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Huang L, Luo F, Deng M, Zhang J. The relationship between salivary cytokines and oral cancer and their diagnostic capability for oral cancer: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:1044. [PMID: 39237889 PMCID: PMC11378403 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04840-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral cancer (OC) is a common malignancy in clinical practice. Saliva testing is a convenient and noninvasive early diagnostic technique for OC. Several salivary cytokines have been identified as potential biomarkers for OC, including IL-8, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-10. Nonetheless, the optimal cytokine for OC diagnosis remains inconclusive and highly contentious. METHODS PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases were comprehensively retrieved to collect all case-control studies on OC. A meta-analysis was performed to compare the levels of salivary IL-8, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and IL-1β in OC patients and healthy controls. Network meta-analysis (NMA) was carried out to probe into the accuracy of these salivary cytokines in diagnosing OC. RESULTS This analysis included 40 studies, encompassing 1280 individuals with OC and 1254 healthy controls. Significantly higher levels of salivary IL-8, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-10 were observed in patients with OC in comparison to healthy controls. The results of NMA showed that TNF-α had the highest diagnostic accuracy for OC, with a sensitivity of 79% and a specificity of 92%, followed by IL-6 (sensitivity: 75%, specificity: 86%) and IL-8 (sensitivity: 80%, specificity: 80%). CONCLUSION This study suggests that IL-8, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and IL-1β may be potential diagnostic biomarkers for OC. Among them, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 are highly accurate in the diagnosis of OC. Nevertheless, further studies that eliminate other confounding factors are warranted, and more standardized procedures and large-scale studies are needed to support the clinical use of saliva testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Huang
- Department of Orthodontics, Changsha Stomatological Hospital, Changsha Hunan, 410006, China
- School of Stomatology, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha Hunan, 410208, China
| | - Fen Luo
- Department of Orthodontics, Changsha Stomatological Hospital, Changsha Hunan, 410006, China
- School of Stomatology, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha Hunan, 410208, China
| | - Mingsi Deng
- Department of Orthodontics, Changsha Stomatological Hospital, Changsha Hunan, 410006, China
- School of Stomatology, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha Hunan, 410208, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Changsha Stomatological Hospital, Changsha Hunan, 410006, China.
- School of Stomatology, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha Hunan, 410208, China.
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Barros O, D'Agostino VG, Lara Santos L, Vitorino R, Ferreira R. Shaping the future of oral cancer diagnosis: advances in salivary proteomics. Expert Rev Proteomics 2024; 21:149-168. [PMID: 38626289 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2024.2343585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Saliva has gained increasing attention in the quest for disease biomarkers. Because it is a biological fluid that can be collected is an easy, painless, and safe way, it has been increasingly studied for the identification of oral cancer biomarkers. This is particularly important because oral cancer is often diagnosed at late stages with a poor prognosis. AREAS COVERED The review addresses the evolution of the experimental approaches used in salivary proteomics studies of oral cancer over the years and outlines advantages and pitfalls related to each one. In addition, examines the current landscape of oral cancer biomarker discovery and translation focusing on salivary proteomic studies. This discussion is based on an extensive literature search (PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar). EXPERT OPINION The introduction of mass spectrometry has revolutionized the study of salivary proteomics. In the future, the focus will be on refining existing methods and introducing powerful experimental techniques such as mass spectrometry with selected reaction monitoring, which, despite their effectiveness, are still underutilized due to their high cost. In addition, conducting studies with larger cohorts and establishing standardized protocols for salivary proteomics are key challenges that need to be addressed in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriana Barros
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network) and Surgical Department of Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Porto, Portugal
| | - Vito G D'Agostino
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Lucio Lara Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network) and Surgical Department of Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Vitorino
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network) and Surgical Department of Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Porto, Portugal
