathway, thereby causing cell autophagy and necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Linjing Xu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Lizi Zhou
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Wenna Han
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Zhongyi Li
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Chunhong Liu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Hou P, Dai W, Jin Y, Zhao F, Liu J, Liu H. Maternal exposure to di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) depresses lactation capacity in mice. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 837:155813. [PMID: 35550907 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), mostly commonly used phthalate for the production of flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC), has the potential to induce serious health risks in humans. However, the understanding of DEHP-induced lactation performance remains largely unknown. We sought to investigate the adverse effects of DEHP on lactation and examine the underlying mechanism linking DEHP exposure with the lactation alterations. We successfully adapted a maternal DEHP exposure model in female pregnant/lactating mice. Then we determined effects of DEHP exposure on food intake, body weight and milk production as well as the alterations in endocrine factors in lactating mice. The integrated metabonomic and transcriptomic analyses of the mammary gland were performed to measure the changed metabolites and genes related to DEHP exposure-induced lactation alterations. We observed the reduced food intake with elevated blood leptin and the decreased milk yield as well as the reduced levels of serum prolactin, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1 and insulin after exposed to DEHP. Furthermore, 208 metabolites and 3452 genes were separately identified as differentially expressed features associated with DEHP exposure. Integrated metabonomic and transcriptomic analyses demonstrated that DEHP caused lactation depression mainly through impairing energy generation, inducing stress responses along with the hypoactivation of inflammation, reducing the production of antioxidants, disrupting hormone homeostasis and repressing the synthesis of milk constituents (the lower glucose availability for lactose synthesis; the disruption of milk fat globule membrane for lipid droplet formation; the ribosomal dysfunction and disruption of post-modifications for milk protein synthesis). We demonstrated that DEHP disrupted several lactation-related hormone homeostasis and multiple processes like energy insufficiency, inflammation activation, oxidative stress aggravation and disturbance of milk production in the mammary gland of female lactating mice. Our results provide valuable information for the health risk of plastic additive (DEHP) on female lactation dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Hou
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenting Dai
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanshan Jin
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fengqi Zhao
- Laboratory of Lactation and Metabolic Physiology, Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Jianxin Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongyun Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Phthalate exposure enhances incidence of urinary incontinence: US NHANES, 2003-2004 and 2005-2006. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:64692-64703. [PMID: 35474427 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20307-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the associations between phthalate exposure and UI in a nationally representative sample of US adults. Cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database was used for analysis. In total, 2,818 participants with measurements for phthalate metabolites and complete UI questionnaire data were enrolled in our study. Furthermore, seven phthalate metabolites were measured, which were obtained from urine samples and creatinine-standardized in the subsequent analyses. After dividing these phthalate metabolites into three groups, multivariable regression models were performed to evaluate the association between phthalate metabolites and UI rates. Moreover, interaction analyses and subgroup analyses stratified by gender were performed. In these seven phthalate metabolites, high level of mono-carboxynonyl phthalate (MCNP), mono-carboxyoctyl phthalate (MCOP), mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), and mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate (MCPP) showed increased risk of UI (odds ratio (OR) = 1.52, 1.42, 1.43, 1.50, 1.51, respectively, all p value < 0.05). Trend test showed that incidence of UI increased significantly with concentration. A higher incidence of UI among participants was observed in the maximal tertile of phthalate when comparing with the lowest tertile. Subgroup analysis found that different phthalates have varying influence for different types of UI. Moreover, the analyses stratified for sex indicated that the high concentrations of MCNP and median concentrations of MCCP were associated with increase of the odds of UI in women and in men, respectively. Overall, the exposure to phthalates was positively associated with UI among US adults. Notably, different phthalates have varying influence for different types of UI, and male and female exposure to phthalate could result in the different prevalence of UI.
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Brassea-Pérez E, Hernández-Camacho CJ, Labrada-Martagón V, Vázquez-Medina JP, Gaxiola-Robles R, Zenteno-Savín T. "Oxidative stress induced by phthalates in mammals: State of the art and potential biomarkers". ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 206:112636. [PMID: 34973198 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalates, plasticizers that are widely used in consumer products including toys, cosmetics, and food containers, have negative effects in liver, kidney, brain, lung and reproductive system of humans and other mammals. OBJECTIVES To summarize, describe and discuss the available information on the effects of phthalate exposure in mammals, with emphasis on oxidative stress, and to suggest potential biomarkers of the health risks associated with phthalate exposure. METHODS An assessment of scientific journals was performed using the PRISMA model for systematic reviews. Manuscripts reporting effects of phthalate exposure on mammalian health published in the last decade were selected according to originality, content, and association to health hazards. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION We identified 25 peer-reviewed articles published between January 1st, 2010 and June 1st, 2021 that fit the aims and selection criteria. Phthalates induce oxidative stress and cell degenerative processes by increasing intracellular reactive species. Antioxidant cytoprotective systems decrease with time of exposure; conversely, oxidative damage markers, including thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), 8-hydroxy-2'-desoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and malondialdehyde (MDA), increase. Phthalates were associated with endocrine system disfunction, metabolic disorders, infertility, nonviable pregnancy, cell degeneration, growth impairment, tumor development, and cognitive disorders. Phthalates can also aggravate health conditions such as asthma, hepatitis, diabetes, allergies, chronic liver and kidney diseases. Among humans, the more vulnerable subjects to phthalate exposure effects were children and individuals with a prior health condition. CONCLUSION Chronic exposure to phthalates induces oxidative stress in mammals with concomitant adverse effects in reproductive, respiratory, endocrine, circulatory, and central nervous systems in both in vitro and in vivo trials. Oxidative damage markers and phthalate metabolites levels were the most common biomarkers of phthalate exposure effects. Studies in free-ranging and wild mammals are nil. Further studies on the pathways that lead to metabolic disruption are needed to identify potential treatments against phthalate-induced detrimental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Brassea-Pérez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Del Noroeste S.C, Planeación Ambiental y Conservación, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional #195, Col. Playa Palo Santa Rita Sur, CP 23096, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - Claudia J Hernández-Camacho
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional S/n, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, CP 23096, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - Vanessa Labrada-Martagón
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Chapultepec #1570, Col. Privadas Del Pedregal, CP 78295, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | | | - Ramón Gaxiola-Robles
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Del Noroeste S.C, Planeación Ambiental y Conservación, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional #195, Col. Playa Palo Santa Rita Sur, CP 23096, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico; Hospital General de Zona No.1. Instituto Mexicano Del Seguro Social, 5 de Febrero y Héroes de La Independencia, Centro, La Paz, Baja California Sur, C.P. 23000, Mexico
| | - Tania Zenteno-Savín
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Del Noroeste S.C, Planeación Ambiental y Conservación, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional #195, Col. Playa Palo Santa Rita Sur, CP 23096, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico.
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12
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Sun CC, Zhao S, Chu LL, Zhang SY, Li YL, Sun MF, Wang QN, Huang Y, Zhang J, Wang H, Gao L, Xu DX, Zhang SC, Xu T, Zhao LL. Di (2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate disrupts placental growth in a dual blocking mode. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 421:126815. [PMID: 34396966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Di (2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a widely used plasticizer. Maternal DEHP exposure inhibits cell proliferation and reduces placentas size, which associates with fetal growth restriction and adulthood diseases. However, the mechanism of placental cell proliferation inhibition by DEHP remains elusive. This study investigated the effect of DEHP on placental cell proliferation from cell cycle arrest. Utilizing in vitro and in vivo experiments, we investigated cell cycle arrest, DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair, genotoxic stress response, and micronuclei formation. Most DEHP metabolizes to mono (2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) and distributes to organs quickly, so MEHP and DEHP were used in cultured cell and animal experiments, respectively. Here, a double blocking mode for the proliferation inhibition of the placental cell was revealed. One is that the classical DSB repair pathways were suppressed, which arrested the cell cycle at the G2/M phase. The other is that DEHP stimulated an elevated level of progesterone, which blocked the cell cycle at metaphase by disrupting chromosome arrangement. These two sets of events facilitated micronuclei formation and resulted in cell proliferation inhibition. This findings provide a novel mechanistic understanding for DEHP to inhibit placental cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Cong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes/Department of Toxicology/Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics/MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China; Tongxiang Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Tongxiang 314500, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes/Department of Toxicology/Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics/MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Ling-Luo Chu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Shan-Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes/Department of Toxicology/Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics/MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yan-Ling Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes/Department of Toxicology/Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics/MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Mei-Fang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes/Department of Toxicology/Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics/MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Qu-Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes/Department of Toxicology/Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics/MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yichao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes/Department of Toxicology/Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics/MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes/Department of Toxicology/Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics/MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes/Department of Toxicology/Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics/MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Lan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes/Department of Toxicology/Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics/MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China
| | - De-Xiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes/Department of Toxicology/Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics/MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Shi-Chen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes/Department of Toxicology/Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics/MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes/Department of Toxicology/Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics/MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China; School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China.
| | - Ling-Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes/Department of Toxicology/Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics/MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China.
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13
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Zhang YJ, Guo JL, Xue JC, Bai CL, Guo Y. Phthalate metabolites: Characterization, toxicities, global distribution, and exposure assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118106. [PMID: 34520948 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are plasticizers in various products and regarded as endocrine disruptors due to their anti-androgen effects. Environmental occurrence and toxicities of parent phthalates have been widely reported, while the current state of knowledge on their metabolites is rarely summarized. Based on the available literature, the present review mainly aims to 1) characterize the potential metabolites of phthalates (mPAEs) using the pharmacokinetics evidences acquired via animal or human models; 2) examine the molecular and cellular mechanism involved in toxicity for mPAEs; 3) investigate the exposure levels of mPAEs in different human specimens (e.g., urine, blood, seminal fluid, breast milk, amniotic fluid and others) across the globe; 4) discuss the models and related parameters for phthalate exposure assessment. We suggest there is subtle difference in toxic mechanisms for mPAEs compared to their parent phthalates due to their alternative chemical structures. Human monitoring studies performed in Asia, America and Europe have provided the population exposure baseline levels for typical phthalates in different regions. Urine is the preferred matrix than other specimens for phthalate exposure study. Among ten urinary mPAEs, the largest proportions of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolites (40%), monoethyl phthalate (mEP) (43%) and DEHP metabolites/mEP (both 29%) were observed in Asia, America and Europe respectively, and mono-5-carboxy-2-ethypentyl phthalate was the most abundant compounds among DEHP metabolites. Daily intakes of phthalates can be accurately calculated via urinary mPAEs if the proper exposure parameters were determined. Further work should focus on combining epidemiological and biological evidences to establish links between phthalates exposure and biological phenotypes. More accurate molar fractions (FUE) of the urinary excreted monoester related to the ingested diesters should be collected in epidemiological or pharmacokinetic studies for different population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jie Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jia-Liang Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jing-Chuan Xue
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Cui-Lan Bai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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14
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Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate administered in feed to Sprague Dawley (Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD) rats. NATIONAL TOXICOLOGY PROGRAM TECHNICAL REPORT SERIES 2021:NTP-TR-601. [PMID: 35073286 PMCID: PMC8996106 DOI: 10.22427/ntp-tr-601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a member of the phthalate ester chemical class that occurs commonly in the environment and to which humans are widely exposed. Lifetime exposure to DEHP is likely to occur, including during the in utero and early postnatal windows of development. To date, no carcinogenicity assessments of DEHP have used a lifetime exposure paradigm that includes the perinatal period (gestation and lactation). The National Toxicology Program (NTP) tested the hypothesis that exposure during the perinatal period would alter the DEHP carcinogenic response quantitatively (more neoplasms) or qualitatively (different neoplasm types). Two chronic carcinogenicity assessments of DEHP were conducted in which Sprague Dawley (Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD) rats were exposed to dosed feed containing 0, 300, 1,000, 3,000, or 10,000 ppm DEHP for 2 years using different exposure paradigms. In Study 1, groups of 45 F0 time-mated females were provided dosed feed beginning on gestation day (GD) 6 through lactation. On postnatal day (PND) 21, groups of 50 F1 rats per sex continued on the study and were provided dosed feed containing the same DEHP concentration as their respective dam for 2 years. In Study 2, groups of 50 rats per sex, aged 6 to 7 weeks at study start, were provided dosed feed containing DEHP for 2 years. (Abstract Abridged).
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Huang PC, Kuo PL, Chang WH, Shih SF, Chang WT, Lee CC. Prenatal Phthalates Exposure and Cord Thyroid Hormones: A Birth Cohort Study in Southern Taiwan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18084323. [PMID: 33921744 PMCID: PMC8074059 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The regulation of thyroid hormones in the early stages of gestation plays a crucial role in the outcome of a pregnancy. Furthermore, thyroid hormones are fundamental for the fetal development of all organs, including endocrine hormone changes in uterus. Endocrine disrupting chemicals have been shown to have an effect on thyroid hormone homeostasis in newborns, which affects their later development. Few studies have proposed how phthalates could alter thyroid function through several mechanisms and the possible effects on thyroid hormone homeostasis of phthalates on pregnant women. However, the effects of cord blood phthalates and prenatal phthalate exposure on thyroid hormones in newborns remain unclear. OBJECTIVES We aim to follow up on our previous established subjects and determine the correlation between phthalate exposure and thyroid hormones in pregnant women and newborns. MATERIALS AND METHODS We recruited 61 pregnant women from the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of a medical hospital in southern Taiwan and followed up. High performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) was used to analyze urine samples for five phthalate metabolites. Serum levels of thyroid hormones were analyzed using electrochemoluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) method. We used Spearman and Pearson correlation coefficients to evaluate the correlation between each phthalate metabolites in serum and the thyroid hormone levels in fetus and parturient. Finally, multiple logistic regression was used to explore the relationship between hormones and their corresponding phthalate metabolites in cord blood. RESULTS High MBP in cord blood was correlated with negative cord serum TSH in newborns (r = -0.25, p < 0.06). By using multiple linear regression after adjusting for potential confounders (gestational and maternal age), cord serum MBP levels showed a negative association with cord serum TSH (β = 0.217, p < 0.05), cord serum T4 (β = 1.71, p < 0.05) and cord serum T4 × TSH (β = 42.8, p < 0.05), respectively. CONCLUSION We found that levels of cord serum TSH and T4 in newborns was significantly negatively associated with cord serum MBP levels after adjusting for significant covariate. The fall in TSH in newborns may potentially be delaying their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chin Huang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350, Taiwan; (P.-C.H.); (W.-T.C.)
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Lin Kuo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
- Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Fang Shih
- Department of Health Administration, College of Health Professions, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA;
| | - Wan-Ting Chang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350, Taiwan; (P.-C.H.); (W.-T.C.)
| | - Ching-Chang Lee
- Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-6-274-4412
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Zhu H, Chinthakindi S, Kannan K. A method for the analysis of 121 multi-class environmental chemicals in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1646:462146. [PMID: 33895641 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biomonitoring of human exposure to environmental chemicals has gained momentum in recent years. Biomonitoring methods often include analysis of a single class of chemicals with similar chemical properties. In this study, we describe a method that involves solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and capable of measuring 121 environmental chemicals comprising plasticizers (PMs; n = 45), environmental phenols (EPs; n = 45), and pesticides (n = 31) through a single extraction of urine. Urine samples were incubated with 20 µL of β-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase (4000 units/mL urine) (from Helix pomatia) buffered at pH 5.5 for 2 h at 37 °C for optimal deconjugation conditions. We compared two extraction methods, namely liquid-liquid extraction and SPE, and the latter with ABS Elut NEXUS® cartridges was optimized to yield best extraction efficiencies. For increased resolution and chromatographic separation, two methods involving Ultra AQ C18® and Betasil™ C18® columns were used. The MS/MS analyses were performed under both negative and positive ionization modes. The optimized method yielded excellent intra- and inter-day variabilities (relative standard deviation: 0.40-11%) and satisfactory recoveries (80-120%) for >95% of the analytes. The limits of detection were ≤ 0.1 ng/mL for 101 analytes and between 0.1 and 1.0 ng/mL for 18 analytes. The optimized SPE LC-MS/MS method was validated through the analysis of standard reference materials and proficiency test urine samples and further applied in the analysis of 21 real urine samples to demonstrate simultaneous determination of 121 environmental chemicals in urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, MSB 6-698, 550 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Sridhar Chinthakindi
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, MSB 6-698, 550 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, MSB 6-698, 550 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States.