- UnIC, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Bastías D, Maturana A, Marín C, Martínez R, Niklander SE. Salivary Biomarkers for Oral Cancer Detection: An Exploratory Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2634. [PMID: 38473882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Different efforts have been made to find better and less invasive methods for the diagnosis and prediction of oral cancer, such as the study of saliva as a source of biomarkers. The aim of this study was to perform a scoping review about salivary molecules that have been assessed as possible biomarkers for the diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). A search was conducted using EBSCO, PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, and Web of Science. The research question was as follows: which molecules present in saliva have utility to be used as biomarkers for the early detection of oral cancer? Sixty-two studies were included. Over 100 molecules were assessed. Most of the markers were oriented towards the early diagnosis of OSCC and were classified based on their ability for detecting OSCC and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs), OSCC outcome prediction, and the prediction of the malignant transformation of OPMDs. TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 IL-8, LDH, and MMP-9 were the most studied, with almost all studies reporting high sensitivity and specificity values. TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 IL-8, LDH, and MMP-9 are the most promising salivary biomarkers. However, more studies with larger cohorts are needed before translating the use of these biomarkers to clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bastías
- Unit of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
| | - Alejandro Maturana
- Unit of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
| | - Constanza Marín
- Unit of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
| | - René Martínez
- Unit of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
| | - Sven Eric Niklander
- Unit of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
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Mohideen K, Jeddy N, Krithika C, Faizee SH, Dhungel S, Ghosh S. Assessment of glutathione peroxidase enzyme response and total antioxidant status in oral cancer - Systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2023; 6:e1842. [PMID: 37265029 PMCID: PMC10432471 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress induced by free radical accumulation contributes to many pathologies, including cancer. Antioxidant defense system fails to scavenge free radicals when it is excessively accumulated. Assessing individual antioxidant enzymes and total antioxidant capacity could direct the customized therapeutic strategies. OBJECTIVE Evaluation of total antioxidant status and enzyme glutathione peroxidase activity in the oral cancer group compared to the healthy control group. METHOD The literature search included databases PubMed, Science Direct, Wiley Online Library, Cochrane and Cross Reference between 1999 and 2021. The database search was completed in the month of August 2022. The extracted data were analyzed by Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) version 3 software (Biostat Inc. Englewood, NJ). Based on search strategies, 1435 articles have been retrieved from the database. In the segregated articles, 1365 were excluded due to duplicated articles, animal studies, low-quality studies, articles unrelated to the research question, and with unmatched objectives. Based on inclusion criteria, 70 articles were selected for full-text valuation. However, 33 articles were found highly suitable for inclusion and data extraction. Finally, 11 articles were selected for meta-analysis. RESULTS The meta-analysis of four included studies of tissue samples showed a significantly (p < .001) increased GPx activity in the oral cancer group, when compared to the control group, whereas three included studies of erythrocyte samples displayed a significantly (p < .001) decreased GPx activity in the oral cancer group than the control group with the pooled standardized mean difference value of -2.766 moles/min/g Hb at 95% CI (-3.297 to -2.234). The meta-analysis of the included studies depicted an insignificant (p = .947) reduction of salivary TAS levels in the oral cancer group when compared to the control group. CONCLUSION Our systematic review and meta-analysis depict antioxidant GPx enzyme activity in the regional tissue samples of the oral cancer group differs from other systemic biological fluid samples compared to the healthy control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijah Mohideen
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sathyabama Dental College and HospitalSathyabama Institute of Science and TechnologyChennaiIndia
| | - Nadeem Jeddy
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Thai Moogambigai Dental College and HospitalDr. M.G.R. Educational and Research InstituteChennaiIndia
| | - C. Krithika
- Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and ResearchChennaiTamil NaduIndia
| | - Shahul Hameed Faizee
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Sathyabama Dental College and HospitalSathyabama Institute of Science and TechnologyChennaiIndia
| | - Safal Dhungel
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryCollege of Medical SciencesBharatpurNepal
| | - Snehashish Ghosh
- Department of Oral PathologyCollege of Medical SciencesBharatpurNepal