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Frigerio G, Campo L, Mercadante R, Santos PM, Missineo P, Polledri E, Fustinoni S. Development and validation of a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method to quantify metabolites of phthalates, including di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate (DEHTP) and bisphenol A, in human urine. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8796. [PMID: 32246863 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Several phthalates and bisphenol A are endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Recently, their use has been partially restricted and less toxic compounds, such as di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate (DEHTP), have been placed on the market. The aim of this work was to develop and validate a method for the simultaneous quantitation of bisphenol A and urinary metabolites of phthalates, including DEHTP. METHODS An isotopic dilution high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS/MS) method for the determination of bisphenol A (BPA), monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate (MECPP), mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl terephthalate (MECPTP), mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl terephthalate (MEHHTP), monoethyl phthalate (MEP), and mono-n/i-butyl phthalates (MnBP/MiBP) in human urine was developed. A complete validation was carried out and the method was applied to 36 non-occupationally exposed adults. RESULTS Limits of quantitation ranged from 0.02 (MECPP) to 1 μg/L (MnBP and MiBP). Relative standard deviations below 10% indicated a suitable precision; accuracy, evaluated using a standard reference material, ranged from 74.3% to 117.5%; isotopically labelled internal standards were suitable for correcting the matrix effect. The accuracy was confirmed by the successful participation in an external verification exercise. However, for terephthalates, the validation was incomplete due to the lack of reference materials and external verification. Levels of the investigated chemicals in subjects were in line with those previously reported. CONCLUSIONS An LC/MS/MS assay for the simultaneous measurement of BPA and phthalate metabolites in human urine was developed and validated; it is useful to investigate exposure in epidemiological studies involving the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Frigerio
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Campo
- Environmental and Industrial Toxicology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosa Mercadante
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Patricia Martín Santos
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Pasquale Missineo
- Environmental and Industrial Toxicology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Polledri
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Fustinoni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Environmental and Industrial Toxicology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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18
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Rian MB, Vike-Jonas K, Gonzalez SV, Ciesielski TM, Venkatraman V, Lindstrøm U, Jenssen BM, Asimakopoulos AG. Phthalate metabolites in harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from Norwegian coastal waters. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 137:105525. [PMID: 32028175 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The exposure of marine mammals to phthalates has received considerable attention due to the ubiquitous occurrence of these pollutants in the marine environment and their potential adverse health effects. The occurrence of phthalate metabolites is well established in human populations, but data is scarce for marine mammals. In this study, concentrations of 17 phthalate metabolites were determined in liver samples collected from one hundred (n = 100) by-caught harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) along the coast of Norway. Overall, thirteen phthalate metabolites were detected in the samples. Monoethyl phthalate (mEP), mono-iso-butyl phthalate (mIBP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (mBP) and phthalic acid (PA) were the most abundant metabolites, accounting for detection rates ≥ 85%. The highest median concentrations were found for mIBP (30.6 ng/g wet weight [w.w.]) and mBP (25.2 ng/g w.w.) followed by PA (7.75 ng/g w.w.) and mEP (5.67 ng/g w.w.). The sum of the median phthalate metabolites concentrations that were found in the majority of samples (detection rates > 50%) indicated that concentrations were lower for porpoises collected along the coastal area of Bodø (Nordland), Lebesby (Finnmark) and Varangerfjord (as compared to other coastal areas); these areas are among the least populated coastal areas but also the most distant (>700 km) from offshore active oil and gas fields. The monomethyl phthalate metabolite (mMP) was detected in 69% of the samples, and to our knowledge, alongside with PA, this is the first report of their occurrence in marine mammals. PA, as the non-specific marker of phthalate exposures, showed a statistically significant negative association with the body mass and length of the harbor porpoises. Among the phthalate metabolites, statistically significant positive associations were found between mBP and mIBP, mMP and mEP, PA and mEP, mIBP and mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (mEOHP), mIBP and mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (mEHHP), mBP and mEHHP, mono-n-nonyl phthalate (mNP) and PA, and between monobenzyl phthalate (mBzP) and mNP. To our knowledge, this is the first study on the biomonitoring of 17 phthalate metabolites in harbor porpoises.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Britt Rian
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristine Vike-Jonas
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Susana Villa Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tomasz Maciej Ciesielski
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Vishwesh Venkatraman
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ulf Lindstrøm
- Institute of Marine Research, FRAM Centre, 9007 Tromsø, Norway; Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bjørn Munro Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; Department of Arctic Technology, The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), PO Box 156, NO-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway; Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Alexandros G Asimakopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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19
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Mettang T, Pauli–Magnus C, Alscher DM, Kirchgessner J, Wodarz R, Rettenmeier AW, Kuhlmann U. Influence of Plasticizer-Free CAPD Bags and Tubings on Serum, Urine, and Dialysate Levels of Phthalic Acid Esters in CAPD Patients. Perit Dial Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/089686080002000115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate the impact of a plasticizer-free device on exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and its major metabolites in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). DEHP is the most commonly used plasticizer in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products; it is added to CAPD bags in order to improve the flexibility of the material. Since DEHP leaches out of the plastic matrix, patients on CAPD are exposed to considerable amounts of DEHP and its metabolites. Design A prospective cross-over study. Setting Department of nephrology in a teaching hospital. Participants Six patients (4 female, 2 male) stable on peritoneal dialysis (PD) for at least 6 months. Interventions Patients were switched from a plasticizer-containing PVC CAPD system (A.N.D.Y. Plus, Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany) to a polyolefine-made plasticizer-free system (stay-safe, Fresenius). Main Outcome Measures Prior to and 42 days after the switch, 24-hour effluent dialysate and urine collections were performed and 10 mL blood was drawn. Concentrations of DEHP, mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), phthalic acid (PA), and 2-ethylhexanol (2-EH) in urine, dialysate, and serum were determined using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Results Complete data were obtained from 5 patients. Serum levels of PA decreased significantly during the study period (0.137 ± 0.078 mg/L vs 0.124 ± 0.049 mg/L, p = 0.04), and the respective levels of DEHP decreased insignificantly (0.097 ± 0.076 mg/L vs 0.069 ± 0.046 mg/L, p = 0.07), whereas the concentrations of MEHP and 2-EH remained unchanged. Urine concentrations of PA were high (0.81 ± 0.69 mg/L) but did not change substantially (0.70 ± 0.50 mg/L). Effluent dialysate concentrations of MEHP and PA decreased significantly (0.0176 ± 0.004 mg/L vs 0.0040 ± 0.0007 mg/L, p = 0.043 and 0.158 ± 0.056 mg/L vs 0.111 ± 0.051 mg/L, p = 0.043, respectively). Conclusions Although PD patients seem to be exposed to other sources of phthalates in addition to dialysis, use of plasticizer-free devices may help to reduce potentially immunosuppressive exposure to phthalate esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mettang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Robert Bosch Hospital, Stuttgart
| | | | - Dominik Mark Alscher
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Robert Bosch Hospital, Stuttgart
| | | | - Roman Wodarz
- Department of Occupational and Social Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen
| | - Albert W. Rettenmeier
- Department of Hygiene and Occupational Medicine, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kuhlmann
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Robert Bosch Hospital, Stuttgart
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20
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Zhang S, Sun C, Zhao S, Wang B, Wang H, Zhang J, Wang Y, Cheng H, Zhu L, Shen R, Sun M, Xu T, Zhao L. Exposure to DEHP or its metabolite MEHP promotes progesterone secretion and inhibits proliferation in mouse placenta or JEG-3 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113593. [PMID: 31771930 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Di (2-ethyl-hexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is an environmental endocrine disruptor and commonly used as plasticizer. Maternal DEHP exposure during pregnancy reduces placental size and destroys placental structure. However, the underlying mechanisms were unclear. In this study, we supposed that DEHP disturbs endocrine function of placenta to inhibit the proliferation of placental cell. Using radioimmunoassay and ELISA, we found that DEHP and its active metabolite mono (2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate (MEHP) promoted progesterone secretion in pregnant mouse and in JEG-3 cells, respectively. Therefore, placental endocrine function was altered by DEHP. The mRNA and protein level of progesterone synthetase 3β-HSD1 was elevated by DEHP, which is conducive to the synthesis of progesterone. The level of progesterone receptor was down-regulated by DEHP and MEHP in mouse placenta and in JEG-3 cells, respectively. PR deficiency further promoted the level of 3β-HSD1, which leads to a higher progesterone level. In turn, higher concentration of progesterone further inhibited the expression of PGR (PR gene). Therefore, higher progesterone down-regulated the level of its receptor PR. Meanwhile, decreased PR induced more progesterone secretion. There is a feedback loop between progesterone and PR. PR deficiency down-regulated the protein level of Cyclin D1 which plays an important role in cell proliferation. Accordingly, DEHP and its active metabolite MEHP can restrain proliferation of placental cell and disturb the progesterone secretion via decreasing the level of PR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Congcong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Hanchao Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Liya Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Ru Shen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Meifang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei, 230601, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Lingli Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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21
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Navaranjan G, Takaro TK, Wheeler AJ, Diamond ML, Shu H, Azad MB, Becker AB, Dai R, Harris SA, Lefebvre DL, Lu Z, Mandhane PJ, McLean K, Moraes TJ, Scott JA, Turvey SE, Sears MR, Subbarao P, Brook JR. Early life exposure to phthalates in the Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development (CHILD) study: a multi-city birth cohort. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2020; 30:70-85. [PMID: 31641275 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-019-0182-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have examined phthalate exposure during infancy and early life, critical windows of development. The Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development (CHILD) study, a population-based birth cohort, ascertained multiple exposures during early life. OBJECTIVE To characterize exposure to phthalates during infancy and early childhood. METHODS Environmental questionnaires were administered, and urine samples collected at 3, 12, and 36 months. In the first 1578 children, urine was analyzed for eight phthalate metabolites: mono-methyl phthalate (MMP), mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-butyl phthalate (MBP), mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), and mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate (MCPP). Geometric mean (GM) concentrations were calculated by age, together with factors that may influence concentrations. Trends with age were examined using mixed models and differences within factors examined using ANOVA. RESULTS The highest urinary concentration was for the metabolite MBP at all ages (GM: 15-32 ng/mL). Concentrations of all phthalate metabolites significantly increased with age ranging from GM: 0.5-15.1 ng/mL at 3 months and 1.9-32.1 ng/mL at 36 months. Concentrations of all metabolites were higher in the lowest income categories except for MEHP at 3 months, among children with any breastfeeding at 12 months, and in urine collected on dates with warmer outdoor temperatures (>17 °C), except for MBzP at 3 months and MEHP at 3 and 12 months. No consistent differences were found by gender, study site, or maternal age. CONCLUSIONS Higher phthalate metabolite concentrations were observed among children in lower income families. Examination of factors associated with income could inform interventions aimed to reduce infant phthalate exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amanda J Wheeler
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- University of Toronto, 223 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R4, Canada
| | - Huan Shu
- Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
| | | | | | - Ruixue Dai
- Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shelley A Harris
- University of Toronto, 223 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R4, Canada
- Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Zihang Lu
- Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Theo J Moraes
- University of Toronto, 223 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R4, Canada
- Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James A Scott
- University of Toronto, 223 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R4, Canada
| | | | | | - Padmaja Subbarao
- University of Toronto, 223 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R4, Canada
- Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey R Brook
- University of Toronto, 223 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R4, Canada.
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22
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Wang Y, Ni C, Li X, Lin Z, Zhu Q, Li L, Ge RS. Phthalate-Induced Fetal Leydig Cell Dysfunction Mediates Male Reproductive Tract Anomalies. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1309. [PMID: 31780936 PMCID: PMC6851233 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Male fetal Leydig cells in the testis secrete androgen and insulin-like 3, determining the sexual differentiation. The abnormal development of fetal Leydig cells could lead to the reduction of androgen and insulin-like 3, thus causing the male reproductive tract anomalies in male neonates, including cryptorchidism and hypospadias. Environmental pollutants, such as phthalic acid esters (phthalates), can perturb the development and differentiated function of Leydig cells, thereby contributing to the reproductive toxicity in the male. Here, we review the epidemiological studies in humans and experimental investigations in rodents of various phthalates. Most of phthalates disturb the expression of various genes encoded for steroidogenesis-related proteins and insulin-like 3 in fetal Leydig cells and the dose-additive effects are exerted after exposure in a mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chaobo Ni
- Department of Anesthesiology The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhenkun Lin
- Center of Scientific Research, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qiqi Zhu
- Center of Scientific Research, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Linxi Li
- Center of Scientific Research, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Center of Scientific Research, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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23
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Ito Y, Kamijima M, Nakajima T. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-induced toxicity and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha: a review. Environ Health Prev Med 2019; 24:47. [PMID: 31279339 PMCID: PMC6612219 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-019-0802-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) has been widely used in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride-containing products such as medical and consumer goods. Humans can easily be exposed to it because DEHP is ubiquitous in the environment. Recent research on the adverse effects of DEHP has focused on reproductive and developmental toxicity in rodents and/or humans. DEHP is a representative of the peroxisome proliferators. Therefore, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα)-dependent pathways are the expected mode of action of several kinds of DEHP-induced toxicities. In this review, we summarize DEHP kinetics and its mechanisms of carcinogenicity and reproductive and developmental toxicity in relation to PPARα. Additionally, we give an overview of the impacts of science policy on exposure sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ito
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601 Japan
| | - Michihiro Kamijima
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601 Japan
| | - Tamie Nakajima
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501 Japan
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24
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Urinary metabolites of the UV filter 2-Ethylhexyl salicylate as biomarkers of exposure in humans. Toxicol Lett 2019; 309:35-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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Domínguez-Romero E, Scheringer M. A review of phthalate pharmacokinetics in human and rat: what factors drive phthalate distribution and partitioning? Drug Metab Rev 2019; 51:314-329. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2019.1620762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Domínguez-Romero
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Scheringer
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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26