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Zhang J, Li Y, Zhou T. Nerolidol Attenuates Cerebral Ischemic Injury in Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion-Induced Rats via Regulation of Inflammation, Apoptosis, and Oxidative Stress Markers. Pharmacogn Mag 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/09731296221137380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebral ischemia is a syndrome that occurs due to the restricted flow of oxygen-rich blood to the brain, causing damage to the brain cells. Globally, ischemia ranks second in causing mortality and third in causing disability in stroke patients. Nerolidol is a bioactive compound present in the essential oil of plants with a floral odour. It is a natural sesquiterpene alcohol used in cosmetics, perfumes, and as a food flavouring agent. It also possesses antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Materials and Methods In this study, we assessed the anti-ischemic property of nerolidol in cerebral ischemia-induced mice. Healthy male Wistar rats were induced into cerebral ischemia with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and treated with 10 mg and 20 mg nerolidol for 21 days. The brain morphometric, antioxidant, and MMP levels were estimated in the brain tissue of MCAO-performed and nerolidol-treated rats. The cerebral infarct-alleviating potency of nerolidol was analysed by estimating the levels of inflammatory cytokines and apoptotic proteins. It was further confirmed by assessing the levels of COX-2/PGE-2 signalling proteins in brain tissue from MCAO-performed in rats. Results Nerolidol significantly reduced the cerebral infarct volume and brain edema via increased antioxidant levels and decreased MMPs. It also decreased the pro-inflammatory cytokines and proapoptotic proteins in brain tissue. The inflammatory signalling proteins NFκB, COX-2, and PGE-2 were significantly decreased in nerolidol-treated MCAO-performed rats, confirming the antiischemic property of nerolidol. Conclusion Our results prove nerolidol significantly alleviates cerebral ischemia in rats, and it can be subjected to further trials to be formulated as an anti-ischemic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Laizhou City People’s Hospital, Laizhou, Shandong, China
| | - Yanli Li
- School of Health, Binzhou Polytechnical College, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, Shandong, China
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Srivastava A, Subhashini, Pandey V, Yadav V, Singh S, Srivastava R. Potential of hydroethanolic leaf extract of Ocimum sanctum in ameliorating redox status and lung injury in COPD: an in vivo and in silico study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1131. [PMID: 36670131 PMCID: PMC9860039 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27543-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation are hypothesised as the main contributor for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Cigarette smoke (CS), a major cause of COPD leads to inflammation resulting in recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages which are rich sources of oxidants. Activation of these cells produces excess oxidants and depletes antioxidants resulting in stress. Presently, effective drug for COPD is limited; therefore, novel compounds from natural sources, including plants are under exploration. The present study aims to investigate the protective effect of Ocimum sanctum leaf extract (OLE) in CS - induced model of COPD. Exposure to CS was performed thrice a week for 8 weeks and OLE (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) was administered an hour before CS exposure. Control group (negative control) were exposed to ambient air while COPD group was exposed to CS (positive control). Administration of OLE doses reduced inflammation, decreased oxidant concentration and increased antioxidant concentration (p < 0.01). Molecular docking studies between the major phytocompounds of OLE (Eugenol, Cyclohexane and Caryophyllene) and antioxidant enzymes Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase, Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Glutathione reductase (GR) and Glutathione S Transferase (GST) showed strong binding interaction in terms of binding energy. In vivo and in silico findings for the first time indicates that OLE extract significantly alleviates oxidative stress by its potent free radical scavenging property and strong interaction with antioxidant enzymes. OLE extract may prove to be a therapeutic option for COPD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Subhashini
- Neuroimmunobiology Lab, Department of Zoology, MahilaMahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Vinita Pandey
- Neuroimmunobiology Lab, Department of Zoology, MahilaMahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Vandana Yadav
- Neuroimmunobiology Lab, Department of Zoology, MahilaMahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Sangita Singh
- Neuroimmunobiology Lab, Department of Zoology, MahilaMahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Ragini Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