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Wakayama T, Ito Y, Sakai K, Miyake M, Shibata E, Ohno H, Kamijima M. Comprehensive review of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol as an indoor air pollutant. J Occup Health 2019; 61:19-35. [PMID: 30698348 PMCID: PMC6499367 DOI: 10.1002/1348-9585.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives 2‐Ethyl‐1‐hexanol (2EH), a fragrance ingredient and a raw material for the production of plasticizer di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate, is responsible for sick building syndrome (SBS). This review aims to clarify the 2EH characteristics as an indoor air pollutant such as indoor air concentration, emission mechanism, toxicity, and clinical effects. Methods Scientific publications in English that has been made available on PubMed as of June 2018 and ad hoc publications in regional languages were reviewed. Results Inhalation exposure to 2EH caused mucous membrane irritation in the eyes, nose, and throat in experimental animals. Studies in human volunteers revealed an increase in olfactory irritation and eye discomfort. There has been increasing evidence of 2EH being present in indoor air in buildings. The primary sources of 2EH emissions are not building materials themselves, but instead the hydrolysis of plasticizers and flooring adhesives. In particular, compounds like di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate present in polyvinyl chloride flooring materials are hydrolyzed upon contact with alkaline moisture‐containing concrete floors. That being said, it may be observed that indoor concentrations of 2EH increased every year during summer. Conclusions Unlike other volatile organic compounds that cause SBS, 2EH can be retained in indoor air for long durations, increasing the likelihood of causing undesirable health effects in building occupants exposed to it. As a precautionary measure, it is important to use flooring materials that do not emit 2EH by hydrolysis, or to dry concrete before covering with flooring materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanari Wakayama
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Environmental Health, Nagoya City Public Health Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuki Ito
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Sakai
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Environmental Health, Nagoya City Public Health Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mio Miyake
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Eiji Shibata
- Department of Health and Psychosocial Medicine, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohno
- Department of Environmental Health, Nagoya City Public Health Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Michihiro Kamijima
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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27
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Miura T, Uehara S, Mizuno S, Yoshizawa M, Murayama N, Kamiya Y, Shimizu M, Suemizu H, Yamazaki H. Steady-State Human Pharmacokinetics of Monobutyl Phthalate Predicted by Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Using Single-Dose Data from Humanized-Liver Mice Orally Administered with Dibutyl Phthalate. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:333-340. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Miura
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Shotaro Uehara
- Laboratory Animal Research Department, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Sawa Mizuno
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Manae Yoshizawa
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kamiya
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Makiko Shimizu
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suemizu
- Laboratory Animal Research Department, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
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28
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Iwata H, Goto M, Sakai N, Suemizu H, Yamazaki H. Predictability of human pharmacokinetics of diisononyl phthalate (DINP) using chimeric mice with humanized liver. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:1311-1322. [PMID: 30589368 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1564087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
1. In order to investigate the pharmacokinetics of diisononyl phthalate (DINP) in humans, we administered [phenyl-U-14C]DINP at a dose of 50.0 mg/kg orally to chimeric mice (humanized-liver mice) in which the liver of TK-NOG mice (control mice) was replaced with human hepatocytes. 2. The plasma radioactivity concentrations peaked (18.0 and 59.9 µg equivalent of DINP/mL, respectively) at 2 h after administration in control and humanized-liver mice. Concentrations rose again at 8 h in controls, but not in humanized-liver mice. 3. The cumulative excretion rates in urine and feces, respectively, were 58.1% and 37.3% of the doses in controls up to 48 h, but were 86.0% and 7.7% in humanized-liver mice. 4. The main circulating metabolites in control and humanized-liver mice were monoisononyl phthalate (MINP) and the glucuronide of oxidized MINP, respectively. The urinary excretion ratio of the glucuronide of oxidized MINP in control mice was one-third of that in humanized-liver mice. 5. The present results suggested that the oxidation rates of the primary metabolite of DINP and their excretion routes to urine/feces were different for control and humanized-liver mice. Species differences in liver activities could be a determinant factor in the in vivo metabolism and disposition of diallyl phthalates such as DINP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hiroshi Suemizu
- b Central Institute for Experimental Animals , Kawasaki , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- c Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University , Machida , Japan
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Kim SH, On JW, Pyo H, Ko KS, Won JC, Yang J, Park MJ. Percentage fractions of urinary di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites: Association with obesity and insulin resistance in Korean girls. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208081. [PMID: 30481198 PMCID: PMC6258563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We assessed the associations of percentage fractions of urinary di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolites with obesity and insulin resistance in Korean girls. METHODS In total, 137 girls, aged 6 to 13 years (65 overweight cases and 72 controls), were recruited. Anthropometric indices and the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index were determined. Four major urinary DEHP metabolites were analyzed in spot urine samples by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, including mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), and mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate. RESULTS There were no significant differences in the urinary concentrations of the DEHP metabolites between the overweight and control groups. The percentage fraction of MEHHP (MEHHP%) among all DEHP metabolites was significantly higher in the overweight prepubertal girls than in the controls (P = 0.035). MEHHP% was positively associated with the body mass index percentile, waist circumference, body fat percentage, and HOMA-IR index in the prepubertal girls. After adjusting for covariates, the prepubertal girls in a higher MEHHP% quartile were found to have a higher odds ratio for central obesity than those in a lower quartile (odds ratios: 5.05 for quartile 3; 7.30 for quartile 4). The relative rate of MEHHP oxidation to MEOHP was negatively associated with the body mass index percentile and waist circumference in the prepubertal girls. However, no such association was observed in the pubertal girls. CONCLUSIONS MEHHP% was positively associated with obesity and insulin resistance in prepubertal girls. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the causal links between altered phthalate metabolism and increased susceptibility to insulin resistance in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Hye Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-won On
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heesoo Pyo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Soo Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Chul Won
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Yang
- Institute for Environmental Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jung Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Analyzing terephthalate metabolites in human urine as biomarkers of exposure: Importance of selection of metabolites and deconjugation enzyme. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1100-1101:91-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Biomonitoring and Subsequent Risk Assessment of Combined Exposure to Phthalates in Iranian Children and Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15112336. [PMID: 30360526 PMCID: PMC6265767 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to estimate the exposure and related health risks of phthalates, and to assess the health risks from combined exposure to three of the phthalates sharing the same mode of action (anti-androgenicity) in children. We determined the internal exposure of 56 Iranian children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years by analyzing seven urinary metabolites of five phthalates. The estimated daily intake values derived from the biomonitoring data ranged from 0.01 µg/kg bw/day for butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), to 17.85 µg/kg bw/day for di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). The risk assessment revealed that not only the exposure to the individual phthalates, but also the combined exposure to the three anti-androgenic phthalates (DEHP, DBP, BBP) did not raise a safety concern (hazard index values averaged 0.2). The range of maximum cumulative ratio values varied from around 1 for most individuals to around 2 in some individuals, indicating that the combined exposures were dominated by one and in some cases by two of the three anti-androgenic phthalates, especially dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and/or DEHP. Based on biomonitoring data, the overall combined exposure of Iranian children to phthalates does not raise a concern, while reduction of exposure is best focused on DEHP and DBP that showed the highest hazard quotient.