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Mohideen K, Sudhakar U, Balakrishnan T, Almasri MA, Al-Ahmari MM, Al Dira HS, Suhluli M, Dubey A, Mujoo S, Khurshid Z, Raj AT, Patil S. Malondialdehyde, an Oxidative Stress Marker in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 43:1019-1035. [PMID: 34563041 PMCID: PMC8929159 DOI: 10.3390/cimb43020072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To qualitative and quantitatively review published literature assessing the oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde (MDA) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methodology: Pubmed (MeSH), Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, Willey Online Library, Cochrane, and Cross Reference were searched for studies assessing MDA levels in OSCC samples. Results: From the 1008 articles identified, 849 were excluded based on title and abstract screening due to duplication and irrelevance to the topic of interest. Full-text assessment of the remaining 159 articles led to the inclusion of only 46 articles that satisfied the selection criteria. Of these, only 26 studies had data compatible for quantitative analysis. The MDA levels in OSCC groups are significantly increased (p < 0.00001) in plasma, serum, and saliva samples in the majority of the studies evaluated. In contrast, MDA levels in OSCC tissue samples are significantly attenuated (p < 0.00001) compared to healthy controls, supported by fewer studies. Conclusions: The augmented MDA levels in plasma, serum, and saliva samples of the OSCC reflect the heightened oxidative stress level accurately. Further studies are required to understand the attenuated MDA levels in the tissue samples of OSCC. Correlation analysis between MDA levels with established clinicopathological prognostic markers could aid in formulating oxidative stress-based prognostication and treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijah Mohideen
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Sathyabama Dental College and Hospital, Chennai 600119, India; (K.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Uma Sudhakar
- Department of Periodontics and Implantology, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Thai Moogambigai Dental College and Hospital, Chennai 600095, India;
| | - Thayumanavan Balakrishnan
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Sathyabama Dental College and Hospital, Chennai 600119, India; (K.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Mazen A. Almasri
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Manea Musa Al-Ahmari
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | - Malath Suhluli
- Dental School, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Alok Dubey
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sheetal Mujoo
- Division of Oral Medicine & Radiology College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Zohaib Khurshid
- Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Implantology, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - A. Thirumal Raj
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sri Venkateswara Dental College and Hospital, Chennai 600130, India;
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
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Liman AA, Salihu A, Onyike E. Effect of Methanol Extract of Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) Fruit Pulp on N G-Nitro-L-Arginine Methyl Ester (L-NAME) Induced Hypertension in Rats. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2021; 28:291-300. [PMID: 33826116 DOI: 10.1007/s40292-021-00448-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Most available drugs used for management of hypertension have presented a plethora of challenges which genuinely called for development of therapies from natural sources. AIM This study investigated the effect of methanol extract of Adansonia digitata fruit (MEADF) pulp on NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) induced hypertension in rats. METHODS Fourty eight (48) wistar rats divided into six (6) groups (eight rats each) were employed. The induction of hypertension was achieved using L-NAME (40mg//kg body weight) by oral gavages. The induced rats were treated with MEADF pulp (200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) and Ramipril (10 mg/kg) and the remaining three groups serve as control. Serum haemodynamic and biochemical modifiable parameters were determined using standard assay procedures RESULTS: Administration of MEADF to the rats exerted a dose-dependent lowering effect on the elevated systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure and heart rate towards the normal physiological threshold. At 400 mg/kg of MEADF, there was significant (p < 0.05) reduction in serum lipid profile and biomarkers associated with endothelial dysfunction [angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity], inflammation (C-reactive protein and interleukin-1β), oxidative stress (malondialdehyde) and cardiac injury (creatine kinase-MB and lactate dehydrogenase activities). However, serum concentrations of nitric oxide, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, total bilirubin and albumin were not significantly (p < 0.05) different from those found in normal control group. CONCLUSION This study therefore demonstrates that MEADF possesses an in vivo ACE inhibitory activity, hypotensive potential and the ability to avert further degeneration of biochemical and physiological upsets associated with L-NAME induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abubakar Alhaji Liman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.,Department of Food Technology, Federal College of Freshwater Fisheries Technology, New-Bussa, Niger, Nigeria
| | - Aliyu Salihu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
| | - Elewechi Onyike
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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