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Klein D, Kessler W, Pütz C, Semder B, Kirchinger W, Langsch A, Gries W, Otter R, Gallien A, Wurzenberger X, Filser J. Single ingestion of di-(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP) by male volunteers: DPHP in blood and its metabolites in blood and urine. Toxicol Lett 2018; 294:105-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Fu Z, Zhao F, Chen K, Xu J, Li P, Xia D, Wu Y. Association between urinary phthalate metabolites and risk of breast cancer and uterine leiomyoma. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 74:134-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Poopal RK, Ramesh M, Maruthappan V, Babu Rajendran R. Potential effects of low molecular weight phthalate esters (C 16H 22O 4 and C 12H 14O 4) on the freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:505-520. [PMID: 30090519 PMCID: PMC6062309 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00084g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to assess the toxic effect of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and diethyl phthalate (DEP) on the freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio. The median lethal concentrations of DBP and DEP for 96 h are found to be 35 and 53 mg L-1, respectively. Fish were exposed to 3.5 mg L-1 (Treatment I) and 1.75 mg L-1 (Treatment II) of DBP and 5.3 mg L-1 (Treatment I) and 2.65 mg L-1 (Treatment II) of DEP for a period of 35 days. The DBP and DEP exposed fish show a concentration based toxic effect on the selected parameters of this study. The hematological parameters, such as hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct) and erythrocyte (RBC), were found to decrease in the DBP and DEP treated fish, whereas their leucocyte (WBC) count increased compared to that of the control groups. A biphasic response is noted in the erythrocyte indices, such as mean cellular volume (MCV), mean cellular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean cellular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), throughout the study period. Exposure to DBP and DEP caused a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and chloride (Cl-) levels in the gill and brain of the fish throughout the study period when compared to that of their respective controls. The plasma protein level decreased in all the treatments, whereas the plasma glucose level significantly increased in the DBP and DEP exposed fish. Maximum inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase activity was noticed in the gill and brain of the fish exposed to DBP and DEP. The cholinesterase (ChE) activity in the brain of the fish significantly decreased throughout the study period. A significant (p < 0.05) increase in glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT) activity was noted in the fish exposed to both toxicants. The antioxidant enzymatic parameters such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were found to decrease in the gill and liver of the DBP and DEP treated fish, whereas a significant (p < 0.05) increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO) was observed. The above mentioned parameters could be used as potential biomarkers in clinical trials for the assessment of plasticizers. This study provides indispensable information towards future research on the effect of plasticizers on non-target organisms including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Poopal
- Unit of Toxicology , Department of Zoology , School of Life Sciences , Bharathiar University , Coimbatore-641046 , TamilNadu , India . ; ; ;
- Environmental Toxicology and Toxicogenomics Lab , Department of Environmental Biotechnology , Bharathidasan University , Tiruchirappalli 620024 , TamilNadu , India
| | - M Ramesh
- Unit of Toxicology , Department of Zoology , School of Life Sciences , Bharathiar University , Coimbatore-641046 , TamilNadu , India . ; ; ;
| | - V Maruthappan
- Department of Zoology , School of Life Sciences , Bharathiar University , Coimbatore-641046 , TamilNadu , India
| | - R Babu Rajendran
- Environmental Toxicology and Toxicogenomics Lab , Department of Environmental Biotechnology , Bharathidasan University , Tiruchirappalli 620024 , TamilNadu , India
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Lee KM, Kho Y, Kim PG, Park SH, Lee JH. Urinary levels of phthalate metabolites and associations with demographic characteristics in Korean adults. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:14669-14681. [PMID: 28455571 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9068-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to assess human exposure to phthalates and its associations with demographic characteristics of the subjects in the Korean National Human Biomonitoring Survey. The subjects aged between 18 and 69 were selected through nationwide stratified sampling. A total of 1874 urine samples were collected and stored at -20 °C until measurement for ten selected metabolites of phthalates (MnBP, MiBP, MBzP, MCHP, MnOP, MEHP, MEOHP, MEHHP, MiNP, and MiDP) using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The difference in the level of urinary phthalate metabolites by the characteristics of the subjects was tested for statistical significance using SAS Surveyreg procedure. The coefficients and standard errors from multiple linear regressions were exponentiated to estimate the adjusted proportional change (APC) and 95% CIs compared with a referent level. The proportion of data above LOQ was less than 20% for MCHP, MnOP, MiNP, and MiDP. Geometric means of creatinine-adjusted concentrations (unit: μg/g creatinine) of six other phthalate metabolites among Korean adults were 41.7 (95% CI 39.6-43.9) for MnBP, 17.1 (95% CI 16.1-18.1) for MiBP, 15.7 (95% CI 14.4-17.1) for MBzP, 8.65 (95% CI 8.10-9.22) for MEHP, 17.5 (95% CI 16.8-18.3) for MEOHP, and 38.1 (95% CI 36.2-40.2) for MEHHP. Urinary level of phthalates tended to be higher among subjects with older age, females, and those with vigorous daily physical activity and tended to be lower among drinkers and those with higher income. Our results suggest that the level of phthalate exposure is significant among Korean adults and thus warrants further studies to identify major source and route of exposure to phthalates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Mu Lee
- Department of Environmental Health, Korea National Open University, Daehak-Ro 86, Chongno-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Younglim Kho
- Department of Health, Environment and Safety, Eulji University, Sungnam, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Pan-Gyi Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Yongin University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Hwan Park
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Seowon University, Cheongju, Chungcheongnam-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Heon Lee
- Department of Environmental Education, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungcheongnam-Do, Republic of Korea.
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Phan-Vu DH, Tan CS. Synthesis of phthalate-free plasticizers by hydrogenation in water using RhNi bimetallic catalyst on aluminated SBA-15. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra02227a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthalate was hydrogenated to phthalate-free product by RhNi nanoparticles on Al-SBA-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc-Ha Phan-Vu
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu 30013
- ROC
| | - Chung-Sung Tan
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu 30013
- ROC
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Increased Urinary Phthalate Levels in Women with Uterine Leiomyoma: A Case-Control Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13121247. [PMID: 27983712 PMCID: PMC5201388 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13121247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the urinary concentration of 16 phthalate metabolites in 57 women with and without uterine leiomyoma (n = 30 and 27; respectively) to determine the association between phthalate exposure and uterine leiomyoma. To evaluate exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP); we calculated the molar sum of DEHP metabolites; ∑3-DEHP (combining mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP); mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP); and mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate); ∑4-DEHP (∑3-DEHP plus mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate); and ∑5-DEHP (∑4-DEHP plus mono (2-(carboxylmethyl)hexyl) phthalate (2cx-MMHP)). The log transformed urinary levels of MEHP; MEHHP; 2cx-MMHP; ∑3-DEHP; ∑4-DEHP; and ∑5-DEHP in the leiomyoma group were significantly higher than those of controls. When we adjusted for age; waist circumference; and parity using multiple logistic regression analyses; we found log ∑3-DEHP (OR = 10.82; 95% CI = 1.25; 93.46) and ∑4-DEHP (OR = 8.78; 95% CI = 1.03; 75.29) were significantly associated with uterine leiomyoma. Our findings suggest an association between phthalate exposure and uterine leiomyoma. However; larger studies are needed to investigate potential interactions between phthalate exposure and uterine leiomyoma.
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 2-ethyl-1-butanol, CAS Registry Number 97-95-0. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 97S:S157-S167. [PMID: 27658323 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The use of this material under current conditions is supported by existing information. This material was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, developmental and reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, phototoxicity/photoallergenicity, skin sensitization, as well as environmental safety. Data from the suitable read across analog 2-ethylhexanol (CAS # 104-76-7) show that this material is not genotoxic. Data from the suitable read across analog isopropyl alcohol (CAS # 67-63-0) show that this material does not have skin sensitization potential. The local respiratory toxicity endpoint was completed using the TTC (Threshold of Toxicological Concern) for a Cramer Class I material (1.4 mg/day). The repeated dose toxicity endpoint was completed using 2-ethylhexanol (CAS # 104-76-7) and 1-heptanol, 2-propyl (CAS # 10042-59-8) as suitable read across analogs, which provided a MOE > 100. The developmental and reproductive toxicity endpoint was completed using 2-ethyl-hexanol (CAS # 104-76-7) and isobutyl alcohol (CAS # 78-83-1) as suitable read across analogs, which provided a MOE > 100. The phototoxicity/photoallergenicity endpoint was completed based on suitable UV spectra. The environmental endpoint was completed as described in the RIFM Framework.
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Api AM, Belsito D, Bhatia S, Bruze M, Calow P, Dagli ML, Dekant W, Fryer AD, Kromidas L, La Cava S, Lalko JF, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, Penning TM, Politano VT, Ritacco G, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Shen J, Sipes IG, Wall B, Wilcox DK. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, CAS registry number 104-76-7. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 97S:S147-S156. [PMID: 27600295 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of this material under current conditions is supported by existing information. This material was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, developmental toxicity, reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, phototoxicity, skin sensitization, as well as environmental safety. Data show that this material is not genotoxic. Data from the suitable read across analog 2-butyloctan-1-ol (CAS # 3913-02-8) show that this material does not have skin sensitization potential. The reproductive and local respiratory toxicity endpoints were completed using the TTC (Threshold of Toxicological Concern) for a Cramer Class I material (0.03 and 1.4 mg/day, respectively). The developmental and repeat dose toxicity endpoints were completed data on the target material which provided a MOE > 100. The phototoxicity/photoallergenicity endpoint was completed based on suitable UV spectra. The environmental endpoint was completed as described in the RIFM Framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA.
| | - D Belsito
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - S Bhatia
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo, SE-20502, Sweden
| | - P Calow
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Humphrey School of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota, 301 19th Avenue South, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - M L Dagli
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo, CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - W Dekant
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - A D Fryer
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Oregon Health Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - L Kromidas
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - S La Cava
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - J F Lalko
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - T M Penning
- Member of RIFM Expert Panel, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, 1316 Biomedical Research Building (BRB) II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3083, USA
| | - V T Politano
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Salvito
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN, 37996-4500, USA
| | - J Shen
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5050, USA
| | - B Wall
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D K Wilcox
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
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Turnbull D, Rodricks JV. Assessment of Possible Carcinogenic Risk to Humans Resulting from Exposure to Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3109/10915818509014509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to estimate the degree of risk that might be associated with human exposure to low levels of the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). DEHP is a common component, sometimes at high concentrations, of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastics and was recently reported by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) to be carcinogenic in rats and mice, inducing hepatocellular tumors in both species. This work was also designed to illustrate an approach to risk assessment that attempts to incorporate all available biological data. Based on the dose-response data generated by the NTP bioassays, we have performed extrapolations of risk to low dose levels using several procedures, including some that incorporate inferences from the available data that shed light on the likely relationship between dose level and risk at low dose levels. In drawing these inferences, consideration was given to such factors as genotoxicity, metabolism and pharmacokinetics, and physiological and biochemical effects of DEHP that might reveal its mechanism of action. The relative merits of each of the various risk estimates are described, based on current understanding of DEHP's mode of biological action. It is concluded that DEHP's mechanism of carcinogenicity in rodents most likely involves its ability to induce peroxisome proliferation and related enzymatic changes, although other mechanisms cannot be excluded. If humans and rodents are assumed to be at the same risk at the same daily dose level of DEHP, application of the various low dose extrapolation models leads to the prediction that the daily dose resulting in a lifetime risk of no more than 1 in 1 million would be between 1.5 and 791 mg/kg per day, with the most likely figure being 116 mg/kg per day. If the carcinogenicity of DEHP is dependent upon its pattern of metabolism, however, it would be inappropriate to extrapolate from rodents to man without qualification because of the major quantitative differences in metabolism in rats, mice, and primates, including man. One of the major differences in metabolism of DEHP between rats and mice and primates is in production of a metabolite whose level may be an indicator of the level of peroxisomal activity and, hence, if the peroxisome proliferation theory of DEHP carcinogenicity is correct, of carcinogenic risk. However, the substantial doubt that exists regarding the applicability of rodent carcinogenicity data to humans must be expressed in qualitative terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Turnbull
- Duncan Turnbull Environ Corporation 1000 Potomac Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20007
| | - J. V. Rodricks
- Duncan Turnbull Environ Corporation 1000 Potomac Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20007
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Klein D, Kessler W, Semder B, Pütz C, Lichtmannegger J, Otter R, Filser J. Di-(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP) and its metabolites in blood of rats upon single oral administration of DPHP. Toxicol Lett 2016; 259:80-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Percy Z, Xu Y, Sucharew H, Khoury JC, Calafat AM, Braun JM, Lanphear BP, Chen A, Yolton K. Gestational exposure to phthalates and gender-related play behaviors in 8-year-old children: an observational study. Environ Health 2016; 15:87. [PMID: 27527835 PMCID: PMC4986248 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-016-0171-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalates, used in a variety of consumer products, are a group of chemicals that are ubiquitous in the environment, and their metabolites are detectable in most humans. Some phthalates have anti-androgenic properties; a prior study reported an association between gestational exposure to phthalates and reduced masculine behaviors in preschool boys. METHODS Concentrations of 9 phthalate metabolites were measured in urine collected at 16 and 26 weeks' gestation from pregnant women enrolled in the HOME Study, a prospective pregnancy and birth cohort. Measures of gender-related play were collected at 8 years of age, including the Gender Identity Questionnaire (GIQ) completed by mothers, and the Playmate and Play Style Preferences Structured Interview (PPPSI) completed by children. We examined these measures as continuous variables using both bivariate and multivariable approaches with adjustment for covariates. Additional analyses included logistic regression of GIQ and PPPSI scores dichotomized by sex at the lower 25th percentile, indicating the least typical behavior. RESULTS Mothers' phthalate metabolite concentrations during pregnancy were similar to the reported national average among US women. All children scored within a typical range on both measures of gender-related play behavior. No statistically significant associations were found between averaged maternal phthalate metabolite concentrations and continuous PPPSI scores or any GIQ scores. For the dichotomized PPPSI; higher maternal monoethyl phthalate (MEP) concentrations were associated with more typical play behaviors for females (OR = 0.70, CI = 0.51-0.97). In contrast, higher maternal mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP) concentrations were associated with higher odds of membership in the least typical play behaviors group for males (OR = 1.69, CI = 1.00-2.86). CONCLUSIONS In this sample of typically developing children, higher maternal urinary MEP concentrations during pregnancy were associated with more typical gender-related play behaviors in both males and females, and increased urinary MiBP concentrations were associated with less masculine gender-related play behaviors in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zana Percy
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Yingying Xu
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Heidi Sucharew
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Jane C. Khoury
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Antonia M. Calafat
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS F-17, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA
| | | | - Bruce P. Lanphear
- Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Aimin Chen
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 160 Panzeca Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA
| | - Kimberly Yolton
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
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Api AM, Belsito D, Bhatia S, Bruze M, Calow P, Dagli ML, Dekant W, Fryer AD, Kromidas L, La Cava S, Lalko JF, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, Penning TM, Politano VT, Ritacco G, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Shen J, Sipes IG, Wall B, Wilcox DK. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 2-methylundecanol, CAS Registry Number 10522-26-6. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 97S:S119-S128. [PMID: 27475044 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This material was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, phototoxicity/photoallergenicity, skin sensitization, as well as environmental safety. Data from the suitable read across analogs 2-butyloctan-1-ol (CAS # 3913-02-8) and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol (CAS # 104-76-7) show that this material is not genotoxic nor does it have skin sensitization potential. The reproductive and local respiratory toxicity endpoints were completed using the TTC (Threshold of Toxicological Concern) for a Cramer Class I material (0.03 and 1.4 mg/day, respectively). The repeated dose toxicity endpoint was completed using 2-ethyl-1-hexanol (CAS # 104-76-7) and 1-heptanol, 2-propyl (CAS # 10042-59-8) as suitable read across analogs, which provided a MOE > 100. The developmental toxicity endpoint was completed using 2-ethyl-1-hexanol (CAS # 104-76-7) as a suitable read across analog, which provided a MOE > 100 The phototoxicity/photoallergenicity endpoint was completed based on suitable UV spectra. The environmental endpoint was completed as described in the RIFM Framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA.
| | - D Belsito
- Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - S Bhatia
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo, SE-20502, Sweden
| | - P Calow
- Humphrey School of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota, 301 19th Avenue South, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - M L Dagli
- University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo, CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - W Dekant
- University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - A D Fryer
- Oregon Health Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - L Kromidas
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - S La Cava
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - J F Lalko
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - T M Penning
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, 1316 Biomedical Research Building (BRB) II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3083, USA
| | - V T Politano
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Salvito
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN, 37996- 4500, USA
| | - J Shen
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5050, USA
| | - B Wall
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D K Wilcox
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
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Yaghjyan L, Carlsson NP, Ghita GL, Chang SH. Associations of individual characteristics and lifestyle factors with metabolism of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate in NHANES 2001-2012. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 149:23-31. [PMID: 27174780 PMCID: PMC5536839 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies suggest that a higher ratio of primary to secondary metabolites of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), reflective of a slower DEHP conversion rate, is associated with a greater physiologic effect. We examined associations of several individual characteristics and lifestyle factors with the ratio of mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate to mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHP:MEHHP) and %MEHP (the ratio of MEHP to the sum of the secondary metabolites). METHODS We used the data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001-2012. The study included adults with BMI<30 and no diabetes. Pregnant women were excluded. We examined associations of age, race, gender, Body Mass Index, smoking, alcohol and caffeine consumption, medication use, cancer history, and menopausal status and postmenopausal hormone use (in women) with MEHP:MEHHP and %MEHP using multivariable linear regression. The values for %MEHP were log-transformed in the analysis. RESULTS In multivariable analysis, non-Caucasian individuals had higher %MEHP (non-Hispanic Blacks: β=0.114, 95% Confidence interval [CI]: 0.050, 0.177; Hispanic: β=0.089, 95% CI: 0.024, 0.154; other race: β=0.126, 95% CI: 0.033, 0.219). Age was inversely associated with MEHP:MEHHP (β=-0.001, 95% CI: -0.002, -0.001) and %MEHP (β=-0.006, 95% CI: -0.008, -0.004). Overweight individuals had lower MEHP: MEHHP and lower %MEHP (β=-0.035, 95% CI: 0.062, -0.008 and β=-0.104, 95% CI: -0.162, -0.046, respectively). Alcohol consumption was inversely associated with %MEHP among men (p-trend=0.03). CONCLUSIONS Individual and lifestyle characteristics are associated with differences in DEHP metabolism. Understanding underlying biological mechanisms could help to identify individuals at a greater risk of adverse effects from DEHP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusine Yaghjyan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Rd., Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Nils P Carlsson
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Gabriela L Ghita
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Rd., Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Su-Hsin Chang
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Yaghjyan L, Ghita GL, Dumont-Driscoll M, Yost RA, Chang SH. Maternal exposure to di-2-ethylhexylphthalate and adverse delivery outcomes: A systematic review. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 65:76-86. [PMID: 27412369 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preterm delivery, short gestational age, and abnormal birth weight, remain a public health concern. The evidence on the association of the most common phthalate, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) with adverse pregnancy outcomes remains equivocal. This systematic review summarizes published studies that investigated the association of DEHP with preterm delivery, gestational age, and birthweight. A comprehensive literature search found 15 relevant studies, most of which evaluated more than one outcome (four studies for preterm delivery, nine studies for gestational age, and ten studies for birthweight). Studies varied greatly with respect to study design, exposure assessment, analytical methods, and direction of the associations. We identified important methodological concerns which could have resulted in selection bias and exposure misclassification and contributed to null findings and biased associations. Given limitations of the previous studies discussed in this review, more thorough investigation of these associations is warranted to advance our scientific knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusine Yaghjyan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Rd., Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Gabriela L Ghita
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Rd., Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Marilyn Dumont-Driscoll
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, College of Medicine, 1699 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
| | - Richard A Yost
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, 125 Buckman Dr., Gainesville FL 32611, USA.
| | - Su-Hsin Chang
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Heffernan AL, Thompson K, Eaglesham G, Vijayasarathy S, Mueller JF, Sly PD, Gomez MJ. Rapid, automated online SPE-LC-QTRAP-MS/MS method for the simultaneous analysis of 14 phthalate metabolites and 5 bisphenol analogues in human urine. Talanta 2016; 151:224-233. [PMID: 26946031 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) have received special attention in recent years due to their frequent use in consumer products and potential for adverse effects on human health. BPA is being replaced with a number of alternatives, including bisphenol S, bisphenol B, bisphenol F and bisphenol AF. These bisphenol analogues have similar potential for adverse health effects, but studies on human exposure are limited. Accurate measurement of multiple contaminants is important for estimating exposure. This paper describes a sensitive and automated method for the simultaneous determination of 14 phthalate metabolites, BPA and four bisphenol analogues in urine using online solid phase extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry using a hybrid triple-quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer (LC-QTRAP-MS/MS), requiring very little sample volume (50µL). Quantification was performed under selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode with negative electrospray ionization. The use of SRM combined with an enhanced product ion scan within the same analysis was examined. Unequivocal identification was provided by the acquisition of three SRM transitions per compound and isotope dilution. The analytical performance of the method was evaluated in synthetic and human urine. Linearity of response over three orders of magnitude was demonstrated for all of the compounds (R(2)>0.99), with method detection limits of 0.01-0.5ng/mL and limits of reporting of 0.07-3.1ng/mL. Accuracy ranged from 93% to 113% and inter- and intra-day precision were <22%. Finally, the validated method has been successfully applied to a cohort of pregnant women to measure biomarker concentrations of phthalates and bisphenols, with median concentrations ranging from 0.3ng/mL (bisphenol S) to 18.5ng/mL (monoethyl phthalate).
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Heffernan
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Rd, Coopers Plains, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia.
| | - K Thompson
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Rd, Coopers Plains, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia.
| | - G Eaglesham
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Rd, Coopers Plains, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia.
| | - S Vijayasarathy
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Rd, Coopers Plains, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia.
| | - J F Mueller
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Rd, Coopers Plains, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia.
| | - P D Sly
- Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, and Children's Health and Environment Program, The University of Queensland, Centre for Children's Health Research, Level 7, 62 Graham St South, Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia.
| | - M J Gomez
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Rd, Coopers Plains, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia.
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Gómara B, Lebrón-Aguilar R, González M, Quintanilla-López J. Insight into the retention processes of phthalate metabolites on different liquid chromatography stationary phases for the development of improved separation methods. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1423:86-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Lin H, Yuan K, Li L, Liu S, Li S, Hu G, Lian QQ, Ge RS. In Utero Exposure to Diethylhexyl Phthalate Affects Rat Brain Development: A Behavioral and Genomic Approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:13696-710. [PMID: 26516888 PMCID: PMC4661608 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph121113696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is one of the most widely utilized phthalate plasticizers. Previous studies have demonstrated that gestational or postnatal DEHP exposure induced adverse effects on rat brain development and function. In this study, we investigated the effects of gestational DEHP exposure on gene expression profiling in neonatal rat brain and cognitive function change at adulthood. Adult Sprague Dawley dams were orally treated with 10 or 750 mg/kg DEHP from gestational day 12 to 21. Some male pups were euthanized at postnatal day 1 for gene expression profiling, and the rest males were retained for water maze testing on postnatal day (PND) 56. DEHP showed dose-dependent impairment of learning and spatial memory from PND 56 to 63. Genome-wide microarray analysis showed that 10 and 750 mg/kg DEHP altered the gene expression in the neonatal rat brain. Ccnd1 and Cdc2, two critical genes for neuron proliferation, were significantly down-regulated by DEHP. Interestingly, 750 mg/kg DEHP significantly increased Pmch level. Our study demonstrated the changed gene expression patterns after in utero DEHP exposure might partially contribute to the deficit of cognitive function at adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Kaiming Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Linyan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Shiwen Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Senlin Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Guoxin Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Qing-Quan Lian
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China.
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Prenatal Exposure to DEHP Affects Spermatogenesis and Sperm DNA Methylation in a Strain-Dependent Manner. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132136. [PMID: 26244509 PMCID: PMC4526524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phtalate (DEHP) is a plasticizer with endocrine disrupting properties found ubiquitously in the environment and altering reproduction in rodents. Here we investigated the impact of prenatal exposure to DEHP on spermatogenesis and DNA sperm methylation in two distinct, selected, and sequenced mice strains. FVB/N and C57BL/6J mice were orally exposed to 300 mg/kg/day of DEHP from gestation day 9 to 19. Prenatal DEHP exposure significantly decreased spermatogenesis in C57BL/6J (fold-change = 0.6, p-value = 8.7*10-4), but not in FVB/N (fold-change = 1, p-value = 0.9). The number of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) by DEHP-exposure across the entire genome showed increased hyper- and decreased hypo-methylation in C57BL/6J compared to FVB/N. At the promoter level, three important subsets of genes were massively affected. Promoters of vomeronasal and olfactory receptors coding genes globally followed the same trend, more pronounced in the C57BL/6J strain, of being hyper-methylated in DEHP related conditions. In contrast, a large set of micro-RNAs were hypo-methylated, with a trend more pronounced in the FVB/N strain. We additionally analyze both the presence of functional genetic variations within genes that were associated with the detected DMRs and that could be involved in spermatogenesis, and DMRs related with the DEHP exposure that affected both strains in an opposite manner. The major finding in this study indicates that prenatal exposure to DEHP can decrease spermatogenesis in a strain-dependent manner and affects sperm DNA methylation in promoters of large sets of genes putatively involved in both sperm chemotaxis and post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms.
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